1
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Hooglugt A, van der Stoel MM, Shapeti A, Neep BF, de Haan A, van Oosterwyck H, Boon RA, Huveneers S. DLC1 promotes mechanotransductive feedback for YAP via RhoGAP-mediated focal adhesion turnover. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs261687. [PMID: 38563084 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a tightly controlled dynamic process demanding a delicate equilibrium between pro-angiogenic signals and factors that promote vascular stability. The spatiotemporal activation of the transcriptional co-factors YAP (herein referring to YAP1) and TAZ (also known WWTR1), collectively denoted YAP/TAZ, is crucial to allow for efficient collective endothelial migration in angiogenesis. The focal adhesion protein deleted-in-liver-cancer-1 (DLC1) was recently described as a transcriptional downstream target of YAP/TAZ in endothelial cells. In this study, we uncover a negative feedback loop between DLC1 expression and YAP activity during collective migration and sprouting angiogenesis. In particular, our study demonstrates that signaling via the RhoGAP domain of DLC1 reduces nuclear localization of YAP and its transcriptional activity. Moreover, the RhoGAP activity of DLC1 is essential for YAP-mediated cellular processes, including the regulation of focal adhesion turnover, traction forces, and sprouting angiogenesis. We show that DLC1 restricts intracellular cytoskeletal tension by inhibiting Rho signaling at the basal adhesion plane, consequently reducing nuclear YAP localization. Collectively, these findings underscore the significance of DLC1 expression levels and its function in mitigating intracellular tension as a pivotal mechanotransductive feedback mechanism that finely tunes YAP activity throughout the process of sprouting angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aukie Hooglugt
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, 1105AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center, Department of Physiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, 1081HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Miesje M van der Stoel
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, 1105AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Apeksha Shapeti
- KU Leuven, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Biomechanics section, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Beau F Neep
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, 1105AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, 1081HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Annett de Haan
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, 1105AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hans van Oosterwyck
- KU Leuven, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Biomechanics section, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven, Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Reinier A Boon
- Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center, Department of Physiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, 1081HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhein-Main, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Goethe University, Institute of Cardiovascular Regeneration, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stephan Huveneers
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, 1105AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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2
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Fayed HS, Bakleh MZ, Ashraf JV, Howarth A, Ebner D, Al Haj Zen A. Selective ROCK Inhibitor Enhances Blood Flow Recovery after Hindlimb Ischemia. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14410. [PMID: 37833857 PMCID: PMC10572734 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The impairment in microvascular network formation could delay the restoration of blood flow after acute limb ischemia. A high-content screen of a GSK-published kinase inhibitor library identified a set of ROCK inhibitor hits enhancing endothelial network formation. Subsequent kinase activity profiling against a panel of 224 protein kinases showed that two indazole-based ROCK inhibitor hits exhibited high selectivity for ROCK1 and ROCK2 isoforms compared to other ROCK inhibitors. One of the chemical entities, GSK429286, was selected for follow-up studies. We found that GSK429286 was ten times more potent in enhancing endothelial tube formation than Fasudil, a classic ROCK inhibitor. ROCK1 inhibition by RNAi phenocopied the angiogenic phenotype of the GSK429286 compound. Using an organotypic angiogenesis co-culture assay, we showed that GSK429286 formed a dense vascular network with thicker endothelial tubes. Next, mice received either vehicle or GSK429286 (10 mg/kg i.p.) for seven days after hindlimb ischemia induction. As assessed by laser speckle contrast imaging, GSK429286 potentiated blood flow recovery after ischemia induction. At the histological level, we found that GSK429286 significantly increased the size of new microvessels in the regenerating areas of ischemic muscles compared with vehicle-treated ones. Our findings reveal that selective ROCK inhibitors have in vitro pro-angiogenic properties and therapeutic potential to restore blood flow in limb ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hend Salah Fayed
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar
| | - Mouayad Zuheir Bakleh
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar
| | | | - Alison Howarth
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Daniel Ebner
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Ayman Al Haj Zen
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar
- BHF Centre of Research Excellence, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
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3
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Xiao P, Zhang Y, Zeng Y, Yang D, Mo J, Zheng Z, Wang J, Zhang Y, Zhou Z, Zhong X, Yan W. Impaired angiogenesis in ageing: the central role of the extracellular matrix. J Transl Med 2023; 21:457. [PMID: 37434156 PMCID: PMC10334673 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04315-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Each step in angiogenesis is regulated by the extracellular matrix (ECM). Accumulating evidence indicates that ageing-related changes in the ECM driven by cellular senescence lead to a reduction in neovascularisation, reduced microvascular density, and an increased risk of tissue ischaemic injury. These changes can lead to health events that have major negative impacts on quality of life and place a significant financial burden on the healthcare system. Elucidating interactions between the ECM and cells during angiogenesis in the context of ageing is neceary to clarify the mechanisms underlying reduced angiogenesis in older adults. In this review, we summarize ageing-related changes in the composition, structure, and function of the ECM and their relevance for angiogenesis. Then, we explore in detail the mechanisms of interaction between the aged ECM and cells during impaired angiogenesis in the older population for the first time, discussing diseases caused by restricted angiogenesis. We also outline several novel pro-angiogenic therapeutic strategies targeting the ECM that can provide new insights into the choice of appropriate treatments for a variety of age-related diseases. Based on the knowledge gathered from recent reports and journal articles, we provide a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying impaired angiogenesis with age and contribute to the development of effective treatments that will enhance quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Xiao
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Yanli Zhang
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Yuting Zeng
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Dehong Yang
- Department of Orthopedics Spinal Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Jiayao Mo
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Ziting Zheng
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Jilei Wang
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Yuxin Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Zhiyan Zhou
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Xincen Zhong
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Wenjuan Yan
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
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4
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Kretschmer M, Mamistvalov R, Sprinzak D, Vollmar AM, Zahler S. Matrix stiffness regulates Notch signaling activity in endothelial cells. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:286810. [PMID: 36718783 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.260442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Notch signaling is critical for many developmental and disease-related processes. It is widely accepted that Notch has a mechanotransduction module that regulates receptor cleavage. However, the role of biomechanical properties of the cellular environment in Notch signaling in general is still poorly understood. During angiogenesis, differentiation of endothelial cells into tip and stalk cells is regulated by Notch signaling, and remodeling of the extracellular matrix occurs. We investigated the influence of substrate stiffness on the Notch signaling pathway in endothelial cells. Using stiffness-tuned polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrates, we show that activity of the Notch signaling pathway inversely correlates with a physiologically relevant range of substrate stiffness (i.e. increased Notch signaling activity on softer substrates). Trans-endocytosis of the Notch extracellular domain, but not the overall endocytosis, is regulated by substrate stiffness, and integrin cell-matrix connections are both stiffness dependent and influenced by Notch signaling. We conclude that mechanotransduction of Notch activation is modulated by substrate stiffness, highlighting the role of substrate rigidity as an important cue for signaling. This might have implications in pathological situations associated with stiffening of the extracellular matrix, such as tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maibritt Kretschmer
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Rose Mamistvalov
- The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - David Sprinzak
- The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Angelika M Vollmar
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Zahler
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
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5
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Gaietta G, Kai F, Swift MF, Weaver VM, Volkmann N, Hanein D. Novel cryo-tomography workflow reveals nanometer-scale responses of epithelial cells to matrix stiffness and dimensionality. Mol Biol Cell 2022; 33:br28. [PMID: 36287913 PMCID: PMC9727794 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e22-03-0092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrix stiffness and dimensionality have been shown to be major determinants of cell behavior. However, a workflow for examining nanometer-scale responses of the associated molecular machinery is not available. Here, we describe a comprehensive, quantitative workflow that permits the analysis of cells responding to mechanical and dimensionality cues in their native state at nanometer scale by cryogenic electron tomography. Using this approach, we quantified distinct cytoskeletal nanoarchitectures and vesicle phenotypes induced in human mammary epithelial cells in response to stiffness and dimensionality of reconstituted basement membrane. Our workflow closely recapitulates the microenvironment associated with acinar morphogenesis and identified distinct differences in situ at nanometer scale. Using drug treatment, we showed that molecular events and nanometer-scale rearrangements triggered by engagement of apical cell receptors with reconstituted basement membrane correspond to changes induced by reduction of cortical tension. Our approach is fully adaptable to any kind of stiffness regime, extracellular matrix composition, and drug treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Gaietta
- Scintillon Institute, San Diego, CA 92121,*Address correspondence to: Dorit Hanein (); Guido Gaietta (); Niels Volkmann ()
| | - Fuiboon Kai
- Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | | | - Valerie M. Weaver
- Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Niels Volkmann
- Scintillon Institute, San Diego, CA 92121,Structural Image Analysis Unit, Université de Paris Cité, F-75015 Paris, France,*Address correspondence to: Dorit Hanein (); Guido Gaietta (); Niels Volkmann ()
| | - Dorit Hanein
- Scintillon Institute, San Diego, CA 92121,Structural Studies of Macromolecular Machines in Cellulo Unit, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR3528, Université de Paris Cité, F-75015 Paris, France,*Address correspondence to: Dorit Hanein (); Guido Gaietta (); Niels Volkmann ()
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6
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Cowan JM, Duggan JJ, Hewitt BR, Petrie RJ. Non-muscle myosin II and the plasticity of 3D cell migration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1047256. [DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1047256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Confined cells migrating through 3D environments are also constrained by the laws of physics, meaning for every action there must be an equal and opposite reaction for cells to achieve motion. Fascinatingly, there are several distinct molecular mechanisms that cells can use to move, and this is reflected in the diverse ways non-muscle myosin II (NMII) can generate the mechanical forces necessary to sustain 3D cell migration. This review summarizes the unique modes of 3D migration, as well as how NMII activity is regulated and localized within each of these different modes. In addition, we highlight tropomyosins and septins as two protein families that likely have more secrets to reveal about how NMII activity is governed during 3D cell migration. Together, this information suggests that investigating the mechanisms controlling NMII activity will be helpful in understanding how a single cell transitions between distinct modes of 3D migration in response to the physical environment.
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7
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Abstract
Biophysical and biochemical cues work in concert to regulate angiogenesis. These cues guide angiogenesis during development and wound healing. Abnormal cues contribute to pathological angiogenesis during tumor progression. In this review, we summarize the known signaling pathways involved in mechanotransduction important to angiogenesis. We discuss how variation in the mechanical microenvironment, in terms of stiffness, ligand availability, and topography, can modulate the angiogenesis process. We also present an integrated view on how mechanical perturbations, such as stretching and fluid shearing, alter angiogenesis-related signal transduction acutely, leading to downstream gene expression. Tissue engineering-based approaches to study angiogenesis are reviewed too. Future directions to aid the efforts in unveiling the comprehensive picture of angiogenesis are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Flournoy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Center for Cell Dynamics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Institute for NanoBio Technology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Shahad Ashkanani
- Center for Cell Dynamics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Institute for NanoBio Technology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Yun Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Center for Cell Dynamics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Institute for NanoBio Technology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Yun Chen,
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8
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Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) provides structural support and imparts a wide variety of environmental cues to cells. In the past decade, a growing body of work revealed that the mechanical properties of the ECM, commonly known as matrix stiffness, regulate the fundamental cellular processes of the lung. There is growing appreciation that mechanical interplays between cells and associated ECM are essential to maintain lung homeostasis. Dysregulation of ECM-derived mechanical signaling via altered mechanosensing and mechanotransduction pathways is associated with many common lung diseases. Matrix stiffening is a hallmark of lung fibrosis. The stiffened ECM is not merely a sequelae of lung fibrosis but can actively drive the progression of fibrotic lung disease. In this article, we provide a comprehensive view on the role of matrix stiffness in lung health and disease. We begin by summarizing the effects of matrix stiffness on the function and behavior of various lung cell types and on regulation of biomolecule activity and key physiological processes, including host immune response and cellular metabolism. We discuss the potential mechanisms by which cells probe matrix stiffness and convert mechanical signals to regulate gene expression. We highlight the factors that govern matrix stiffness and outline the role of matrix stiffness in lung development and the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary hypertension, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer. We envision targeting of deleterious matrix mechanical cues for treatment of fibrotic lung disease. Advances in technologies for matrix stiffness measurements and design of stiffness-tunable matrix substrates are also explored. © 2022 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 12:3523-3558, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Guo
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama, USA.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central-South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chao He
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Aida Venado
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Yong Zhou
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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9
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Wu Y, Han X, Su Y, Glidewell M, Daniels JS, Liu J, Sengupta T, Rey-Suarez I, Fischer R, Patel A, Combs C, Sun J, Wu X, Christensen R, Smith C, Bao L, Sun Y, Duncan LH, Chen J, Pommier Y, Shi YB, Murphy E, Roy S, Upadhyaya A, Colón-Ramos D, La Riviere P, Shroff H. Multiview confocal super-resolution microscopy. Nature 2021; 600:279-284. [PMID: 34837071 PMCID: PMC8686173 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04110-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Confocal microscopy1 remains a major workhorse in biomedical optical microscopy owing to its reliability and flexibility in imaging various samples, but suffers from substantial point spread function anisotropy, diffraction-limited resolution, depth-dependent degradation in scattering samples and volumetric bleaching2. Here we address these problems, enhancing confocal microscopy performance from the sub-micrometre to millimetre spatial scale and the millisecond to hour temporal scale, improving both lateral and axial resolution more than twofold while simultaneously reducing phototoxicity. We achieve these gains using an integrated, four-pronged approach: (1) developing compact line scanners that enable sensitive, rapid, diffraction-limited imaging over large areas; (2) combining line-scanning with multiview imaging, developing reconstruction algorithms that improve resolution isotropy and recover signal otherwise lost to scattering; (3) adapting techniques from structured illumination microscopy, achieving super-resolution imaging in densely labelled, thick samples; (4) synergizing deep learning with these advances, further improving imaging speed, resolution and duration. We demonstrate these capabilities on more than 20 distinct fixed and live samples, including protein distributions in single cells; nuclei and developing neurons in Caenorhabditis elegans embryos, larvae and adults; myoblasts in imaginal disks of Drosophila wings; and mouse renal, oesophageal, cardiac and brain tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yicong Wu
- Laboratory of High Resolution Optical Imaging, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Xiaofei Han
- Laboratory of High Resolution Optical Imaging, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yijun Su
- Laboratory of High Resolution Optical Imaging, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Leica Microsystems, Buffalo Grove, IL, USA
- SVision, Bellevue, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Jiamin Liu
- Advanced Imaging and Microscopy Resource, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Titas Sengupta
- Department of Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ivan Rey-Suarez
- Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Robert Fischer
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Akshay Patel
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Christian Combs
- NHLBI Light Microscopy Facility, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Junhui Sun
- Laboratory of Cardiac Physiology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Xufeng Wu
- NHLBI Light Microscopy Facility, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ryan Christensen
- Laboratory of High Resolution Optical Imaging, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Corey Smith
- Department of Radiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lingyu Bao
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yilun Sun
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Leighton H Duncan
- Department of Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jiji Chen
- Advanced Imaging and Microscopy Resource, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yves Pommier
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yun-Bo Shi
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Elizabeth Murphy
- Laboratory of Cardiac Physiology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sougata Roy
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Arpita Upadhyaya
- Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Daniel Colón-Ramos
- Department of Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, USA
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Recinto de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Patrick La Riviere
- Department of Radiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - Hari Shroff
- Laboratory of High Resolution Optical Imaging, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Advanced Imaging and Microscopy Resource, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, USA
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Abstract
Simple Summary The formation of new blood vessels from already existing ones is a process of high clinical relevance, since it is of great importance for both physiological and pathological processes. In regard to tumors, the process is crucial, since it ensures the supply with nutrients and the growth of the tumor. The influence of mechanical factors on this biological process is an emerging field. Until now, the shear force of the blood flow has been considered the main mechanical parameter during angiogenesis. This review article provides an overview of further mechanical cues, with particular focus on the surrounding extracellular matrix impacting the cell behavior and, thus, regulating angiogenesis. This underlines the enormous importance of the mechanical properties of the extracellular matrix on cell biological processes and shows how changing the mechanics of the extracellular matrix could be used as a possible therapeutic approach in cancer therapy. Abstract Angiogenesis is of high clinical relevance as it plays a crucial role in physiological (e.g., tissue regeneration) and pathological processes (e.g., tumor growth). Besides chemical signals, such as VEGF, the relationship between cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM) can influence endothelial cell behavior during angiogenesis. Previously, in terms of the connection between angiogenesis and mechanical factors, researchers have focused on shear forces due to blood flow. However, it is becoming increasingly important to include the direct influence of the ECM on biological processes, such as angiogenesis. In this context, we focus on the stiffness of the surrounding ECM and the adhesion of cells to the ECM. Furthermore, we highlight the mechanical cues during the main stages of angiogenesis: cell migration, tip and stalk cells, and vessel stabilization. It becomes clear that the different stages of angiogenesis require various chemical and mechanical cues to be modulated by/modulate the stiffness of the ECM. Thus, changes of the ECM during tumor growth represent additional potential dysregulations of angiogenesis in addition to erroneous biochemical signals. This awareness could be the basis of therapeutic approaches to counteract specific processes in tumor angiogenesis.
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Figueiredo AM, Barbacena P, Russo A, Vaccaro S, Ramalho D, Pena A, Lima AP, Ferreira RR, Fidalgo MA, El-Marjou F, Carvalho Y, Vasconcelos FF, Lennon-Duménil AM, Vignjevic DM, Franco CA. Endothelial cell invasion is controlled by dactylopodia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2023829118. [PMID: 33903241 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2023829118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In this report, we describe how endothelial cells, the cells lining the interior of blood vessels, invade into tissues to form new vessels through sprouting angiogenesis. We found that endothelial cells use a specific lamellipodia-related membrane protrusion for invasion, which we termed dactylopodia. These protrusions have a special morphology, originate from filopodia, are linked to membrane-ruffling activity, and are specialized in invading into avascular extracellular matrix. Our work lays the foundations for drug discovery targeting sprouting angiogenesis. Sprouting angiogenesis is fundamental for development and contributes to cancer, diabetic retinopathy, and cardiovascular diseases. Sprouting angiogenesis depends on the invasive properties of endothelial tip cells. However, there is very limited knowledge on how tip cells invade into tissues. Here, we show that endothelial tip cells use dactylopodia as the main cellular protrusion for invasion into nonvascular extracellular matrix. We show that dactylopodia and filopodia protrusions are balanced by myosin IIA (NMIIA) and actin-related protein 2/3 (Arp2/3) activity. Endothelial cell-autonomous ablation of NMIIA promotes excessive dactylopodia formation in detriment of filopodia. Conversely, endothelial cell-autonomous ablation of Arp2/3 prevents dactylopodia development and leads to excessive filopodia formation. We further show that NMIIA inhibits Rac1-dependent activation of Arp2/3 by regulating the maturation state of focal adhesions. Our discoveries establish a comprehensive model of how endothelial tip cells regulate its protrusive activity and will pave the way toward strategies to block invasive tip cells during sprouting angiogenesis.
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12
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Lamiré LA, Milani P, Runel G, Kiss A, Arias L, Vergier B, de Bossoreille S, Das P, Cluet D, Boudaoud A, Grammont M. Gradient in cytoplasmic pressure in germline cells controls overlying epithelial cell morphogenesis. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000940. [PMID: 33253165 PMCID: PMC7703951 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
It is unknown how growth in one tissue impacts morphogenesis in a neighboring tissue. To address this, we used the Drosophila ovarian follicle, in which a cluster of 15 nurse cells and a posteriorly located oocyte are surrounded by a layer of epithelial cells. It is known that as the nurse cells grow, the overlying epithelial cells flatten in a wave that begins in the anterior. Here, we demonstrate that an anterior to posterior gradient of decreasing cytoplasmic pressure is present across the nurse cells and that this gradient acts through TGFβ to control both the triggering and the progression of the wave of epithelial cell flattening. Our data indicate that intrinsic nurse cell growth is important to control proper nurse cell pressure. Finally, we reveal that nurse cell pressure and subsequent TGFβ activity in the stretched cells combine to increase follicle elongation in the anterior, which is crucial for allowing nurse cell growth and pressure control. More generally, our results reveal that during development, inner cytoplasmic pressure in individual cells has an important role in shaping their neighbors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie-Anne Lamiré
- Laboratoire de Biologie et de Modélisation de la Cellule, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, Lyon, France
| | - Pascale Milani
- Laboratoire de Biologie et de Modélisation de la Cellule, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, Lyon, France
| | - Gaël Runel
- Laboratoire de Biologie et de Modélisation de la Cellule, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, Lyon, France
| | - Annamaria Kiss
- Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, Lyon, France
| | - Leticia Arias
- Laboratoire de Biologie et de Modélisation de la Cellule, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, Lyon, France
| | - Blandine Vergier
- Laboratoire de Biologie et de Modélisation de la Cellule, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, Lyon, France
| | - Stève de Bossoreille
- Laboratoire de Biologie et de Modélisation de la Cellule, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, Lyon, France
| | - Pradeep Das
- Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, Lyon, France
| | - David Cluet
- Laboratoire de Biologie et de Modélisation de la Cellule, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, Lyon, France
| | - Arezki Boudaoud
- Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, Lyon, France
| | - Muriel Grammont
- Laboratoire de Biologie et de Modélisation de la Cellule, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, Lyon, France
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13
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Liu T, Du X, Zhang B, Zi H, Yan Y, Yin J, Hou H, Gu S, Chen Q, Du J. Piezo1-Mediated Ca2+ Activities Regulate Brain Vascular Pathfinding during Development. Neuron 2020; 108:180-192.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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14
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Abstract
Mechanical forces play an important role in various physiological processes, such as morphogenesis, cytokinesis, and migration. Thus, in order to illuminate mechanisms underlying these physiological processes, it is crucial to understand how cells deform and respond to external mechanical stimuli. During recent decades, the mechanical properties of cells have been studied extensively using diverse measurement techniques. A number of experimental studies have shown that cells are far from linear elastic materials. Cells exhibit a wide variety of nonlinear elastic and inelastic properties. Such complicated properties of cells are known to emerge from unique mechanical characteristics of cellular components. In this review, we introduce major cellular components that largely govern cell mechanical properties and provide brief explanations of several experimental techniques used for rheological measurements of cell mechanics. Then, we discuss the representative nonlinear elastic and inelastic properties of cells. Finally, continuum and discrete computational models of cell mechanics, which model both nonlinear elastic and inelastic properties of cells, will be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonyeong Jung
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, 206 S. Martin Jischke Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Jing Li
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, 206 S. Martin Jischke Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Ovijit Chaudhuri
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, 440 Escondido Mall, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Taeyoon Kim
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, 206 S. Martin Jischke Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907
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15
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Sailem HZ, Al Haj Zen A. Morphological landscape of endothelial cell networks reveals a functional role of glutamate receptors in angiogenesis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13829. [PMID: 32796870 PMCID: PMC7428010 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70440-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis plays a key role in several diseases including cancer, ischemic vascular disease, and Alzheimer's disease. Chemical genetic screening of endothelial tube formation provides a robust approach for identifying signalling components that impact microvascular network morphology as well as endothelial cell biology. However, the analysis of the resulting imaging datasets has been limited to a few phenotypic features such as the total tube length or the number of branching points. Here we developed a high content analysis framework for detailed quantification of various aspects of network morphology including network complexity, symmetry and topology. By applying our approach to a high content screen of 1,280 characterised drugs, we found that drugs that result in a similar phenotype share the same mechanism of action or common downstream signalling pathways. Our multiparametric analysis revealed that a group of glutamate receptor antagonists enhances branching and network connectivity. Using an integrative meta-analysis approach, we validated the link between these receptors and angiogenesis. We further found that the expression of these genes is associated with the prognosis of Alzheimer's patients. In conclusion, our work shows that detailed image analysis of complex endothelial phenotypes can reveal new insights into biological mechanisms modulating the morphogenesis of endothelial networks and identify potential therapeutics for angiogenesis-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba Z Sailem
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK.
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK.
| | - Ayman Al Haj Zen
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Education City, Doha, Qatar.
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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16
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Vaeyens MM, Jorge-Peñas A, Barrasa-Fano J, Shapeti A, Roeffaers M, Van Oosterwyck H. Actomyosin-dependent invasion of endothelial sprouts in collagen. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2020; 77:261-276. [PMID: 32588525 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
During sprouting angiogenesis-the growth of blood vessels from the existing vasculature-endothelial cells (ECs) adopt an elongated invasive form and exert forces at cell-cell and cell-matrix interaction sites. These cell shape changes and cellular tractions require extensive reorganizations of the actomyosin network. However, the respective roles of actin and myosin for endothelial sprouting are not fully elucidated. In this study, we further investigate these roles by treating 2D-migrating and 3D-sprouting ECs with chemical compounds targeting either myosin or actin. These treatments affected the endothelial cytoskeleton drastically and reduced the invasive response in a compound-specific manner; pointing toward a tight control of the actin and myosin activity during sprouting. Clusters in the data further illustrate that endothelial sprout morphology is sensitive to the in vitro model mechanical microenvironment and directs future research toward mechanical substrate guidance as a strategy for promoting engineered tissue vascularization. In summary, our results add to a growing corpus of research highlighting a key role of the cytoskeleton for sprouting angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Mo Vaeyens
- Biomechanics Section (BMe), Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alvaro Jorge-Peñas
- Biomechanics Section (BMe), Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jorge Barrasa-Fano
- Biomechanics Section (BMe), Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Apeksha Shapeti
- Biomechanics Section (BMe), Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maarten Roeffaers
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis and Spectroscopy for Sustainable Solutions (cMACS), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hans Van Oosterwyck
- Biomechanics Section (BMe), Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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17
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Ma X, Uchida Y, Wei T, Liu C, Adams RH, Kubota Y, Gutkind JS, Mukouyama YS, Adelstein RS. Nonmuscle myosin 2 regulates cortical stability during sprouting angiogenesis. Mol Biol Cell 2020; 31:1974-1987. [PMID: 32583739 PMCID: PMC7543065 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-03-0175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the three nonmuscle myosin 2 (NM2) paralogs, NM 2A and 2B, but not 2C, are detected in endothelial cells. To study the role of NM2 in vascular formation, we ablate NM2 in endothelial cells in mice. Ablating NM2A, but not NM2B, results in reduced blood vessel coverage and increased vascular branching in the developing mouse skin and coronary vasculature. NM2B becomes essential for vascular formation when NM2A expression is limited. Mice ablated for NM2B and one allele of NM2A develop vascular abnormalities similar to those in NM2A ablated mice. Using the embryoid body angiogenic sprouting assay in collagen gels reveals that NM2A is required for persistent angiogenic sprouting by stabilizing the endothelial cell cortex, and thereby preventing excessive branching and ensuring persistent migration of the endothelial sprouts. Mechanistically, NM2 promotes focal adhesion formation and cortical protrusion retraction during angiogenic sprouting. Further studies demonstrate the critical role of Rho kinase–activated NM2 signaling in the regulation of angiogenic sprouting in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefei Ma
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1762
| | - Yutaka Uchida
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Neurovascular Biology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1762
| | - Tingyi Wei
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1762
| | - Chengyu Liu
- Transgenic Core Facility, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1762
| | - Ralf H Adams
- Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine and Faculty of Medicine, University of Munster, D-48149 Munster, Germany
| | - Yoshiaki Kubota
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo160-8582, Japan
| | - J Silvio Gutkind
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Yoh-Suke Mukouyama
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Neurovascular Biology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1762
| | - Robert S Adelstein
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1762
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18
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Vargas DA, Heck T, Smeets B, Ramon H, Parameswaran H, Van Oosterwyck H. Intercellular Adhesion Stiffness Moderates Cell Decoupling as a Function of Substrate Stiffness. Biophys J 2020; 119:243-257. [PMID: 32621867 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2020.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The interplay between cell-cell and cell-substrate interactions is complex yet necessary for the formation and healthy functioning of tissues. The same mechanosensing mechanisms used by the cell to sense its extracellular matrix also play a role in intercellular interactions. We used the discrete element method to develop a computational model of a deformable cell that includes subcellular components responsible for mechanosensing. We modeled a three-dimensional cell pair on a patterned (two-dimensional) substrate, a simple laboratory setup to study intercellular interactions. We explicitly modeled focal adhesions and adherens junctions. These mechanosensing adhesions matured, becoming stabilized by force. We also modeled contractile stress fibers that bind the discrete adhesions. The mechanosensing fibers strengthened upon stalling. Traction exerted on the substrate was used to generate traction maps (along the cell-substrate interface). These simulated maps are compared to experimental maps obtained via traction force microscopy. The model recreates the dependence on substrate stiffness of the tractions' spatial distribution, contractile moment of the cell pair, intercellular force, and number of focal adhesions. It also recreates the phenomenon of cell decoupling, in which cells exert forces separately when substrate stiffness increases. More importantly, the model provides viable molecular explanations for decoupling: mechanosensing mechanisms are responsible for competition between different fiber-adhesion configurations present in the cell pair. The point at which an increasing substrate stiffness becomes as high as that of the cell-cell interface is the tipping point at which configurations that favor cell-substrate adhesion dominate over those favoring cell-cell adhesion. This competition is responsible for decoupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego A Vargas
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 300C, Leuven, Brabant, Belgium
| | - Tommy Heck
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 300C, Leuven, Brabant, Belgium
| | - Bart Smeets
- Mechatronics Biostatistics and Sensors, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, Leuven, Brabant, Belgium
| | - Herman Ramon
- Mechatronics Biostatistics and Sensors, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, Leuven, Brabant, Belgium
| | | | - Hans Van Oosterwyck
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 300C, Leuven, Brabant, Belgium; Prometheus: Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Brabant, Belgium.
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19
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Vargas DA, Gonçalves IG, Heck T, Smeets B, Lafuente-Gracia L, Ramon H, Van Oosterwyck H. Modeling of Mechanosensing Mechanisms Reveals Distinct Cell Migration Modes to Emerge From Combinations of Substrate Stiffness and Adhesion Receptor-Ligand Affinity. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:459. [PMID: 32582650 PMCID: PMC7283468 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal cell migration is an integral process in development and healing. The process is regulated by both mechanical and biochemical properties. Mechanical properties of the environment are sensed through mechanosensing, which consists of molecular responses mediated by mechanical signals. We developed a computational model of a deformable 3D cell on a flat substrate using discrete element modeling. The cell is polarized in a single direction and thus moves along the long axis of the substrate. By modeling discrete focal adhesions and stress fibers, we implement two mechanosensing mechanisms: focal adhesion stabilization by force and stress fiber strengthening upon contraction stalling. Two substrate-associated properties, substrate (ligand) stiffness and adhesion receptor–ligand affinity (in the form of focal adhesion disassembly rate), were varied for different model setups in which the mechanosensing mechanisms are set as active or inactive. Cell displacement, focal adhesion number, and cellular traction were quantified and tracked in time. We found that varying substrate stiffness (a mechanical property) and adhesion receptor–ligand affinity (a biochemical property) simultaneously dictate the mode in which cells migrate; cells either move in a smooth manner reminiscent of keratocytes or in a cyclical manner reminiscent of epithelial cells. Mechanosensing mechanisms are responsible for the range of conditions in which a cell adopts a particular migration mode. Stress fiber strengthening, specifically, is responsible for cyclical migration due to build-up of enough force to elicit rupture of focal adhesions and retraction of the cellular rear. Together, both mechanisms explain bimodal dependence of cell migration on substrate stiffness observed in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego A Vargas
- Mechanical Engineering Department, MAtrix: Mechanobiology and Tissue Engineering, Biomechanics Division, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Inês G Gonçalves
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Multiscale in Mechanical and Biological Engineering, Aragon Institute of Engineering Research, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Tommy Heck
- Mechanical Engineering Department, MAtrix: Mechanobiology and Tissue Engineering, Biomechanics Division, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart Smeets
- Mechatronics Biostatistics and Sensors, Biosystems Department, Particulate Dynamics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Laura Lafuente-Gracia
- Mechanical Engineering Department, MAtrix: Mechanobiology and Tissue Engineering, Biomechanics Division, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Herman Ramon
- Mechatronics Biostatistics and Sensors, Biosystems Department, Particulate Dynamics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hans Van Oosterwyck
- Mechanical Engineering Department, MAtrix: Mechanobiology and Tissue Engineering, Biomechanics Division, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Prometheus: Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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20
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Heck T, Vargas DA, Smeets B, Ramon H, Van Liedekerke P, Van Oosterwyck H. The role of actin protrusion dynamics in cell migration through a degradable viscoelastic extracellular matrix: Insights from a computational model. PLoS Comput Biol 2020; 16:e1007250. [PMID: 31929522 PMCID: PMC6980736 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Actin protrusion dynamics plays an important role in the regulation of three-dimensional (3D) cell migration. Cells form protrusions that adhere to the surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM), mechanically probe the ECM and contract in order to displace the cell body. This results in cell migration that can be directed by the mechanical anisotropy of the ECM. However, the subcellular processes that regulate protrusion dynamics in 3D cell migration are difficult to investigate experimentally and therefore not well understood. Here, we present a computational model of cell migration through a degradable viscoelastic ECM. This model is a 2D representation of 3D cell migration. The cell is modeled as an active deformable object that captures the viscoelastic behavior of the actin cortex and the subcellular processes underlying 3D cell migration. The ECM is regarded as a viscoelastic material, with or without anisotropy due to fibrillar strain stiffening, and modeled by means of the meshless Lagrangian smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method. ECM degradation is captured by local fluidization of the material and permits cell migration through the ECM. We demonstrate that changes in ECM stiffness and cell strength affect cell migration and are accompanied by changes in number, lifetime and length of protrusions. Interestingly, directly changing the total protrusion number or the average lifetime or length of protrusions does not affect cell migration. A stochastic variability in protrusion lifetime proves to be enough to explain differences in cell migration velocity. Force-dependent adhesion disassembly does not result in faster migration, but can make migration more efficient. We also demonstrate that when a number of simultaneous protrusions is enforced, the optimal number of simultaneous protrusions is one or two, depending on ECM anisotropy. Together, the model provides non-trivial new insights in the role of protrusions in 3D cell migration and can be a valuable contribution to increase the understanding of 3D cell migration mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommy Heck
- Biomechanics Section, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Paul Van Liedekerke
- INRIA de Paris and Sorbonne Universités UPMC Univ paris 6, LJLL Team Mamba, Paris, France.,IfADo - Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Hans Van Oosterwyck
- Biomechanics Section, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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21
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Steuwe C, Vaeyens MM, Jorge-Peñas A, Cokelaere C, Hofkens J, Roeffaers MBJ, Van Oosterwyck H. Fast quantitative time lapse displacement imaging of endothelial cell invasion. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227286. [PMID: 31910228 PMCID: PMC6946139 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to unravel rapid mechano-chemical feedback mechanisms in sprouting angiogenesis, we combine selective plane illumination microscopy (SPIM) and tailored image registration algorithms - further referred to as SPIM-based displacement microscopy - with an in vitro model of angiogenesis. SPIM successfully tackles the problem of imaging large volumes while upholding the spatial resolution required for the analysis of matrix displacements at a subcellular level. Applied to in vitro angiogenic sprouts, this unique methodological combination relates subcellular activity - minute to second time scale growing and retracting of protrusions - of a multicellular systems to the surrounding matrix deformations with an exceptional temporal resolution of 1 minute for a stack with multiple sprouts simultaneously or every 4 seconds for a single sprout, which is 20 times faster than with a conventional confocal setup. Our study reveals collective but non-synchronised, non-continuous activity of adjacent sprouting cells along with correlations between matrix deformations and protrusion dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Steuwe
- Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis and Spectroscopy for Sustainable Solutions (cMACS), Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (MS), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marie-Mo Vaeyens
- Biomechanics Section (BMe), Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alvaro Jorge-Peñas
- Biomechanics Section (BMe), Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Célie Cokelaere
- Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis and Spectroscopy for Sustainable Solutions (cMACS), Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (MS), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Hofkens
- Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maarten B. J. Roeffaers
- Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis and Spectroscopy for Sustainable Solutions (cMACS), Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (MS), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hans Van Oosterwyck
- Biomechanics Section (BMe), Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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22
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Vania V, Wang L, Tjakra M, Zhang T, Qiu J, Tan Y, Wang G. The interplay of signaling pathway in endothelial cells-matrix stiffness dependency with targeted-therapeutic drugs. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1866:165645. [PMID: 31866415 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.165645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) have been one of the major causes of human deaths in the world. The study of CVDs has focused on cell chemotaxis for decades. With the advances in mechanobiology, accumulating evidence has demonstrated the influence of mechanical stimuli on arterial pathophysiology and endothelial dysfunction that is a hallmark of atherosclerosis development. An increasing number of drugs have been exploited to decrease the stiffness of vascular tissue for CVDs therapy. However, the underlying mechanisms have yet to be explored. This review aims to summarize how matrix stiffness mediates atherogenesis through various important signaling pathways in endothelial cells and cellular mechanophenotype, including RhoA/Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and Hippo pathways. We also highlight the roles of putative mechanosensitive non-coding RNAs in matrix stiffness-mediated atherogenesis. Finally, we describe the usage of tunable hydrogel and its future strategy to improve our knowledge underlying matrix stiffness-mediated CVDs mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicki Vania
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Marco Tjakra
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Juhui Qiu
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China.
| | - Youhua Tan
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China; Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Guixue Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China.
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23
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Dupraz S, Hilton BJ, Husch A, Santos TE, Coles CH, Stern S, Brakebusch C, Bradke F. RhoA Controls Axon Extension Independent of Specification in the Developing Brain. Curr Biol 2019; 29:3874-3886.e9. [PMID: 31679934 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The specification of an axon and its subsequent outgrowth are key steps during neuronal polarization, a prerequisite to wire the brain. The Rho-guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) RhoA is believed to be a central player in these processes. However, its physiological role has remained undefined. Here, genetic loss- and gain-of-function experiments combined with time-lapse microscopy, cell culture, and in vivo analysis show that RhoA is not involved in axon specification but confines the initiation of neuronal polarization and axon outgrowth during development. Biochemical analysis and super-resolution microscopy together with molecular and pharmacological manipulations reveal that RhoA restrains axon growth by activating myosin-II-mediated actin arc formation in the growth cone to prevent microtubules from protruding toward the leading edge. Through this mechanism, RhoA regulates the duration of axon growth and pause phases, thus controlling the tightly timed extension of developing axons. Thereby, this work unravels physiologically relevant players coordinating actin-microtubule interactions during axon growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Dupraz
- Axonal Growth and Regeneration Group, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Venusberg-Campus 1, Building 99, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Brett J Hilton
- Axonal Growth and Regeneration Group, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Venusberg-Campus 1, Building 99, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas Husch
- Axonal Growth and Regeneration Group, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Venusberg-Campus 1, Building 99, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Telma E Santos
- Axonal Growth and Regeneration Group, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Venusberg-Campus 1, Building 99, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Charlotte H Coles
- Axonal Growth and Regeneration Group, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Venusberg-Campus 1, Building 99, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Sina Stern
- Axonal Growth and Regeneration Group, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Venusberg-Campus 1, Building 99, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Cord Brakebusch
- Biotech Research & Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Frank Bradke
- Axonal Growth and Regeneration Group, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Venusberg-Campus 1, Building 99, 53127 Bonn, Germany.
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24
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Yoon C, Choi C, Stapleton S, Mirabella T, Howes C, Dong L, King J, Yang J, Oberai A, Eyckmans J, Chen CS. Myosin IIA-mediated forces regulate multicellular integrity during vascular sprouting. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:1974-1984. [PMID: 31318321 PMCID: PMC6727772 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e19-02-0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenic sprouting is a critical process involved in vascular network formation within tissues. During sprouting, tip cells and ensuing stalk cells migrate collectively into the extracellular matrix while preserving cell–cell junctions, forming patent structures that support blood flow. Although several signaling pathways have been identified as controlling sprouting, it remains unclear to what extent this process is mechanoregulated. To address this question, we investigated the role of cellular contractility in sprout morphogenesis, using a biomimetic model of angiogenesis. Three-dimensional maps of mechanical deformations generated by sprouts revealed that mainly leader cells, not stalk cells, exert contractile forces on the surrounding matrix. Surprisingly, inhibiting cellular contractility with blebbistatin did not affect the extent of cellular invasion but resulted in cell–cell dissociation primarily between tip and stalk cells. Closer examination of cell–cell junctions revealed that blebbistatin impaired adherens-junction organization, particularly between tip and stalk cells. Using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing, we further identified NMIIA as the major isoform responsible for regulating multicellularity and cell contractility during sprouting. Together, these studies reveal a critical role for NMIIA-mediated contractile forces in maintaining multicellularity during sprouting and highlight the central role of forces in regulating cell–cell adhesions during collective motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Yoon
- Biological Design Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Colin Choi
- Biological Design Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Sarah Stapleton
- Biological Design Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Teodelinda Mirabella
- Biological Design Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Caroline Howes
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Nuclear Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180
| | - Li Dong
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Nuclear Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180.,The Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
| | - Jessica King
- Biological Design Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Jinling Yang
- Biological Design Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Assad Oberai
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Nuclear Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180.,Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90007
| | - Jeroen Eyckmans
- Biological Design Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215.,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Christopher S Chen
- Biological Design Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215.,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115
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25
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Libanje F, Raingeaud J, Luan R, Thomas Z, Zajac O, Veiga J, Marisa L, Adam J, Boige V, Malka D, Goéré D, Hall A, Soazec J, Prall F, Gelli M, Dartigues P, Jaulin F. ROCK2 inhibition triggers the collective invasion of colorectal adenocarcinomas. EMBO J 2019; 38:e99299. [PMID: 31304629 PMCID: PMC6627234 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201899299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The metastatic progression of cancer is a multi-step process initiated by the local invasion of the peritumoral stroma. To identify the mechanisms underlying colorectal carcinoma (CRC) invasion, we collected live human primary cancer specimens at the time of surgery and monitored them ex vivo. This revealed that conventional adenocarcinomas undergo collective invasion while retaining their epithelial glandular architecture with an inward apical pole delineating a luminal cavity. To identify the underlying mechanisms, we used microscopy-based assays on 3D organotypic cultures of Caco-2 cysts as a model system. We performed two siRNA screens targeting Rho-GTPases effectors and guanine nucleotide exchange factors. These screens revealed that ROCK2 inhibition triggers the initial leader/follower polarization of the CRC cell cohorts and induces collective invasion. We further identified FARP2 as the Rac1 GEF necessary for CRC collective invasion. However, FARP2 activation is not sufficient to trigger leader cell formation and the concomitant inhibition of Myosin-II is required to induce invasion downstream of ROCK2 inhibition. Our results contrast with ROCK pro-invasive function in other cancers, stressing that the molecular mechanism of metastatic spread likely depends on tumour types and invasion mode.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rui Luan
- INSERM U‐981Gustave RoussyVillejuifFrance
| | | | - Olivier Zajac
- INSERM U‐981Gustave RoussyVillejuifFrance
- Present address:
Department of Translational ResearchCurie InstituteParisFrance
| | - Joel Veiga
- Cell Biology ProgramMemorial Sloan‐Kettering Cancer CenterNew YorkNYUSA
- Present address:
Imagine InstituteParisFrance
| | - Laetitia Marisa
- Programme “Cartes d'Identité des Tumeurs”Ligue Nationale Contre le CancerParisFrance
| | - Julien Adam
- Pathology DepartmentGustave RoussyVillejuifFrance
| | | | - David Malka
- Digestive Cancer UnitGustave RoussyVillejuifFrance
| | - Diane Goéré
- Digestive Cancer UnitGustave RoussyVillejuifFrance
| | - Alan Hall
- Cell Biology ProgramMemorial Sloan‐Kettering Cancer CenterNew YorkNYUSA
| | | | - Friedrich Prall
- Institute of PathologyUniversity Medicine of RostockRostockGermany
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26
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Rafiq NBM, Grenci G, Lim CK, Kozlov MM, Jones GE, Viasnoff V, Bershadsky AD. Forces and constraints controlling podosome assembly and disassembly. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 374:20180228. [PMID: 31431172 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2018.0228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Podosomes are a singular category of integrin-mediated adhesions important in the processes of cell migration, matrix degradation and cancer cell invasion. Despite a wealth of biochemical studies, the effects of mechanical forces on podosome integrity and dynamics are poorly understood. Here, we show that podosomes are highly sensitive to two groups of physical factors. First, we describe the process of podosome disassembly induced by activation of myosin-IIA filament assembly. Next, we find that podosome integrity and dynamics depends upon membrane tension and can be experimentally perturbed by osmotic swelling and deoxycholate treatment. We have also found that podosomes can be disrupted in a reversible manner by single or cyclic radial stretching of the substratum. We show that disruption of podosomes induced by osmotic swelling is independent of myosin-II filaments. The inhibition of the membrane sculpting protein, dynamin-II, but not clathrin, resulted in activation of myosin-IIA filament formation and disruption of podosomes. The effect of dynamin-II inhibition on podosomes was, however, independent of myosin-II filaments. Moreover, formation of organized arrays of podosomes in response to microtopographic cues (the ridges with triangular profile) was not accompanied by reorganization of myosin-II filaments. Thus, mechanical elements such as myosin-II filaments and factors affecting membrane tension/sculpting independently modulate podosome formation and dynamics, underlying a versatile response of these adhesion structures to intracellular and extracellular cues. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Forces in cancer: interdisciplinary approaches in tumour mechanobiology'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Bte Mohd Rafiq
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Republic of Singapore.,Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Gianluca Grenci
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Republic of Singapore.,Biomedical Engineering Department, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117583, Republic of Singapore
| | - Cheng Kai Lim
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Republic of Singapore
| | - Michael M Kozlov
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Gareth E Jones
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Virgile Viasnoff
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Republic of Singapore.,CNRS UMI 3639, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411, Republic of Singapore.,Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Republic of Singapore
| | - Alexander D Bershadsky
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Republic of Singapore.,Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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27
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Zhang J, Li K, Zhang Y, Lu R, Wu S, Tang J, Xia Y, Sun J. Deletion of sorting nexin 27 suppresses proliferation in highly aggressive breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells in vitro and in vivo. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:555. [PMID: 31182056 PMCID: PMC6558813 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-5769-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sorting Nexin 27 (SNX27) belongs to a family of sortin nexins and possesses a unique binding domain at the C-terminus which mediates protein-protein interaction in intracellular trafficking, membrane remodeling, organelle motility, and tight junctions. However, its role in cancer development, especially in vivo, remains largely unknown. METHODS We have generated a stable SNX27 knockdown clone in a highly aggressive breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 using an inducible lentiviral shRNA system. Cell migration and proliferation of SNX27 knockdown (KD) cells were compared with wild-type (WT) cells by MTT and wound healing assay, respectively. The differences in colony formation between SNX27-KD and WT cells were detected by soft agar culture and matrigel 3D culture. Furthermore, tumor growth was examined in a xenograft nude mouse model using SNX27-KD and WT MDA-MB-231 cells. The critical EMT (epithelial-mesenchymal transition) regulators were examined in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS The wound healing assay showed that SNX27 knockdown significantly decreased cell motility and proliferation. Colony formation in soft agar showed that the SNX27 knockdown cells formed significantly fewer and smaller colonies than the parental MDA-MB-231 cells. Western blots and immunostaining showed that knockdown of SNX27 led to increased expression of E-cadherin and β-catenin proteins, which facilitate adhesion formation and reverse EMT. EMT is a cellular program that allows polarized, immotile epithelial cells to convert to motile mesenchymal cells, promoting carcinoma invasion. The expression levels of Vimentin, the transcription factor of EMT, and tight junction protein Claudin-5, were significantly diminished in the SNX27 knockdown cells. The expression of PCNA, the cell proliferation marker, was increased in SNX27-KD cells transfected with E-cadherin siRNA. In a xenograft nude mouse model, we found that knockdown of SNX27 significantly inhibited tumor growth. The tumors from mice with SNX27-KD cells showed less proliferation compared to tumors from mice injected with wildtype cells. The increase in E-cadherin and β-catenin and decrease in Vimentin and Claudin-5 were observed in tumors of mice injected with SNX27-KD cells. CONCLUSIONS Our data have demonstrated that SNX27 plays a crucial role in tumor growth in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jilei Zhang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S Wood Street, Room 704 CSB, MC716, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Kendy Li
- Liberal Arts & Human Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Yongguo Zhang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S Wood Street, Room 704 CSB, MC716, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Rong Lu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S Wood Street, Room 704 CSB, MC716, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Shaoping Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jingrong Tang
- Section of Inflammation and Cardiometabolic Diseases, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yinglin Xia
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S Wood Street, Room 704 CSB, MC716, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Jun Sun
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S Wood Street, Room 704 CSB, MC716, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
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28
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Paul CD, Hruska A, Staunton JR, Burr HA, Daly KM, Kim J, Jiang N, Tanner K. Probing cellular response to topography in three dimensions. Biomaterials 2019; 197:101-118. [PMID: 30641262 PMCID: PMC6390976 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Biophysical aspects of in vivo tissue microenvironments include microscale mechanical properties, fibrillar alignment, and architecture or topography of the extracellular matrix (ECM). These aspects act in concert with chemical signals from a myriad of diverse ECM proteins to provide cues that drive cellular responses. Here, we used a bottom-up approach to build fibrillar architecture into 3D amorphous hydrogels using magnetic-field driven assembly of paramagnetic colloidal particles functionalized with three types of human ECM proteins found in vivo. We investigated if cells cultured in matrices comprised of fibrils of the same size and arranged in similar geometries will show similar behavior for each of the ECM proteins tested. We were able to resolve spatial heterogeneities in microscale mechanical properties near aligned fibers that were not observed in bulk tissue mechanics. We then used this platform to examine factors contributing to cell alignment in response to topographical cues in 3D laminin-rich matrices. Multiple human cell lines extended protrusions preferentially in directions parallel or perpendicular to aligned fibers independently of the ECM coating. Focal adhesion proteins, as measured by paxillin localization, were mainly diffuse in the cytoplasm, with few puncta localized at the protrusions. Integrin β1 and fascin regulated protrusion extension but not protrusion alignment. Myosin II inhibition did not reduce observed protrusion length. Instead, cells with reduced myosin II activity generated protrusions in random orientations when cultured in hydrogels with aligned fibers. Similarly, myosin II dependence was observed in vivo, where cells no longer aligned along the abluminal surfaces of blood vessels upon treatment with blebbistatin. These data suggest that myosin II can regulate sensing of topography in 3D engineered matrices for both normal and transformed cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin D Paul
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, USA
| | - Alex Hruska
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, USA
| | - Jack R Staunton
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, USA
| | - Hannah A Burr
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, USA
| | - Kathryn M Daly
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, USA
| | - Jiyun Kim
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, USA
| | - Nancy Jiang
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, USA
| | - Kandice Tanner
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, USA.
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29
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Liu J, Wada Y, Katsura M, Tozawa H, Erwin N, Kapron CM, Bao G, Liu J. Rho-Associated Coiled-Coil Kinase (ROCK) in Molecular Regulation of Angiogenesis. Am J Cancer Res 2018; 8:6053-6069. [PMID: 30613282 PMCID: PMC6299434 DOI: 10.7150/thno.30305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Identified as a major downstream effector of the small GTPase RhoA, Rho-associated coiled-coil kinase (ROCK) is a versatile regulator of multiple cellular processes. Angiogenesis, the process of generating new capillaries from the pre-existing ones, is required for the development of various diseases such as cancer, diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis. Recently, ROCK has attracted attention for its crucial role in angiogenesis, making it a promising target for new therapeutic approaches. In this review, we summarize recent advances in understanding the role of ROCK signaling in regulating the permeability, migration, proliferation and tubulogenesis of endothelial cells (ECs), as well as its functions in non-ECs which constitute the pro-angiogenic microenvironment. The therapeutic potential of ROCK inhibitors in angiogenesis-related diseases is also discussed.
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30
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He YJ, Young DA, Mededovic M, Li K, Li C, Tichauer K, Venerus D, Papavasiliou G. Protease-Sensitive Hydrogel Biomaterials with Tunable Modulus and Adhesion Ligand Gradients for 3D Vascular Sprouting. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:4168-4181. [PMID: 30253093 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b00519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Biomaterial strategies focused on designing scaffolds with physiologically relevant gradients provide a promising means for elucidating 3D vascular cell responses to spatial and temporal variations in matrix properties. In this study, we present a photopolymerization approach, ascending photofrontal free-radical polymerization, to generate proteolytically degradable hydrogel scaffolds of poly(ethylene) glycol with tunable continuous gradients of (1) elastic modulus (slope of 80 Pa/mm) and uniform immobilized RGD concentration (2.06 ± 0.12 mM) and (2) immobilized concentration of the RGD cell-adhesion peptide ligand (slope of 58.8 μM/mm) and uniform elastic modulus (597 ± 22 Pa). Using a coculture model of vascular sprouting, scaffolds embedded with gradients of elastic modulus induced increases in the number of vascular sprouts in the opposing gradient direction, whereas RGD gradient scaffolds promoted increases in the length of vascular sprouts toward the gradient. Furthermore, increases in vascular sprout length were found to be prominent in regions containing higher immobilized RGD concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusheng J He
- Biomedical Engineering Department , Illinois Institute of Technology , Chicago , Illinois 60616 , United States
| | - Daniel A Young
- Biomedical Engineering Department , Illinois Institute of Technology , Chicago , Illinois 60616 , United States
| | - Merjem Mededovic
- Biomedical Engineering Department , Illinois Institute of Technology , Chicago , Illinois 60616 , United States
| | - Kevin Li
- Biomedical Engineering Department , Illinois Institute of Technology , Chicago , Illinois 60616 , United States
| | - Chengyue Li
- Biomedical Engineering Department , Illinois Institute of Technology , Chicago , Illinois 60616 , United States
| | - Kenneth Tichauer
- Biomedical Engineering Department , Illinois Institute of Technology , Chicago , Illinois 60616 , United States
| | - David Venerus
- Chemical and Biological Engineering Department , Illinois Institute of Technology , Chicago , Illinois 60616 , United States
| | - Georgia Papavasiliou
- Biomedical Engineering Department , Illinois Institute of Technology , Chicago , Illinois 60616 , United States
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31
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Fischer RS, Lam PY, Huttenlocher A, Waterman CM. Filopodia and focal adhesions: An integrated system driving branching morphogenesis in neuronal pathfinding and angiogenesis. Dev Biol 2018; 451:86-95. [PMID: 30193787 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Single cell branching during development in vertebrates is typified by neuronal branching to form neurites and vascular branches formed by sprouting angiogenesis. Neurons and endothelial tip cells possess subcellular protrusions that share many common features from the morphological to the molecular level. Both systems utilize filopodia as their cellular protrusion organelles and depend on specific integrin-mediated adhesions to the local extracellular matrix for guidance in their pathfinding. We discuss the similar molecular machineries involved in these two types of cell branch formation and use their analogy to propose a new mechanism for angiogenic filopodia function, namely as adhesion assembly sites. In support of this model we provide primary data of angiogenesis in zebrafish in vivo showing that the actin assembly factor VASP participates in both filopodia formation and adhesion assembly at the base of the filopodia, enabling forward progress of the tip cell. The use of filopodia and their associated adhesions provide a common mechanism for neuronal and endothelial pathfinding during development in response to extracellular matrix cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Fischer
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, United States
| | - Pui-Ying Lam
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, United States
| | - Anna Huttenlocher
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, United States
| | - Clare M Waterman
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, United States.
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32
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Padilla-Rodriguez M, Parker SS, Adams DG, Westerling T, Puleo JI, Watson AW, Hill SM, Noon M, Gaudin R, Aaron J, Tong D, Roe DJ, Knudsen B, Mouneimne G. The actin cytoskeletal architecture of estrogen receptor positive breast cancer cells suppresses invasion. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2980. [PMID: 30061623 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05367-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen promotes growth of estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast tumors. However, epidemiological studies examining the prognostic characteristics of breast cancer in postmenopausal women receiving hormone replacement therapy reveal a significant decrease in tumor dissemination, suggesting that estrogen has potential protective effects against cancer cell invasion. Here, we show that estrogen suppresses invasion of ER+ breast cancer cells by increasing transcription of the Ena/VASP protein, EVL, which promotes the generation of suppressive cortical actin bundles that inhibit motility dynamics, and is crucial for the ER-mediated suppression of invasion in vitro and in vivo. Interestingly, despite its benefits in suppressing tumor growth, anti-estrogenic endocrine therapy decreases EVL expression and increases local invasion in patients. Our results highlight the dichotomous effects of estrogen on tumor progression and suggest that, in contrast to its established role in promoting growth of ER+ tumors, estrogen has a significant role in suppressing invasion through actin cytoskeletal remodeling. Whilst estrogen is known to be tumorigenic in some breast cancer, in some contexts it can be protective against invasion and dissemination. Here, the authors show estrogen can promote generation of Suppressive Cortical Actin Bundles that can inhibit motility dynamics through EVL-mediated actin cytoskeletal remodeling.
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33
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Haupt A, Minc N. How cells sense their own shape - mechanisms to probe cell geometry and their implications in cellular organization and function. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:131/6/jcs214015. [PMID: 29581183 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.214015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells come in a variety of shapes that most often underlie their functions. Regulation of cell morphogenesis implies that there are mechanisms for shape sensing that still remain poorly appreciated. Global and local cell geometry features, such as aspect ratio, size or membrane curvature, may be probed by intracellular modules, such as the cytoskeleton, reaction-diffusion systems or molecular complexes. In multicellular tissues, cell shape emerges as an important means to transduce tissue-inherent chemical and mechanical cues into intracellular organization. One emergent paradigm is that cell-shape sensing is most often based upon mechanisms of self-organization, rather than determinism. Here, we review relevant work that has elucidated some of the core principles of how cellular geometry may be conveyed into spatial information to guide processes, such as polarity, signaling, morphogenesis and division-plane positioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Haupt
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR7592 and Université Paris Diderot, 15 rue Hélène Brion, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Nicolas Minc
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR7592 and Université Paris Diderot, 15 rue Hélène Brion, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
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34
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Martin M, Veloso A, Wu J, Katrukha EA, Akhmanova A. Control of endothelial cell polarity and sprouting angiogenesis by non-centrosomal microtubules. eLife 2018; 7:33864. [PMID: 29547120 PMCID: PMC5898915 DOI: 10.7554/elife.33864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubules control different aspects of cell polarization. In cells with a radial microtubule system, a pivotal role in setting up asymmetry is attributed to the relative positioning of the centrosome and the nucleus. Here, we show that centrosome loss had no effect on the ability of endothelial cells to polarize and move in 2D and 3D environments. In contrast, non-centrosomal microtubules stabilized by the microtubule minus-end-binding protein CAMSAP2 were required for directional migration on 2D substrates and for the establishment of polarized cell morphology in soft 3D matrices. CAMSAP2 was also important for persistent endothelial cell sprouting during in vivo zebrafish vessel development. In the absence of CAMSAP2, cell polarization in 3D could be partly rescued by centrosome depletion, indicating that in these conditions the centrosome inhibited cell polarity. We propose that CAMSAP2-protected non-centrosomal microtubules are needed for establishing cell asymmetry by enabling microtubule enrichment in a single-cell protrusion. Networks of blood vessels grow like trees. Sprouts appear on existing vessels, stretching out to form new branches in a process called angiogenesis. The cells responsible are the same cells that line the finished vessels. These “endothelial cells” start the process by reorganizing themselves to face the direction of the new sprout, changing shape to become asymmetrical, and then they begin to migrate. Beneath the surface, a network of protein scaffolding supports each migrating cell. The scaffolding includes tube-like fibers called microtubules that extend towards the cell membrane and organize the inside of the cell. Destroying microtubules damages blood vessel formation, but their exact role remains unclear. A structure called the centrosome can organize microtubules within cells. The centrosome was generally believed to act like a compass, pointing in the direction that the cell will move. Microtubules can anchor to the centrosome, and this structure is thought to play an important role in cell migration. Yet, many microtubules organize without it; these microtubules instead are organized by a compartment of the cell called the Golgi apparatus and are stabilized by a protein named CAMSAP2. Martin et al. now report that removing the cells’ centrosomes did not affect cell migration, but getting rid of CAMSAP2 did. Analysis of cell shape and movement in cells grown in the laboratory and in living animals revealed that cells cannot become asymmetrical, or “polarize”, and migrate without CAMSAP2. In a two-dimensional wound-healing assay, a sheet of cells originally grown from the vessels of a human umbilical cord was scratched, and a microscope was then used to record the cell’s movement as they repaired the injury. Normally, the cells on either side move in a straight line using their microtubules, and though the process was not affected in cells without centrosomes, it was in those without CAMSAP2. Even more striking results were seen in three-dimensional assays. When the same blood vessel cells from human umbilical cords are grown as spheres inside collagen gels, they form sprouts as they would in the body. Without CAMSAP2, the cells could not organize their microtubules and they were unable to elongate in one direction and form stable sprouts. Lastly, depleting CAMSAP2 also prevented the normal formation of blood vessels in zebrafish embryos. Taken together, these findings change our understanding of how microtubules affect cell movement and how important the centrosome is for this process. Further work could have an impact on human health, not least in cancer research. Tumors need a good blood supply to grow, so understanding how to block blood vessel formation could lead to new treatments. Microtubules are already a target for cancer therapy, so future work could help to optimize the use of existing drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maud Martin
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Alexandra Veloso
- Interdisciplinary Cluster for Applied Genoproteomics, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,GIGA-Molecular Biology in Diseases, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Jingchao Wu
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Eugene A Katrukha
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Anna Akhmanova
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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35
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Fessenden TB, Beckham Y, Perez-Neut M, Ramirez-San Juan G, Chourasia AH, Macleod KF, Oakes PW, Gardel ML. Dia1-dependent adhesions are required by epithelial tissues to initiate invasion. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:1485-1502. [PMID: 29437785 PMCID: PMC5881494 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201703145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing tissues change shape and tumors initiate spreading through collective cell motility. Conserved mechanisms by which tissues initiate motility into their surroundings are not known. We investigated cytoskeletal regulators during collective invasion by mouse tumor organoids and epithelial Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) acini undergoing branching morphogenesis in collagen. Use of the broad-spectrum formin inhibitor SMIFH2 prevented the formation of migrating cell fronts in both cell types. Focusing on the role of the formin Dia1 in branching morphogenesis, we found that its depletion in MDCK cells does not alter planar cell motility either within the acinus or in two-dimensional scattering assays. However, Dia1 was required to stabilize protrusions extending into the collagen matrix. Live imaging of actin, myosin, and collagen in control acini revealed adhesions that deformed individual collagen fibrils and generated large traction forces, whereas Dia1-depleted acini exhibited unstable adhesions with minimal collagen deformation and lower force generation. This work identifies Dia1 as an essential regulator of tissue shape changes through its role in stabilizing focal adhesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim B Fessenden
- Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, James Franck Institute, and Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL.,Committee on Cancer Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Yvonne Beckham
- Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, James Franck Institute, and Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Mathew Perez-Neut
- Committee on Cancer Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL.,Ben May Department of Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Guillermina Ramirez-San Juan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Aparajita H Chourasia
- Committee on Cancer Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL.,Ben May Department of Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Kay F Macleod
- Committee on Cancer Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL.,Ben May Department of Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Patrick W Oakes
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY
| | - Margaret L Gardel
- Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, James Franck Institute, and Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL .,Committee on Cancer Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
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36
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Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) elasticity may direct cellular differentiation and can be modeled in vitro using synthetic ECM-like substrates with defined elastic properties. However, the effectiveness of such approaches depends on the selection of a range of elasticity and ECM ligands that accurately model the relevant tissue. Here, we present a cell culture system than can be used to study Schwann cell differentiation on substrates which model the changes in mechanical ECM properties that occur during sciatic nerve development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carmen V Melendez-Vasquez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, New York, NY, USA.
- The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA.
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37
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Abstract
Stem cells and their local microenvironment, or niche, communicate through mechanical cues to regulate cell fate and cell behaviour and to guide developmental processes. During embryonic development, mechanical forces are involved in patterning and organogenesis. The physical environment of pluripotent stem cells regulates their self-renewal and differentiation. Mechanical and physical cues are also important in adult tissues, where adult stem cells require physical interactions with the extracellular matrix to maintain their potency. In vitro, synthetic models of the stem cell niche can be used to precisely control and manipulate the biophysical and biochemical properties of the stem cell microenvironment and to examine how the mode and magnitude of mechanical cues, such as matrix stiffness or applied forces, direct stem cell differentiation and function. Fundamental insights into the mechanobiology of stem cells also inform the design of artificial niches to support stem cells for regenerative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle H. Vining
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering and John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - David J. Mooney
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering and John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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38
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Kubow KE, Shuklis VD, Sales DJ, Horwitz AR. Contact guidance persists under myosin inhibition due to the local alignment of adhesions and individual protrusions. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14380. [PMID: 29085052 PMCID: PMC5662575 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14745-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Contact guidance—cell polarization by anisotropic substrate features—is integral to numerous physiological processes; however the complexities of its regulation are only beginning to be discovered. In particular, cells polarize to anisotropic features under non-muscle myosin II (MII) inhibition, despite MII ordinarily being essential for polarized cell migration. Here, we investigate the ability of cells to sense and respond to fiber alignment in the absence of MII activity. We find that contact guidance is determined at the level of individual protrusions, which are individually guided by local fiber orientation, independent of MII. Protrusion stability and persistence are functions of adhesion lifetime, which depends on fiber orientation. Under MII inhibition, adhesion lifetime no longer depends on fiber orientation; however the ability of protrusions to form closely spaced adhesions sequentially without having to skip over gaps in adhesive area, biases protrusion formation along fibers. The co-alignment of multiple protrusions polarizes the entire cell; if the fibers are not aligned, contact guidance of individual protrusions still occurs, but does not produce overall cell polarization. These results describe how aligned features polarize a cell independently of MII and demonstrate how cellular contact guidance is built on the local alignment of adhesions and individual protrusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristopher E Kubow
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, USA. .,Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
| | | | - Dominic J Sales
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, USA
| | - A Rick Horwitz
- Allen Institute for Cell Science, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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39
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Abstract
Endothelial cell (EC) branching is critically dependent upon the dynamic nature of the microtubule (MT) cytoskeleton. Extracellular matrix (ECM) mechanosensing is a prominent mechanism by which cytoskeletal reorganization is achieved; yet how ECM-induced signaling is able to target cytoskeletal reorganization intracellularly to facilitate productive EC branching morphogenesis is not known. Here, we tested the hypothesis that the composition and density of the ECM drive the regulation of MT growth dynamics in ECs by targeting the MT stabilizing protein, cytoplasmic linker associated protein 1 (CLASP1). High-resolution fluorescent microscopy coupled with computational image analysis reveal that CLASP1 promotes slow MT growth on glass ECMs and promotes short-lived MT growth on high-density collagen-I and fibronectin ECMs. Within EC branches, engagement of either high-density collagen-I or high-density fibronectin ECMs results in reduced MT growth speeds, while CLASP1-dependent effects on MT dynamics promotes elevated numbers of short, branched protrusions that guide persistent and directed EC migration. Summary: CLASP1 modulates microtubule dynamics with sub-cellular specificity in response to extracellular matrix density and composition. CLASP1 effects on microtubules promote short, branched protrusions that guide persistent and directional EC migration. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper as part of the supplementary information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Myer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia PA 19104, USA
| | - Kenneth A Myers
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia PA 19104, USA
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40
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Zheng W, Wu Y, Winter P, Fischer R, Nogare DD, Hong A, McCormick C, Christensen R, Dempsey WP, Arnold DB, Zimmerberg J, Chitnis A, Sellers J, Waterman C, Shroff H. Adaptive optics improves multiphoton super-resolution imaging. Nat Methods 2017. [PMID: 28628128 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.4337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We improve multiphoton structured illumination microscopy using a nonlinear guide star to determine optical aberrations and a deformable mirror to correct them. We demonstrate our method on bead phantoms, cells in collagen gels, nematode larvae and embryos, Drosophila brain, and zebrafish embryos. Peak intensity is increased (up to 40-fold) and resolution recovered (up to 176 ± 10 nm laterally, 729 ± 39 nm axially) at depths ∼250 μm from the coverslip surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zheng
- Section on High Resolution Optical Imaging, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Research Laboratory for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Molecular Imaging, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yicong Wu
- Section on High Resolution Optical Imaging, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Peter Winter
- Section on High Resolution Optical Imaging, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert Fischer
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Damian Dalle Nogare
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Amy Hong
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Chad McCormick
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ryan Christensen
- Section on High Resolution Optical Imaging, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - William P Dempsey
- Department of Biology, Section of Molecular and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Don B Arnold
- Department of Biology, Section of Molecular and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Joshua Zimmerberg
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ajay Chitnis
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - James Sellers
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Clare Waterman
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Hari Shroff
- Section on High Resolution Optical Imaging, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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41
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D'Angelo L, Myer NM, Myers KA. MCAK-mediated regulation of endothelial cell microtubule dynamics is mechanosensitive to myosin-II contractility. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:1223-1237. [PMID: 28298485 PMCID: PMC5415018 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-05-0306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
This study indicates that MCAK contributes to the mechanosensing-mediated regulation of MT dynamics through a myosin-II–dependent mechanism that becomes uncoupled in response to 3D ECM engagement specifically within EC branches. Compliance and dimensionality mechanosensing, the processes by which cells sense the physical attributes of the extracellular matrix (ECM), are known to drive cell branching and shape change largely through a myosin-II–mediated reorganization of the actin and microtubule (MT) cytoskeletons. Subcellular regulation of MT dynamics is spatially controlled through a Rac1–Aurora-A kinase pathway that locally inhibits the MT depolymerizing activity of mitotic centromere–associated kinesin (MCAK), thereby promoting leading-edge MT growth and cell polarization. These results suggest that the regulation of MT growth dynamics is intimately linked to physical engagement of the cell with the ECM. Here, we tested the hypothesis that MCAK contributes to compliance and dimensionality mechanosensing-mediated regulation of MT growth dynamics through a myosin-II–dependent signaling pathway. We cultured endothelial cells (ECs) on collagen-coupled stiff or compliant polyacrylamide ECMs to examine the effects of MCAK expression on MT growth dynamics and EC branching morphology. Our results identify that MCAK promotes fast MT growth speeds in ECs cultured on compliant 2D ECMs but promotes slow MT growth speeds in ECs cultured on compliant 3D ECMs, and these effects are myosin-II dependent. Furthermore, we find that 3D ECM engagement uncouples MCAK-mediated regulation of MT growth persistence from myosin-II–mediated regulation of growth persistence specifically within EC branched protrusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren D'Angelo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Nicole M Myer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Kenneth A Myers
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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42
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Nagasato AI, Yamashita H, Matsuo M, Ueda K, Kioka N. The distribution of vinculin to lipid rafts plays an important role in sensing stiffness of extracellular matrix. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2017; 81:1136-1147. [PMID: 28485208 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2017.1289074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) stiffness regulates cell differentiation, survival, and migration. Our previous study has shown that the interaction of the focal adhesion protein vinculin with vinexin α plays a critical role in sensing ECM stiffness and regulating stiffness-dependent cell migration. However, the mechanism how vinculin-vinexin α interaction affects stiffness-dependent cell migration is unclear. Lipid rafts are membrane microdomains that are known to affect ECM-induced signals and cell behaviors. Here, we show that vinculin and vinexin α can localize to lipid rafts. Cell-ECM adhesion, intracellular tension, and a rigid ECM promote vinculin distribution to lipid rafts. The disruption of lipid rafts with Methyl-β-cyclodextrin impaired the ECM stiffness-mediated regulation of vinculin behavior and rapid cell migration on rigid ECM. These results indicate that lipid rafts play an important role in ECM-stiffness regulation of cell migration via vinculin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayaka Ichikawa Nagasato
- a Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture , Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamashita
- a Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture , Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Michinori Matsuo
- a Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture , Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Kazumitsu Ueda
- a Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture , Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan.,b Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (iCeMS), Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Noriyuki Kioka
- a Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture , Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan.,b Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (iCeMS), Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
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43
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Carey SP, Martin KE, Reinhart-King CA. Three-dimensional collagen matrix induces a mechanosensitive invasive epithelial phenotype. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42088. [PMID: 28186196 PMCID: PMC5301232 DOI: 10.1038/srep42088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A critical step in breast cancer progression is local tissue invasion, during which cells pass from the epithelial compartment to the stromal compartment. We recently showed that malignant leader cells can promote the invasion of otherwise non-invasive epithelial follower cells, but the effects of this induced-invasion phenomenon on follower cell phenotype remain unclear. Notably, this process can expose epithelial cells to the stromal extracellular matrix (ECM), which is distinct from the ECM within the normal epithelial microenvironment. Here, we used a 3D epithelial morphogenesis model in which cells were cultured in biochemically and mechanically defined matrices to examine matrix-mediated gene expression and the associated phenotypic response. We found that 3D collagen matrix promoted expression of mesenchymal genes including MT1-MMP, which was required for collagen-stimulated invasive behavior. Epithelial invasion required matrix anchorage as well as signaling through Src, PI3K, and Rac1, and increasingly stiff collagen promoted dispersive epithelial cell invasion. These results suggest that leader cell-facilitated access to the stromal ECM may trigger an invasive phenotype in follower epithelial cells that could enable them to actively participate in local tissue invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn P Carey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Karen E Martin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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44
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Wang S, Sekiguchi R, Daley WP, Yamada KM. Patterned cell and matrix dynamics in branching morphogenesis. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:559-570. [PMID: 28174204 PMCID: PMC5350520 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201610048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Wang et al. discuss the intricate processes required during embryogenesis for the formation of the branched architecture of organs such as the lung, kidney, and blood vessels. Many embryonic organs undergo branching morphogenesis to maximize their functional epithelial surface area. Branching morphogenesis requires the coordinated interplay of multiple types of cells with the extracellular matrix (ECM). During branching morphogenesis, new branches form by “budding” or “clefting.” Cell migration, proliferation, rearrangement, deformation, and ECM dynamics have varied roles in driving budding versus clefting in different organs. Elongation of the newly formed branch and final maturation of the tip involve cellular mechanisms that include cell elongation, intercalation, convergent extension, proliferation, and differentiation. New methodologies such as high-resolution live imaging, tension sensors, and force-mapping techniques are providing exciting new opportunities for future research into branching morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohe Wang
- Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Rei Sekiguchi
- Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - William P Daley
- Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Kenneth M Yamada
- Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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45
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Abstract
Time-lapse, deep-tissue imaging made possible by advances in intravital microscopy has demonstrated the importance of tumour cell migration through confining tracks in vivo. These tracks may either be endogenous features of tissues or be created by tumour or tumour-associated cells. Importantly, migration mechanisms through confining microenvironments are not predicted by 2D migration assays. Engineered in vitro models have been used to delineate the mechanisms of cell motility through confining spaces encountered in vivo. Understanding cancer cell locomotion through physiologically relevant confining tracks could be useful in developing therapeutic strategies to combat metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin D Paul
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and the Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Panagiotis Mistriotis
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and the Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Konstantinos Konstantopoulos
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and the Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
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46
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Raab M, Discher DE. Matrix rigidity regulates microtubule network polarization in migration. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2017; 74:114-124. [PMID: 27935261 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The microtubule organizing center (MTOC) frequently polarizes to a position in front of the nucleus during cell migration, but recent work has shown conflicting evidence for MTOC location in migratory polarized cells. Here, we show that subcellular localization of the MTOC is modulated by extracellular matrix stiffness. In scratch wound assays as well as single cell migration of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) the MTOC appears randomly positioned when cells are migrating on soft matrix, whereas on stiff matrix the MTOC is in front of the nucleus. The bulk of the microtubule density is also equally likely to be in front of or behind the nucleus on soft matrix, but it is polarized in front of the nucleus on stiff matrix. This occurred during cell migration with cells in interphase. During cytokinesis, the centrosomes polarize on either side of the chromosomes even on soft matrix, with MIIB localized strongly in the cleavage furrow which depolarizes only on soft matrix as cells exit cytokinesis. When cells are immobilized on micro-patterns printed on the top of substrates of different stiffness, MIIB polarized if the matrix was sufficiently stiff similar to results with migrating cells. However, the MTOC was randomly positioned with respect to the nucleus independent of matrix stiffness. We deduce that cell migration is necessary to orient the MTOC in front of the nucleus and that matrix stiffness helps to drive cell polarization during migration. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Raab
- Molecular and Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Dennis E Discher
- Molecular and Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.,Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.,Physical Sciences in Oncology Center @ Penn, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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47
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Huang C, Liu L, You Z, Wang B, Du Y, Ogawa R. Keloid progression: a stiffness gap hypothesis. Int Wound J 2016; 14:764-771. [PMID: 27995750 DOI: 10.1111/iwj.12693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Keloids are fibroproliferative skin disorders characterised clinically by continuous horizontal progression and post-surgical recurrence and histologically by the accumulation of collagen and fibroblast ingredients. Till now, their aetiology remains clear, which may cover genetic, environmental and metabolic factors. Evidence in the involvement of local mechanics (e.g. predilection site and typical shape) and the progress in mechanobiology have incubated our stiffness gap hypotheses in illustrating the chronic but constant development in keloid. We put forward that the enlarged gap between extracellular matrix (ECM) stiffness and cellular stiffness potentiates keloid progression. Matrix stiffness itself provides organisational guidance cues to regulate the mechanosensitive resident cells (e.g. proliferation, migration and apoptosis). During this dynamic process, the ECM stiffness and cell stiffness are not well balanced, and the continuously enlarged stiffness gap between them potentiates keloid progression. The cushion factors, such as prestress for cell stiffness and topology for ECM stiffness, serve as compensations, the decompensation of which aggravates keloid development. It can well explain the typical shape of keloids, their progression in a horizontal but not vertical direction and the post-surgical recurrence, which were evidenced by our clinical cases. Such a stiffness gap hypothesis might be bridged to mechanotherapeutic approaches for keloid progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyu Huang
- Department of Dermatology Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Longwei Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhifeng You
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Bingjie Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanan Du
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Rei Ogawa
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
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Skau CT, Fischer RS, Gurel P, Thiam HR, Tubbs A, Baird MA, Davidson MW, Piel M, Alushin GM, Nussenzweig A, Steeg PS, Waterman CM. FMN2 Makes Perinuclear Actin to Protect Nuclei during Confined Migration and Promote Metastasis. Cell 2016; 167:1571-1585.e18. [PMID: 27839864 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cell migration in confined 3D tissue microenvironments is critical for both normal physiological functions and dissemination of tumor cells. We discovered a cytoskeletal structure that prevents damage to the nucleus during migration in confined microenvironments. The formin-family actin filament nucleator FMN2 associates with and generates a perinuclear actin/focal adhesion (FA) system that is distinct from previously characterized actin/FA structures. This system controls nuclear shape and positioning in cells migrating on 2D surfaces. In confined 3D microenvironments, FMN2 promotes cell survival by limiting nuclear envelope damage and DNA double-strand breaks. We found that FMN2 is upregulated in human melanomas and showed that disruption of FMN2 in mouse melanoma cells inhibits their extravasation and metastasis to the lung. Our results indicate a critical role for FMN2 in generating a perinuclear actin/FA system that protects the nucleus and DNA from damage to promote cell survival during confined migration and thus promote cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen T Skau
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Robert S Fischer
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Pinar Gurel
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hawa Racine Thiam
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Institut Curie, CNRS UMR 144, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Anthony Tubbs
- Laboratory of Genome Integrity, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Michelle A Baird
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Magnet Lab, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | | | - Matthieu Piel
- Institut Curie, CNRS UMR 144, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Gregory M Alushin
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Andre Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Genome Integrity, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Patricia S Steeg
- Women's Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Clare M Waterman
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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49
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Urbanski MM, Kingsbury L, Moussouros D, Kassim I, Mehjabeen S, Paknejad N, Melendez-Vasquez CV. Myelinating glia differentiation is regulated by extracellular matrix elasticity. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33751. [PMID: 27646171 PMCID: PMC5028715 DOI: 10.1038/srep33751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanical properties of living tissues have a significant impact on cell differentiation, but remain unexplored in the context of myelin formation and repair. In the PNS, the extracellular matrix (ECM) incorporates a basal lamina significantly denser than the loosely organized CNS matrix. Inhibition of non-muscle myosin II (NMII) enhances central but impairs peripheral myelination and NMII has been implicated in cellular responses to changes in the elasticity of the ECM. To directly evaluate whether mechanotransduction plays a role in glial cell differentiation, we cultured Schwann cells (SC) and oligodendrocytes (OL) on matrices of variable elastic modulus, mimicking either their native environment or conditions found in injured tissue. We found that a rigid, lesion-like matrix inhibited branching and differentiation of OL in NMII-dependent manner. By contrast, SC developed normally in both soft and stiffer matrices. Although SC differentiation was not significantly affected by changes in matrix stiffness alone, we found that expression of Krox-20 was potentiated on rigid matrices at high laminin concentration. These findings are relevant to the design of biomaterials to promote healing and regeneration in both CNS and PNS, via transplantation of glial progenitors or the implantation of tissue scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz M Urbanski
- Hunter College, Department of Biological Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA.,The Graduate Center, Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, The City University of New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Lyle Kingsbury
- Hunter College, Department of Biological Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Daniel Moussouros
- Hunter College, Department of Biological Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Imran Kassim
- Hunter College, Department of Biological Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Saraf Mehjabeen
- Hunter College, Department of Biological Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Navid Paknejad
- Molecular Cytology Core Facility, Zuckerman Research Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Carmen V Melendez-Vasquez
- Hunter College, Department of Biological Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA.,The Graduate Center, Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, The City University of New York, NY 10016, USA
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50
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Braun A, Caesar NM, Dang K, Myers KA. High-resolution Time-lapse Imaging and Automated Analysis of Microtubule Dynamics in Living Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27584860 PMCID: PMC5091855 DOI: 10.3791/54265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiological process by which new vasculature forms from existing vasculature requires specific signaling events that trigger morphological changes within individual endothelial cells (ECs). These processes are critical for homeostatic maintenance such as wound healing, and are also crucial in promoting tumor growth and metastasis. EC morphology is defined by the organization of the cytoskeleton, a tightly regulated system of actin and microtubule (MT) dynamics that is known to control EC branching, polarity and directional migration, essential components of angiogenesis. To study MT dynamics, we used high-resolution fluorescence microscopy coupled with computational image analysis of fluorescently-labeled MT plus-ends to investigate MT growth dynamics and the regulation of EC branching morphology and directional migration. Time-lapse imaging of living Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVECs) was performed following transfection with fluorescently-labeled MT End Binding protein 3 (EB3) and Mitotic Centromere Associated Kinesin (MCAK)-specific cDNA constructs to evaluate effects on MT dynamics. PlusTipTracker software was used to track EB3-labeled MT plus ends in order to measure MT growth speeds and MT growth lifetimes in time-lapse images. This methodology allows for the study of MT dynamics and the identification of how localized regulation of MT dynamics within sub-cellular regions contributes to the angiogenic processes of EC branching and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Braun
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia
| | - Nicole M Caesar
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia
| | - Kyvan Dang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia
| | - Kenneth A Myers
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia;
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