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de Souza Neto LR, Montoya BO, Brandão-Neto J, Verma A, Bowyer S, Moreira-Filho JT, Dantas RF, Neves BJ, Andrade CH, von Delft F, Owens RJ, Furnham N, Silva-Jr FP. Fragment library screening by X-ray crystallography and binding site analysis on thioredoxin glutathione reductase of Schistosoma mansoni. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1582. [PMID: 38238498 PMCID: PMC10796382 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52018-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is caused by parasites of the genus Schistosoma, which infect more than 200 million people. Praziquantel (PZQ) has been the main drug for controlling schistosomiasis for over four decades, but despite that it is ineffective against juvenile worms and size and taste issues with its pharmaceutical forms impose challenges for treating school-aged children. It is also important to note that PZQ resistant strains can be generated in laboratory conditions and observed in the field, hence its extensive use in mass drug administration programs raises concerns about resistance, highlighting the need to search for new schistosomicidal drugs. Schistosomes survival relies on the redox enzyme thioredoxin glutathione reductase (TGR), a validated target for the development of new anti-schistosomal drugs. Here we report a high-throughput fragment screening campaign of 768 compounds against S. mansoni TGR (SmTGR) using X-ray crystallography. We observed 49 binding events involving 35 distinct molecular fragments which were found to be distributed across 16 binding sites. Most sites are described for the first time within SmTGR, a noteworthy exception being the "doorstop pocket" near the NADPH binding site. We have compared results from hotspots and pocket druggability analysis of SmTGR with the experimental binding sites found in this work, with our results indicating only limited coincidence between experimental and computational results. Finally, we discuss that binding sites at the doorstop/NADPH binding site and in the SmTGR dimer interface, should be prioritized for developing SmTGR inhibitors as new antischistosomal drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauro Ribeiro de Souza Neto
- LaBECFar - Laboratory of Experimental and Computational Biochemistry of Drugs, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bogar Omar Montoya
- LaBECFar - Laboratory of Experimental and Computational Biochemistry of Drugs, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - José Brandão-Neto
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Harwell, UK
- Research Complex at Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Harwell, UK
| | - Anil Verma
- Division of Structural Biology, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sebastian Bowyer
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - José Teófilo Moreira-Filho
- LabMol - Laboratory for Molecular Modeling and Design, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Rafael Ferreira Dantas
- LaBECFar - Laboratory of Experimental and Computational Biochemistry of Drugs, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bruno Junior Neves
- Laboratory of Cheminformatics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Carolina Horta Andrade
- LabMol - Laboratory for Molecular Modeling and Design, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
- CRAFT - Center for Research and Advancement of Fragments and Molecular Targets, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Frank von Delft
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Harwell, UK
- Research Complex at Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Harwell, UK
- Centre for Medicines Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Raymond J Owens
- Division of Structural Biology, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Structural Biology, Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell, UK.
| | - Nicholas Furnham
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Floriano Paes Silva-Jr
- LaBECFar - Laboratory of Experimental and Computational Biochemistry of Drugs, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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2
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Aboagye IF, Addison YAA. Praziquantel efficacy, urinary and intestinal schistosomiasis reinfection - a systematic review. Pathog Glob Health 2023; 117:623-630. [PMID: 36394218 PMCID: PMC10498796 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2022.2145070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Praziquantel (PZQ) has been extensively used as the drug of choice for the treatment of schistosomiasis on account of its safety and effectiveness against all major forms of schistosomiasis. However, low cure rate, reduced susceptibility of Schistosoma mansoni to PZQ and treatment failures in S. haematobium infections have been reported, raising concerns about its efficacy. Using the search terms, 'praziquantel efficacy, schistosomiasis, school children, reinfection' as well as defined inclusion criteria, and guided by the PRISMA guidelines, articles from 2001 to 2022 were selected from the PubMed and Google Scholar databases and reviewed to assess their importance to the research question. This review assessed the efficacy of PZQ against schistosomiasis and reinfection rates following treatment of Schistosoma infections in children. Majority of both intestinal and urinary schistosomiasis studies reported comparable egg reduction rates (ERRs) of 94.2% to 99.9% and 91.9% to 98%, respectively. However, ERRs suggestive of sub-optimal PZQ efficacy as well as generally high and comparable cure rates for intestinal (81.2%-99.1%) and urinary (79%-93.7%) schistosomiasis studies were reported. Schistosomiasis reinfection rates varied widely for urinary (8.1%-39.6%) and intestinal (13.9%-63.4%) studies within eight to 28 weeks following PZQ treatment. Praziquantel treatment of urinary and intestinal schistosomiasis should be accompanied by the provision of potable water, toilet, and recreational facilities to reduce reinfection and egg reduction rates and increase cure rate to expedite schistosomiasis elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Frimpong Aboagye
- Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Science, University of Ghana, Legon-Accra, Ghana
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Xu J, Dong LL, Sun H, Huang P, Zhang RZ, Wang XY, Sun DQ, Xia CM. Small change, big difference: A promising praziquantel derivative designated P96 with broad-spectrum antischistosomal activity for chemotherapy of schistosomiasis japonica. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011215. [PMID: 37410790 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Praziquantel (PZQ) has been the first line antischistosomal drug for all species of Schistosoma, and the only available drug for schistosomiasis japonica, without any alternative drugs since the 1980s. However, PZQ cannot prevent reinfection, and cannot cure schistosomiasis thoroughly because of its poor activity against juvenile schistosomes. In addition, reliance on a single drug is extremely dangerous, the development and spread of resistance to PZQ is becoming a great concern. Therefore, development of novel drug candidates for treatment and control of schistosomiasis is urgently needed. METHODOLOGYS/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS One of the PZQ derivative christened P96 with the substitution of cyclohexyl by cyclopentyl was synthesized by School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Shandong University. We investigated the in vitro and in vivo activities of P96 against different developmental stages of S. japonicum. Parasitological studies and scanning electron microscopy were used to study the primary action characteristics of P96 in vitro. Both mouse and rabbit models were employed to evaluate schistosomicidal efficacy of P96 in vivo. Besides calculation of worm reduction rate and egg reduction rate, quantitative real-time PCR was used to evaluate the in vivo antischistosomal activity of P96 at molecular level. In vitro, after 24h exposure, P96 demonstrated the highest activities against both juvenile and adult worm of S. japonicum in comparison to PZQ. The antischistosomal efficacy was concentration-dependent, with P96 at 50μM demonstrating the most evident schistosomicidal effect. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated that P96 caused more severe damages to schistosomula and adult worm tegument compared to PZQ. In vivo, our results showed that P96 was effective against S. japonicum at all developmental stages. Notably, its efficacy against young stage worms was significantly improved compared to PZQ. Moreover, P96 retained the high activity comparable to PZQ against the adult worm of S. japonicum. CONCLUSIONS P96 is a promising drug candidate for chemotherapy of schistosomiasis japonica, which has broad spectrum of action against various developmental stage, potentially addressing the deficiency of PZQ. It might be promoted as a drug candidate for use either alone or in combination with PZQ for the treatment of schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xu
- Department of Parasitology, School of Biology & Basic Medical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Diseases and Immunology, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Pathogen Bioscience and Anti-infective Medicine, School of Biology & Basic Medical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
| | - Lan-Lan Dong
- Department of Parasitology, School of Biology & Basic Medical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China
| | - Huan Sun
- Department of Parasitology, School of Biology & Basic Medical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China
| | - Ping Huang
- Department of Parasitology, School of Biology & Basic Medical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Diseases and Immunology, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Pathogen Bioscience and Anti-infective Medicine, School of Biology & Basic Medical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
| | - Run-Ze Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, School of Biology & Basic Medical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China
| | - Xin-Yi Wang
- Department of Parasitology, School of Biology & Basic Medical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China
| | - De-Qun Sun
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Qingyi Town, Mianyang City, Sichuan Province, P. R. China
| | - Chao-Ming Xia
- Department of Parasitology, School of Biology & Basic Medical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Diseases and Immunology, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Pathogen Bioscience and Anti-infective Medicine, School of Biology & Basic Medical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
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4
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Senghor B, Mathieu-Begné E, Rey O, Doucouré S, Sow D, Diop B, Sène M, Boissier J, Sokhna C. Urogenital schistosomiasis in three different water access in the Senegal river basin: prevalence and monitoring praziquantel efficacy and re-infection levels. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:968. [PMID: 36581796 PMCID: PMC9801593 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07813-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urogenital schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease most prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa. In the Senegal river basin, the construction of the Diama dam led to an increase and endemicity of schistosomiasis. Since 2009, praziquantel has frequently been used as preventive chemotherapy in the form of mass administration to Senegalese school-aged children without monitoring of the treatment efficacy and the prevalence after re-infection. This study aims to determine the current prevalence of urogenital schistosomiasis (caused by Schistosoma haematobium), the efficacy of praziquantel, and the re-infection rates in children from five villages with different water access. METHODS The baseline prevalence of S. haematobium was determined in August 2020 in 777 children between 5 and 11 years old and a single dose of praziquantel (40 mg/kg) was administered to those positive. The efficacy of praziquantel and the re-infection rates were monitored 4 weeks and 7 months after treatment, respectively, in 226 children with a high intensity of infection at baseline. RESULTS At the baseline, prevalence was low among children from the village of Mbane who live close to the Lac de Guiers (38%), moderate among those from the villages of Dioundou and Khodit, which neighbor the Doue river (46%), and very high at Khodit (90.6%) and Guia (91.2%) which mainly use an irrigation canal. After treatment, the observed cure rates confirmed the efficacy of praziquantel. The lowest cure rate (88.5%) was obtained in the village using the irrigation canal, while high cure rates were obtained in those using the lake (96.5%) and the river (98%). However, high egg reduction rates (between 96.7 and 99.7%) were obtained in all the villages. The re-infection was significantly higher in the village using the canal (42.5%) than in the villages accessing the Lac de Guiers (18.3%) and the Doue river (14.8%). CONCLUSION Praziquantel has an impact on reducing the prevalence and intensity of urogenital schistosomiasis. However, in the Senegal river basin, S. haematobium remains a real health problem for children living in the villages near the irrigation canals, despite regular treatment, while prevalence is declining from those frequenting the river and the Lac de Guiers. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04635553. Registered 19 November 2020 retrospectively registered, https://www. CLINICALTRIALS gov/ct2/show/NCT04635553?cntry=SN&draw=2&rank=4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Senghor
- grid.418291.70000 0004 0456 337XCampus International IRD-UCAD de Hann, Vectors-Tropical and Mediterranean Infections (VITROME) Laboratory, 1386 Dakar, Senegal
| | - Eglantine Mathieu-Begné
- grid.121334.60000 0001 2097 0141Host Pathogen Environments Interactions (IHPE) Laboratory, CNRS, IFREMER, University of Montpellier, University of Perpignan via Domitia, Perpignan, France
| | - Olivier Rey
- grid.121334.60000 0001 2097 0141Host Pathogen Environments Interactions (IHPE) Laboratory, CNRS, IFREMER, University of Montpellier, University of Perpignan via Domitia, Perpignan, France
| | - Souleymane Doucouré
- grid.418291.70000 0004 0456 337XCampus International IRD-UCAD de Hann, Vectors-Tropical and Mediterranean Infections (VITROME) Laboratory, 1386 Dakar, Senegal
| | - Doudou Sow
- grid.442784.90000 0001 2295 6052Department of Parasitology-Mycology, UFR of Health Sciences, University Gaston Berger, 234, Saint-Louis, Senegal
| | - Bocar Diop
- grid.442784.90000 0001 2295 6052Laboratory of Biological and Agronomic Sciences and Modelling of Complex Systems, UFRS2ATA, Gaston Berger University of Saint-Louis, Saint-Louis, Senegal
| | - Mariama Sène
- National Schistosomiasis Control Program (NSCP), Ministry of Health, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Jérôme Boissier
- grid.121334.60000 0001 2097 0141Host Pathogen Environments Interactions (IHPE) Laboratory, CNRS, IFREMER, University of Montpellier, University of Perpignan via Domitia, Perpignan, France
| | - Cheikh Sokhna
- grid.418291.70000 0004 0456 337XCampus International IRD-UCAD de Hann, Vectors-Tropical and Mediterranean Infections (VITROME) Laboratory, 1386 Dakar, Senegal ,grid.5399.60000 0001 2176 4817VITROME, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, IHU-Mediterranean Infection, Aix-Marseille Univ, Marseille, France
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5
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Nogueira RA, Lira MGS, Licá ICL, Frazão GCCG, Dos Santos VAF, Filho ACCM, Rodrigues JGM, Miranda GS, Carvalho RC, Nascimento FRF. Praziquantel: An update on the mechanism of its action against schistosomiasis and new therapeutic perspectives. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2022; 252:111531. [PMID: 36375598 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2022.111531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Praziquantel (PZQ) is the drug of choice for the treatment of all forms of schistosomiasis, although its mechanisms of action are not completely understood. PZQ acts largely on adult worms. This narrative literature review describes what is known about the mechanisms of action of PZQ against schistosomes from in vitro and in vivo studies and highlights the molecular targets in parasites and immune responses induced in definitive hosts by this drug. Moreover, new therapeutic uses of PZQ are discussed. Studies have demonstrated that in addition to impacting voltage-operated Ca2 + channels, PZQ may interact with other schistosome molecules, such as myosin regulatory light chain, glutathione S-transferase, and transient receptor potential channels. Following PZQ administration, increased T regulatory type 1 (Tr1) cell differentiation and decreased inflammation were observed, indicating that PZQ promotes immunoregulatory pathways. Although PZQ is widely used in mass drug administration schemes, the existence of resistant parasites has not been proven; however, it is a concern that should be constantly investigated in human populations. In addition, we discuss studies that evaluate health applications of PZQ (other than helminth infection), such as its effect in cancer therapy and its adjuvant action in vaccines against viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranielly Araujo Nogueira
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | - Maria Gabriela Sampaio Lira
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brazil; Department of Education, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Maranhão, Zé Doca, MA, Brazil
| | - Irlla Correia Lima Licá
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | | | - Vitor Augusto Ferreira Dos Santos
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | | | - João Gustavo Mendes Rodrigues
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Silva Miranda
- Department of Education, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Maranhão, São Raimundo das Mangabeiras, MA, Brazil
| | - Rafael Cardoso Carvalho
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | - Flávia Raquel Fernandes Nascimento
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brazil; Department of Pathology, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brazil.
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EF24, a schistosomicidal curcumin analog: Insights from its synthesis and phenotypic, biochemical and cytotoxic activities. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 368:110191. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.110191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Summers S, Bhattacharyya T, Allan F, Stothard JR, Edielu A, Webster BL, Miles MA, Bustinduy AL. A review of the genetic determinants of praziquantel resistance in Schistosoma mansoni: Is praziquantel and intestinal schistosomiasis a perfect match? FRONTIERS IN TROPICAL DISEASES 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fitd.2022.933097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease (NTD) caused by parasitic trematodes belonging to the Schistosoma genus. The mainstay of schistosomiasis control is the delivery of a single dose of praziquantel (PZQ) through mass drug administration (MDA) programs. These programs have been successful in reducing the prevalence and intensity of infections. Due to the success of MDA programs, the disease has recently been targeted for elimination as a public health problem in some endemic settings. The new World Health Organization (WHO) treatment guidelines aim to provide equitable access to PZQ for individuals above two years old in targeted areas. The scale up of MDA programs may heighten the drug selection pressures on Schistosoma parasites, which could lead to the emergence of PZQ resistant schistosomes. The reliance on a single drug to treat a disease of this magnitude is worrying should drug resistance develop. Therefore, there is a need to detect and track resistant schistosomes to counteract the threat of drug resistance to the WHO 2030 NTD roadmap targets. Until recently, drug resistance studies have been hindered by the lack of molecular markers associated with PZQ resistance. This review discusses recent significant advances in understanding the molecular basis of PZQ action in S. mansoni and proposes additional genetic determinants associated with PZQ resistance. PZQ resistance will also be analyzed in the context of alternative factors that may decrease efficacy within endemic field settings, and the most recent treatment guidelines recommended by the WHO.
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8
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Ogongo P, Nyakundi RK, Chege GK, Ochola L. The Road to Elimination: Current State of Schistosomiasis Research and Progress Towards the End Game. Front Immunol 2022; 13:846108. [PMID: 35592327 PMCID: PMC9112563 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.846108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The new WHO Roadmap for Neglected Tropical Diseases targets the global elimination of schistosomiasis as a public health problem. To date, control strategies have focused on effective diagnostics, mass drug administration, complementary and integrative public health interventions. Non-mammalian intermediate hosts and other vertebrates promote transmission of schistosomiasis and have been utilized as experimental model systems. Experimental animal models that recapitulate schistosomiasis immunology, disease progression, and pathology observed in humans are important in testing and validation of control interventions. We discuss the pivotal value of these models in contributing to elimination of schistosomiasis. Treatment of schistosomiasis relies heavily on mass drug administration of praziquantel whose efficacy is comprised due to re-infections and experimental systems have revealed the inability to kill juvenile schistosomes. In terms of diagnosis, nonhuman primate models have demonstrated the low sensitivity of the gold standard Kato Katz smear technique. Antibody assays are valuable tools for evaluating efficacy of candidate vaccines, and sera from graded infection experiments are useful for evaluating diagnostic sensitivity of different targets. Lastly, the presence of Schistosomes can compromise the efficacy of vaccines to other infectious diseases and its elimination will benefit control programs of the other diseases. As the focus moves towards schistosomiasis elimination, it will be critical to integrate treatment, diagnostics, novel research tools such as sequencing, improved understanding of disease pathogenesis and utilization of experimental models to assist with evaluating performance of new approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Ogongo
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Department of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Institute of Primate Research, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Ruth K Nyakundi
- Department of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Institute of Primate Research, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Gerald K Chege
- Primate Unit & Delft Animal Centre, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa.,Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lucy Ochola
- Department of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Institute of Primate Research, Nairobi, Kenya.,Department of Environmental Health, School of Behavioural and Lifestyle Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nelson Mandela University, Gqeberha, South Africa
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9
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Norbury LJ, Shirakashi S, Power C, Nowak BF, Bott NJ. Praziquantel use in aquaculture - Current status and emerging issues. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2022; 18:87-102. [PMID: 35220160 PMCID: PMC8881684 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2022.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Parasitic diseases are major constraints in fish mariculture. The anthelmintic praziquantel (PZQ) can effectively treat a range of flatworm parasites in a variety of fish species and has potential for broader application than its current use in the global aquaculture industry. In this review we report on PZQ's current use in the aquaculture industry and discuss its efficacy against various flatworm parasites of fish. Routes of PZQ administration are evaluated, along with issues related to palatability, pharmacokinetics and toxicity in fish, while PZQ's effects on non-target species, environmental impacts, and the development of drug-resistance are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke J Norbury
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Bundoora, 3083, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sho Shirakashi
- Aquaculture Research Institute, Kindai University, Wakayama, 649-2211, Japan
| | - Cecilia Power
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Bundoora, 3083, Victoria, Australia
| | - Barbara F Nowak
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Bundoora, 3083, Victoria, Australia; Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Launceston, 7250, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Nathan J Bott
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Bundoora, 3083, Victoria, Australia.
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10
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Walker M, Freitas LT, Halder JB, Brack M, Keiser J, King CH, Levecke B, Ai-Lian Lim Y, Pieri O, Sow D, Stothard JR, Webster JP, Zhou XN, Terry RF, Guérin PJ, Basáñez MG. Improving anthelmintic treatment for schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiases through sharing and reuse of individual participant data. Wellcome Open Res 2022; 7:5. [PMID: 35493199 PMCID: PMC9020536 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17468.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The Infectious Diseases Data Observatory (IDDO, https://www.iddo.org) has launched a clinical data platform for the collation, curation, standardisation and reuse of individual participant data (IPD) on treatments for two of the most globally important neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), schistosomiasis (SCH) and soil-transmitted helminthiases (STHs). This initiative aims to harness the power of data-sharing by facilitating collaborative joint analyses of pooled datasets to generate robust evidence on the efficacy and safety of anthelminthic treatment regimens. A crucial component of this endeavour has been the development of a Research Agenda to promote engagement with the SCH and STH research and disease control communities by highlighting key questions that could be tackled using data shared through the IDDO platform. Here, we give a contextual overview of the priority research themes articulated in the Research Agenda-a 'living' document hosted on the IDDO website-and describe the three-stage consultation process behind its development. We also discuss the sustainability and future directions of the platform, emphasising throughout the power and promise of ethical and equitable sharing and reuse of clinical data to support the elimination of NTDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Walker
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, Hatfield, UK
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis and London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Infectious Diseases Data Observatory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Luzia T. Freitas
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, Hatfield, UK
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis and London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Infectious Diseases Data Observatory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Julia B. Halder
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, Hatfield, UK
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis and London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Infectious Diseases Data Observatory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Matthew Brack
- Infectious Diseases Data Observatory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jennifer Keiser
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Charles H. King
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Bruno Levecke
- Department of Translational Physiology, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Yvonne Ai-Lian Lim
- Department of Parasitology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Otavio Pieri
- Laboratory of Health and Environment Education, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janiero, Brazil
| | - Doudou Sow
- Service de Parasitologie, Université Gaston Berger de Saint Louis, Saint Louis, Senegal
| | - J. Russell Stothard
- Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Joanne P. Webster
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, Hatfield, UK
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis and London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Xiao-Nong Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Robert F. Terry
- Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR), World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Maria-Gloria Basáñez
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis and London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Infectious Diseases Data Observatory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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11
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Berger DJ, Crellen T, Lamberton PHL, Allan F, Tracey A, Noonan JD, Kabatereine NB, Tukahebwa EM, Adriko M, Holroyd N, Webster JP, Berriman M, Cotton JA. Whole-genome sequencing of Schistosoma mansoni reveals extensive diversity with limited selection despite mass drug administration. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4776. [PMID: 34362894 PMCID: PMC8346512 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24958-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Control and elimination of the parasitic disease schistosomiasis relies on mass administration of praziquantel. Whilst these programmes reduce infection prevalence and intensity, their impact on parasite transmission and evolution is poorly understood. Here we examine the genomic impact of repeated mass drug administration on Schistosoma mansoni populations with documented reduced praziquantel efficacy. We sequenced whole-genomes of 198 S. mansoni larvae from 34 Ugandan children from regions with contrasting praziquantel exposure. Parasites infecting children from Lake Victoria, a transmission hotspot, form a diverse panmictic population. A single round of treatment did not reduce this diversity with no apparent population contraction caused by long-term praziquantel use. We find evidence of positive selection acting on members of gene families previously implicated in praziquantel action, but detect no high frequency functionally impactful variants. As efforts to eliminate schistosomiasis intensify, our study provides a foundation for genomic surveillance of this major human parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan J Berger
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK.
- Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, Centre for Emerging, Endemic and Exotic Diseases, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Herts, UK.
| | - Thomas Crellen
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK
- Imperial College London, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London, UK
- Big Data Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Poppy H L Lamberton
- Imperial College London, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London, UK
- Institute for Biodiversity, Animal Health, and Comparative Medicine, and Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Fiona Allan
- The Natural History Museum, Department of Life Sciences, London, UK
| | - Alan Tracey
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Jennifer D Noonan
- Institute of Parasitology, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Narcis B Kabatereine
- Vector Borne & Neglected Tropical Disease Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Edridah M Tukahebwa
- Vector Borne & Neglected Tropical Disease Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Moses Adriko
- Vector Borne & Neglected Tropical Disease Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Nancy Holroyd
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Joanne P Webster
- Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, Centre for Emerging, Endemic and Exotic Diseases, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Herts, UK.
- Imperial College London, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London, UK.
| | - Matthew Berriman
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK.
| | - James A Cotton
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK.
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12
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Pinto-Almeida A, Mendes TMF, Ferreira P, Abecasis AB, Belo S, Anibal FF, Allegretti SM, Galinaro CA, Carrilho E, Afonso A. A Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Praziquantel-Susceptible and Praziquantel-Resistant Schistosoma mansoni Reveals Distinct Response Between Male and Female Animals. FRONTIERS IN TROPICAL DISEASES 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fitd.2021.664642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a chronic neglected tropical disease saddling millions of people in the world, mainly children living in poor rural areas. Praziquantel (PZQ) is currently the only drug used for the treatment and control of this disease. However, the extensive use of this drug has brought concern about the emergence of PZQ-resistance/tolerance by Schistosoma mansoni. Studies of Schistosoma spp. genome, transcriptome, and proteome are crucial to better understand this situation. In this in vitro study, we compare the proteomes of a S. mansoni variant strain stably resistant to PZQ and isogenic to its fully susceptible parental counterpart, identifying proteins from male and female adult parasites of PZQ-resistant and PZQ-susceptible strains, exposed and not exposed to PZQ. A total of 60 Schistosoma spp. proteins were identified, some of which present or absent in either strain, which may putatively be involved in the PZQ-resistance phenomenon. These proteins were present in adult parasites not exposed to PZQ, but some of them disappeared when these adult parasites were exposed to the drug. Understanding the development of PZQ-resistance in S. mansoni is crucial to prolong the efficacy of the current drug and develop markers for monitoring the potential emergence of drug resistance.
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13
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Abozeid KH, El-Badawy MF, Mahmoud S, Shohayeb MM. In vitro Effects of Punica granatum Ellagitannins on Adult Worms of Schistosoma mansoni. Res Rep Trop Med 2020; 11:73-80. [PMID: 33117051 PMCID: PMC7547181 DOI: 10.2147/rrtm.s248604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis ranks second behind malaria in terms of overall morbidity and mortality. We evaluated the lethal effect of Punica granatum ellagitannins, extracted from the fruit rind, placenta and barks of the root and stem, on adult worms of Schistosoma mansoni (S. mansoni). All four ellagitannins were lethal to S. mansoni adult worms. However, while the rind ellagitannins were the most potent, placental ellagitannins were the least. Rind ellagitannins were capable of killing 40% of adult worms at a concentration of 25µg/mL after 5 days. The killing of 100% of the worms was achievable by rind ellagitannins at a concentration of 50µg/mL after 5 days. The LD50S of the rind ellagitannins after 96h and 120h were 41.25 µg/mL and 28.73 respectively. Ellagitannins-treated worms suffered from erosions, wrinkles, swellings and losses, degenerations of the surface tubercles and tegument. In addition, ellagitannins induced deformation and degradation of oral and ventral suckers and degenerations in the muscles of worms. Ellagitannins also caused a separation of coupled worms and reduction of their motility. Data obtained suggest that ellagitannins of pomegranate could be considered as a cheap candidate for the treatment of schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid H Abozeid
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Taif University, Taif, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed F El-Badawy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Menoufia Governorate, Egypt.,Division of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Soheir Mahmoud
- Parasitology Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Imbaba, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M Shohayeb
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa, Egypt
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14
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de Mori RM, Aleixo MAA, Zapata LCC, Calil FA, Emery FS, Nonato MC. Structural basis for the function and inhibition of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase from Schistosoma mansoni. FEBS J 2020; 288:930-944. [PMID: 32428996 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a serious public health problem, prevalent in tropical and subtropical areas, especially in poor communities without access to safe drinking water and adequate sanitation. Transmission has been reported in 78 countries, and its control depends on a single drug, praziquantel, which has been used over the past 30 years. Our work is focused on exploiting target-based drug discovery strategies to develop new therapeutics to treat schistosomiasis. In particular, we are interested in evaluating the enzyme dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) as a drug target. DHODH is a flavoenzyme that catalyzes the stereospecific oxidation of (S)-dihydroorotate (DHO) to orotate during the fourth and only redox step of the de novo pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthetic pathway. Previously, we identified atovaquone, used in the treatment of malaria, and its analogues, as potent and selective inhibitors against Schistosoma mansoni DHODH (SmDHODH). In the present article, we report the first crystal structure of SmDHODH in complex with the atovaquone analogue inhibitor 2-((4-fluorophenyl)amino)-3-hydroxynaphthalene-1,4-dione (QLA). We discuss three major findings: (a) the open conformation of the active site loop and the unveiling of a novel transient druggable pocket for class 2 DHODHs; (b) the presence of a protuberant domain, only present in Schistosoma spp DHODHs, that was found to control and modulate the dynamics of the inhibitor binding site; (c) a detailed description of an unexpected binding mode for the atovaquone analogue to SmDHODH. Our findings contribute to the understanding of the catalytic mechanism performed by class 2 DHODHs and provide the molecular basis for structure-guided design of SmDHODH inhibitors. DATABASE: The structural data are available in Protein Data Bank (PDB) database under the accession code number 6UY4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan M de Mori
- Laboratório de Cristalografia de Proteínas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Mariana A A Aleixo
- Laboratório de Cristalografia de Proteínas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Luana C C Zapata
- Laboratório de Cristalografia de Proteínas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Felipe A Calil
- Laboratório de Cristalografia de Proteínas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Flávio S Emery
- Laboratório de Química Heterocíclica e Medicinal, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - M Cristina Nonato
- Laboratório de Cristalografia de Proteínas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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15
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Matos JL, da Silva KR, de Lima Paula LA, Cunha WR, Ramos SB, Rodrigues V, Cabral FJ, Magalhães LG. Molluscicidal and cercaricidal activities of curcumin on Biomphalaria glabrata and Schistosoma mansoni cercariae. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2020; 76:1228-1234. [PMID: 31587497 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schistosomiasis control in endemic areas depends on several factors, including chemotherapy, snail control and adequate sanitation. In this context, the employment of compounds isolated from plants is an important issue regarding infection and snail control. The aim of this study was therefore to evaluate the effects of curcumin (CUR), a compound isolated from Curcuma longa, against snails and embryos of Biomphalaria glabrata, which is the most important intermediate host of schistosomiasis in the Americas, as well as in cercariae, the infecting larval stage of Schistosoma mansoni. RESULTS CUR presented high activity against B. glabrata embryos and moderate activity against newborn and adult snails. The lethal concentration (LC50 ) values after being exposed for 24 h and evaluated for 7 days were 6.54 (95% confidence interval (CI) 5.86-7.30) μg mL-1 for the embryos and 42.29 (95% CI 33.82-52.87) μg mL-1 and 87.69 (95% CI 68.82-111.7) μg mL-1 for the newborn and adult snails, respectively. Moreover, CUR inhibited the development of embryos and egg hatching, and decreased the fecundity rates of adult snails. CUR also demonstrated cercaricidal activity with LC50 values lower than 10 μg mL-1 at 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 h, respectively. CONCLUSION Our data show that CUR has potential molluscicidal and cercaricidal activities. Moreover, as a nutraceutical compound that is toxic to both invertebrate host and parasite, CUR has the potential to be explored as a safe new agent to combat schistosomiasis. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaqueline L Matos
- Research Group on Natural Products, Center for Research in Sciences and Technology, University of Franca, Franca, Brazil
| | - Karen R da Silva
- Research Group on Natural Products, Center for Research in Sciences and Technology, University of Franca, Franca, Brazil
| | - Lucas A de Lima Paula
- Research Group on Natural Products, Center for Research in Sciences and Technology, University of Franca, Franca, Brazil
| | - Wilson R Cunha
- Research Group on Natural Products, Center for Research in Sciences and Technology, University of Franca, Franca, Brazil
| | - Salvador B Ramos
- Department of Health Promotion, University of Franca, Franca, Brazil
| | - Vanderlei Rodrigues
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Fernanda J Cabral
- Department of Animal Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Lizandra G Magalhães
- Research Group on Natural Products, Center for Research in Sciences and Technology, University of Franca, Franca, Brazil
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16
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Zanolla D, Hasa D, Arhangelskis M, Schneider-Rauber G, Chierotti MR, Keiser J, Voinovich D, Jones W, Perissutti B. Mechanochemical Formation of Racemic Praziquantel Hemihydrate with Improved Biopharmaceutical Properties. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12030289. [PMID: 32210129 PMCID: PMC7151222 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12030289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Praziquantel (PZQ) is the first-line drug used against schistosomiasis, one of the most common parasitic diseases in the world. A series of crystalline structures including two new polymorphs of the pure drug and a series of cocrystals of PZQ have been discovered and deposited in the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD). This work adds to the list of multicomponent forms of PZQ a relevant example of a racemic hemihydrate (PZQ-HH), obtainable from commercial PZQ (polymorphic Form A) through mechanochemistry. Noteworthy, the formation of the new hemihydrate strongly depends on the initial polymorphic form of PZQ and on the experimental conditions used. The new PZQ-HH has been fully characterized by means of HPLC, Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Hot-Stage Microscopy (SEM), Powder X-Ray Diffraction (PXRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), FT-IR, polarimetry, solid-state NMR (SS-NMR), solubility and intrinsic dissolution rate (IDR), and in vitro tests on Schistosoma mansoni adults. The crystal structure was solved from the powder X-ray diffraction pattern and validated by periodic-DFT calculations. The new bioactive hemihydrate was physically stable for three months and showed peculiar biopharmaceutical features including enhanced solubility and a double intrinsic dissolution rate in water in comparison to the commercially available PZQ Form A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Zanolla
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, P.le Europa 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (D.Z.); (D.H.)
| | - Dritan Hasa
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, P.le Europa 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (D.Z.); (D.H.)
| | - Mihails Arhangelskis
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, 1 Pasteura Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Gabriela Schneider-Rauber
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2-1EW Cambridge, UK; (G.S.-R.); (W.J.)
| | - Michele R. Chierotti
- Department of Chemistry and NIS Centre, University of Torino, V. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy;
| | - Jennifer Keiser
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, P.O. Box, CH-4002 Basel; Switzerland;
- Universität Basel, Petersplatz 1, P.O. Box, CH-4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dario Voinovich
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, P.le Europa 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (D.Z.); (D.H.)
- Correspondence: (D.V.); (B.P.); Tel.: +39-040-558-3106 (D.V. & B.P.)
| | - William Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2-1EW Cambridge, UK; (G.S.-R.); (W.J.)
| | - Beatrice Perissutti
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, P.le Europa 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (D.Z.); (D.H.)
- Correspondence: (D.V.); (B.P.); Tel.: +39-040-558-3106 (D.V. & B.P.)
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17
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Thomas CM, Timson DJ. The Mechanism of Action of Praziquantel: Can New Drugs Exploit Similar Mechanisms? Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:676-696. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180926145537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Praziquantel (PZQ) is the drug of choice for treating infection with worms from the
genus Schistosoma. The drug is effective, cheap and has few side effects. However, despite its
use in millions of patients for over 40 years its molecular mechanism of action remains elusive.
Early studies demonstrated that PZQ disrupts calcium ion homeostasis in the worm and
the current consensus is that it antagonises voltage-gated calcium channels. It is hypothesised
that disruption of these channels results in uncontrolled calcium ion influx leading to uncontrolled
muscle contraction and paralysis. However, other experimental studies have suggested
a role for myosin regulatory light chains and adenosine uptake in the drug’s mechanism of
action. Assuming voltage-gated calcium channels do represent the main molecular target of
PZQ, the precise binding site for the drug remains to be identified. Unlike other commonly
used anti-parasitic drugs, there are few definitive reports of resistance to PZQ in the literature.
The lack of knowledge about PZQ’s molecular mechanism(s) undermines our ability to predict
how resistance might arise and also hinder our attempts to develop alternative antischistosomal
drugs which exploit the same target(s). Some PZQ derivatives have been identified
which also kill or paralyse schistosomes in culture. However, none of these are in widespread
clinical use. There is a pressing need for fundamental research into the molecular mechanism(
s) of action of PZQ. Such research would enable new avenues for antischsistosomal
drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte M. Thomas
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Timson
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Only with the completion of the life cycles of Fasciola hepatica in 1883 and 30 years later those of Schistosoma japonicum (1913), Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma mansoni (1915) did research on schistosomiasis really get underway. One of the first papers by Cawston in 1918, describing attempts to establish the means of transmission of S. haematobium in Natal, South Africa, forms the historical perspective against which to judge where we are now. Molecular biology techniques have produced a much better definition of the complexity of the schistosome species and their snail hosts, but also revealed the extent of hybridization between human and animal schistosomes that may impact on parasite adaptability. While diagnostics have greatly improved, the ability to detect single worm pair infections routinely, still falls short of its goal. The introduction of praziquantel ~1982 has revolutionized the treatment of infected individuals and led directly to the mass drug administration programmes. In turn, the severe pathological consequences of high worm burdens have been minimized, and for S. haematobium infections the incidence of associated squamous cell carcinoma has been reduced. In comparison, the development of effective vaccines has yet to come to fruition. The elimination of schistosomiasis japonica from Japan shows what is possible, using multiple lines of approach, but the clear and present danger is that the whole edifice of schistosome control is balanced on the monotherapy of praziquantel, and the development of drug resistance could topple that.
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19
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Biological and proteomic studies of Schistosoma mansoni with decreased sensitivity to praziquantel. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 66:101341. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2019.101341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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20
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Caffrey CR, El‐Sakkary N, Mäder P, Krieg R, Becker K, Schlitzer M, Drewry DH, Vennerstrom JL, Grevelding CG. Drug Discovery and Development for Schistosomiasis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527808656.ch8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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21
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Wang XY, He J, Juma S, Kabole F, Guo JG, Dai JR, Li W, Yang K. Efficacy of China-made praziquantel for treatment of Schistosomiasis haematobium in Africa: A randomized controlled trial. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007238. [PMID: 30969960 PMCID: PMC6476521 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the roadmap on the neglected tropical diseases (NTD) the World Health Organization (WHO) aims at attaining at least 75% coverage of preventive chemotherapy in pre-school and school-age children by 2020. A randomized controlled trial was used to compare the effectiveness of praziquantel in treating Schistosoma haematobium in Africa using two different sources for the drug, Merck Limited Partnership (KgaA), Germany and Nanjing Pharmaceutical Factory (NPF), China. Methods More than 6,000 participants testing positive for S. haematobium infection were enrolled from three villages (shehias) situated in the northern, middle and southern part of Pemba Island, Zanzibar. Applying criteria of inclusion and exclusion, resulted in a study population of 152 people (84 males, 68 females). A randomized controlled trial was conducted assigning participants to either praziquantel from NPF or Merck KGaA. After one month, the cure rate of S. haematobium and adverse events were compared to evaluate effectiveness. The ratio of male to female, the ratio of light/high infection intensity, and the average value of age were calculated between the two drug manufacturers. Chi-squared test and T-test were used for consistency analysis. Results Out of the total of 73 cases receiving praziquantel from NPF, the cure rate achieved was 97.3% (73/75), while the 74 cases receiving the drug from Merck KgaA reached a similar cure rate (96.1% or 74/77). There was no significant difference between the two outcomes (χ2 = 0.003, P = 0.956). Among the 75 patients treat, only one (a 16-years old female student), who had received the drug made in China had slight adverse reactions manifested as dizziness, headache and abdominal pain. Conclusion The efficacy of China-made praziquantel does not differ significantly from praziquantel made by Merck KGaA in Germany. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03133832 Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease (NTD) with praziquantel the only effective drug available. It is estimated that about 800 million people are currently at risk for this disease with more than 200 million people infected. A large drug donation partnership between Merck, Darmstadt, Germany and the World Health Organization supports widespread, successful preventive chemotherapy programs, but the donated drugs does not meet the entire need, particularly not in Africa. The primary aim of our study was to evaluate the efficacy of China-made praziquantel to explore whether the drug could complement preventive chemotherapy programs in Africa. A randomized controlled trial was conducted assigning participants to two groups, one receiving praziquantel from NPF, the other from Merck KGaA. After one month, the cure rate of S. haematobium and were compared to evaluate effectiveness and document potential adverse events. The outcome showed that the two sources of praziquantel that did not differ significantly from each other. China-made praziquantel can thus be trusted to complement the current use of the drug from Merck KGaA in Africa making it possible to enlarge drug provision programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yao Wang
- Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory on Technology for Parasitic Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Health; Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on the Molecular Biology of Parasites, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- College of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jian He
- Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory on Technology for Parasitic Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Health; Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on the Molecular Biology of Parasites, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- College of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Saleh Juma
- Ministry of Health of Zanzibar, Zanzibar, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Fatma Kabole
- Ministry of Health of Zanzibar, Zanzibar, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Jia-gang Guo
- Department of control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jian-Rong Dai
- Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory on Technology for Parasitic Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Health; Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on the Molecular Biology of Parasites, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Li
- Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory on Technology for Parasitic Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Health; Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on the Molecular Biology of Parasites, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kun Yang
- Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory on Technology for Parasitic Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Health; Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on the Molecular Biology of Parasites, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- College of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- * E-mail:
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de Oliveira Barbosa M, de Oliveira SA, Filho CALM, Oliveira AR, Fernandes CJB, Lucena JP, de Sousa FA, de Barros Dias MCH, Brayner FA, Alves LC, Leite ACL. Schistosomicidal and prophylactic activities of phthalimido-thiazoles derivatives on schistosomula and adult worms. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 133:15-27. [PMID: 30877068 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a major public health problem worldwide, especially in poor communities. Praziquantel is currently the only drug available to treat schistosomiasis and it shows low efficacy against schistosomula and juveniles stages of Schistosoma mansoni, allowing lower cure rate in areas with high endemicity. There is an urgent need to identify new antischistosomal drugs. Previous works identified phthalimido-thiazoles as privileged structures acting as schistossomicidal agent. In this way, a phthalimido-thiosemicarbazide intermediate and eight phthalimido-thiazoles derivatives were evaluated concerning the in vitro antischistosomal activity compounds in adult phase of Schistosoma mansoni and examined alterations on the tegumental surface. The results revealed that compounds 2f, 2 l and 2 m caused significant mortality in adult worms at concentrations range of 20 μg/mL to 100 μg/mL. These compounds were also selected in view to verify the activity against the schistosomula. Compound 2 m promoted 100% of mortality of larval forms until doses of 2.5 μg/mL within 48 h. In addition, when compound 2 m was administered orally at dose of 200 mg/kg for 5 consecutive days to the infected mouse with adult schistosomes, a reduction in the parasite burden was observed. Furthermore, scanning electron microscopy revealed that compound 2 m kill the parasite by tegumental damage and bubbles generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miria de Oliveira Barbosa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, S/N - Campus da UFPE, Recife, PE CEP: 50740-520, Brazil; Department of Immunology, Laboratory of Immunopathology and Molecular Biology, IAM/FIOCRUZ, Recife, PE CEP: 50670-420, Brazil.
| | - Sheilla Andrade de Oliveira
- Department of Immunology, Laboratory of Immunopathology and Molecular Biology, IAM/FIOCRUZ, Recife, PE CEP: 50670-420, Brazil
| | | | - Arsênio Rodrigues Oliveira
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, S/N - Campus da UFPE, Recife, PE CEP: 50740-520, Brazil
| | - Camila Juliet Barbosa Fernandes
- Department of Immunology, Laboratory of Immunopathology and Molecular Biology, IAM/FIOCRUZ, Recife, PE CEP: 50670-420, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Paula Lucena
- Department of Immunology, Laboratory of Immunopathology and Molecular Biology, IAM/FIOCRUZ, Recife, PE CEP: 50670-420, Brazil
| | - Fabiano Amaro de Sousa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, S/N - Campus da UFPE, Recife, PE CEP: 50740-520, Brazil
| | | | - Fábio André Brayner
- Keizo Asami Immunopathology Laboratory (LIKA), Av. Professor Moraes Rego, S/N - Campus da UFPE, Recife, PE CEP: 50670-420, Brazil
| | - Luiz Carlos Alves
- Keizo Asami Immunopathology Laboratory (LIKA), Av. Professor Moraes Rego, S/N - Campus da UFPE, Recife, PE CEP: 50670-420, Brazil
| | - Ana Cristina Lima Leite
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, S/N - Campus da UFPE, Recife, PE CEP: 50740-520, Brazil
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Chisango TJ, Ndlovu B, Vengesai A, Nhidza AF, Sibanda EP, Zhou D, Mutapi F, Mduluza T. Benefits of annual chemotherapeutic control of schistosomiasis on the development of protective immunity. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:219. [PMID: 30832614 PMCID: PMC6398226 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-3811-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schistosomiasis is a devastating parasitic disease. The mainstay of schistosomiasis control is by praziquantel treatment. The study aimed to determine benefits of annual chemotherapy of schistosomiasis on development of protective immunity in school children in a selected endemic rural area in Zimbabwe. METHODS Urine specimens from 212 school children (7-13 years) were collected and examined to determine prevalence, intensity and reinfection of S.haematobium at baseline, 6 weeks and 2 years following annual rounds of praziquantel treatment. Blood samples from the participants were assayed for total and S. haematobium (Sh13)-specific antibodies before and 2 years after annual rounds of treatment. RESULTS Annual treatment reduced the prevalence of S. haematobium infection (p < 0.05) from 23.1% at baseline to 0.47% after 2 years. Overall cure rate was 97.8%. Intensity of infection declined (p < 0.05) from 15.9 eggs/10 ml urine at baseline to 2 eggs/10 ml urine. After two years, overall rate of reinfection was 0.96%. At baseline, total IgG4 was higher in S. haematobium-infected children (p = 0.042) ,while all other immunoglobulins were within normal ranges. There was an increase in total IgG2 (p = 0.044) levels and a decrease in total IgG4 (p = 0.031) levels 2 years post-treatment; and no significant changes in other total immunoglobulins. Schistosoma-infected children at baseline showed an increase in anti-Sh13 IgG1 (p = 0.005) and a decrease in Sh13 IgG4 levels (p = 0.012) following treatment. CONCLUSION Annual praziquantel treatment delivered to school children over 2 years significantly reduce prevalence, intensity of infection and reinfection of S. haematobium infection. Treatment was also observed to cause a reduction in schistosome-specific blocking IgG4 and an increase in Schistosoma-specific protecting IgG1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tawanda J Chisango
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Bongiwe Ndlovu
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Arthur Vengesai
- Biochemistry Department, University of Zimbabwe, 630 Churchill Ave, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Agness Farai Nhidza
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Edson P Sibanda
- Scientific and Industrial Research and Development Centre, 1574 Alpes Road, Box, Harare, 6640, Zimbabwe
| | - Danai Zhou
- Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Francisca Mutapi
- Institute of Immunology & Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, King's Buildings, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Takafira Mduluza
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa. .,Biochemistry Department, University of Zimbabwe, 630 Churchill Ave, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe.
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Chuah C, Gobert GN, Latif B, Heo CC, Leow CY. Schistosomiasis in Malaysia: A review. Acta Trop 2019; 190:137-143. [PMID: 30448471 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis, a neglected tropical parasitic disease caused by the trematode flatworms of the genus Schistosoma, affects approximately 207 million people worldwide. Among the five main species infecting humans, Schistosoma mansoni and S. japonicum are responsible for the majority of hepatointestinal schistosomiasis. Human settlements near fresh water sites that lack proper sanitary systems often contribute to the transmission of disease. This risk particularly impacts on travellers or immigrants who come into contact with larvae-contaminated water. This review discusses the central features of schistosomiasis; including clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatments, and the preventive measures available for the control of this disease. The description of the Malaysian schistosome species Schistosoma malayensis and the current status of schistosomiasis in Malaysia including the compilation of cases diagnosed from 1904 to 2015 are also discussed in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candy Chuah
- School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.
| | - Geoffrey N Gobert
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Baha Latif
- Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, 47000, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chong Chin Heo
- Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, 47000, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia; Institute of Pathology, Laboratory & Forensic Medicine (I-PPerForM), Universiti Teknologi MARA, Level 4, Academic Building, Faculty of Medicine, 47000, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chiuan Yee Leow
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
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Sanchez MC, Cupit PM, Bu L, Cunningham C. Transcriptomic analysis of reduced sensitivity to praziquantel in Schistosoma mansoni. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2019; 228:6-15. [PMID: 30658180 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is an intravascular parasitic infection estimated to affect over 206 million people, the majority of whom live in Africa where the trematode worms Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma haematobium are the major causative agents. While a number of drugs have been used to treat schistosomiasis, praziquantel (PZQ) is the only one that is widely available, relatively cheap, and easy to use. The reliance on a single drug for the treatment of such a prevalent disease is a cause for concern due to the potential for resistance to render PZQ ineffective. In this study, we examine the transcriptome of three generations of a laboratory strain of S. mansoni (PR1) whose susceptibility to PZQ has been diminished across 9 passages through exposure to increasing sub-lethal doses of the drug. Miracidial susceptibility was significantly reduced after exposure to 2 × 50 mg/Kg PZQ during the first passage. Susceptibility of worms in vivo was first assessed during passage 5 when mice infected with PZQ-selected schistosomes were dosed with a lethal dose of 3 × 300 mg/kg PZQ resulting in only a 10% reduction in worm number compared to control treatment. The emergence of reduced sensitivity was marked by a shift in sex ratio from a predominantly male to a female population, a reduction in the length of females and ultimately the loss of the PZQ-selected line after passage 9. Analysis of differentially regulated transcripts did not suggest that any particular gene product or pathway was associated with drug resistance suggesting either a loss of function mutation to a single gene or an epistatic interaction of multiple gene products as the underlying cause of reduced susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pauline M Cupit
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Lijing Bu
- Dept. of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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Aly I, ELnain G, Hamad RS, Kilany M, Ghramh HA, Alshehri A, Dajem SM, Ibrahim EH. DNA vaccination using recombinant Schistosoma mansoni fatty acid binding protein (smFABP) gene. Exp Parasitol 2018; 194:53-59. [PMID: 30266572 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2018.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a fatal disease that has a negative impact on health and economics. Praziquantel (PZQ) is the drug of choice for schistosomiasis treatment, but it has no prophylactic effect; therefore, vaccination is an essential requirement in schistosomiasis control. This work was carried out to investigate the possible effect of DNA vaccination against Schistosoma mansoni infection using recombinant S. mansoni fatty acid binding protein (rsmFABP). The smFABP gene was cloned into the eukaryotic expression vector pcDNAI/Amp in order to obtain an smFABP-pcDNAI recombinant plasmid (DNA vaccine) and was used for the intramuscular DNA vaccination of out-bread Swiss albino mice prior to infection with S. mansoni cercariae. Infected groups, either DNA vaccinated or unvaccinated, were treated with PZQ at week 6 post-infection. After 8 weeks post-infection, all mouse groups were sacrificed and parasitological, immunological and histopathological parameters were studied. DNA vaccinated mice showed a high titer of anti-smFABP-IgG antibodies and acquired significant protection (74.2%, p < 0.01) against S. mansoni infection, with a reduction in ova and granuloma counts. DNA vaccinated and PZQ treated animals had higher titers of anti-smFABP-IgG antibodies and decreased (87%, P < 0.001) parenchymal granulomas compared to the DNA vaccinated PZQ untreated group. Infected mice, either non DNA vaccinated or vaccinated, had very high collagen content and fibrous granulomas (74%) compared to the PZQ treated group (10.3% fibrous granuloma) and PZQ treated + DNA vaccinated group (0% fibrous granuloma). In conclusion, DNA vaccination had protective and anti-pathological effects in naive mice and greatly improved the pathological status in PZQ-treated animals, suggesting an immunological and pathological modulating effect of PZQ treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Aly
- Parasitology Laboratory, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Imbaba, P.O. Box 30, Giza, Egypt
| | - Gehan ELnain
- Parasitology Laboratory, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Imbaba, P.O. Box 30, Giza, Egypt; Natural Science, Mathan Science Program, University College, Abu Dhabi University, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rabab S Hamad
- Parasitology Laboratory, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Imbaba, P.O. Box 30, Giza, Egypt; Biological Science Department, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mona Kilany
- Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences and Arts, King Khalid University, Dhahran Al Janoub, Saudi Arabia; Department of Microbiology, National Organization for Drug Control and Research (NODCAR), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hamed A Ghramh
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia; Unit of Bee Research and Honey Production, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia; Biology Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aly Alshehri
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saad M Dajem
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Essam H Ibrahim
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia; Blood Products Quality Control and Research Department, National Organization for Research and Control of Biologicals, Cairo, Egypt.
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Hailu T, Abera B, Mulu W, Alemu M, Yizengaw E, Genanew A. Efficacy of single dose albendazole and praziquantel drugs among helminth-infected school children at Rural Bahir Dar, northwest Ethiopia. Trop Doct 2018; 48:270-272. [PMID: 30001683 DOI: 10.1177/0049475518786835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The resistance of anthelminthic drugs makes helminth control difficult. The aim of our study was to assess the efficacy of single dose albendazole and praziquantel drugs among helminth-infected children. A cross-sectional study was conducted from April to June, 2017. Stool examination was done by the Formol-Ether concentration technique. Students infected with geohelminths and s chistosoma mansoni were treated with a single dose of albendazole and praziquantel, respectively. Post-treatment stool examination was performed after two weeks. The magnitude of parasite infection, percentage of egg count reduction and cure rate following treatment were calculated using descriptive statistics. A total of 409 Sebatamet primary school students were included. The total prevalence of intestinal parasitosis was 58%. The cure rate of albendazole against hookworm was only 76.8%. Praziquantel had a 91.4% cure rate against Schistosoma mansoni. Therefore, periodic evaluation of the efficacy of anthelminthic drugs is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadesse Hailu
- 1 Associate Professor of Medical Parasitology, School of Health Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Science, Bahir Dar University, Ethiopia
| | - Bayeh Abera
- 2 Associate Professor of Medical Microbiology, School of Health Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Science, Bahir Dar University, Ethiopia
| | - Wondemagegn Mulu
- 2 Associate Professor of Medical Microbiology, School of Health Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Science, Bahir Dar University, Ethiopia
| | - Megbaru Alemu
- 3 Assistant Professor of Medical Parasitology, School of Health Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Science, Bahir Dar University, Ethiopia
| | - Endalew Yizengaw
- 4 Lecturer of Immunology, School of Health Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Science, Bahir Dar University, Ethiopia
| | - Ashenafi Genanew
- 5 Lecturer of Pharmacology, School of Health Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Science, Bahir Dar University, Ethiopia
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de Oliveira RN, Ferreira PM, Calado M, Belo S, Afonso A, Garcia VL, Oliveira ASS, de Lourdes Sierpe Jeraldo V, dos Santos KR, Allegretti SM. Sesquiterpenes effects on DNA of Schistosoma mansoni after in vivo treatment. GENE REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Blay EA, Kumagai T, Yamabe M, Hino A, Shimogawara R, Kim HS, Sato A, Ichimura K, Ayi I, Iwanaga S, Ohta N. Insights into the mode of action of 1,2,6,7-tetraoxaspiro [7.11] nonadecane (N-89) against adult Schistosoma mansoni worms. Parasitol Int 2018; 67:403-412. [PMID: 29617630 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Control of morbidity associated with schistosomiasis via chemotherapy largely relies on the drug praziquantel. Repeated therapy with praziquantel has created concerns about the possible selection of resistant worms and necessitated the search for novel drugs to treat schistosomiasis. Here, a murine model was infected with Schistosoma mansoni and treated with oral 1,2,6,7-tetraoxaspiro [7.11] nonadecane (N-89), which caused a significant reduction in fecundity and egg burden and reduced morbidity when administered at 5-weeks post-infection. The analysis showed that the mode of action occurred through the ingestion of activated N-89 by the worms, and that there was no direct external effect on the S. mansoni worms. Ultrastructural analysis of the treated worms showed disruptions in the gut lumen and the presence of large volumes of material, suggestive of undigested blood meals or red blood cells. In addition, there were reduced vitelline cells in female worms and damage to sub-tegmental musculature in male worms. Eggs recovered from the treated mice showed both damage to the eggs and the production of immature eggs. Expression of mRNA responsible for gut and digestive function and egg production was also significantly affected by N-89 treatment, whereas control genes for musculature showed no significant changes. Thus, N-89 drastically affected the total digestive function and egg production of S. mansoni worms. Physiological processes requiring heme uptake such as egg production and eggshell formation were subsequently affected, suggesting that the compound could be a possible therapeutic drug candidate for schistosomiasis control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Awusah Blay
- Department of Environmental Parasitology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Takashi Kumagai
- Department of Environmental Parasitology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Masafumi Yamabe
- Department of Environmental Parasitology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Akina Hino
- Department of Environmental Parasitology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Rieko Shimogawara
- Department of Environmental Parasitology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Hye-Sook Kim
- Division of International Infectious Disease Control, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Akira Sato
- Division of International Infectious Disease Control, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Koichiro Ichimura
- Department of Anatomy and Life Structure, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Irene Ayi
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG581, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Shiroh Iwanaga
- Department of Environmental Parasitology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Nobuo Ohta
- Department of Environmental Parasitology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan.
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Xiao SH, Sun J, Chen MG. Pharmacological and immunological effects of praziquantel against Schistosoma japonicum: a scoping review of experimental studies. Infect Dis Poverty 2018; 7:9. [PMID: 29409536 PMCID: PMC5801800 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-018-0391-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemotherapy for schistosomiasis has been around for 100 years. During the past century, great efforts have been made to develop new antischistosomal drugs from antimonials to nonantimonials, and some of these have been used extensively in clinical treatment. With the exception of a few drugs, such as oxamniquine and metrifonate, most of the antischistosomals developed in the pre-praziquantel period have variable limitations with respect to safety and efficacy. Although oxamniquine and metrifonate have been used for schistosomiasis control, they are only effective against Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium, respectively. Currently, praziquantel is the only drug used for treatment of all five species of human schistosomes. In this review, the pharmacological and immunological effects of praziquantel against S. japonicum are summarized and discussed. MAIN TEXT From the end of the 1970s until the 2000s, scientists have conducted a series of experimental studies on the effects of praziquantel against S. japonicum. These have included examining its unique pharmacological action on schistosomes, the characteristics in susceptibility of the different developmental stages of schistosomes to the drug, the relationship between plasma concentration of the drug and efficacy, the impact of host factors on cidal action of the drug, prevention and early treatment of schistosomal infection, as well as praziquantel-resistant schistosomiasis. CONCLUSION The effects of praziquantel against S. japonicum, as elucidated by the experimental studies that are reviewed in this paper, may have some reference significance for the development of new antischistosomals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Hua Xiao
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jun Sun
- Institute for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Development, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Gang Chen
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
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Mass drug administration and the global control of schistosomiasis: successes, limitations and clinical outcomes. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2018; 29:595-608. [PMID: 27584590 DOI: 10.1097/qco.0000000000000312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Preventive chemotherapy is advocated for the global control and elimination of schistosomiasis. Despite the well known short-term benefits of treating patients for schistosomiasis, the impact of mass drug administration (MDA) campaigns to control the disease in the long term remains unresolved. RECENT FINDINGS Many studies have advocated the success of MDA programs in order to attract donor funds for elimination efforts but such successes are often short-lived given the drug does not alter the life cycle of the organism or prevent reinfection. Within a matter of months to years after halting treatment, the prevalence, intensity of infection and morbidity of disease return to baseline levels. Other mitigating factors contribute to the failings of MDA campaigns namely: poverty, poor drug coverage, poor drug compliance, and, in the case of Asiatic schistosomiasis, zoonotic transmission. Genetic and innate and acquired immunologic mechanisms complicate the epidemiologic picture of schistosomiasis globally, and may contribute indirectly to MDA shortcomings. The possibility of drug resistance is an ever present concern because of the sole reliance on one drug, praziquantel. SUMMARY Preventive chemotherapy is advocated for the global control and elimination of schistosomiasis. The short-term benefits of MDA campaigns are well documented but the long-term benefits are questionable.
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Wang WL, Song LJ, Hu BC, Miao L, Chen XY, Fan WH, Yin XR, Shen S, Ding ZF, Yu CX. Decoquinate derivatives: A new class of potent antischistosomal agents against Schistosoma japonicum. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2017.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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da Silva VBR, Campos BRKL, de Oliveira JF, Decout JL, do Carmo Alves de Lima M. Medicinal chemistry of antischistosomal drugs: Praziquantel and oxamniquine. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:3259-3277. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Praziquantel for Schistosomiasis: Single-Drug Metabolism Revisited, Mode of Action, and Resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 61:AAC.02582-16. [PMID: 28264841 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02582-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis, a major neglected tropical disease, affects more than 250 million people worldwide. Treatment of schistosomiasis has relied on the anthelmintic drug praziquantel (PZQ) for more than a generation. PZQ is the drug of choice for the treatment of schistosomiasis; it is effective against all major forms of schistosomiasis, although it is less active against juvenile than mature parasites. A pyrazino-isoquinoline derivative, PZQ is not considered to be toxic and generally causes few or transient, mild side effects. Increasingly, mass drug administration targeting populations in sub-Saharan Africa where schistosomiasis is endemic has led to the appearance of reduced efficacy of PZQ, which portends the selection of drug-resistant forms of these pathogens. The synthesis of improved derivatives of PZQ is attracting attention, e.g., in the (i) synthesis of drug analogues, (ii) rational design of pharmacophores, and (iii) discovery of new compounds from large-scale screening programs. This article reviews reports from the 1970s to the present on the metabolism and mechanism of action of PZQ and its derivatives against schistosomes.
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Matos-Rocha TJ, Cavalcanti MGDS, Barbosa-Filho JM, Lúcio ASSC, Veras DL, Marques MOM, Alves LC, Brayner FA. Ultrastructural study of morphological changes in Schistosoma mansoni after in vitro exposure to the monoterpene rotundifolone. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2017; 50:86-91. [DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0285-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Dyana Leal Veras
- Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | - Luiz Carlos Alves
- Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Fábio André Brayner
- Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Brazil
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Olveda DU, Inobaya MT, McManus DP, Olveda RM, Vinluan ML, Ng SK, Harn DA, Li Y, Guevarra JR, Lam AK, Ross AG. Biennial versus annual treatment for schistosomiasis and its impact on liver morbidity. Int J Infect Dis 2017; 54:145-149. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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In vivo study of schistosomicidal action of 1-benzyl-4-[(4-fluoro-phenyl)-hydrazono]-5-thioxo-imidazolidin-2-one. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 83:502-507. [PMID: 27434866 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Praziquantel has been the drug most widely used therapy against different forms of schistosomiasis around the world. However, this treatment has shown ineffective in humans and in experimental models of Schistosoma mansoni. New therapeutic alternatives have been tested, including the imidazolidine derivative LPSF/PT-09, which has shown high therapeutic potential in vitro. In this work, we tested the schistosomal activity of this derivative in doses of 250mg/kg and 200mg/kg in mice experimentally infected with a high parasite load of S. mansoni. Parasitological evaluations related to the number of S. mansoni worms and their oviposition were performed during the acute phase of the disease and have demonstrated moderate effectiveness of 30-54,4%. However, LPSF/PT-09 did not influence oviposition of the parasites or the embryonic development of the eggs. The results obtained in this model showed that the imidazolidine derivative LPSF/PT-09 presented significant antischistosomal activity in vivo, posing as a potential candidate for this class of drugs. However, a better understanding of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the imidazolidine derivative LPSF/PT-09 is needed.
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Abou-Shady OM, Mohammed SS, Attia SS, Yusuf HAS, Helmy DO. Therapeutic effect of mefloquine on Schistosoma mansoni in experimental infection in mice. J Parasit Dis 2016; 40:259-67. [PMID: 27413290 PMCID: PMC4927471 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-014-0489-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is one of the most prevalent parasitic infections worldwide. Praziquantel is the drug of choice for treatment of schistosomiasis for its high efficacy. The present work was carried out on 160 mice to evaluate the therapeutic effect of mefloquine on experimental schistosomiasis mansoni. Mice were classified into 3 groups; group I (20 infected non-treated mice), group II included 60 infected mice which were further divided into group IIm (20 mice treated with 400 mg/kg mefloquine), group IIp (20 mice treated with 1,000 mg/kg/2 days praziquantel) and group IIpm (20 mice treated with 200 mg/kg mefloquine and 500 mg/kg praziquantel), group III included 80 non-infected mice subdivided into group IIIn (20 non-treated mice), group IIIm (20 mice treated with 400 mg/kg mefloquine), group IIIp (20 mice treated with 1,000 mg/kg/2 days praziquantel), group IIIpm (20 mice treated with 200 mg mefloquine and 500 mg praziquantel). Mefloquine significantly reduced worm burden, tissue egg load, number of liver granulomas and increased the percent of dead ova within granulomas. Combination of mefloquine and praziquantel gave better curative effects than praziquantel or mefloquine given alone.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Samar Sayed Attia
- />Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Dina Omar Helmy
- />Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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Pretzel J, Mohring F, Rahlfs S, Becker K. Antiparasitic peptides. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 135:157-92. [PMID: 23615879 DOI: 10.1007/10_2013_191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
: The most important parasitic diseases, malaria, leishmaniasis, trypanosomiasis, and schistosomiasis, are a great burden to mankind, threatening the life of millions of people worldwide and mostly affecting the poorest. Because drug resistance is increasing and vaccines are rarely available, novel chemotherapeutic compounds are necessary in order to treat these devastating diseases. Insects serve as vectors of many human parasitic diseases and have been shown to express a huge variety of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Therefore, research activity on insect-derived AMPs has been increasing in the last 40 years. This chapter summarizes the current state of research on the possible role of AMPs as potential chemotherapeutic compounds against human parasitic diseases. As a representative antimicrobial peptide with antiparasitic activity, the structure of insect defensin A is shown [PDB accession code: 1ICA]. The molecule is surrounded by schematic representations of the human pathogenic parasites Plasmodium, Leishmania and Trypanosoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jette Pretzel
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Interdisciplinary Research Center, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany
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Song LJ, Luo H, Fan WH, Wang GP, Yin XR, Shen S, Wang J, Jin Y, Zhang W, Gao H, Liu Q, Wang WL, Feng B, Yu CX. Oxadiazole-2-oxides may have other functional targets, in addition to SjTGR, through which they cause mortality in Schistosoma japonicum. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:26. [PMID: 26791563 PMCID: PMC4721062 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1301-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schistosomiasis is one of the world's major public health problems. Besides praziquantel (PZQ), there is currently no other effective treatment against schistosomiasis. The development of new antischistosomal agents to curb the emergence of PZQ resistance should be a high priority. Oxadiazole-2-oxides have been identified as potential antischistosomal reagents, with thioredoxin glutathione reductase (TGR) being one of their molecular targets. METHODS To develop novel treatment reagents against Schistosoma japonicum, 30 novel oxadiazole-2-oxides were synthesised and their antischistosomal activities on juvenile and adult S. japonicum were evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Their inhibitory activities against S. japonicum thioredoxin glutathione reductase (SjTGR) were also analysed. RESULTS Most of the oxadiazole-2-oxides showed good juvenile and adult S. japonica killing activities in vitro. However, the antischistosomal effects of these compounds were not positively correlated with either their inhibition of SjTGR, or with nitric oxide (NO) release. Compounds 4a, 4b, 7c, 13, 16 and 20 resulted in 87.7%, 83.1%, 87.1%, 84.6%, 90.8% and 69.5%, respectively, mortality in the adult worms, when used to treat infected mice at schistosomula stage. These mortality rates were similar to or higher than that of artemisinin. Furthermore, compounds 4a and 16 resulted in 66.7% and 69.4% reductions in the worm burdens, respectively, when infected mice were treated at the adult worm stage. These treatment effects were similar to PZQ. No differences in activity of the oxadiazole-2-oxides against female and male adult worms were observed. The toxicity of the oxadiazole-2-oxides on mammalian cells appeared to be similar to, or less than, that of PZQ. CONCLUSIONS The antischistosomal activity of the oxadiazole-2-oxides does not depend on NO production or the inhibition of SjTGR activity. There may be other functional targets of the oxadiazole-2-oxides in S. japonicum. Several of the novel oxadiazole-2-oxides synthesised in this study could be used to develop novel antischistosomal drugs and explore potential molecular targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Jun Song
- Key Laboratory on Technology for Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Provincial Key laboratory of Parasite Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214064, China.
- Public Health Research Center, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
| | - Huan Luo
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
| | - Wen-Hua Fan
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
| | - Gu-Ping Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
| | - Xu-Ren Yin
- Key Laboratory on Technology for Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Provincial Key laboratory of Parasite Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214064, China.
- Public Health Research Center, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
| | - Shuang Shen
- Key Laboratory on Technology for Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Provincial Key laboratory of Parasite Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214064, China.
- Public Health Research Center, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
| | - Jie Wang
- Key Laboratory on Technology for Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Provincial Key laboratory of Parasite Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214064, China.
- Public Health Research Center, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
| | - Yi Jin
- Key Laboratory on Technology for Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Provincial Key laboratory of Parasite Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214064, China.
- Public Health Research Center, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory on Technology for Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Provincial Key laboratory of Parasite Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214064, China.
- Public Health Research Center, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
| | - Hong Gao
- Key Laboratory on Technology for Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Provincial Key laboratory of Parasite Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214064, China.
- Public Health Research Center, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
| | - Qian Liu
- Key Laboratory on Technology for Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Provincial Key laboratory of Parasite Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214064, China.
- Public Health Research Center, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
| | - Wen-Long Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
| | - Bainian Feng
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
| | - Chuan-Xin Yu
- Key Laboratory on Technology for Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Provincial Key laboratory of Parasite Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214064, China.
- Public Health Research Center, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
- Medical College, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
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Nawaratna SSK, Gobert GN, Willis C, Mulvenna J, Hofmann A, McManus DP, Jones MK. Lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein (LAMP)--preliminary study on a hidden antigen target for vaccination against schistosomiasis. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15069. [PMID: 26472258 PMCID: PMC4607944 DOI: 10.1038/srep15069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previously reported gene atlasing of schistosome tissues revealed transcripts that were highly enriched in the digestive tract of Schistosoma mansoni. From these, we selected two candidates, Sm-LAMP and Sm-NPC2 for testing as vaccine targets. The two molecules were selected on the basis of relatively high expression in the gastrodermis, their potentially important biological function, divergence from homologous molecules of the host and possible apical membrane expression in the gastrodermis. Bacterially expressed recombinant peptides corresponding to regions excluding trans-membrane domains of the selected vaccine targets were used in blinded vaccine trials in CBA mice using alum-CpG as adjuvant. Vaccine trials using the recombinant insoluble Sm-LAMP protein showed 16-25% significant reduction in total worm burden. Faecal egg count reduction was 52% and 60% in two trials, respectively, with similar results for the solubly expressed protein. Liver egg burden was reduced significantly (20% and 38%) with an insoluble recombinant Sm-LAMP in two trials, but not with the soluble recombinant form. Parasite fecundity was not affected by either Sm-LAMP protein preparations in the trials. It is concluded that Sm-LAMP may provide limited protection towards S. mansoni infections but could be used in combination with other vaccine candidates, to provide more comprehensive protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujeevi S. K. Nawaratna
- School of Veterinary Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, Gatton Qld, 4343, Australia
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, Qld, 4006, Australia
| | - Geoffrey N. Gobert
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, Qld, 4006, Australia
| | - Charlene Willis
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, Qld, 4006, Australia
| | - Jason Mulvenna
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, Qld, 4006, Australia
| | - Andreas Hofmann
- Structural Chemistry Program, Eskitis Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, Qld 4111, Australia
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Donald P. McManus
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, Qld, 4006, Australia
| | - Malcolm K. Jones
- School of Veterinary Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, Gatton Qld, 4343, Australia
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, Qld, 4006, Australia
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Lotfy WM, Hishmat MG, El Nashar AS, Abu El Einin HM. Evaluation of a method for induction of praziquantel resistance in Schistosoma mansoni. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2015; 53:1214-1219. [PMID: 25609146 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2014.970289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Praziquantel (PZQ) is a highly efficacious anthelmintic against many flatworms including schistosomes. PZQ has been in use for more than 25 years, and concern is increasing that resistance has emerged in human schistosomes in Egypt and other endemic countries. OBJECTIVE The current study was designed to evaluate a recently described method for induction of PZQ resistance in Schistosoma mansoni. MATERIALS AND METHODS Successive subcurative drug treatments of Biomphalaria alexandrina snails infected with an Egyptian strain of S. mansoni were undertaken. Cercariae shed from snails exposed and unexposed to PZQ were used to infect mice. Forty-five days after infection, mice were treated with a single oral dose of PZQ in 2% aqueous solution of Cremophor-EL®. The concentration of PZQ was 0, 200, 400, or 800 mg/kg. Thirty-three days after treatment, all groups of mice were dissected to collect the S. mansoni worms by the perfusion technique. In addition, the oogram pattern was examined to study the production, maturity, and death of S. mansoni eggs in the different groups of mice. RESULTS The present study has shown that the sublethal dose for induction of PZQ resistance in the intra-molluscan S. mansoni stages was 500 mg/kg. The worm count and the percentage of immature eggs in different groups of mice were significantly affected by the intra-molluscan exposure to PZQ and the drug concentration used to treat infected mice. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The results obtained herein confirm the possibility of using successive drug treatments of infected B. alexandrina to induce PZO resistance in S. mansoni.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael M Lotfy
- Department of Parasitology, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University , Alexandria , Egypt and
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Van den Broeck F, Maes GE, Larmuseau MHD, Rollinson D, Sy I, Faye D, Volckaert FAM, Polman K, Huyse T. Reconstructing Colonization Dynamics of the Human Parasite Schistosoma mansoni following Anthropogenic Environmental Changes in Northwest Senegal. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003998. [PMID: 26275049 PMCID: PMC4537236 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anthropogenic environmental changes may lead to ecosystem destabilization and the unintentional colonization of new habitats by parasite populations. A remarkable example is the outbreak of intestinal schistosomiasis in Northwest Senegal following the construction of two dams in the '80s. While many studies have investigated the epidemiological, immunological and geographical patterns of Schistosoma mansoni infections in this region, little is known about its colonization history. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Parasites were collected at several time points after the disease outbreak and genotyped using a 420 bp fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene (cox1) and nine nuclear DNA microsatellite markers. Phylogeographic and population genetic analyses revealed the presence of (i) many genetically different haplotypes at the non-recombining mitochondrial marker and (ii) one homogenous S. mansoni genetic group at the recombining microsatellite markers. These results suggest that the S. mansoni population in Northwest Senegal was triggered by intraspecific hybridization (i.e. admixture) between parasites that were introduced from different regions. This would comply with the extensive immigration of infected seasonal agricultural workers from neighboring regions in Senegal, Mauritania and Mali. The spatial and temporal stability of the established S. mansoni population suggests a swift local adaptation of the parasite to the local intermediate snail host Biomphalaria pfeifferi at the onset of the epidemic. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our results show that S. mansoni parasites are very successful in colonizing new areas without significant loss of genetic diversity. Maintaining high levels of diversity guarantees the adaptive potential of these parasites to cope with selective pressures such as drug treatment, which might complicate efforts to control the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Van den Broeck
- Department of Biology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Gregory E. Maes
- Department of Biology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Maarten H. D. Larmuseau
- Department of Biology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Imaging and Pathology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - David Rollinson
- Division of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ibrahima Sy
- UFR Pharmacy, University of Caen Basse-Normandie, Caen, France
| | | | | | - Katja Polman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Tine Huyse
- Department of Biology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Biology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium
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Senghor B, Diaw OT, Doucoure S, Sylla SN, Seye M, Talla I, Bâ CT, Diallo A, Sokhna C. Efficacy of praziquantel against urinary schistosomiasis and reinfection in Senegalese school children where there is a single well-defined transmission period. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:362. [PMID: 26156522 PMCID: PMC4496924 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0980-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human schistosomiasis is a significant health problem in Sub-Saharan Africa. In Niakhar, West central Senegal, the transmission of S. haematobium occurs seasonally between July and November. No control measures have been implemented despite high prevalence reported in previous studies. This aim of this study was to i) determine the current prevalence of S. haematobium in children at Niakhar, ii) assess the efficacy of one dose of PZQ (40 mg/kg) against S. haematobium and iii) monitor reinfection. Methods The current study was carried out in a cohort of 329 children aged five to 15 years enrolled from six villages in Niakhar to determine the efficacy of one dose of PZQ, as well as reinfection. Parasitological screening was performed in June 2011 to determine the baseline prevalence of S. haematobium, and then a single dose of PZQ was administered to all selected subjects in the transmission season in August 2011. The efficacy of PZQ treatment and reinfection were monitored respectively five weeks after in September 2011 and from February to March 2012. Results At baseline, the overall prevalence and the heavy intensity of infection were 73.2 % and 356.1eggs/10 ml of urine. Significant differences in the prevalence and intensity of S. haematobium infection were noted between villages. A single dose of PZQ significantly reduced the prevalence of S. haematobium infection from 73.2 % to 4.6 % and the geometric mean intensity of infection from 356.1 to 43.3 eggs/10 ml of urine. The cure rates ranged from 89.4 % to 100 %. The egg reduction rates also ranged from 77.6 % to 100 %. Two to three months after the period of transmission, the overall rate of reinfection was 12.6 % and was significantly higher in male children than in female children. The overall prevalence at this period was 13.8 %, which was significantly lower than the prevalence at baseline (73.2 %). Conclusion The Niakhar study area remains a hot spot of urinary schistosomiasis in Senegal with differences in transmission between villages. This study suggests that when transmission is strictly seasonal, Praziquantel shows the expected efficacy in reducing the prevalence and intensity of infection, but also a significant effect on the occurrence of reinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Senghor
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR 198 (URMITE), Campus International de Hann, IRD, BP 1386, Dakar, CP 18524, Sénégal. .,Département de Biologie Animale, Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Dakar, BP 5005, Senegal.
| | - Omar Talla Diaw
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, ISRA, route des Hydrocarbures, Bel Air, Dakar, Senegal.
| | - Souleymane Doucoure
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR 198 (URMITE), Campus International de Hann, IRD, BP 1386, Dakar, CP 18524, Sénégal.
| | - Seydou Nourou Sylla
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR 198 (URMITE), Campus International de Hann, IRD, BP 1386, Dakar, CP 18524, Sénégal. .,UFR Sciences Appliquées et Technologies, Université Gaston Berger de Saint Louis, Saint Louis, BP 234, Senegal.
| | - Mouhamadane Seye
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, ISRA, route des Hydrocarbures, Bel Air, Dakar, Senegal.
| | - Idrissa Talla
- Programme national de lutte contre les bilharzioses et les géo-helminthiases, ministère de la santé et de l'action sociale, Dakar, Sénégal.
| | - Cheikh Tidiane Bâ
- Département de Biologie Animale, Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Dakar, BP 5005, Senegal.
| | - Adiouma Diallo
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR 198 (URMITE), Campus International de Hann, IRD, BP 1386, Dakar, CP 18524, Sénégal.
| | - Cheikh Sokhna
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR 198 (URMITE), Campus International de Hann, IRD, BP 1386, Dakar, CP 18524, Sénégal.
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Guidi A, Mansour NR, Paveley RA, Carruthers IM, Besnard J, Hopkins AL, Gilbert IH, Bickle QD. Application of RNAi to Genomic Drug Target Validation in Schistosomes. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003801. [PMID: 25992548 PMCID: PMC4438872 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Concerns over the possibility of resistance developing to praziquantel (PZQ), has stimulated efforts to develop new drugs for schistosomiasis. In addition to the development of improved whole organism screens, the success of RNA interference (RNAi) in schistosomes offers great promise for the identification of potential drug targets to initiate drug discovery. In this study we set out to contribute to RNAi based validation of putative drug targets. Initially a list of 24 target candidates was compiled based on the identification of putative essential genes in schistosomes orthologous of C. elegans essential genes. Knockdown of Calmodulin (Smp_026560.2) (Sm-Calm), that topped this list, produced a phenotype characterised by waves of contraction in adult worms but no phenotype in schistosomula. Knockdown of the atypical Protein Kinase C (Smp_096310) (Sm-aPKC) resulted in loss of viability in both schistosomula and adults and led us to focus our attention on other kinase genes that were identified in the above list and through whole organism screening of known kinase inhibitor sets followed by chemogenomic evaluation. RNAi knockdown of these kinase genes failed to affect adult worm viability but, like Sm-aPKC, knockdown of Polo-like kinase 1, Sm-PLK1 (Smp_009600) and p38-MAPK, Sm-MAPK p38 (Smp_133020) resulted in an increased mortality of schistosomula after 2-3 weeks, an effect more marked in the presence of human red blood cells (hRBC). For Sm-PLK-1 the same effects were seen with the specific inhibitor, BI2536, which also affected viable egg production in adult worms. For Sm-PLK-1 and Sm-aPKC the in vitro effects were reflected in lower recoveries in vivo. We conclude that the use of RNAi combined with culture with hRBC is a reliable method for evaluating genes important for larval development. However, in view of the slow manifestation of the effects of Sm-aPKC knockdown in adults and the lack of effects of Sm-PLK-1 and Sm-MAPK p38 on adult viability, these kinases may not represent suitable drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Guidi
- Department of Infection and Immunity, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nuha R. Mansour
- Department of Infection and Immunity, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ross A. Paveley
- Department of Infection and Immunity, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ian M. Carruthers
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Jérémy Besnard
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew L. Hopkins
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Ian H. Gilbert
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Quentin D. Bickle
- Department of Infection and Immunity, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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What is the mechanism of action of praziquantel and how might resistance strike? Future Med Chem 2015; 7:701-5. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.15.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Erko B, Degarege A, Tadesse K, Mathiwos A, Legesse M. Efficacy and side effects of praziquantel in the treatment of Schistosomiasis mansoni in schoolchildren in Shesha Kekele Elementary School, Wondo Genet, Southern Ethiopia. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2015; 2:235-9. [PMID: 23569905 DOI: 10.1016/s2221-1691(12)60049-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2011] [Revised: 09/03/2011] [Accepted: 09/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy and side effects of praziquantel (PZQ) in the treatment of schistosomiasis in Ethiopia. METHODS In a cross-sectional study, stool specimens were collected from randomly selected 299 school children in Shesha Kekele Elementary School, Wondo Genet, Southern Ethiopia, in April 2010. Stool specimens were examined using a single Kato-Katz thick smear for Schistosoma mansoni (S. mansoni) ova. Children who were found positive for S. mansoni were treated with a single oral dose of PZQ at 40 mg/kg bw and interviewed for treatment-related symptoms 24 hours after drug administration. Four weeks post-treatment, stool specimens were collected from the same children and examined following the same procedure as in the pre-treatment. Drug efficacy was determined based on cure and egg reduction rates. RESULTS Pre-treatment prevalence of S. mansoni infection was 74.9% with geometric mean egg count of 268. The evaluated generic PZQ produced an overall cure rate of 73.6% (P<0.000 1, OR: 8.33, CI: 5.3-13.1) and egg reduction rate of 68.2% (P=0.03, F=0.64). The cure rate showed significant association with age (χ(2)=11, P=0.004), the highest rate being observed in the 15-22 age group. 83% of S. mansoni infected children showed various treatment-related symptoms, the most frequent being headache, nausea, and abdominal pain. These symptoms were associated with age (P<0.001) and pre-treatment intensity of infection (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS The present observations revealed relatively lower cure and egg reduction rates of the PZQ evaluated as compared to previous reports for other PZQ brands in Ethiopia. Hence, in depth studies are recommended to clarify whether the present relatively lower cure rate is the actual cure rate of the praziquantel evaluated, treatment failure, or reduced susceptibility of the parasite. Treatment-related side effects observed were transient and tolerable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berhanu Erko
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Mossallam SF, Amer EI, El-Faham MH. Efficacy of Synriam™, a new antimalarial combination of OZ277 and piperaquine, against different developmental stages of Schistosoma mansoni. Acta Trop 2015; 143:36-46. [PMID: 25530543 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Control of schistosomiasis relies on a single drug, praziquantel (PZQ). Given the rising concerns about the potential emergence of PZQ-resistant strains, it has now become necessary to search for novel therapeutics. However, the current pace for anti-schistosomal drug discovery is slow; hence, repositioning of existing approved drugs can offer a safe, rapid and cost-effective solution. The anti-malarial synthetic artemisinin-derivatives trioxolanes demonstrated anti-schistosomal efficacies against the three major species infecting humans and, unlike PZQ, showed activities against both juvenile and adult worm stages. The 1,2,4-trioxolane/OZ277 (arterolane maleate) in combination with a partner drug: piperaquine phosphate was recently developed as an anti-malarial drug and manufactured by Ranbaxy (India) as Synriam™ (SYN). Herein, the in vivo activities of SYN were investigated in a mouse model of Schistosoma mansoni (S. mansoni), compared to PZQ. We show that a single fixed dose of 240mg/kg SYN (40mg/kg arterolane and 200mg/kg piperaqine) induced significant protective effects in mice, in terms of reduction in worm and tissue egg burdens, which were evident against all schistosome developmental stages. Extensive alterations in the tegument and subtegumental tissues of SYN-exposed worms were revealed by both scanning and transmission electron microscopes. Progressive decrease in worm activity and occurrence of death were noticed in vitro upon exposure to the drug - more pronounced in the presence of haemin. This report provides the first evidence of the efficacy of a combination of 1,2,4-trioxolane and piperaquine against S. mansoni in mice. Being effective against young stages, SYN could be used to prevent early Schistosoma infection.
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Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a chronic disease that affects ∼200 million people. The extended health impact of the disease has been estimated to exceed that of malaria or tuberculosis and to be nearer to that of HIV/AIDS. Within endemic areas, children carry the heaviest burden of infection. Infection/disease is controlled by the treatment of infected subjects with the anthelminthic drug praziquantel. Global initiatives from Partners of Parasite Control, including the World Health Organization (WHO), advocate regular school-based deworming strategies to reduce the development of severe morbidity, promote school-child health and development, and improve the cognitive potential of children. Until recently, preschool-aged children were excluded from schistosome treatment, creating a health inequity in affected populations. In 2010, the WHO updated their recommendations for the treatment of schistosomiasis in preschool-aged children (ie, children aged ≤5 years). This change was the culmination of several decades of research on schistosome epidemiology, immunology, and pathology in this age group. The recent development of a pediatric formulation of praziquantel (soon to enter clinical trials) should advance control efforts in preschool-aged children, with the goal of including these children in preventative chemotherapy (as currently occurs for soil-transmitted helminths). This review discusses the research work supporting the WHO revision of recommendations for treating preschool-aged children, as well as current barriers and knowledge gaps in pediatric schistosomiasis control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Mutapi
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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50
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Mazigo HD, Dunne DW, Kinung'hi SM, Nuwaha F. Praziquantel efficacy against Schistosoma mansoni among HIV-1 infected and uninfected adults living in fishing villages along Lake Victoria, Northwest Tanzania. Infect Dis Poverty 2014; 3:47. [PMID: 25671125 PMCID: PMC4322465 DOI: 10.1186/2049-9957-3-47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Animal studies have demonstrated that functional immune responses, as determined by the levels of CD4+ cell counts and anti-schistosome antibodies responses, determine the efficacy of praziquantel. Based on this evidence, it has been hypothesised that the immunodeficiency effects of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infection may affect the efficacy of praziquantel in co-infected human hosts. Thus, the present study assessed the efficacy of praziquantel by comparing parasitological cure rates and the reduction in infection intensity in HIV-1 seronegative individuals infected with S. mansoni and HIV-1 seropositive individuals co-infected with S. mansoni, following treatment with a single oral dose of praziquantel. Methods This was a prospective longitudinal study which included, at baseline, 555 S. mansoni infected adults aged 21–55 years, who were either co-infected or not with HIV-1 and who lived in fishing villages along Lake Victoria in Northwest Tanzania. These individuals were treated with a single oral dose of praziquantel (40 mg/kg) and, at 12 weeks, single stool samples were obtained and examined for S. mansoni eggs using the Kato-Katz technique. Finger prick and venous blood samples were collected for HIV-1 screening and CD4+ cell quantification. Results The parasitological cure rate did not differ significantly from the HIV-1 serostatus (P = 0.12): among the co-infected individuals, the cure rate was 48.3% (14/29), and among the individuals infected only with S. mansoni, the cure rate was 62.6% (329/526). The egg reduction rate did not vary with the HIV-1 serostatus (P = 0.22): 77.22% for HIV-1 seronegative and 75% for HIV-1 seropositive individuals. The level of CD4+ cell counts (median 228 cells/μL: range 202–380 cells) did not influence the cure rate (P = 0.23) or the reduction in the intensity of the infection (P = 0.37). Conclusion The HIV-1 infection per se or its moderate immunodeficiency effects, demonstrated by the range of CD4+ cell counts observed in co-infected individuals, did not affect praziquantel efficacy, as measured by the parasitological cure rate and the reduction in intensity of infection in the present study cohort. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/2049-9957-3-47) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humphrey D Mazigo
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Entomology, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 1464, Mwanza, Tanzania ; Department of Disease Control and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda ; Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Parasitology, Cambridge University, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP UK
| | - David W Dunne
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Parasitology, Cambridge University, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP UK
| | - Safari M Kinung'hi
- National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza Research Centre, P.O. Box 1462, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Fred Nuwaha
- Department of Disease Control and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
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