1
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Sato K, Hara-Chikuma M, Yasui M, Inoue J, Kim YG. Sufficient water intake maintains the gut microbiota and immune homeostasis and promotes pathogen elimination. iScience 2024; 27:109903. [PMID: 38799550 PMCID: PMC11126815 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Water is the most abundant substance in the human body and plays a pivotal role in various bodily functions. While underhydration is associated with the incidence of certain diseases, the specific role of water in gut function remains largely unexplored. Here, we show that water restriction disrupts gut homeostasis, which is accompanied by a bloom of gut microbes and decreased numbers of immune cells, especially Th17 cells, within the colon. These microbial and immunological changes in the gut are associated with an impaired ability to eliminate the enteric pathogen Citrobacter rodentium. Moreover, aquaporin 3, a water channel protein, is required for the maintenance of Th17 cell function and differentiation. Taken together, adequate water intake is critical for maintaining bacterial and immunological homeostasis in the gut, thereby enhancing host defenses against enteric pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Sato
- Research Center for Drug Discovery, Faculty of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Keio University, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Yamagata 997-0052, Japan
- Systems Biology Program, Graduate School of Media and Governance, Keio University, Fujisawa 252-0882, Japan
| | - Mariko Hara-Chikuma
- Department of Pharmacology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Masato Yasui
- Department of Pharmacology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Joe Inoue
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Keio University, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Yun-Gi Kim
- Department of Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
- Research Center for Drug Discovery, Faculty of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Keio University, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
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2
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Roque JA, Lukesh NR, Hendy DA, Dixon TA, Islam MJ, Ontiveros-Padilla L, Pena ES, Lifshits LM, Simpson SR, Batty CJ, Bachelder EM, Ainslie KM. Enhancement of subunit vaccine delivery with zinc-carnosine coordination polymer through the addition of mannan. Int J Pharm 2024; 656:124076. [PMID: 38569976 PMCID: PMC11062752 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Vaccines represent a pivotal health advancement for preventing infection. However, because carrier systems with repeated administration can invoke carrier-targeted immune responses that diminish subsequent immune responses (e.g., PEG antibodies), there is a continual need to develop novel vaccine platforms. Zinc carnosine microparticles (ZnCar MPs), which are composed of a one-dimensional coordination polymer formed between carnosine and the metal ion zinc, have exhibited efficacy in inducing an immune response against influenza. However, ZnCar MPs' limited suspendability hinders clinical application. In this study, we address this issue by mixing mannan, a polysaccharide derived from yeast, with ZnCar MPs. We show that the addition of mannan increases the suspendability of this promising vaccine formulation. Additionally, since mannan is an adjuvant, we illustrate that the addition of mannan increases the antibody response and T cell response when mixed with ZnCar MPs. Mice vaccinated with mannan + OVA/ZnCar MPs had elevated serum IgG and IgG1 levels in comparison to vaccination without mannan. Moreover, in the mannan + OVA/ZnCar MPs vaccinated group, mucosal washes demonstrated increased IgG, IgG1, and IgG2c titers, and antigen recall assays showed enhanced IFN-γ production in response to MHC-I and MHC-II immunodominant peptide restimulation, compared to the vaccination without mannan. These findings suggest that the use of mannan mixed with ZnCar MPs holds potential for subunit vaccination and its improved suspendability further promotes clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Roque
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Nicole Rose Lukesh
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Dylan A Hendy
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Timothy A Dixon
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Md Jahirul Islam
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Luis Ontiveros-Padilla
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Erik S Pena
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Liubov M Lifshits
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Sean R Simpson
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Cole J Batty
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Eric M Bachelder
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Kristy M Ainslie
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States; Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States.
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3
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Cremin M, Tay EXY, Ramirez VT, Murray K, Nichols RK, Brust-Mascher I, Reardon C. TRPV1 controls innate immunity during Citrobacter rodentium enteric infection. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011576. [PMID: 38109366 PMCID: PMC10758261 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal immunity is critical to host protection from enteric pathogens and must be carefully controlled to prevent immunopathology. Regulation of immune responses can occur through a diverse range of mechanisms including bi-directional communication with neurons. Among which include specialized sensory neurons that detect noxious stimuli due to the expression of transient receptor potential vanilloid receptor 1 (TRPV1) ion channel and have a significant role in the coordination of host-protective responses to enteric bacterial pathogens. Here we have used the mouse-adapted attaching and effacing pathogen Citrobacter rodentium to assess the specific role of TRPV1 in coordinating the host response. TRPV1 knockout (TRPV1-/-) mice had a significantly higher C. rodentium burden in the distal colon and fecal pellets compared to wild-type (WT) mice. Increased bacterial burden was correlated with significantly increased colonic crypt hyperplasia and proliferating intestinal epithelial cells in TRPV1-/- mice compared to WT. Despite the increased C. rodentium burden and histopathology, the recruitment of colonic T cells producing IFNγ, IL-17, or IL-22 was similar between TRPV1-/- and WT mice. In evaluating the innate immune response, we identified that colonic neutrophil recruitment in C. rodentium infected TRPV1-/- mice was significantly reduced compared to WT mice; however, this was independent of neutrophil development and maturation within the bone marrow compartment. TRPV1-/- mice were found to have significantly decreased expression of the neutrophil-specific chemokine Cxcl6 and the adhesion molecules Icam1 in the distal colon compared to WT mice. Corroborating these findings, a significant reduction in ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, but not MAdCAM-1 protein on the surface of colonic blood endothelial cells from C. rodentium infected TRPV1-/- mice compared to WT was observed. These findings demonstrate the critical role of TRPV1 in regulating the host protective responses to enteric bacterial pathogens, and mucosal immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Cremin
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Emmy Xue Yun Tay
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Valerie T. Ramirez
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Kaitlin Murray
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Rene K. Nichols
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Ingrid Brust-Mascher
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Colin Reardon
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
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4
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DiBenedetto NV, Oberkampf M, Cersosimo L, Yeliseyev V, Bry L, Peltier J, Dupuy B. The TcdE holin drives toxin secretion and virulence in Clostridioides difficile. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.16.558055. [PMID: 37745472 PMCID: PMC10516005 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.16.558055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile is the leading cause of healthcare associated infections. The Pathogenicity Locus (PaLoc) toxins TcdA and TcdB promote host disease. These toxins lack canonical N-terminal signal sequences for translocation across the bacterial membrane, suggesting alternate mechanisms of release, which have included targeted secretion and passive release from cell lysis. While the holin TcdE has been implicated in TcdA and TcdB release, its role in vivo remains unknown. Here, we show profound reductions in toxin secretion in ΔtcdE mutants in the highly virulent strains UK1 (epidemic ribotype 027, Clade 3) and VPI10463 (ribotype 087, Clade 1). Notably, tcdE deletion in either strain rescued highly susceptible gnotobiotic mice from lethal infection by reducing acute extracellular toxin to undetectable levels, limiting mucosal damage, and enabling long-term survival, in spite of continued toxin gene expression in ΔtcdE mutants. Our findings confirm TcdE's critical functions in vivo for toxin secretion and C. difficile virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- N V DiBenedetto
- Massachusetts Host-Microbiome Center, Dept. Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M Oberkampf
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris-Cité, UMR-CNRS 6047, Laboratoire Pathogenèse des Bactéries Anaérobies, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - L Cersosimo
- Massachusetts Host-Microbiome Center, Dept. Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - V Yeliseyev
- Massachusetts Host-Microbiome Center, Dept. Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - L Bry
- Massachusetts Host-Microbiome Center, Dept. Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J Peltier
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - B Dupuy
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris-Cité, UMR-CNRS 6047, Laboratoire Pathogenèse des Bactéries Anaérobies, F-75015 Paris, France
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5
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Cersosimo LM, Graham M, Monestier A, Pavao A, Worley JN, Peltier J, Dupuy B, Bry L. Central in vivo mechanisms by which C. difficile's proline reductase drives efficient metabolism, growth, and toxin production. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.19.541423. [PMID: 37292778 PMCID: PMC10245720 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.19.541423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile (CD) is a sporulating and toxin-producing nosocomial pathogen that opportunistically infects the gut, particularly in patients with depleted microbiota after antibiotic exposure. Metabolically, CD rapidly generates energy and substrates for growth from Stickland fermentations of amino acids, with proline being a preferred reductive substrate. To investigate the in vivo effects of reductive proline metabolism on C. difficile's virulence in an enriched gut nutrient environment, we evaluated wild-type and isogenic ΔprdB strains of ATCC43255 on pathogen behaviors and host outcomes in highly susceptible gnotobiotic mice. Mice infected with the ΔprdB mutant demonstrated extended survival via delayed colonization, growth and toxin production but ultimately succumbed to disease. In vivo transcriptomic analyses demonstrated how the absence of proline reductase activity more broadly disrupted the pathogen's metabolism including failure to recruit oxidative Stickland pathways, ornithine transformations to alanine, and additional pathways generating growth-promoting substrates, contributing to delayed growth, sporulation, and toxin production. Our findings illustrate the central role for proline reductase metabolism to support early stages of C. difficile colonization and subsequent impact on the pathogen's ability to rapidly expand and cause disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M. Cersosimo
- Massachusetts Host-Microbiome Center, Dept. Pathology, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School. Boston, MA 02115
| | - Madeline Graham
- Massachusetts Host-Microbiome Center, Dept. Pathology, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School. Boston, MA 02115
| | - Auriane Monestier
- Department of Microbiology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- I2BC, Université Paris-Saclay, Saclay, France
| | - Aidan Pavao
- Massachusetts Host-Microbiome Center, Dept. Pathology, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School. Boston, MA 02115
| | - Jay N. Worley
- Massachusetts Host-Microbiome Center, Dept. Pathology, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School. Boston, MA 02115
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Bruno Dupuy
- Department of Microbiology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Lynn Bry
- Massachusetts Host-Microbiome Center, Dept. Pathology, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School. Boston, MA 02115
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6
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Cremin M, Tay E, Ramirez VT, Murray K, Nichols RK, Brust-Mascher I, Reardon C. TRPV1 controls innate immunity during Citrobacter rodentium enteric infection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.26.550772. [PMID: 37546968 PMCID: PMC10402119 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.26.550772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal immunity is critical to host protection from enteric pathogens and must be carefully controlled to prevent immunopathology. Regulation of immune responses can occur through a diverse range of mechanisms including bi-directional communication with the neurons. Among which include specialized sensory neurons that detect noxious stimuli due to the expression of transient receptor potential vanilloid receptor 1 (TRPV1) ion channel and have a significant role in the coordination of host-protective responses to enteric bacterial pathogens. Here we have used the mouse-adapted attaching and effacing pathogen Citrobacter rodentium to assess the specific role of the TRPV1 channel in coordinating the host response. TRPV1 knockout (TRPV1-/-) mice had a significantly higher C. rodentium burden in the distal colon and fecal pellets compared to wild-type (WT) mice. Increased bacterial burden was correlated with significantly increased colonic crypt hyperplasia and proliferating intestinal epithelial cells in TRPV1-/- mice compared to WT. Despite the increased C. rodentium burden and histopathology, the recruitment of colonic T cells producing IFNγ, IL-17, or IL-22 was similar between TRPV1-/- and WT mice. In evaluating the innate immune response, we identified that colonic neutrophil recruitment in C. rodentium infected TRPV1-/- mice was significantly reduced compared to WT mice; however, this was independent of neutrophil development and maturation within the bone marrow compartment. TRPV1-/- mice were found to have significantly decreased expression of the neutrophil-specific chemokine Cxcl6 and the adhesion molecules Icam1 in the distal colon compared to WT mice. Corroborating these findings, a significant reduction in ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, but not MAdCAM-1 protein on the surface of colonic blood endothelial cells from C. rodentium infected TRPV1-/- mice compared to WT was observed. These findings demonstrate the critical role of TRPV1 in regulating the host protective responses to enteric bacterial pathogens, and mucosal immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Cremin
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Emmy Tay
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Valerie T. Ramirez
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Kaitlin Murray
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Rene K. Nichols
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Ingrid Brust-Mascher
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Colin Reardon
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, Davis, California, USA
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7
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Bonetti L, Horkova V, Longworth J, Guerra L, Kurniawan H, Franchina DG, Soriano-Baguet L, Grusdat M, Spath S, Koncina E, Ewen A, Binsfeld C, Verschueren C, Gérardy JJ, Kobayashi T, Dostert C, Farinelle S, Härm J, Chen Y, Harris IS, Lang PA, Vasiliou V, Waisman A, Letellier E, Becher B, Mittelbronn M, Brenner D. A Th17 cell-intrinsic glutathione/mitochondrial-IL-22 axis protects against intestinal inflammation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.06.547932. [PMID: 37489135 PMCID: PMC10363291 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.06.547932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Although the intestinal tract is a major site of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, the mechanisms by which antioxidant defense in gut T cells contribute to intestinal homeostasis are currently unknown. Here we show, using T cell-specific ablation of the catalytic subunit of glutamate cysteine ligase (Gclc), that the ensuing loss of glutathione (GSH) impairs the production of gut-protective IL-22 by Th17 cells within the lamina propria. Although Gclc ablation does not affect T cell cytokine secretion in the gut of mice at steady-state, infection with C. rodentium increases ROS, inhibits mitochondrial gene expression and mitochondrial function in Gclc-deficient Th17 cells. These mitochondrial deficits affect the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, leading to reduced phosphorylation of the translation repressor 4E-BP1. As a consequence, the initiation of translation is restricted, resulting in decreased protein synthesis of IL-22. Loss of IL-22 results in poor bacterial clearance, enhanced intestinal damage, and high mortality. ROS-scavenging, reconstitution of IL-22 expression or IL-22 supplementation in vivo prevent the appearance of these pathologies. Our results demonstrate the existence of a previously unappreciated role for Th17 cell-intrinsic GSH coupling to promote mitochondrial function, IL-22 translation and signaling. These data reveal an axis that is essential for maintaining the integrity of the intestinal barrier and protecting it from damage caused by gastrointestinal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Bonetti
- Experimental and Molecular Immunology, Dept. of Infection and Immunity (DII), Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Immunology & Genetics, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 7, Avenue des Hauts Fourneaux, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Veronika Horkova
- Experimental and Molecular Immunology, Dept. of Infection and Immunity (DII), Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Immunology & Genetics, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 7, Avenue des Hauts Fourneaux, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Joseph Longworth
- Experimental and Molecular Immunology, Dept. of Infection and Immunity (DII), Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Immunology & Genetics, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 7, Avenue des Hauts Fourneaux, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Luana Guerra
- Experimental and Molecular Immunology, Dept. of Infection and Immunity (DII), Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Immunology & Genetics, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 7, Avenue des Hauts Fourneaux, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Henry Kurniawan
- Experimental and Molecular Immunology, Dept. of Infection and Immunity (DII), Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Immunology & Genetics, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 7, Avenue des Hauts Fourneaux, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Davide G. Franchina
- Experimental and Molecular Immunology, Dept. of Infection and Immunity (DII), Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Immunology & Genetics, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 7, Avenue des Hauts Fourneaux, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Leticia Soriano-Baguet
- Experimental and Molecular Immunology, Dept. of Infection and Immunity (DII), Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Immunology & Genetics, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 7, Avenue des Hauts Fourneaux, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Melanie Grusdat
- Experimental and Molecular Immunology, Dept. of Infection and Immunity (DII), Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Immunology & Genetics, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 7, Avenue des Hauts Fourneaux, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Sabine Spath
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, Inflammation Research, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Center for Fundamental Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute; Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Eric Koncina
- Molecular Disease Mechanisms Group, Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Belval, Luxembourg
| | - Anouk Ewen
- Experimental and Molecular Immunology, Dept. of Infection and Immunity (DII), Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Immunology & Genetics, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 7, Avenue des Hauts Fourneaux, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Carole Binsfeld
- Experimental and Molecular Immunology, Dept. of Infection and Immunity (DII), Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Immunology & Genetics, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 7, Avenue des Hauts Fourneaux, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Charlène Verschueren
- Experimental and Molecular Immunology, Dept. of Infection and Immunity (DII), Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Immunology & Genetics, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 7, Avenue des Hauts Fourneaux, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Jean-Jacques Gérardy
- National Center of Pathology (NCP), Laboratoire National de Santé (LNS), Dudelange, Luxembourg
- Luxembourg Center of Neuropathology (LCNP), Dudelange, L-3555, Luxembourg
| | - Takumi Kobayashi
- Experimental and Molecular Immunology, Dept. of Infection and Immunity (DII), Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Immunology & Genetics, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 7, Avenue des Hauts Fourneaux, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Catherine Dostert
- Experimental and Molecular Immunology, Dept. of Infection and Immunity (DII), Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Immunology & Genetics, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 7, Avenue des Hauts Fourneaux, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Sophie Farinelle
- Experimental and Molecular Immunology, Dept. of Infection and Immunity (DII), Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Immunology & Genetics, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 7, Avenue des Hauts Fourneaux, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Janika Härm
- Experimental and Molecular Immunology, Dept. of Infection and Immunity (DII), Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Immunology & Genetics, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 7, Avenue des Hauts Fourneaux, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Isaac S. Harris
- Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Philipp A. Lang
- Department of Molecular Medicine II, Medical Faculty Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Vasilis Vasiliou
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Ari Waisman
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Letellier
- Molecular Disease Mechanisms Group, Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Belval, Luxembourg
| | - Burkhard Becher
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, Inflammation Research, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michel Mittelbronn
- National Center of Pathology (NCP), Laboratoire National de Santé (LNS), Dudelange, Luxembourg
- Luxembourg Center of Neuropathology (LCNP), Dudelange, L-3555, Luxembourg
- Department of Life Sciences and Medicine (DLSM), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, L-4362, Luxembourg
- Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine (FSTM), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Department of Cancer Research (DoCR), Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Luxembourg, L-1526, Luxembourg
| | - Dirk Brenner
- Experimental and Molecular Immunology, Dept. of Infection and Immunity (DII), Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Immunology & Genetics, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 7, Avenue des Hauts Fourneaux, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Odense Research Center for Anaphylaxis (ORCA), Department of Dermatology and Allergy Center, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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8
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Gaignage M, Zhang X, Stockis J, Dedobbeleer O, Michiels C, Cochez P, Dumoutier L, Coulie PG, Lucas S. Blocking GARP-mediated activation of TGF-β1 did not alter innate or adaptive immune responses to bacterial infection or protein immunization in mice. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2022; 71:1851-1862. [PMID: 34973084 PMCID: PMC9294018 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-021-03119-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Transmembrane protein GARP binds latent TGF-β1 to form GARP:(latent)TGF-β1 complexes on the surface of several cell types including Tregs, B-cells, and platelets. Upon stimulation, these cells release active TGF-β1. Blocking TGF-β1 activation by Tregs with anti-GARP:TGF-β1 mAbs overcomes resistance to PD1/PD-L1 blockade and induces immune-mediated regressions of murine tumors, indicating that Treg-derived TGF-β1 inhibits anti-tumor immunity. TGF-β1 exerts a vast array of effects on immune responses. For example, it favors differentiation of TH17 cells and B-cell switch to IgA production, two important processes for mucosal immunity. Here, we sought to determine whether treatment with anti-GARP:TGF-β1 mAbs would perturb immune responses to intestinal bacterial infection. We observed no aggravation of intestinal disease, no systemic dissemination, and no alteration of innate or adaptative immune responses upon oral gavage of C. rodentium in highly susceptible Il22r−/− mice treated with anti-GARP:TGF-β1 mAbs. To examine the effects of GARP:TGF-β1 blockade on Ig production, we compared B cell- and TH cell- responses to OVA or CTB protein immunization in mice carrying deletions of Garp in Tregs, B cells, or platelets. No alteration of adaptive immune responses to protein immunization was observed in the absence of GARP on any of these cells. Altogether, we show that antibody-mediated blockade of GARP:TGF-β1 or genetic deletion of Garp in Tregs, B cells or platelets, do not alter innate or adaptive immune responses to intestinal bacterial infection or protein immunization in mice. Anti-GARP:TGF-β1 mAbs, currently tested for cancer immunotherapy, may thus restore anti-tumor immunity without severely impairing other immune defenses. Précis Immunotherapy with GARP:TGF-β1 mAbs may restore anti-tumor immunity without impairing immune or inflammatory responses required to maintain homeostasis or host defense against infection, notably at mucosal barriers. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00262-021-03119-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Gaignage
- de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, avenue Hippocrate 74, B1.74.04, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Xuhao Zhang
- de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, avenue Hippocrate 74, B1.74.04, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Julie Stockis
- de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, avenue Hippocrate 74, B1.74.04, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Olivier Dedobbeleer
- de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, avenue Hippocrate 74, B1.74.04, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Camille Michiels
- de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, avenue Hippocrate 74, B1.74.04, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Perrine Cochez
- de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, avenue Hippocrate 74, B1.74.04, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laure Dumoutier
- de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, avenue Hippocrate 74, B1.74.04, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pierre G Coulie
- de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, avenue Hippocrate 74, B1.74.04, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
- Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology (WELBIO), Wavre, Belgium
| | - Sophie Lucas
- de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, avenue Hippocrate 74, B1.74.04, 1200, Brussels, Belgium.
- Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology (WELBIO), Wavre, Belgium.
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9
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Zindl CL, Witte SJ, Laufer VA, Gao M, Yue Z, Janowski KM, Cai B, Frey BF, Silberger DJ, Harbour SN, Singer JR, Turner H, Lund FE, Vallance BA, Rosenberg AF, Schoeb TR, Chen JY, Hatton RD, Weaver CT. A nonredundant role for T cell-derived interleukin 22 in antibacterial defense of colonic crypts. Immunity 2022; 55:494-511.e11. [PMID: 35263568 PMCID: PMC9126440 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-22 is central to immune defense at barrier sites. We examined the contributions of innate lymphoid cell (ILC) and T cell-derived IL-22 during Citrobacter rodentium (C.r) infection using mice that both report Il22 expression and allow lineage-specific deletion. ILC-derived IL-22 activated STAT3 in C.r-colonized surface intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) but only temporally restrained bacterial growth. T cell-derived IL-22 induced a more robust and extensive activation of STAT3 in IECs, including IECs lining colonic crypts, and T cell-specific deficiency of IL-22 led to pathogen invasion of the crypts and increased mortality. This reflected a requirement for T cell-derived IL-22 for the expression of a host-protective transcriptomic program that included AMPs, neutrophil-recruiting chemokines, and mucin-related molecules, and it restricted IFNγ-induced proinflammatory genes. Our findings demonstrate spatiotemporal differences in the production and action of IL-22 by ILCs and T cells during infection and reveal an indispensable role for IL-22-producing T cells in the protection of the intestinal crypts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlene L Zindl
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - Steven J Witte
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Vincent A Laufer
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Min Gao
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Informatics Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Zongliang Yue
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Informatics Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Karen M Janowski
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Baiyi Cai
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Blake F Frey
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Daniel J Silberger
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Stacey N Harbour
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Singer
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Henrietta Turner
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Frances E Lund
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Bruce A Vallance
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3V4, Canada
| | - Alexander F Rosenberg
- Informatics Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Trenton R Schoeb
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Jake Y Chen
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Informatics Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Robin D Hatton
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Casey T Weaver
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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10
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Girinathan BP, DiBenedetto N, Worley JN, Peltier J, Arrieta-Ortiz ML, Immanuel SRC, Lavin R, Delaney ML, Cummins CK, Hoffman M, Luo Y, Gonzalez-Escalona N, Allard M, Onderdonk AB, Gerber GK, Sonenshein AL, Baliga NS, Dupuy B, Bry L. In vivo commensal control of Clostridioides difficile virulence. Cell Host Microbe 2021; 29:1693-1708.e7. [PMID: 34637781 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2021.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Leveraging systems biology approaches, we illustrate how metabolically distinct species of Clostridia protect against or worsen Clostridioides difficile infection in mice by modulating the pathogen's colonization, growth, and virulence to impact host survival. Gnotobiotic mice colonized with the amino acid fermenter Paraclostridium bifermentans survive infection with reduced disease severity, while mice colonized with the butyrate-producer, Clostridium sardiniense, succumb more rapidly. Systematic in vivo analyses revealed how each commensal alters the gut-nutrient environment to modulate the pathogen's metabolism, gene regulatory networks, and toxin production. Oral administration of P. bifermentans rescues conventional, clindamycin-treated mice from lethal C. difficile infection in a manner similar to that of monocolonized animals, thereby supporting the therapeutic potential of this commensal species. Our findings lay the foundation for mechanistically informed therapies to counter C. difficile disease using systems biology approaches to define host-commensal-pathogen interactions in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brintha P Girinathan
- Massachusetts Host-Microbiome Center, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nicholas DiBenedetto
- Massachusetts Host-Microbiome Center, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jay N Worley
- Massachusetts Host-Microbiome Center, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; National Center of Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA
| | - Johann Peltier
- Laboratoire Pathogenèse des Bactéries Anaérobies, Institut Pasteur, UMR CNRS 2001, Université de Paris, 25-28 Rue du Dr. Roux, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris Cedex, France; Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198, Gif-sur-yvette Cedex, France
| | | | | | - Richard Lavin
- Massachusetts Host-Microbiome Center, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mary L Delaney
- Massachusetts Host-Microbiome Center, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Christopher K Cummins
- Massachusetts Host-Microbiome Center, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Maria Hoffman
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, United States Food and Drug Administration, Department of Microbiology, College Park, MD 20740, USA
| | - Yan Luo
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, United States Food and Drug Administration, Department of Microbiology, College Park, MD 20740, USA
| | - Narjol Gonzalez-Escalona
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, United States Food and Drug Administration, Department of Microbiology, College Park, MD 20740, USA
| | - Marc Allard
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, United States Food and Drug Administration, Department of Microbiology, College Park, MD 20740, USA
| | - Andrew B Onderdonk
- Massachusetts Host-Microbiome Center, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Georg K Gerber
- Massachusetts Host-Microbiome Center, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard-MIT Health Sciences & Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Abraham L Sonenshein
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | | | - Bruno Dupuy
- Laboratoire Pathogenèse des Bactéries Anaérobies, Institut Pasteur, UMR CNRS 2001, Université de Paris, 25-28 Rue du Dr. Roux, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris Cedex, France
| | - Lynn Bry
- Massachusetts Host-Microbiome Center, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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11
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Mohammed RJ, Al-Samarraae IAA. Investigating the Effect of Three Antigens of Citrobacter freundii on Rabbit’s Immune Response. THE IRAQI JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.30539/ijvm.v45i1.1043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrobacter freundii (C. freundii) is responsible for a number of significant opportunistic infections. The present research was aimed to estimate the immune response of rabbits immunized with whole cell sonicated antigen (WCSA), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and DNA antigens (Ag) extracted from C. freundii. Twenty-four Albino rabbits of both sexes, with 2-3 kg body weight, were divided randomly into four groups (6 rabbits for each). Two types of tests were performed including ELISA and skin test (delayed type hypersensitivity, DTH)). The 1st group was immunized with WCSA (1000 μg/mL). The 2nd group was immunized with LPS Ag at the same dose. The 3rd group was immunized with DNA extracted Ag (0.083 μg/mL). The 4th group (negative control) was injected with 1 mL PBS (pH 7.2) subcutaneously. After 14 days, rabbits were given booster doses of same Ag. The immunized animals showed significant increase of IgG and IL-6 concentration (P<0.05) following 28, 32, 46, 50 and 60 days of immunization in comparison with the negative control group. Concerning DTH, it showed an increase in the means of induration and erythema, with significant differences (P˂0.05) exerted by the concentrated antigens in all immunized groups after 24 h and 48 h compared with diluted Ag and negative control group. In conclusion, WCSA and LPS Ag, in comparison to DNA Ag, were observed to promote stronger humoral (IgG) and cellular (DTH and IL-6) immune responses. DNA Ag, on the other hand, elicited a weaker humoral and cellular immune response than other Ag.
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12
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Yap YA, McLeod KH, McKenzie CI, Gavin PG, Davalos-Salas M, Richards JL, Moore RJ, Lockett TJ, Clarke JM, Eng VV, Pearson JS, Hamilton-Williams EE, Mackay CR, Mariño E. An acetate-yielding diet imprints an immune and anti-microbial programme against enteric infection. Clin Transl Immunology 2021; 10:e1233. [PMID: 33489123 PMCID: PMC7809703 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives During gastrointestinal infection, dysbiosis can result in decreased production of microbially derived short‐chain fatty acids (SCFAs). In response to the presence of intestinal pathogens, we examined whether an engineered acetate‐ or butyrate‐releasing diet can rectify the deficiency of SCFAs and lead to the resolution of enteric infection. Methods We tested whether a high acetate‐ or butyrate‐producing diet (HAMSA or HAMSB, respectively) condition Citrobacterrodentium infection in mice and assess its impact on host‐microbiota interactions. We analysed the adaptive and innate immune responses, changes in gut microbiome function, epithelial barrier function and the molecular mechanism via metabolite sensing G protein‐coupled receptor 43 (GPR43) and IL‐22 expression. Results HAMSA diet rectified the deficiency in acetate production and protected against enteric infection. Increased SCFAs affect the expression of pathogen virulence genes. HAMSA diet promoted compositional and functional changes in the gut microbiota during infection similar to healthy microbiota from non‐infected mice. Bacterial changes were evidenced by the production of proteins involved in acetate utilisation, starch and sugar degradation, amino acid biosynthesis, carbohydrate transport and metabolism. HAMSA diet also induced changes in host proteins critical in glycolysis, wound healing such as GPX1 and epithelial architecture such as EZR1 and PFN1. Dietary acetate assisted in rapid epithelial repair, as shown by increased colonic Muc‐2, Il‐22, and anti‐microbial peptides. We found that acetate increased numbers of colonic IL‐22 producing TCRαβ+CD8αβ+ and TCRγδ+CD8αα+ intraepithelial lymphocytes expressing GPR43. Conclusion HAMSA diet may be an effective therapeutic approach for fighting inflammation and enteric infections and offer a safe alternative that may impact on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Anne Yap
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Infection and Immunity Program Biomedicine Discovery Institute Monash University Clayton, Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Keiran H McLeod
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Infection and Immunity Program Biomedicine Discovery Institute Monash University Clayton, Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Craig I McKenzie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Infection and Immunity Program Biomedicine Discovery Institute Monash University Clayton, Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Patrick G Gavin
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD Australia
| | - Mercedes Davalos-Salas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Infection and Immunity Program Biomedicine Discovery Institute Monash University Clayton, Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - James L Richards
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Infection and Immunity Program Biomedicine Discovery Institute Monash University Clayton, Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Robert J Moore
- Department of Microbiology Infection and Immunity Program Biomedicine Discovery Institute Monash University Clayton, Melbourne VIC Australia.,School of Science RMIT University Bundoora VIC Australia
| | | | | | - Vik Ven Eng
- Department of Microbiology Infection and Immunity Program Biomedicine Discovery Institute Monash University Clayton, Melbourne VIC Australia.,Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases Hudson Institute of Medical Research Clayton, Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Jaclyn S Pearson
- Department of Microbiology Infection and Immunity Program Biomedicine Discovery Institute Monash University Clayton, Melbourne VIC Australia.,Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases Hudson Institute of Medical Research Clayton, Melbourne VIC Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Research Monash University Clayton, Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Emma E Hamilton-Williams
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD Australia
| | - Charles R Mackay
- Department of Microbiology Infection and Immunity Program Biomedicine Discovery Institute Monash University Clayton, Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Eliana Mariño
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Infection and Immunity Program Biomedicine Discovery Institute Monash University Clayton, Melbourne VIC Australia
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13
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Castro-Dopico T, Clatworthy MR. Mucosal IgG in inflammatory bowel disease - a question of (sub)class? Gut Microbes 2020; 12:1-9. [PMID: 31480888 PMCID: PMC7524157 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2019.1651596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulins (Igs) form a cornerstone of mucosal immunity. In the gastrointestinal tract, secretory IgA and IgM bind to commensal microorganisms within the intestinal lumen to prevent them from breaching the intestinal epithelium - a process known as immune exclusion. In recent years, there has been renewed interest in the role of IgG in intestinal immunity, driven in part by a genetic association of an affinity-lowering variant of an IgG receptor, FcγRIIA, with protection from ulcerative colitis (UC), a subclass of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We recently demonstrated a role for IgG and Fcγ receptor signalling in driving pathogenic IL-1β production by colonic mononuclear phagocytes and the subsequent induction of a local type 17 response in UC. Here, we discuss the potential relevance of our observations to the other major subclass of IBD - Crohn's disease (CD) - where the genetic association with FCGR variants is less robust and consider how this may impact therapeutic interventions in these disease subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Castro-Dopico
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Menna R. Clatworthy
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
- Cellular Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
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14
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Kang L, Zhang X, Ji L, Kou T, Smith SM, Zhao B, Guo X, Pineda-Torra I, Wu L, Hu X. The colonic macrophage transcription factor RBP-J orchestrates intestinal immunity against bacterial pathogens. J Exp Med 2020; 217:133608. [PMID: 31944217 PMCID: PMC7144519 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20190762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages play pleiotropic roles in maintaining the balance between immune tolerance and inflammatory responses in the gut. Here, we identified transcription factor RBP-J as a crucial regulator of colonic macrophage–mediated immune responses against the enteric pathogen Citrobacter rodentium. In the immune response phase, RBP-J promoted pathogen clearance by enhancing intestinal macrophage-elicited Th17 cell immune responses, which was achieved by maintenance of C/EBPβ-dependent IL-6 production by overcoming miRNA-17∼92–mediated suppressive effects. RBP-J deficiency–associated phenotypes could be genetically corrected by further deleting miRNA-17∼92 in macrophages. In the late phase, noneradicated pathogens in RBP-J KO mice recruited abundant IL-1β–expressing CD64+Ly6C+ colonic macrophages and thereby promoted persistence of ILC3-derived IL-22 to compensate for the impaired innate and adaptive immune responses, leading to ultimate clearance of pathogens. These results demonstrated that colonic macrophage–intrinsic RBP-J dynamically orchestrates intestinal immunity against pathogen infections by interfacing with key immune cells of T and innate lymphoid cell lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Kang
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Joint Graduate Program of Peking-Tsinghua-National Institute of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Beijing, China.,Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Liangliang Ji
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Beijing, China.,Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Tiantian Kou
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Beijing, China.,Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Sinead M Smith
- Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program and the David Z. Rosensweig Genomics Research Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY.,Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Baohong Zhao
- Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program and the David Z. Rosensweig Genomics Research Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY.,Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Xiaohuan Guo
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Inés Pineda-Torra
- Division of Medicine, Centre for Cardiometabolic Medicine, University College of London, London, UK
| | - Li Wu
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Beijing, China.,Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyu Hu
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Beijing, China.,Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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15
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Nakamura Y, Mimuro H, Kunisawa J, Furusawa Y, Takahashi D, Fujimura Y, Kaisho T, Kiyono H, Hase K. Microfold cell-dependent antigen transport alleviates infectious colitis by inducing antigen-specific cellular immunity. Mucosal Immunol 2020; 13:679-690. [PMID: 32042052 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-020-0263-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Infectious colitis is one of the most common health issues worldwide. Microfold (M) cells actively transport luminal antigens to gut-associated lymphoid tissue to induce IgA responses; however, it remains unknown whether M cells contribute to the induction of cellular immune responses. Here we report that M cell-dependent antigen transport plays a critical role in the induction of Th1, Th17, and Th22 responses against gut commensals in the steady state. The establishment of commensal-specific cellular immunity was a prerequisite for preventing bacterial dissemination during enteropathogenic Citrobacter rodentium infection. Therefore, M cell-null mice developed severe colitis with increased bacterial dissemination. This abnormality was associated with mucosal barrier dysfunction. These observations suggest that antigen transport by M cells may help maintain gut immune homeostasis by eliciting antigen-specific cellular immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Nakamura
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Keio University, Tokyo, 105-0011, Japan.,Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hitomi Mimuro
- Division of Bacteriology, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo (IMSUT), 108-8639, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Research Institute of Microbial Diseases (RIMD), Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Jun Kunisawa
- International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo (IMSUT), 108-8639, Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory of Vaccine Materials, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Osaka, 567-0085, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Furusawa
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Keio University, Tokyo, 105-0011, Japan.,Department of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Toyama Prefectural University, Toyama, 939-0398, Japan
| | - Daisuke Takahashi
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Keio University, Tokyo, 105-0011, Japan
| | - Yumiko Fujimura
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Keio University, Tokyo, 105-0011, Japan
| | - Tsuneyasu Kaisho
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, 641-8509, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kiyono
- International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo (IMSUT), 108-8639, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Mucosal Immunology, The University of Tokyo Distinguished Professor Unit, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo (IMSUT), Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan.,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Chiba University-UCSD Center for Mucosal Immunology, Allergy and Vaccines (cMAV), University of California, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA.,Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-0856, Japan
| | - Koji Hase
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Keio University, Tokyo, 105-0011, Japan. .,International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo (IMSUT), 108-8639, Tokyo, Japan.
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16
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Chen K, Magri G, Grasset EK, Cerutti A. Rethinking mucosal antibody responses: IgM, IgG and IgD join IgA. Nat Rev Immunol 2020; 20:427-441. [PMID: 32015473 PMCID: PMC10262260 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-019-0261-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Humoral immune responses at mucosal surfaces have historically focused on IgA. Growing evidence highlights the complexity of IgA-inducing pathways and the functional impact of IgA on mucosal commensal bacteria. In the gut, IgA contributes to the establishment of a mutualistic host-microbiota relationship that is required to maintain homeostasis and prevent disease. This Review discusses how mucosal IgA responses occur in an increasingly complex humoral defence network that also encompasses IgM, IgG and IgD. Aside from integrating the protective functions of IgA, these hitherto neglected mucosal antibodies may strengthen the communication between mucosal and systemic immune compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Giuliana Magri
- Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Emilie K Grasset
- The Immunology Institute, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrea Cerutti
- Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, Barcelona, Spain.
- The Immunology Institute, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Catalan Institute for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, Barcelona, Spain.
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17
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Bai X, Chi X, Qiao Q, Xie S, Wan S, Ni L, Wang P, Jin W, Dong C. T Follicular Helper Cells Regulate Humoral Response for Host Protection against Intestinal Citrobacter rodentium Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 204:2754-2761. [PMID: 32269096 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Citrobacter rodentium colonizes at the colon and causes mucosal inflammation in mice. Previous studies have revealed the importance of the innate and adaptive immune response for controlling C. rodentium infection. In the present study, we examined the role of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells in intestinal C. rodentium infection using mice with Bcl6 deficiency in T cells. Tfh cells were absolutely required at the late, but not the early, phase to control infection. Compared with control mice, we observed systemic pathogen dissemination and more severe colitis in Tfh-deficient mice. Furthermore, the susceptibility of Tfh-deficient mice correlated with an impaired serum IgG1 response to infection, and serum Abs from infected wild-type mice protected Tfh-deficient mice from infection. The transfer of wild-type Tfh cells also restored the levels of IgG1 and led to effective clearance of the pathogens in Tfh-deficient mice. Moreover, during C. rodentium infection, IL-21- and IL-4-producing Tfh cells were increased obviously in wild-type mice, correlating with IgG1 as the major isotype in germinal center B cells. Taken together, our work highlights the requirement and the function of Tfh cells in regulating humoral response for the host protection against C. rodentium infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Bai
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; and
| | - Xinxin Chi
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; and
| | - Qin Qiao
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; and
| | - Shan Xie
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; and
| | - Siyuan Wan
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; and
| | - Lu Ni
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; and
| | - Pengzhi Wang
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; and
| | - Wei Jin
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; and
| | - Chen Dong
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; and .,Beijing Key Laboratory for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Beijing 100084, China
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18
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Clancy‐Thompson E, Chen GZ, LaMarche NM, Ali LR, Jeong H, Crowley SJ, Boelaars K, Brenner MB, Lynch L, Dougan SK. Transnuclear mice reveal Peyer's patch iNKT cells that regulate B-cell class switching to IgG1. EMBO J 2019; 38:e101260. [PMID: 31304630 PMCID: PMC6627243 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2018101260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident iNKT cells maintain tissue homeostasis and peripheral surveillance against pathogens; however, studying these cells is challenging due to their low abundance and poor recovery from tissues. We here show that iNKT transnuclear mice, generated by somatic cell nuclear transfer, have increased tissue resident iNKT cells. We examined expression of PLZF, T-bet, and RORγt, as well as cytokine/chemokine profiles, and found that both monoclonal and polyclonal iNKT cells differentiated into functional subsets that faithfully replicated those seen in wild-type mice. We detected iNKT cells from tissues in which they are rare, including adipose, lung, skin-draining lymph nodes, and a previously undescribed population in Peyer's patches (PP). PP-NKT cells produce the majority of the IL-4 in Peyer's patches and provide indirect help for B-cell class switching to IgG1 in both transnuclear and wild-type mice. Oral vaccination with α-galactosylceramide shows enhanced fecal IgG1 titers in iNKT cell-sufficient mice. Transcriptional profiling reveals a unique signature of PP-NKT cells, characterized by tissue residency. We thus define PP-NKT as potentially important for surveillance for mucosal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gui Zhen Chen
- Department of Cancer Immunology and VirologyDana‐Farber Cancer InstituteBostonMAUSA
| | - Nelson M LaMarche
- Department of RheumatologyBrigham and Women's HospitalBostonMAUSA
- Program in ImmunologyHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Lestat R Ali
- Department of Cancer Immunology and VirologyDana‐Farber Cancer InstituteBostonMAUSA
| | - Hee‐Jin Jeong
- Department of Cancer Immunology and VirologyDana‐Farber Cancer InstituteBostonMAUSA
- Present address:
Hongik UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Stephanie J Crowley
- Department of Cancer Immunology and VirologyDana‐Farber Cancer InstituteBostonMAUSA
| | - Kelly Boelaars
- Department of Cancer Immunology and VirologyDana‐Farber Cancer InstituteBostonMAUSA
- VU University AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Michael B Brenner
- Department of RheumatologyBrigham and Women's HospitalBostonMAUSA
- Program in ImmunologyHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Lydia Lynch
- Department of RheumatologyBrigham and Women's HospitalBostonMAUSA
- Program in ImmunologyHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Stephanie K Dougan
- Department of Cancer Immunology and VirologyDana‐Farber Cancer InstituteBostonMAUSA
- Program in ImmunologyHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
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19
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Meiners J, Palmieri V, Klopfleisch R, Ebel JF, Japtok L, Schumacher F, Yusuf AM, Becker KA, Zöller J, Hose M, Kleuser B, Hermann DM, Kolesnick RN, Buer J, Hansen W, Westendorf AM. Intestinal Acid Sphingomyelinase Protects From Severe Pathogen-Driven Colitis. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1386. [PMID: 31275322 PMCID: PMC6594205 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract are emerging as a global problem with increased evidence and prevalence in numerous countries. A dysregulated sphingolipid metabolism occurs in patients with ulcerative colitis and is discussed to contribute to its pathogenesis. In the present study, we determined the impact of acid sphingomyelinase (Asm), which catalyzes the hydrolysis of sphingomyelin to ceramide, on the course of Citrobacter (C.) rodentium-driven colitis. C. rodentium is an enteric pathogen and induces colonic inflammation very similar to the pathology in patients with ulcerative colitis. We found that mice with Asm deficiency or Asm inhibition were strongly susceptible to C. rodentium infection. These mice showed increased levels of C. rodentium in the feces and were prone to bacterial spreading to the systemic organs. In addition, mice lacking Asm activity showed an uncontrolled inflammatory Th1 and Th17 response, which was accompanied by a stronger colonic pathology compared to infected wild type mice. These findings identified Asm as an essential regulator of mucosal immunity to the enteric pathogen C. rodentium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Meiners
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Vittoria Palmieri
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Robert Klopfleisch
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jana-Fabienne Ebel
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Lukasz Japtok
- Department of Toxicology, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Fabian Schumacher
- Department of Toxicology, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.,Department of Molecular Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ayan Mohamud Yusuf
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Katrin A Becker
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Julia Zöller
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Matthias Hose
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Burkhard Kleuser
- Department of Toxicology, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Dirk M Hermann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Richard N Kolesnick
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jan Buer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Wiebke Hansen
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Astrid M Westendorf
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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20
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Castro-Dopico T, Clatworthy MR. IgG and Fcγ Receptors in Intestinal Immunity and Inflammation. Front Immunol 2019; 10:805. [PMID: 31031776 PMCID: PMC6473071 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fcγ receptors (FcγR) are cell surface glycoproteins that mediate cellular effector functions of immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies. Genetic variation in FcγR genes can influence susceptibility to a variety of antibody-mediated autoimmune and inflammatory disorders, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). More recently, however, genetic studies have implicated altered FcγR signaling in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), a condition classically associated with dysregulated innate and T cell immunity. Specifically, a variant of the activating receptor, FcγRIIA, with low affinity for IgG, confers protection against the development of ulcerative colitis, a subset of IBD, leading to a re-evaluation of the role of IgG and FcγRs in gastrointestinal tract immunity, an organ system traditionally associated with IgA. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of IgG and FcγR function at this unique host-environment interface, from the pathogenesis of colitis and defense against enteropathogens, its contribution to maternal-fetal cross-talk and susceptibility to cancer. Finally, we discuss the therapeutic implications of this information, both in terms of how FcγR signaling pathways may be targeted for the treatment of IBD and how FcγR engagement may influence the efficacy of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Castro-Dopico
- Molecular Immunity Unit, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Menna R. Clatworthy
- Molecular Immunity Unit, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research CentreCambridge, United Kingdom
- Cellular Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
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21
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Caballero-Flores G, Sakamoto K, Zeng MY, Wang Y, Hakim J, Matus-Acuña V, Inohara N, Núñez G. Maternal Immunization Confers Protection to the Offspring against an Attaching and Effacing Pathogen through Delivery of IgG in Breast Milk. Cell Host Microbe 2019; 25:313-323.e4. [PMID: 30686564 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2018.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Owing to immature immune systems and impaired colonization resistance mediated by the microbiota, infants are more susceptible to enteric infections. Maternal antibodies can provide immunity, with maternal vaccination offering a protective strategy. We find that oral infection of adult females with the enteric pathogen Citrobacter rodentium protects dams and offspring against oral challenge. Parenteral immunization of dams with heat-inactivated C. rodentium reduces pathogen loads and mortality in offspring but not mothers. IgG, but not IgA or IgM, transferred through breast milk to the intestinal lumen of suckling offspring, coats the pathogen and reduces intestinal colonization. Protective IgG largely recognizes virulence factors encoded within the locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE) pathogenicity island, including the adhesin Intimin and T3SS filament EspA, which are major antigens conferring protection. Thus, pathogen-specific IgG in breast milk induced during maternal infection or immunization protects neonates against infection with an attaching and effacing pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Caballero-Flores
- Department of Pathology and Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Kei Sakamoto
- Department of Pathology and Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Melody Y Zeng
- Department of Pathology and Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yaqiu Wang
- Department of Pathology and Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Program in Human Biology, School of Integrative and Global Majors, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-0006, Japan
| | - Jill Hakim
- Department of Pathology and Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Violeta Matus-Acuña
- Programa de Ecología Genómica, Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico; School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Naohiro Inohara
- Department of Pathology and Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Gabriel Núñez
- Department of Pathology and Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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22
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Acuff NV, Li X, Latha K, Nagy T, Watford WT. Tpl2 Promotes Innate Cell Recruitment and Effector T Cell Differentiation To Limit Citrobacter rodentium Burden and Dissemination. Infect Immun 2017; 85:e00193-17. [PMID: 28760932 PMCID: PMC5607429 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00193-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor progression locus 2 (Tpl2) is a serine-threonine kinase that regulates Th1 differentiation, secretion of the inflammatory cytokine gamma interferon (IFN-γ), and host defense against the intracellular pathogens Toxoplasma gondii, Listeria monocytogenes, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis However, relatively little is known about the contribution of Tpl2 to Th17 differentiation and immune cell function during infection with an extracellular pathogen. The goal of this study was to determine whether Tpl2 influences the immune response generated to the extracellular bacterium Citrobacter rodentium, which induces a mixed Th1 and Th17 response. During peak infection with C. rodentium, Tpl2-/- mice experienced greater bacterial burdens with evidence of dissemination to the liver and spleen but ultimately cleared the bacteria within 3 weeks postinfection, similar to the findings for wild-type mice. Tpl2-/- mice also recruited fewer neutrophils and monocytes to the colon during peak infection, which correlated with increased bacterial burdens. In mixed bone marrow chimeras, Tpl2 was shown to play a T cell-intrinsic role in promoting both IFN-γ and interleukin-17A production during infection with C. rodentium However, upon CD4 T cell transfer into Rag-/- mice, Tpl2-/- CD4 T cells were as protective as wild-type CD4 T cells against the dissemination of bacteria and mortality. These data indicate that the enhanced bacterial burdens in Tpl2-/- mice are not caused primarily by impairments in CD4 T cell function but result from defects in innate immune cell recruitment and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole V Acuff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Krishna Latha
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Tamas Nagy
- Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Wendy T Watford
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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23
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Specialized Proresolving Mediators Rescue Infant Mice from Lethal Citrobacter rodentium Infection and Promote Immunity against Reinfection. Infect Immun 2017; 85:IAI.00464-17. [PMID: 28694292 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00464-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Infants are generally highly susceptible to oral pathogens. Intestinal infection and the associated diarrhea are significant global causes of morbidity and mortality in infants. Among the enteric pathogens, enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) stands out as showing the highest risk for infection-induced death in infants ≤12 months old. We have developed an experimental model of infant infection with EPEC, using the mouse-specific pathogen Citrobacter rodentium Our murine infant model is similar to EPEC infection in human infants since infant mice are much more susceptible to C. rodentium infection than adult mice; infants infected with 50-fold fewer bacteria than the standard adult dose uniformly succumbed to the infection. Infant infection is characterized by high early and sustained bacterial titers and profound intestinal inflammation associated with extensive necrosis and systemic dissemination of the bacteria. Therefore, it seems likely that infant deaths result from sepsis secondary to intestinal damage. Recently, specialized proresolving mediators (SPM) have been found to exert profound beneficial effects in adult models of infection. Thus, we investigated the actions of two proresolving lipid mediators, resolvin D1 (RvD1) and resolvin D5 (RvD5), on the course of infection in infants. Strikingly, postinfection treatment with RvD1 and RvD5 reduced bacterial loads, mitigated inflammation, and rescued the infants from death. Furthermore, postinfection treatment with RvD1 and RvD5 led to protection from reinfection associated with C. rodentium-specific IgG responses comparable to those in adults. These results indicate that SPM may provide novel therapeutic tools for the treatment of pathological intestinal infections in infants.
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24
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Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis (strain CIDCA 133) stimulates murine macrophages infected with Citrobacter rodentium. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 33:48. [PMID: 28176201 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-017-2219-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Citrobacter rodentium is a specific murine enteropathogen which causes diarrheal disease characterized by colonic hyperplasia and intestinal inflammation. Recruitment of neutrophils and macrophages constitute a key step to control the infection. Since modulation of the activity of professional phagocytic cells could contribute to improve host´s defences against C. rodentium, we investigated the effect of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis (strain CIDCA 133) on the interaction between murine macrophages (RAW 264.7) and C. rodentium. Phagocytosis, surface molecules and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOs) expression were determined by flow cytometry. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were assessed by fluorescence microscopy. The presence of lactobacilli increased phagocytosis of C. rodentium whereas C. rodentium had no effect on lactobacilli internalization. Survival of internalized C. rodentium diminished when strain CIDCA 133 was present. CD-86, MHCII, iNOs expression and nitrite production were increased when C. rodentium and lactobacilli were present even though strain CIDCA 133 alone had no effect. Strain CIDCA 133 led to a strong induction of ROS activity which was not modified by C. rodentium. Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis (strain CIDCA 133) is able to increase the activation of murine macrophages infected with C. rodentium. The sole presence of lactobacilli is enough to modify some stimulation markers (e.g. ROS induction) whereas other markers require the presence of both bacteria; thus, indicating a synergistic effect.
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25
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Regulation of virulence: the rise and fall of gastrointestinal pathogens. J Gastroenterol 2016; 51:195-205. [PMID: 26553054 PMCID: PMC4767578 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-015-1141-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Colonization resistance by the commensal microbiota is a key defense against infectious pathogens in the gastrointestinal tract. The microbiota directly competes with incoming pathogens by occupying the colonization niche, depleting nutrients in the gut lumen as well as indirectly inhibiting the growth of pathogens through activation of host immunity. Enteric pathogens have evolved strategies to cope with microbiota-mediated colonization resistance. Pathogens utilize a wide array of virulence factors to outcompete their commensal rivals in the gut. However, since the expression of virulence factors is costly to maintain and reduces bacterial fitness, pathogens need to regulate their virulence properly in order to maximize their fitness. To this end, most pathogens use environmental cues to regulate their virulence gene expression. Thus, a dynamic regulation of virulence factor expression is a key invasion strategy utilized by enteric pathogens. On the other hand, host immunity selectively targets virulent pathogens in order to counter infection in the gut. The host immune system is generally tolerant of harmless microorganisms, such as the commensal microbiota. Moreover, the host relies on its commensal microbiota to contribute, in concert with its immune system, to the elimination of pathogens. Collectively, regulation of virulence determines the fate of enteric pathogens, from the establishment of infection to the eventual elimination. Here, we will review the dynamics of virulence and its role in infection.
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26
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Abstract
Secretory IgA is important in mucosal defense, but other, incompletely understood effectors exist. In this issue of Cell Host & Microbe, Kamada et al. (2015) show that IgG antibodies are produced against surface virulence factors of an intestinal attaching/effacing pathogen, bind to bacteria localized at the epithelium, and direct their destruction by mucosal and translocated neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Eckmann
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Thaddeus S Stappenbeck
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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27
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Abstract
The best-characterized mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), and also the most relevant for this review, is the gastrointestinal-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT). The review reviews our understanding of the importance of mucosal immune responses in resisting infections caused by E. coli and Salmonella spp. It focuses on the major human E. coli infections and discusses whether antigen-specific mucosal immune responses are important for resistance against primary infection or reinfection by pathogenic E. coli. It analyzes human data on mucosal immunity against E. coli, a growing body of data of mucosal responses in food production animals and other natural hosts of E. coli, and more recent experimental studies in mice carrying defined deletions in genes encoding specific immunological effectors, to show that there may be considerable conservation of the effective host mucosal immune response against this pathogen. The species Salmonella enterica contains a number of serovars that include pathogens of both humans and animals; these bacteria are frequently host specific and may cause different diseases in different hosts. Ingestion of various Salmonella serovars, such as Typhimurium, results in localized infections of the small intestine leading to gastroenteritis in humans, whereas ingestion of serovar Typhi results in systemic infection and enteric fever. Serovar Typhi infects only humans, and the review discusses the mucosal immune responses against serovar Typhi, focusing on the responses in humans and in the mouse typhoid fever model.
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28
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Kessler R, Nisa S, Hazen TH, Horneman A, Amoroso A, Rasko DA, Donnenberg MS. Diarrhea, bacteremia and multiorgan dysfunction due to an extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli strain with enteropathogenic E. coli genes. Pathog Dis 2015; 73:ftv076. [PMID: 26410828 PMCID: PMC4622172 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftv076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A 55-year-old man with well-controlled HIV had severe diarrhea for 3 weeks and developed multiorgan dysfunction and bacteremia due to Escherichia coli. The genome of the patient's isolate had features characteristic of extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli and genes distantly related to those defining enteropathogenic E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Kessler
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Shahista Nisa
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Tracy H Hazen
- The Institute for Genome Sciences and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Amy Horneman
- Pathology and Laboratory Service, University of Maryland School of Medicine, VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Anthony Amoroso
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - David A Rasko
- The Institute for Genome Sciences and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Michael S Donnenberg
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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29
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The Serine Protease Autotransporter Pic Modulates Citrobacter rodentium Pathogenesis and Its Innate Recognition by the Host. Infect Immun 2015; 83:2636-50. [PMID: 25895966 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00025-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens produce a number of autotransporters that possess diverse functions. These include the family of serine protease autotransporters of Enterobacteriaceae (SPATEs) produced by enteric pathogens such as Shigella flexneri and enteroaggregative Escherichia coli. Of these SPATEs, one termed "protein involved in colonization," or Pic, has been shown to possess mucinase activity in vitro, but to date, its role in in vivo enteric pathogenesis is unknown. Testing a pic null (ΔpicC) mutant in Citrobacter rodentium, a natural mouse pathogen, found that the C. rodentium ΔpicC strain was impaired in its ability to degrade mucin in vitro compared to the wild type. Upon infection of mice, the ΔpicC mutant exhibited a hypervirulent phenotype with dramatically heavier pathogen burdens found in intestinal crypts. ΔpicC mutant-infected mice suffered greater barrier disruption and more severe colitis and weight loss, necessitating their euthanization between 10 and 14 days postinfection. Notably, the virulence of the ΔpicC mutant was normalized when the picC gene was restored; however, a PicC point mutant causing loss of mucinase activity did not replicate the ΔpicC phenotype. Exploring other aspects of PicC function, the ΔpicC mutant was found to aggregate to higher levels in vivo than wild-type C. rodentium. Moreover, unlike the wild type, the C. rodentium ΔpicC mutant had a red, dry, and rough (RDAR) morphology in vitro and showed increased activation of the innate receptor Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2). Interestingly, the C. rodentium ΔpicC mutant caused a degree of pathology similar to that of wild-type C. rodentium when infecting TLR2-deficient mice, showing that despite its mucinase activity, PicC's major role in vivo may be to limit C. rodentium's stimulation of the host's innate immune system.
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CD40 Ligand Deficient C57BL/6 Mouse Is a Potential Surrogate Model of Human X-Linked Hyper IgM (X-HIGM) Syndrome for Characterizing Immune Responses against Pathogens. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:679850. [PMID: 26064940 PMCID: PMC4433659 DOI: 10.1155/2015/679850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Individuals with X-HIGM syndrome fail to express functional CD40 ligand; consequently they cannot mount effective protective antibody responses against pathogenic bacteria. We evaluated, compared, and characterized the humoral immune response of wild type (WT) and C57-CD40L deficient (C57-CD40L−/−) mice infected with Citrobacter rodentium. Basal serum isotype levels were similar for IgM and IgG3 among mice, while total IgG and IgG2b concentrations were significantly lower in C57-CD40L−/− mice compared with WT. Essentially IgG1 and IgG2c levels were detectable only in WT mice. C57-CD40L−/− animals, orally inoculated with 2 × 109 CFU, presented several clinical manifestations since the second week of infection and eventually died. In contrast at this time point no clinical manifestations were observed among C57-CD40L−/− mice infected with 1 × 107 CFU. Infection was subclinical in WT mice inoculated with either bacterial dose. The serum samples from infected mice (1 × 107 CFU), collected at day 14 after infection, had similar C. rodentium-specific IgM titres. Although C57-CD40L−/− animals had lower IgG and IgG2b titres than WT mice, C57-CD40L−/− mice sera displayed complement-mediated bactericidal activity against C. rodentium. C. rodentium-infected C57-CD40L−/− mice are capable of producing antibodies that are protective. C57-CD40L−/− mouse is a useful surrogate model of X-HIGM syndrome for studying immune responses elicited against pathogens.
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Interleukin-7 produced by intestinal epithelial cells in response to Citrobacter rodentium infection plays a major role in innate immunity against this pathogen. Infect Immun 2015; 83:3213-23. [PMID: 26034215 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00320-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-7 (IL-7) engages multiple mechanisms to overcome chronic viral infections, but the role of IL-7 in bacterial infections, especially enteric bacterial infections, remains unclear. Here we characterized the previously unexplored role of IL-7 in the innate immune response to the attaching and effacing bacterium Citrobacter rodentium. C. rodentium infection induced IL-7 production from intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). IL-7 production from IECs in response to C. rodentium was dependent on gamma interferon (IFN-γ)-producing NK1.1(+) cells and IL-12. Treatment with anti-IL-7Rα antibody during C. rodentium infection resulted in a higher bacterial burden, enhanced intestinal damage, and greater weight loss and mortality than observed with the control IgG treatment. IEC-produced IL-7 was only essential for protective immunity against C. rodentium during the first 6 days after infection. An impaired bacterial clearance upon IL-7Rα blockade was associated with a significant decrease in macrophage accumulation and activation in the colon. Moreover, C. rodentium-induced expansion and activation of intestinal CD4(+) lymphoid tissue inducer (LTi) cells was completely abrogated by IL-7Rα blockade. Collectively, these data demonstrate that IL-7 is produced by IECs in response to C. rodentium infection and plays a critical role in the protective immunity against this intestinal attaching and effacing bacterium.
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Vitamin A-Deficient Hosts Become Nonsymptomatic Reservoirs of Escherichia coli-Like Enteric Infections. Infect Immun 2015; 83:2984-91. [PMID: 25964475 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00201-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin A deficiency (A(-)) remains a public health concern in developing countries and is associated with increased susceptibility to infection. Citrobacter rodentium was used to model human Escherichia coli infections. A(-) mice developed a severe and lethal (40%) infection. Vitamin A-sufficient (A(+)) mice survived and cleared the infection by day 25. Retinoic acid treatment of A(-) mice at the peak of the infection eliminated C. rodentium within 16 days. Inflammation levels were not different between A(+) and A(-) mouse colons, although the A(-) mice were still infected at day 37. Increased mortality of A(-) mice was not due to systemic cytokine production, an inability to clear systemic C. rodentium, or increased pathogenicity. Instead, A(-) mice developed a severe gut infection with most of the A(-) mice surviving and resolving inflammation but not eliminating the infection. Improvements in vitamin A status might decrease susceptibility to enteric pathogens and prevent potential carriers from spreading infection to susceptible populations.
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Kamada N, Sakamoto K, Seo SU, Zeng MY, Kim YG, Cascalho M, Vallance BA, Puente JL, Núñez G. Humoral Immunity in the Gut Selectively Targets Phenotypically Virulent Attaching-and-Effacing Bacteria for Intraluminal Elimination. Cell Host Microbe 2015; 17:617-27. [PMID: 25936799 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Virulence factors expressed by enteric bacteria are pivotal for pathogen colonization and induction of intestinal disease, but the mechanisms by which host immunity regulates pathogen virulence are largely unknown. Here we show that specific antibody responses are required for downregulation of virulence gene expression in Citrobacter rodentium, an enteric pathogen that models human infections with attaching-and-effacing bacteria. In the absence of antibodies against the pathogen, phenotypically virulent C. rodentium, accumulated and infected the epithelium and subsequently invaded the lamina propia, causing host lethality. IgG induced after infection recognized virulence factors and bound virulent bacteria within the intestinal lumen, leading to their engulfment by neutrophils, while phenotypically avirulent pathogens remained in the intestinal lumen and were eventually outcompeted by the microbiota. Thus, the interplay of the innate and adaptive immune system selectively targets virulent C. rodentium in the intestinal lumen to promote pathogen eradication and host survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiko Kamada
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Kei Sakamoto
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Sang-Uk Seo
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Melody Y Zeng
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yun-Gi Kim
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Marilia Cascalho
- Department of Surgery and Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Bruce A Vallance
- Division of Gastroenterology, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - José L Puente
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, México
| | - Gabriel Núñez
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Guo X, Liang Y, Zhang Y, Lasorella A, Kee BL, Fu YX. Innate Lymphoid Cells Control Early Colonization Resistance against Intestinal Pathogens through ID2-Dependent Regulation of the Microbiota. Immunity 2015; 42:731-43. [PMID: 25902484 PMCID: PMC4725053 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Microbiota-mediated effects on the host immune response facilitate colonization resistance against pathogens. However, it is unclear whether and how the host immune response can regulate the microbiota to mediate colonization resistance. ID2, an essential transcriptional regulator for the development of innate lymphoid cell (ILC) progenitors, remains highly expressed in differentiated ILCs with unknown function. Using conditionally deficient mice in which ID2 is deleted from differentiated ILC3s, we observed that these mutant mice exhibited greatly impaired gut colonization resistance against Citrobacter rodentium. Utilizing gnotobiotic hosts, we showed that the ID2-dependent early colonization resistance was mediated by interleukin-22 (IL-22) regulation of the microbiota. In addition to regulating development, ID2 maintained homeostasis of ILC3s and controlled IL-22 production through an aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and IL-23 receptor pathway. Thus, ILC3s can mediate immune surveillance, which constantly maintains a proper microbiota, to facilitate early colonization resistance through an ID2-dependent regulation of IL-22.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohuan Guo
- Department of Pathology and Committee on Immunology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Tsinghua University School of Medicine, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Yong Liang
- Department of Pathology and Committee on Immunology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Institute of Biophysics and The University of Chicago joint Group for Immunotherapy, Key Laboratory for Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Committee on Immunology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Anna Lasorella
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Departments of Neurology and Pathology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Barbara L Kee
- Department of Pathology and Committee on Immunology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Yang-Xin Fu
- Department of Pathology and Committee on Immunology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Institute of Biophysics and The University of Chicago joint Group for Immunotherapy, Key Laboratory for Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China.
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Koroleva EP, Halperin S, Gubernatorova EO, Macho-Fernandez E, Spencer CM, Tumanov AV. Citrobacter rodentium-induced colitis: A robust model to study mucosal immune responses in the gut. J Immunol Methods 2015; 421:61-72. [PMID: 25702536 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Citrobacter rodentium is a natural mouse pathogen which reproducibly infects mice and causes intestinal disease. The C. rodentium model of infection is very useful for investigating host-pathogen immune interactions in the gut, and can also be used to understand the pathogenesis of several important human intestinal disorders, including Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, dysbiosis and colon tumorigenesis. Both innate and adaptive immune responses play a critical role in protection against C. rodentium. Here, we summarize the role of immune components in protection against C. rodentium and describe techniques for the analysis of innate and adaptive mucosal immune responses, including setting up the infection, analysis of colonic hyperplasia and bacterial dissemination, evaluation of antibody responses, and purification and analysis of intestinal epithelial and lymphoid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Alexei V Tumanov
- Trudeau Institute, Saranac Lake, NY 12983, USA; Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Moscow, Russia.
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Rath T, Baker K, Pyzik M, Blumberg RS. Regulation of immune responses by the neonatal fc receptor and its therapeutic implications. Front Immunol 2015; 5:664. [PMID: 25601863 PMCID: PMC4283642 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As a single receptor, the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) is critically involved in regulating albumin and IgG serum concentrations by protecting these two ligands from degradation. In addition to these essential homeostatic functions, FcRn possesses important functions in regulating immune responses that are equally as critical and are increasingly coming to attention. During the first stages of life, FcRn mediates the passive transfer of IgG across the maternal placenta or neonatal intestinal walls of mammals, thereby conferring passive immunity to the offspring before and after birth. In fact, FcRn is one of the very few molecules that are known to move from luminal to serosal membranes of polarized cells that form epithelial barriers of the lung and intestines. Together with FcRn's recently explored critical role in eliciting MHC II presentation and MHC class I cross-presentation of IgG-complexed antigen, this renders FcRn capable of exerting broad and potent functions in regulating immune responses and immunosurveillance at mucosal sites. Further, it is now clear that FcRn dependent mucosal absorption of therapeutic molecules is a clinically feasible and potent novel route of non-invasive drug delivery, and the interaction between FcRn and IgG has also been utilized for the acquisition of humoral immunity at mucosal sites. In this review, we begin by briefly summarizing the basic knowledge on FcRn expression and IgG binding, then describe more recent discoveries pertaining to the mechanisms by which FcRn orchestrates IgG related mucosal immune responses and immunosurveillance at host-environment interfaces within the adult organism. Finally, we outline how the knowledge of actions of FcRn at mucosal boundaries can be capitalized for the development and engineering of powerful mucosal vaccination strategies and novel routes for the non-invasive delivery of Fc-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Rath
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA ; Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Erlangen University Hospital, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nueremberg , Erlangen , Germany
| | - Kristi Baker
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA
| | - Michal Pyzik
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA
| | - Richard S Blumberg
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA ; Harvard Digestive Diseases Center , Boston, MA , USA
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Heller JJ, Schjerven H, Li S, Lee A, Qiu J, Chen ZME, Smale ST, Zhou L. Restriction of IL-22-producing T cell responses and differential regulation of regulatory T cell compartments by zinc finger transcription factor Ikaros. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2014; 193:3934-46. [PMID: 25194055 PMCID: PMC4185244 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Proper immune responses are needed to control pathogen infection at mucosal surfaces. IL-22-producing CD4(+) T cells play an important role in controlling bacterial infection in the gut; however, transcriptional regulation of these cells remains elusive. In this study, we show that mice with targeted deletion of the fourth DNA-binding zinc finger of the transcription factor Ikaros had increased IL-22-producing, but not IL-17-producing, CD4(+) T cells in the gut. Adoptive transfer of CD4(+) T cells from these Ikaros-mutant mice conferred enhanced mucosal immunity against Citrobacter rodentium infection. Despite an intact in vivo thymic-derived regulatory T cell (Treg) compartment in these Ikaros-mutant mice, TGF-β, a cytokine well known for induction of Tregs, failed to induce Foxp3 expression in Ikaros-mutant CD4(+) T cells in vitro and, instead, promoted IL-22. Aberrant upregulation of IL-21 in CD4(+) T cells expressing mutant Ikaros was responsible, at least in part, for the enhanced IL-22 expression in a Stat3-dependent manner. Genetic analysis using compound mutations further demonstrated that the aryl hydrocarbon receptor, but not RORγt, was required for aberrant IL-22 expression by Ikaros-mutant CD4(+) T cells, whereas forced expression of Foxp3 was sufficient to inhibit this aberrant cytokine production. Together, our data identified new functions for Ikaros in maintaining mucosal immune homeostasis by restricting IL-22 production by CD4(+) T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J Heller
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611; Department of Microbiology, and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Hilde Schjerven
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095; Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143; and
| | - Shiyang Li
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611; Department of Microbiology, and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Aileen Lee
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611; Department of Microbiology, and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Ju Qiu
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611; Department of Microbiology, and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Zong-Ming E Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA 17822
| | - Stephen T Smale
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Liang Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611; Department of Microbiology, and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611;
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Tsuji S, Stein L, Kamada N, Nuñez G, Bram R, Vallance BA, Sousa AE, Platt JL, Cascalho M. TACI deficiency enhances antibody avidity and clearance of an intestinal pathogen. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:4857-66. [PMID: 25271628 DOI: 10.1172/jci74428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The transmembrane activator and calcium-modulating cyclophilin ligand interactor (TACI) controls differentiation of long-lived plasma cells, and almost 10% of individuals with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) express either the C104R or A181E variants of TACI. These variants impair TACI function, and TACI-deficient mice exhibit a CVID-like disease. However, 1%-2% of normal individuals harbor the C140R or A181E TACI variants and have no outward signs of CVID, and it is not clear why TACI deficiency in this group does not cause disease. Here, we determined that TACI-deficient mice have low baseline levels of Ig in the blood but retain the ability to mutate Ig-associated genes that encode antigen-specific antibodies. The antigen-specific antibodies in TACI-deficient mice were produced in bursts and had higher avidity than those of WT animals. Moreover, mice lacking TACI were able to clear Citrobacter rodentium, a model pathogen for severe human enteritis, more rapidly than did WT mice. These findings suggest that the high prevalence of TACI deficiency in humans might reflect enhanced host defense against enteritis, which is more severe in those with acquired or inherited immunodeficiencies.
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Lupfer CR, Anand PK, Liu Z, Stokes KL, Vogel P, Lamkanfi M, Kanneganti TD. Reactive oxygen species regulate caspase-11 expression and activation of the non-canonical NLRP3 inflammasome during enteric pathogen infection. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004410. [PMID: 25254654 PMCID: PMC4178001 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteropathogenic and enterohemorrhagic bacterial infections in humans are a severe cause of morbidity and mortality. Although NOD-like receptors (NLRs) NOD2 and NLRP3 have important roles in the generation of protective immune responses to enteric pathogens, whether there is crosstalk among NLRs to regulate immune signaling is not known. Here, we show that mice and macrophages deficient in NOD2, or the downstream adaptor RIP2, have enhanced NLRP3- and caspases-11-dependent non-canonical inflammasome activation in a mouse model of enteropathogenic Citrobacter rodentium infection. Mechanistically, NOD2 and RIP2 regulate reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Increased ROS in Rip2-deficient macrophages subsequently enhances c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling resulting in increased caspase-11 expression and activation, and more non-canonical NLRP3-dependant inflammasome activation. Intriguingly, this leads to protection of the colon epithelium for up to 10 days in Rip2-deficient mice infected with C. rodentium. Our findings designate NOD2 and RIP2 as key regulators of cellular ROS homeostasis and demonstrate for the first time that ROS regulates caspase-11 expression and non-canonical NLRP3 inflammasome activation through the JNK pathway. Caspase-11 is required for NLRP3 inflammasome activation and cell death in response to certain gram-negative bacterial infections like Citrobacter rodentium. However, how C. rodentium drives caspase-11 expression and activation is not well understood. Here, we demonstrate that the NOD2-RIP2 pathway regulates reactive oxygen species production and c-Jun N-terminal kinase signaling to control caspase-11 expression and subsequent activation of caspase-11 and the NLRP3 inflammasome during C. rodentium infection. In the absence of NOD2-RIP2 signaling, increased inflammasome activation results in lower bacteria numbers in the colon and less tissue damage during the early stages of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R. Lupfer
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Paras K. Anand
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Zhiping Liu
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Kate L. Stokes
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Peter Vogel
- Veterinary Pathology Department, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Mohamed Lamkanfi
- Department of Medical Protein Research, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Thirumala-Devi Kanneganti
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Singh AK, Eken A, Fry M, Bettelli E, Oukka M. DOCK8 regulates protective immunity by controlling the function and survival of RORγt+ ILCs. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4603. [PMID: 25091235 PMCID: PMC4135384 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor-γt-positive (RORγt(+)) innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) produce interleukin (IL)-22 and IL-17, which are critical for protective immunity against enteric pathogens. The molecular mechanism underlying the development and survival of RORγt(+) ILCs is not thoroughly understood. Here, we show that Dedicator of cytokinesis 8 (DOCK8), a scaffolding protein involved in cytoskeletal rearrangement and cell migration, is essential for the protective immunity against Citrobacter rodentium. A comparative RNA sequencing-based analysis reveals an impaired induction of antimicrobial peptides in the colon of DOCK8-deficient mice, which correlates with high susceptibility to infection and a very low number of IL-22-producing RORγt(+) ILCs in their GI tract. Furthermore, DOCK8-deficient RORγt(+) ILCs are less responsive to IL-7 mediated signalling, more prone to apoptosis and produce less IL-22 due to a defect in IL-23-mediated STAT3 phosphorylation. Our studies reveal an unsuspected role of DOCK8 for the function, generation and survival of RORγt(+) ILCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhilesh K. Singh
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Ahmet Eken
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Mallory Fry
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Estelle Bettelli
- Benaroya Research Institute, Immunology Program, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Mohamed Oukka
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
- University of Washington, Department of Immunology, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
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Abstract
Longitudinal studies of the microbiota are important for discovering changes in microbial communities that affect the host. The complexity of these ecosystems requires rigorous integrated experimental and computational methods to identify temporal signatures that promote physiologic or pathophysiologic responses in vivo. Employing a murine model of infectious colitis with the pathogen Citrobacter rodentium, we generated a 2-month time-series of 16S rDNA gene profiles, and quantitatively cultured commensals, from multiple intestinal sites in infected and uninfected mice. We developed a computational framework to discover time-varying signatures for individual taxa, and to automatically group signatures to identify microbial sub-communities within the larger gut ecosystem that demonstrate common behaviors. Application of this model to the 16S rDNA dataset revealed dynamic alterations in the microbiota at multiple levels of resolution, from effects on systems-level metrics to changes across anatomic sites for individual taxa and species. These analyses revealed unique, time-dependent microbial signatures associated with host responses at different stages of colitis. Signatures included a Mucispirillum OTU associated with early disruption of the colonic surface mucus layer, prior to the onset of symptomatic colitis, and members of the Clostridiales and Lactobacillales that increased with successful resolution of inflammation, after clearance of the pathogen. Quantitative culture data validated findings for predominant species, further refining and strengthening model predictions. These findings provide new insights into the complex behaviors found within host ecosystems, and define several time-dependent microbial signatures that may be leveraged in studies of other infectious or inflammatory conditions.
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NLRC4 expression in intestinal epithelial cells mediates protection against an enteric pathogen. Mucosal Immunol 2014; 7:775-85. [PMID: 24280936 PMCID: PMC4020766 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2013.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The inflammasomes have an important role in connecting the detection of endogenous and microbial danger signals to caspase-1 activation and induction of protective immune responses. NLRC4 is a cytosolic NOD (nucleotide binding and oligomerization domain)-like receptor (NLR) that can trigger inflammasome formation in response to bacterial flagellin, an immunodominant antigen in the intestine. To characterize the role of NLRC4 in bacterially triggered intestinal inflammation, we used the murine pathogen Citrobacter rodentium, an extracellular, attaching/effacing bacterium similar to enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli and enteropathogenic E. coli. Following infection with C. rodentium, we found that Nlrc4(-/-) mice developed more severe weight loss, increased bacterial colonization levels, and exacerbated intestinal inflammation compared with wild-type counterparts. Nlrc4(-/-) mice mounted robust adaptive immune responses but were unable to control early colonization by C. rodentium, suggesting that a defect in innate immunity was responsible. Experiments using bone marrow (BM) chimeras revealed that the protective effects of NLRC4 were dependent on its expression in non-hematopoietic cells, and quantitative PCR (Q-PCR) analyses revealed that NLRC4 was highly expressed in epithelial crypts but not in intestinal stroma. Thus, early NLRC4 sensing in intestinal epithelial cells regulates colonization by an extracellular bacterial pathogen and limits subsequent intestinal damage.
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Alam MS, Gaida MM, Ogawa Y, Kolios AGA, Lasitschka F, Ashwell JD. Counter-regulation of T cell effector function by differentially activated p38. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 211:1257-70. [PMID: 24863062 PMCID: PMC4042639 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20131917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Unlike the MAP kinase (MAPK) cascade that phosphorylates p38 on the activation loop, T cell receptor (TCR) signaling results in phosphorylation on Tyr-323 (pY323, alternative pathway). Using mice expressing p38α and p38β with Y323F substitutions, we show that alternatively but not MAPK cascade-activated p38 up-regulates the transcription factors NFATc1 and IRF4, which are required for proliferation and cytokine production. Conversely, activation of p38 with UV or osmotic shock mitigated TCR-mediated activation by phosphorylation and cytoplasmic retention of NFATc1. Notably, UVB treatment of human psoriatic lesions reduced skin-infiltrating p38 pY323(+) T cell IRF4 and IL-17 production. Thus, distinct mechanisms of p38 activation converge on NFATc1 with opposing effects on T cell immunity, which may underlie the beneficial effect of phototherapy on psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad S Alam
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research; Dermatology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Matthias M Gaida
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research; Dermatology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Youichi Ogawa
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research; Dermatology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Antonios G A Kolios
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland Laboratory of Applied Immunobiology, University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Felix Lasitschka
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jonathan D Ashwell
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research; Dermatology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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Ferreyra JA, Ng KM, Sonnenburg JL. The Enteric Two-Step: nutritional strategies of bacterial pathogens within the gut. Cell Microbiol 2014; 16:993-1003. [PMID: 24720567 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiota is a dense and diverse microbial community governed by dynamic microbe-microbe and microbe-host interactions, the status of which influences whether enteric pathogens can cause disease. Here we review recent insights into the key roles that nutrients play in bacterial pathogen exploitation of the gut microbial ecosystem. We synthesize recent findings to support a five-stage model describing the transition between a healthy microbiota and one dominated by a pathogen and disease. Within this five-stage model, two stages are critical to the pathogen: (i) an initial expansion phase that must occur in the absence of pathogen-induced inflammation, followed by (ii) pathogen-promoting physiological changes such as inflammation and diarrhoea. We discuss how this emerging paradigm of pathogen life within the lumen of the gut is giving rise to novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Ferreyra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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Bettenworth D, Nowacki TM, Ross M, Kyme P, Schwammbach D, Kerstiens L, Thoennissen GB, Bokemeyer C, Hengst K, Berdel WE, Heidemann J, Thoennissen NH. Nicotinamide treatment ameliorates the course of experimental colitis mediated by enhanced neutrophil‐specific antibacterial clearance. Mol Nutr Food Res 2014; 58:1474-90. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201300818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Matthias Ross
- Department of Medicine BUniversity of Münster Münster Germany
| | - Pierre Kyme
- Department of Biomedical SciencesCedars‐Sinai Medical Center Los Angeles CA USA
| | - Daniela Schwammbach
- Department of Medicine A, HematologyOncology and PneumologyUniversity of Münster Münster Germany
| | - Linda Kerstiens
- Department of Medicine A, HematologyOncology and PneumologyUniversity of Münster Münster Germany
| | - Gabriela B. Thoennissen
- Department of Medicine A, HematologyOncology and PneumologyUniversity of Münster Münster Germany
| | - Carsten Bokemeyer
- Department of Oncology and HematologyBMT with Section of PneumologyHubertus Wald TumorzentrumUniversity Cancer Center HamburgUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
| | - Karin Hengst
- Department of Medicine BUniversity of Münster Münster Germany
| | - Wolfgang E. Berdel
- Department of Medicine A, HematologyOncology and PneumologyUniversity of Münster Münster Germany
| | - Jan Heidemann
- Department of Medicine BUniversity of Münster Münster Germany
| | - Nils H. Thoennissen
- Department of Medicine A, HematologyOncology and PneumologyUniversity of Münster Münster Germany
- Department of Oncology and HematologyBMT with Section of PneumologyHubertus Wald TumorzentrumUniversity Cancer Center HamburgUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
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Li L, Shi QG, Lin F, Liang YG, Sun LJ, Mu JS, Wang YG, Su HB, Xu B, Ji CC, Huang HH, Li K, Wang HF. Cytokine IL-6 is required in Citrobacter rodentium infection-induced intestinal Th17 responses and promotes IL-22 expression in inflammatory bowel disease. Mol Med Rep 2014; 9:831-6. [PMID: 24430732 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.1898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Citrobacter rodentium (C. rodentium) infection is a widely used murine model to mimic human enteric bacteria infection and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In this model, interleukin (IL)‑17A plays critical roles in increasing chemokine and cytokine production in various tissues to recruit innate cells, including monocytes and neutrophils, to the local site of infection. However, the source of IL‑17A remains unclear, as the majority of cell types produce IL‑17A, including intestinal endothelium cells, innate immune cells and CD4+ T cells in disease development. In the current study, wild‑type B6 mice were treated with C. rodentium and the CD4+ Th17 cell subset was observed as being specifically increased in Peyer's patches (PP), but not in mesenteric draining lymph nodes. Furthermore, the research suggested that the differentiation and activation of Th17 cells in PP were dependent on the inflammatory cytokine IL‑6, as blocking IL‑6 signaling with neutralizing antibodies decreased Th17 cells and resulted in the mice being more susceptible to C. rodentium infection. These results confirmed that the Th17 cell subset was specifically activated in PP and demonstrated that IL‑6 is required in Th17 cell activation, which are important to the clinical treatment of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- The Medical College of Chinese PLA and PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Qing-Guo Shi
- Department of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, P.R. China
| | - Fang Lin
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The 302 Military Hospital, Beijing 100039, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Guang Liang
- Department of Pharmacology, Affiliated Hospital of Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, P.R. China
| | - Li-Jian Sun
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The 302 Military Hospital, Beijing 100039, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Song Mu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The 302 Military Hospital, Beijing 100039, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Gang Wang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The 302 Military Hospital, Beijing 100039, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Bin Su
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The 302 Military Hospital, Beijing 100039, P.R. China
| | - Biao Xu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The 302 Military Hospital, Beijing 100039, P.R. China
| | - Cheng-Cheng Ji
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The 302 Military Hospital, Beijing 100039, P.R. China
| | - Hui-Huang Huang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The 302 Military Hospital, Beijing 100039, P.R. China
| | - Ke Li
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The 302 Military Hospital, Beijing 100039, P.R. China
| | - Hui-Fen Wang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The 302 Military Hospital, Beijing 100039, P.R. China
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Guo X, Qiu J, Tu T, Yang X, Deng L, Anders RA, Zhou L, Fu YX. Induction of innate lymphoid cell-derived interleukin-22 by the transcription factor STAT3 mediates protection against intestinal infection. Immunity 2014; 40:25-39. [PMID: 24412612 PMCID: PMC3919552 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors of the transcription factor STAT3 target STAT3-dependent tumorigenesis but patients often develop diarrhea from unknown mechanisms. Here we showed that STAT3 deficiency increased morbidity and mortality after Citrobacter rodentium infection with decreased secretion of cytokines including IL-17 and IL-22 associated with the transcription factor RORγt. Administration of the cytokine IL-22 was sufficient to rescue STAT3-deficient mice from lethal infection. Although STAT3 was required for IL-22 production in both innate and adaptive arms, by using conditional gene-deficient mice, we observed that STAT3 expression in RORγt(+) innate lymphoid cells (ILC3s), but not T cells, was essential for the protection. However, STAT3 was required for RORγt expression in T helper cells, but not in ILC3s. Activated STAT3 could directly bind to the Il22 locus. Thus, cancer therapies that utilize STAT3 inhibitors increase the risk for pathogen-mediated diarrhea through direct suppression of IL-22 from gut ILCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohuan Guo
- Department of Pathology and Committee on Immunology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Ju Qiu
- Department of Pathology and Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Tony Tu
- Department of Pathology and Committee on Immunology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Xuanming Yang
- Department of Pathology and Committee on Immunology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Liufu Deng
- Department of Pathology and Committee on Immunology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Robert A Anders
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Liang Zhou
- Department of Pathology and Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Yang-Xin Fu
- Department of Pathology and Committee on Immunology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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FcRn: from molecular interactions to regulation of IgG pharmacokinetics and functions. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2014; 382:249-72. [PMID: 25116104 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-07911-0_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The neonatal Fc receptor, FcRn, is related to MHC class I with respect to its structure and association with β2microglobulin (β2m). However, by contrast with MHC class I molecules, FcRn does not bind to peptides, but interacts with the Fc portion of IgGs and belongs to the Fc receptor family. Unlike the 'classical' Fc receptors, however, the primary functions of FcRn include salvage of IgG (and albumin) from lysosomal degradation through the recycling and transcytosis of IgG within cells. The characteristic feature of FcRn is pH-dependent binding to IgG, with relatively strong binding at acidic pH (<6.5) and negligible binding at physiological pH (7.3-7.4). FcRn is expressed in many different cell types, and endothelial and hematopoietic cells are the dominant cell types involved in IgG homeostasis in vivo. FcRn also delivers IgG across cellular barriers to sites of pathogen encounter and consequently plays a role in protection against infections, in addition to regulating renal filtration and immune complex-mediated antigen presentation. Further, FcRn has been targeted to develop both IgGs with extended half-lives and FcRn inhibitors that can lower endogenous antibody levels. These approaches have implications for the development of longer lived therapeutics and the removal of pathogenic or deleterious antibodies.
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Wang X, Ouyang W. Interleukin-22: A Bridge Between Epithelial Innate Host Defense and Immune Cells. CYTOKINE FRONTIERS 2014. [PMCID: PMC7120444 DOI: 10.1007/978-4-431-54442-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-22 (IL-22), an IL-10 family cytokine, is produced by various leukocytes. The receptor of IL-22, however, is preferentially detected on peripheral tissue epithelial cells. IL-22 functions as a unique messenger from immune system to tissue epithelial cells and to regulate homeostasis of epithelia. IL-22 is able to directly enhance antimicrobial defense mechanisms in epithelial cells and to facilitate epithelial barrier repair and wound healing process. It, therefore, possesses an irreplaceable role in host defense against certain pathogens that specifically invade epithelial cells. In addition, IL-22 can help to preserve the integrity and homeostasis of various epithelial organs during infection or inflammation. The importance of its tissue-protective function is manifested in many inflammatory situations such as inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and hepatitis. On the other hand, as a cytokine, IL-22 is capable of induction of proinflammatory responses, especially in synergy with other cytokines. Consequently, IL-22 contributes to pathogenesis of certain inflammatory diseases for example psoriasis.
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Schreiber HA, Loschko J, Karssemeijer RA, Escolano A, Meredith MM, Mucida D, Guermonprez P, Nussenzweig MC. Intestinal monocytes and macrophages are required for T cell polarization in response to Citrobacter rodentium. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 210:2025-39. [PMID: 24043764 PMCID: PMC3782042 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20130903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Using a new mouse model, the specific deletion of monocytes and macrophages reveals that, although not required to initiate immunity to Citrobacter rodentium, they contribute to the adaptive response via IL-12 secretion to induced IFN-γ+ Th1 polarization. Dendritic cells (DCs), monocytes, and macrophages are closely related phagocytes that share many phenotypic features and, in some cases, a common developmental origin. Although the requirement for DCs in initiating adaptive immune responses is well appreciated, the role of monocytes and macrophages remains largely undefined, in part because of the lack of genetic tools enabling their specific depletion. Here, we describe a two-gene approach that requires overlapping expression of LysM and Csf1r to define and deplete monocytes and macrophages. The role of monocytes and macrophages in immunity to pathogens was tested by their selective depletion during infection with Citrobacter rodentium. Although neither cell type was required to initiate immunity, monocytes and macrophages contributed to the adaptive immune response by secreting IL-12, which induced Th1 polarization and IFN-γ secretion. Thus, whereas DCs are indispensable for priming naive CD4+ T cells, monocytes and macrophages participate in intestinal immunity by producing mediators that direct T cell polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi A Schreiber
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, 2 Mucosal Immunology and 3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
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