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Abstract
Significance: Millions of people are infected with trypanosomatids and new therapeutic approaches are needed. Trypanosomatids possess one mitochondrion per cell and its study has led to discoveries of general biological interest. These mitochondria, as in their animal counterparts, generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) and have evolved enzymatic and nonenzymatic defenses against them. Mitochondrial calcium ion (Ca2+) overload leads to generation of ROS and its study could lead to relevant information on the biology of trypanosomatids and to novel drug targets. Recent Advances: Mitochondrial Ca2+ is normally involved in maintaining the bioenergetics of trypanosomes, but when Ca2+ overload occurs, it is associated with cell death. Trypanosomes lack key players in the mechanism of cell death described in mammalian cells, although mitochondrial Ca2+ overload results in collapse of their membrane potential, production of ROS, and cytochrome c release. They are also very resistant to mitochondrial permeability transition, and cell death after mitochondrial Ca2+ overload depends on generation of ROS. Critical Issues: In this review, we consider the mechanisms of mitochondrial oxidant generation and removal and the involvement of Ca2+ in trypanosome cell death. Future Directions: More studies are required to determine the reactions involved in generation of ROS by the mitochondria of trypanosomatids, their enzymatic and nonenzymatic defenses against ROS, and the occurrence and composition of a mitochondrial permeability transition pore. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 36, 969-983.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Docampo
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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2
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Zaib S, Khan I. Synthetic and medicinal chemistry of phthalazines: Recent developments, opportunities and challenges. Bioorg Chem 2020; 105:104425. [PMID: 33157344 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Fused diaza-heterocycles constitute the core structure of numerous bioactive natural products and effective therapeutic drugs. Among them, phthalazines have been recognized as remarkable structural leads in medicinal chemistry due to their wide application in pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries. Accessing such challenging pharmaceutical agents/drug candidates with high chemical complexity through synthetically efficient approaches remains an attractive goal in the contemporary medicinal chemistry and drug discovery arena. In this review, we focus on the recent developments in the synthetic routes towards the generation of phthalazine-based active pharmaceutical ingredients and their biological potential against various targets. The general reaction scope of these innovative and easily accessible strategies was emphasized focusing on the functional group tolerance, substrate and coupling partner compatibility/limitation, the choice of catalyst, and product diversification. These processes were also accompanied by the mechanistic insights where deemed appropriate to demonstrate meaningful information. Moreover, the rapid examination of the structure-activity relationship analyses around the phthalazine core enabled by the pharmacophore replacement/integration revealed the generation of robust, efficient, and more selective compounds with pronounced biological effects. A large variety of in silico methods and ADME profiling tools were also employed to provide a global appraisal of the pharmacokinetics profile of diaza-heterocycles. Thus, the discovery of new structural leads offers the promise of improving treatments for various tropical diseases such as tuberculosis, leishmaniasis, malaria, Chagas disease, among many others including various cancers, atherosclerosis, HIV, inflammatory, and cardiovascular diseases. We hope this review would serve as an informative collection of structurally diverse molecules enabling the generation of mature, high-quality, and innovative routes to support the drug discovery endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumera Zaib
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Central Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Imtiaz Khan
- Department of Chemistry and Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom.
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3
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Abstract
Introduction: Chagas disease affects 8-10 million people worldwide, mainly in Latin America. The current therapy for Chagas disease is limited to nifurtimox and benznidazole, which are effective in treating only the acute phase of the disease but with severe side effects. Therefore, there is an unmet need for new drugs and for the exploration of innovative approaches which may lead to the discovery of new effective and safe drugs for its treatment. Areas covered: The authors report and discuss recent approaches including structure-based design that have led to the discovery of new promising small molecule candidates for Chagas disease which affect prime targets that intervene in the sterol pathway of T. cruzi. Other trypanosome targets, phenotypic screening, the use of artificial intelligence and the challenges with Chagas disease drug discovery are also discussed. Expert opinion: The application of recent scientific innovations to the field of Chagas disease have led to the discovery of new promising drug candidates for Chagas disease. Phenotypic screening brought new hits and opportunities for drug discovery. Artificial intelligence also has the potential to accelerate drug discovery in Chagas disease and further research into this is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Villalta
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Physiology, School of Medicine, Meharry Medical College , Nashville , TN , USA
| | - Girish Rachakonda
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Physiology, School of Medicine, Meharry Medical College , Nashville , TN , USA
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Fesenko AA, Yankov AN, Shutalev AD. A general and convenient synthesis of 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones and their use in amidoalkylation of hydrogen, heteroatom, and carbon nucleophiles. Tetrahedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2019.130527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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5
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Kryshchyshyn A, Devinyak O, Kaminskyy D, Grellier P, Lesyk R. Development of Predictive QSAR Models of 4-Thiazolidinones Antitrypanosomal Activity Using Modern Machine Learning Algorithms. Mol Inform 2017; 37:e1700078. [PMID: 29134756 DOI: 10.1002/minf.201700078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents novel QSAR models for the prediction of antitrypanosomal activity among thiazolidines and related heterocycles. The performance of four machine learning algorithms: Random Forest regression, Stochastic gradient boosting, Multivariate adaptive regression splines and Gaussian processes regression have been studied in order to reach better levels of predictivity. The results for Random Forest and Gaussian processes regression are comparable and outperform other studied methods. The preliminary descriptor selection with Boruta method improved the outcome of machine learning methods. The two novel QSAR-models developed with Random Forest and Gaussian processes regression algorithms have good predictive ability, which was proved by the external evaluation of the test set with corresponding Q2ext =0.812 and Q2ext =0.830. The obtained models can be used further for in silico screening of virtual libraries in the same chemical domain in order to find new antitrypanosomal agents. Thorough analysis of descriptors influence in the QSAR models and interpretation of their chemical meaning allows to highlight a number of structure-activity relationships. The presence of phenyl rings with electron-withdrawing atoms or groups in para-position, increased number of aromatic rings, high branching but short chains, high HOMO energy, and the introduction of 1-substituted 2-indolyl fragment into the molecular structure have been recognized as trypanocidal activity prerequisites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kryshchyshyn
- Department of Pharmaceutical, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Pekarska str. 69, 79010, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Oleg Devinyak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Disciplines, Uzhgorod National University, Narodna sq. 1, 88000, Uzhgorod, Ukraine
| | - Danylo Kaminskyy
- Department of Pharmaceutical, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Pekarska str. 69, 79010, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Philippe Grellier
- National Museum of Natural History, UMR 7245 CNRS MCAM, Sorbonne Universités, CP 52, 57 Rue Cuvier, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Roman Lesyk
- Department of Pharmaceutical, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Pekarska str. 69, 79010, Lviv, Ukraine
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6
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Hartmann AP, de Carvalho MR, Bernardes LSC, Moraes MHD, de Melo EB, Lopes CD, Steindel M, da Silva JS, Carvalho I. Synthesis and 2D-QSAR studies of neolignan-based diaryl-tetrahydrofuran and -furan analogues with remarkable activity against Trypanosoma cruzi and assessment of the trypanothione reductase activity. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 140:187-199. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.08.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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7
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Romero AH, López SE. In silico molecular docking studies of new potential 4-phthalazinyl-hydrazones on selected Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania enzyme targets. J Mol Graph Model 2017; 76:313-329. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2017.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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8
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Romero AH, Rodríguez J, García-marchan Y, Leañez J, Serrano-martín X, López SE. Aryl- or heteroaryl-based hydrazinylphthalazine derivatives as new potential antitrypanosomal agents. Bioorg Chem 2017; 72:51-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Kryshchyshyn A, Kaminskyy D, Grellier P, Lesyk R. Trends in research of antitrypanosomal agents among synthetic heterocycles. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 85:51-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.07.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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10
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Blanco MC, Escobar P, Leal SM, Bahsas A, Cobo J, Nogueras M, Palma A. Synthesis of novel polysubstituted (2SR,4RS)-2-heteroaryltetrahydro-1,4-epoxy-1-benzazepines and cis-2-heteroaryl-4-hydroxytetrahydro-1H-1-benzazepines as antiparasitic agents. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 86:291-309. [PMID: 25173828 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
New series of polysubstituted (2SR,4RS)-2-heteroaryltetrahydro-1,4-epoxy-1-benzazepines and cis-2-heteroaryl-4-hydroxytetrahydro-1H-1-benzazepines were designed and synthesized in moderate to high yields using a three-step procedure from ortho-allylanilines. Their antiparasitic activity was evaluated against the extracellular and intracellular forms of Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum parasites. Their cytotoxicity was also determined on Vero and THP-1 mammalian cells. Many of the tested compounds inhibited significantly the growth of extracellular forms of T. cruzi and L. (L.) infantum without showing cytotoxicity on Vero and HTP-1 cells. Only compounds 10h and 14f demonstrated good activity against amastigotes of T. cruzi, but none was able to inhibit the growth of L. (L.) infantum amastigotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- María C Blanco
- Laboratorio de Síntesis Orgánica, Escuela de Química, Universidad Industrial de Santander, A.A. 678, Bucaramanga, Santander, Colombia
| | - Patricia Escobar
- Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Industrial de Santander, A.A. 678, Bucaramanga, Santander, Colombia
| | - Sandra M Leal
- Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Industrial de Santander, A.A. 678, Bucaramanga, Santander, Colombia
| | - Alí Bahsas
- Laboratorio de RMN, Grupo de Productos Naturales, Departamento de Química, Universidad de los Andes, Mérida 5101, Venezuela
| | - Justo Cobo
- Inorganic and Organic Department, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas s/n, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Manuel Nogueras
- Inorganic and Organic Department, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas s/n, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Alirio Palma
- Laboratorio de Síntesis Orgánica, Escuela de Química, Universidad Industrial de Santander, A.A. 678, Bucaramanga, Santander, Colombia.
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11
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Álvarez G, Varela J, Márquez P, Gabay M, Arias Rivas CE, Cuchilla K, Echeverría GA, Piro OE, Chorilli M, Leal SM, Escobar P, Serna E, Torres S, Yaluff G, Vera de Bilbao NI, González M, Cerecetto H. Optimization of antitrypanosomatid agents: identification of nonmutagenic drug candidates with in vivo activity. J Med Chem 2014; 57:3984-99. [PMID: 24749923 DOI: 10.1021/jm500018m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Chagas disease, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi parasite, was described thousands of years ago. Currently, it affects millions of people, mostly in Latin America, and there are not suitable drugs for treating it. As an attempt to find appropriate drugs to deal with this problem, we report here on the design, synthesis, and characterization of 82 new compounds. Trypanosomicidal behavior in vitro showed more than 20 outstanding derivatives with anti-Trypanosoma cruzi activity. Furthermore, we studied the nonspecific toxicity against mammalian cells determining their selectivity and also performed mutagenicity studies. Proof of concept, in vivo studies, was conducted with two of the most promising derivatives (77 and 80). They were identified as candidates because they have (i) very simple and cost-effective syntheses; (ii) activity against different stages and strains of the parasite showing excellent in vivo behavior during the acute phase of Chagas disease; and (iii) neither nonspecific toxicity nor mutagenic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guzmán Álvarez
- Grupo de Química Medicinal, Laboratorio de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias-Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República , 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
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12
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Kumar M, Makhal B, Gupta VK, Sharma A. In silico investigation of medicinal spectrum of imidazo-azines from the perspective of multitarget screening against malaria, tuberculosis and Chagas disease. J Mol Graph Model 2014; 50:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2014.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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Zhou Q, Li P, Lu R, Qian Q, Lei X, Xiao Q, Huang S, Liu L, Huang C, Su W. Synthesis, X-ray Diffraction Study, and Cytotoxicity of a Cationicp-Cymene Ruthenium Chloro Complex Containing a Chelating Semicarbazone Ligand. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201300142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Upadhayaya RS, Dixit SS, Földesi A, Chattopadhyaya J. New antiprotozoal agents: Their synthesis and biological evaluations. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:2750-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.02.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2013] [Revised: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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Pérez-Cruz F, Aguilera-Venegas B, Lapier M, Sobarzo-Sánchez E, Uriarte Villares E, Olea-Azar C. Host-guest interaction between new nitrooxoisoaporphine and β-cyclodextrins: synthesis, electrochemical, electron spin resonance and molecular modeling studies. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2013; 102:226-234. [PMID: 23220661 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2012.09.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Revised: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 09/22/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A new nitrooxoisoaporphine derivative was synthetized and characterized by cyclic voltammetry and electron spin resonance. Its aqueous solubility was improved by complexes formation with β-cyclodextrin, heptakis(2,6-di-O-methyl)-β-cyclodextrin and (2-hydroxypropyl)-β-cyclodextrin. In order to assess the inclusion degree reached by nitrooxoisoaporphine in cyclodextris cavity, the stability constants of formation of the complexes were determined by phase-solubility measurements obtaining in all cases a type-A(L) diagram. Moreover, electrochemical studies were carried out, where the observed change in the EPC value indicated a lower feasibility of the nitro group reduction. Additionally, a detailed spatial configuration is proposed for inclusion of derivate within the cyclodextrins cavity by 2D NMR techniques. Finally, these results are further interpreted by means of molecular modeling studies. Thus, theoretical results are in complete agreement with the experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Pérez-Cruz
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Sergio Livingstone 1007, Santiago, Chile
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Bot C, Hall BS, Alvarez G, Di Maio R, González M, Cerecetto H, Wilkinson SR. Evaluating 5-nitrofurans as trypanocidal agents. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 57:1638-47. [PMID: 23335745 DOI: 10.1128/AAC.02046-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The nitroheterocycle nifurtimox, as part of a nifurtimox-eflornithine combination therapy, represents one of a limited number of treatments targeting Trypanosoma brucei, the causative agent of human African trypanosomiasis. The mode of action of this prodrug involves an initial activation reaction catalyzed by a type I nitroreductase (NTR), an enzyme found predominantly in prokaryotes, leading to the formation of a cytotoxic unsaturated open-chain nitrile metabolite. Here, we evaluate the trypanocidal activities of a library of other 5-nitrofurans against the bloodstream form of T. brucei as a preliminary step in the identification of additional nitroaromatic compounds that can potentially partner with eflornithine. Biochemical screening against the purified enzyme revealed that all 5-nitrofurans were effective substrates for T. brucei NTR (TbNTR), with the preferred compounds having apparent kcat/Km values approximately 50-fold greater than those of nifurtimox. For several compounds, in vitro reduction by this nitroreductase yielded products characterized by mass spectrometry as either unsaturated or saturated open-chain nitriles. When tested against the bloodstream form of T. brucei, many of the derivatives displayed significant growth-inhibitory properties, with the most potent compounds generating 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50s) around 200 nM. The antiparasitic activities of the most potent agents were demonstrated to be NTR dependent, as parasites having reduced levels of the enzyme displayed resistance to the compounds, while parasites overexpressing TbNTR showed hypersensitivity. We conclude that other members of the 5-nitrofuran class of nitroheterocycles have the potential to treat human African trypanosomiasis, perhaps as an alternative partner prodrug to nifurtimox, in the next generation of eflornithine-based combinational therapies.
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Seng H, Tiekink E. Main-Group Medicinal Chemistry Including Li and Bi*. Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry II 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-08-097774-4.00338-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Main-group element compounds were among the first developed in the modern era as pharmaceutical preparations for the treatment of a wide variety of human ailments; it is now recognized that many of these elements exist in traditional medicine of many societies, for example, arsenic. The use of main-group element compounds in contemporary medicine continues for the treatment of, for example, depression (Li), stomach ulcers (Bi), cancer (As and Ga), and leishmaniasis (Sb). Not surprisingly, new compounds of these elements, and other main-group elements, continue to be investigated for their potential use in new therapies. In this chapter, the use of main-group elements as therapeutic agents is outlined and also, where understood, comments on biological targets and mechanisms of action. Further, key advances in new potential applications of main-group element compounds in medicine are evaluated.
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Díaz-Urrutia CA, Olea-Azar CA, Zapata GA, Lapier M, Mura F, Aguilera-Venegas B, Arán VJ, López-Múñoz RA, Maya JD. Biological and chemical study of fused tri- and tetracyclic indazoles and analogues with important antiparasitic activity. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2012; 95:670-678. [PMID: 22584127 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2012.04.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Revised: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A series of fused tri- and tetracyclic indazoles and analogues compounds (NID) with potential antiparasitic effects were studied using voltamperometric and spectroscopic techniques. Nitroanion radicals generated by cyclic voltammetry were characterized by electron spin resonance spectroscopy (ESR) and their spectral lines were explained and analyzed using simulated spectra. In addition, we examined the interaction between radical species generated from nitroindazole derivatives and glutathione (GSH). Biological assays such as activity against Trypanosoma cruzi and cytotoxicity against macrophages were carried out. Finally, spin trapping and molecular modeling studies were also done in order to elucidate the potentials action mechanisms involved in the trypanocidal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian A Díaz-Urrutia
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 233, Santiago 1, Chile
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19
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Parrilha GL, Dias RP, Rocha WR, Mendes IC, Benítez D, Varela J, Cerecetto H, González M, Melo CM, Neves JK, Pereira VR, Beraldo H. 2-Acetylpyridine- and 2-benzoylpyridine-derived thiosemicarbazones and their antimony(III) complexes exhibit high anti-trypanosomal activity. Polyhedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2011.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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20
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Dixit SS, Upadhayaya RS, Chattopadhyaya J. New parasite inhibitors encompassing novel conformationally-locked 5′-acyl sulfamoyl adenosines. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:6121-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ob25879j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Amine MS, Mahmoud AA, Badr SK, Gouda AS. Fatty Acids in Heterocyclic Synthesis Part XII: Synthesis of Surfactants from Pyrazole, Isoxazole, Pyrimidine and Triazine, Incorporating the 1,3,4-Thiadiazole Moiety Having Dyeing and Antimicrobial Activities. J SURFACTANTS DETERG 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11743-011-1301-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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22
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Aguilera-Venegas B, Olea-Azar C, Norambuena E, Arán VJ, Mendizábal F, Lapier M, Maya JD, Kemmerling U, López-Muñoz R. ESR, electrochemical, molecular modeling and biological evaluation of 4-substituted and 1,4-disubstituted 7-nitroquinoxalin-2-ones as potential anti-Trypanosoma cruzi agents. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2011; 78:1004-1012. [PMID: 21239218 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2010.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Revised: 10/28/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical and ESR studies were carried out in this work with the aim of characterizing the reduction mechanisms of 4-substituted and 1,4-disubstituted 7-nitroquinoxalin-2-ones by means of cyclic voltammetry in DMSO as aprotic solvent. Two reduction mechanisms were found for these compounds: the first, for compounds bearing a labile hydrogen by following a self-protonation mechanism (ECE steps), and the second, for compounds without labile hydrogen, based on a purely electrochemical reduction mechanism (typical of nitroheterocycles). The electrochemical results were corroborated using ESR spectroscopy allowing us to propose the hyperfine splitting pattern of the nitro-radical, which was later corroborated by the ESR simulation spectra. All these compounds were assayed as growth inhibitors against Trypanosoma cruzi: first, on the non-proliferative (and infective) form of the parasite (trypomastigote stage), and then, the ones that displayed activity, were assayed on the non-infective form (epimastigote stage). Thus, we found four new compounds highly active against T. cruzi. Finally, molecular modeling studies suggest the inhibition of the trypanothione reductase like one of the possible mechanisms involved in the trypanocidal action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamín Aguilera-Venegas
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Gómez-ayala S, Castrillón JA, Palma A, Leal SM, Escobar P, Bahsas A. Synthesis, structural elucidation and in vitro antiparasitic activity against Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania chagasi parasites of novel tetrahydro-1-benzazepine derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:4721-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Revised: 05/03/2010] [Accepted: 05/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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24
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Davies C, Marino Cardozo R, Sánchez Negrette O, Mora MC, Chung MC, Basombrío MA. Hydroxymethylnitrofurazone is active in a murine model of Chagas' disease. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010; 54:3584-9. [PMID: 20566772 DOI: 10.1128/AAC.01451-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The addition of a hydroxymethyl group to the antimicrobial drug nitrofurazone generated hydroxymethylnitrofurazone (NFOH), which had reduced toxicity when its activity against Trypanosoma cruzi was tested in a murine model of Chagas' disease. Four groups of 12 Swiss female mice each received 150 mg of body weight/kg/day of NFOH, 150 mg/kg/day of nitrofurazone (parental compound), 60 mg/kg/day of benznidazole (BZL), or the solvent as a placebo. Treatments were administered orally once a day 6 days a week until the completion of 60 doses. NFOH was as effective as BZL in keeping direct parasitemia at undetectable levels, and PCR results were negative. No histopathological lesions were seen 180 days after completion of the treatments, a time when the levels of anti-T. cruzi antibodies were very low in mice treated with either NFOH or BZL. Nitrofurazone was highly toxic, which led to an overall rate of mortality of 75% and necessitated interruption of the treatment. In contrast, the group treated with its hydroxymethyl derivative, NFOH, displayed the lowest mortality (16%), followed by the BZL (33%) and placebo (66%) groups. The findings of histopathological studies were consistent with these results, with the placebo group showing the most severe parasite infiltrates in skeletal muscle and heart tissue and the NFOH group showing the lowest. The present evidence suggests that NFOH is a promising anti-T. cruzi agent.
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Cerecetto H, González M. Synthetic Medicinal Chemistry in Chagas' Disease: Compounds at The Final Stage of "Hit-To-Lead" Phase. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2010; 3:810-838. [PMID: 27713281 PMCID: PMC4034012 DOI: 10.3390/ph3040810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2010] [Revised: 03/15/2010] [Accepted: 03/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas' disease, or American trypanosomosiasis, has been the most relevant illness produced by protozoa in Latin America. Synthetic medicinal chemistry efforts have provided an extensive number of chemodiverse hits at the "active-to-hit" stage. However, only a more limited number of these have been studied in vivo in models of Chagas' disease. Herein, we survey some of the cantidates able to surpass the "hit-to-lead" stage discussing their limitations or merit to enter in clinical trials in the short term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Cerecetto
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay.
| | - Mercedes González
- Laboratorio de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Química Biológica-Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay.
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Gerpe A, Álvarez G, Benítez D, Boiani L, Quiroga M, Hernández P, Sortino M, Zacchino S, González M, Cerecetto H. 5-Nitrofuranes and 5-nitrothiophenes with anti-Trypanosoma cruzi activity and ability to accumulate squalene. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:7500-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2009] [Revised: 09/08/2009] [Accepted: 09/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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27
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Lavaggi ML, Aguirre G, Boiani L, Orelli L, García B, Cerecetto H, González M. Pyrimido[1,2-a]quinoxaline 6-oxide and phenazine 5,10-dioxide derivatives and related compounds as growth inhibitors of Trypanosoma cruzi. Eur J Med Chem 2008; 43:1737-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2007.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2007] [Revised: 10/23/2007] [Accepted: 10/24/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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28
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Gerpe A, Odreman-nuñez I, Draper P, Boiani L, Urbina JA, González M, Cerecetto H. Heteroallyl-containing 5-nitrofuranes as new anti-Trypanosoma cruzi agents with a dual mechanism of action. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:569-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2007] [Revised: 07/05/2007] [Accepted: 07/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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29
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Kamal A, Ahmed SK, Reddy KS, Khan MNA, Shetty RVCRNC, Siddhardha B, Murthy USN, Khan IA, Kumar M, Sharma S, Ram AB. Anti-tubercular agents. Part IV: Synthesis and antimycobacterial evaluation of nitroheterocyclic-based 1,2,4-benzothiadiazines. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:5419-22. [PMID: 17692520 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2007] [Revised: 07/06/2007] [Accepted: 07/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In continuation of our earlier work on benzothiadiazines, we have prepared a series of nitrofuran, nitrothiophene and arylfuran coupled benzothiadiazines and evaluated them for antimycobacterial and antibacterial activities. One of the compounds 2f has shown good in vitro antimycobacterial activity. All the synthesized compounds have shown moderate to good antibacterial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Kamal
- Division of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, India.
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Iribarne F, González M, Cerecetto H, Aguilera S, Tapia O, Paulino M. Interaction energies of nitrofurans with trypanothione reductase and glutathione reductase studied by molecular docking. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theochem.2007.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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31
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Otero L, Aguirre G, Boiani L, Denicola A, Rigol C, Olea-Azar C, Maya JD, Morello A, González M, Gambino D, Cerecetto H. Nitrofurylsemicarbazone Rhenium and Ruthenium Complexes as Anti-trypanosomal Agents. Eur J Med Chem 2006; 41:1231-9. [PMID: 16828524 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2006.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 05/11/2006] [Accepted: 05/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Rhenium and ruthenium complexes of the type [Re(V)OCl(2)(PPh(3))L] and [Ru(II)Cl(2)(DMSO)(2)L], where L are 5-nitrofurylsemicarbazone derivatives, were prepared in an effort to obtain new anti-trypanosomal agents combining the recognized biological activity of these metals and the trypanocidal activity of the free ligands. Rhenium complexes resulted unstable in aqueous solution not allowing their use as potential drugs. On the other hand, complexation to ruthenium of the bioactive ligands lead to the lack of antiprotozoa activity even though free radical production and redox cycling induction were detected when the compounds were incubated in presence of Trypanosoma cruzi cells. The lack of anti-trypanosomal activity of ruthenium complexes could be explained on the basis of their high protein binding capacity and their high hydrophilicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Otero
- Cátedra de Química Inorgánica, DEC, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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32
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de Oliveira RB, Vaz ABM, Alves RO, Liarte DB, Donnici CL, Romanha AJ, Zani CL. Arylfurans as potential trypanosoma cruzi trypanothione reductase inhibitors. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2006; 101:169-73. [PMID: 16830710 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762006000200009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The natural lignans veraguensin and grandisin have been reported to be active against Trypanosoma cruzi bloodstream forms. Aiming at the total synthesis of these and related compounds, we prepared three 2-arylfurans and eight 2,5-diarylfurans. They were evaluated for their potential as T. cruzi trypanothione reductase (TR) inhibitors as well against the parasite's intracellular (amastigote) and bloodstream (trypomastigote) forms. Compound 12 was the most effective against TR with an IC50 of 48.5 microM while 7 and 14 were active against amastigotes, inhibiting the parasite development by 60% at 20 microg/ml (59 and 90 microM, respectively). On the other hand, none of the compounds was significantly active against the parasite bloodstream forms even at 250 microg/ml (0.6-1.5 mM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata B de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Quimica de Produtos Naturais, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou-Fiocruz, Av. Augusto de Lima 1715, 30190-002 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
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de Fátima A, Marquissolo C, de Albuquerque S, Carraro-Abrahão AA, Pilli RA. Trypanocidal activity of 5,6-dihydropyran-2-ones against free trypomastigotes forms of Trypanosoma cruzi. Eur J Med Chem 2006; 41:1210-3. [PMID: 16815596 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2006.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2005] [Revised: 05/23/2006] [Accepted: 05/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Sixteen 5,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-ones were evaluated in in vitro assay against trypomastigotes forms of Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas' disease. A structure-activity relationship study (SAR) allowed us to establish the relevant structural features for the trypanocidal activity of goniothalamin analogues against T. cruzi. In fact, non-natural form of goniothalamin (ent-1) was threefold more potent than the natural one (1). In addition, we have identified analogues 9 and 10 (both displaying S configuration) as the highest potent compounds against T. cruzi with IC50=0.12 and 0.09 mM (IC50 value for crystal violet was 0.08 mM) whereas significantly lower toxicities were observed when these compounds were evaluated under LLC-MK2 lineage cells (1.38 and 4.89 mM, respectively). In addition, epoxides derivatives 12 and ent-12 were shown to be more potent than the corresponding stereoisomers 2 and ent-2 and non-natural argentilactone (ent-3, IC50=0.47 mM) was twofold more potent than natural argentilactone (3, IC50=0.94 mM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo de Fátima
- Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química, UNICAMP, CP 6154, 13084-971 Campinas, SP, Brazil
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34
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Prieto JJ, Talevi A, Bruno-Blanch LE. Application of linear discriminant analysis in the virtual screening of antichagasic drugs through trypanothione reductase inhibition. Mol Divers 2006; 10:361-75. [PMID: 17031538 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-006-9044-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2006] [Accepted: 05/17/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We have performed virtual screening to identify new lead trypanothione reductase inhibitor (TRI) compounds, enzyme present in Tripanozoma cruzi, the agent responsible of Chagas disease. From a training set of 58 compounds, linear discriminant analysis (LDA) was performed using 2D and 3D descriptors as discriminating variables in order to find out which function of descriptors characterizes the active TRI. The values of the statistical parameters F--Snedecor and Wilk's lambda for the discriminant function (DF) showed good statistical significance, as long as the rate of success in the prediction for both the training and the test set: 91.38% and 88.63%, in that order. Internal validation through the Leave--Group--Out methodology was performed with good results, assuring the stability of the DF. Afterwards, the DF was applied in virtual screening of 422,367 compounds. The optimum range of values of octanol--water partition coefficient for a compound to develop trypanothione reductase inhibition was applied as a second filtering criteria. 739 structurally heterogeneous drugs of the virtual library were selected as promissory TRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julián J Prieto
- Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Biological Sciences, Exact Sciences Collage, La Plata National University, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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35
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Argüello J, Núñez-Vergara LJ, Bollo S, Squella JA. Nitro radical anion formation from nitrofuryl substituted 1,4-dihydropyridine derivatives in mixed and non-aqueous media. Bioelectrochemistry 2006; 69:104-12. [PMID: 16473565 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2005.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2005] [Revised: 11/15/2005] [Accepted: 12/13/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Three new nitrofuryl substituted 1,4-dihydropyridine derivatives were electrochemically tested in the scope of newly found compounds useful as chemotherapeutic alternative to the Chagas' disease. All the compounds were capable to produce nitro radical anions sufficiently stabilized in the time window of the cyclic voltammetric experiment. In order to quantify the stability of the nitro radical anion we have calculated the decay constant, k2. Furthermore, from the voltammetric results, some parameters of biological significance as E7(1) (indicative of in vivo nitro radical anion formation) and KO2 (thermodynamic indicator of oxygen redox cycling) have been calculated. From the comparison of E7(1), KO2 and k2 values between the studied nitrofuryl 1,4-DHP derivatives and well-known current drugs an auspicious activity for one of the studied compounds i.e. FDHP2, can be expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Argüello
- Bioelectrochemistry Laboratory, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences Faculty, University of Chile, POB 233, Santiago 1, Chile
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36
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Leite ACL, de Lima RS, Moreira DRDM, Cardoso MVDO, Gouveia de Brito AC, Farias Dos Santos LM, Hernandes MZ, Kiperstok AC, de Lima RS, Soares MBP. Synthesis, docking, and in vitro activity of thiosemicarbazones, aminoacyl-thiosemicarbazides and acyl-thiazolidones against Trypanosoma cruzi. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:3749-57. [PMID: 16458521 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2005] [Revised: 01/12/2006] [Accepted: 01/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of thiosemicarbazone and aminoacyl-thiazolidones derivatives were synthesized. Their structure suggests that these compounds could have anti-Trypanosoma cruzi activity. Biological evaluation indicates that some of these compounds are able to inhibit the growth of T. cruzi in concentrations non-cytotoxic to mammalian cells. Docking studies were carried out in order to investigate the binding pattern of these compounds for the T. cruzi cruzain (TCC) protein, and these showed a significant correlation with experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cristina Lima Leite
- Avaliação e Síntese de Fármacos-LABSINFA, Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Rua Prof. Artur Sá S/N, Cidade Universitária, 50740-520 Recife, PE, Brazil.
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37
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Bi X, Lopez C, Bacchi CJ, Rattendi D, Woster PM. Novel alkylpolyaminoguanidines and alkylpolyaminobiguanides with potent antitrypanosomal activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:3229-32. [PMID: 16616495 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2006] [Revised: 03/13/2006] [Accepted: 03/14/2006] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A series of polyaminoguanidines and polyaminobiguanides were synthesized and evaluated as potential antitrypanosomal agents. These analogues inhibit trypanothione reductase (TR) with IC50 values as low as 0.95 microM, but do not inhibit the closely related human enzyme glutathione reductase (GR). The most effective analogues, 7a, 7b and 8d, inhibited parasitic growth in vitro with IC50 values of 0.18, 0.09 and 0.18 microM, respectively. These agents represent a promising new class of potential antitrypanosomal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangdong Bi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, 259 Mack Ave, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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38
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Aguirre G, Boiani M, Cabrera E, Cerecetto H, Di Maio R, González M, Denicola A, Sant'anna CMR, Barreiro EJ. New potent 5-nitrofuryl derivatives as inhibitors of Trypanosoma cruzi growth. 3D-QSAR (CoMFA) studies. Eur J Med Chem 2006; 41:457-66. [PMID: 16497414 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2005.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2005] [Revised: 11/16/2005] [Accepted: 11/30/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Growth inhibitory activity in vitro of sixteen new 5-nitrofuryl derivatives against the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of American trypanosomiasis, was studied. The designed compounds combine in the same molecule the recognized 5-nitrofuryl group, an oxidative stress promoter, and lateral chains that could interact with biomolecules such as trypanothione reductase. Some of the derivatives were found to be very active against the epimastigote form of the parasite, being near to 3.0-fold more active than the reference compound, nifurtimox. Moreover, three-dimensional requirements for activity were clearly observed using a 3D-QSAR study based on a comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA). The best CoMFA model, r(2) = 0.970 and q(2) = 0.725, points to the importance of a specific hydrogen-bonding pattern around the carbonyl or thiocarbonyl moieties, as well as the requirement for hydrophobic lateral chains. Theoretical pharmacokinetics (Lipinski's rule, PSA) supports further in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Aguirre
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química-Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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39
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Aguirre G, Boiani L, Boiani M, Cerecetto H, Di Maio R, González M, Porcal W, Denicola A, Piro OE, Castellano EE, Sant'Anna CMR, Barreiro EJ. New potent 5-substituted benzofuroxans as inhibitors of Trypanosoma cruzi growth: Quantitative structure–activity relationship studies. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 13:6336-46. [PMID: 16202608 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.07.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2005] [Revised: 07/20/2005] [Accepted: 07/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Benzofuroxan derivatives have been shown to inhibit the growth of Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas' disease. Therefore, 2D- and 3D-QSAR models of their in vitro antichagasic activity were developed. Six new derivatives were synthesized to complete a final set of 26 structurally diverse benzofuroxans. The 2D-QSAR model (r = 0.939, r(adj)(2) = 0.849) was generated using multiple regression analysis of tabulated substituents' physicochemical properties and indicator variables. In addition, a 3D-QSAR model (r(2) = 0.997, q(2) = 0.802) was obtained using a comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA). Due to the well-known benzofuroxan tautomerism, in both approaches (2D- and 3D-QSAR) it was necessary to include an indicator variable to consider the N-oxide position (I(6)). This parameter was established using low-temperature NMR experiments. Both QSAR models identified the electrophilic character of the substituent alpha-atom as a requirement for activity. Further support was found using a density functional theory (DFT) approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Aguirre
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química-Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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40
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Villar R, Gil MJ, García JI, Martínez-Merino V. Are AM1 ligand-protein binding enthalpies good enough for use in the rational design of new drugs? J Comput Chem 2005; 26:1347-58. [PMID: 16021597 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.20276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We have examined the performance of semiempirical quantum mechanical methods in solving the problem of accurately predicting protein-ligand binding energies and geometries. Firstly, AM1 and PM3 geometries and binding enthalpies between small molecules that simulate typical ligand-protein interactions were compared with high level quantum mechanical techniques that include electronic correlation (e.g., MP2 or B3LYP). Species studied include alkanes, aromatic systems, molecules including groups with hypervalent sulfur or with donor or acceptor hydrogen bonding capability, as well as ammonium or carboxylate ions. B3LYP/6-311+G(2d,p) binding energies correlated very well with the BSSE corrected MP2/6-31G(d) values. AM1 binding enthalpies also showed good correlation with MP2 values, and their systematic deviation is acceptable when enthalpies are used for the comparison of interaction energies between ligands and a target. PM3 otherwise gave erratic energy differences in comparison to the B3LYP or MP2 approaches. As one would expect, the geometries of the binding complexes showed the known limitations of the semiempirical and DFT methods. AM1 calculations were subsequently applied to a test set consisting of "real" protein active site-ligand complexes. Preliminary results indicate that AM1 could be a valuable tool for the design of new drugs using proteins as templates. This approach also has a reasonable computational cost. The ligand-protein X-ray structures were reasonably reproduced by AM1 calculations and the corresponding AM1 binding enthalpies are in agreement with the results from the "small molecules" test set.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Villar
- Dep. Química Aplicada, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Campus Arrosadía, E-31006 Pamplona, Spain
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41
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Vieites M, Buccino P, Otero L, González M, Piro OE, Sánchez Delgado R, Sant’ Anna CMR, Barreiro EJ, Cerecetto H, Gambino D. Chemo-selective hydrolysis of the iminic moiety in salicylaldehyde semicarbazone promoted by ruthenium. Inorganica Chim Acta 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2005.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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42
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Arán VJ, Ochoa C, Boiani L, Buccino P, Cerecetto H, Gerpe A, González M, Montero D, Nogal JJ, Gómez-Barrio A, Azqueta A, López de Ceráin A, Piro OE, Castellano EE. Synthesis and biological properties of new 5-nitroindazole derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 13:3197-207. [PMID: 15809155 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2004] [Revised: 02/14/2005] [Accepted: 02/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A series of new 3-alkoxy- or 3-hydroxy-1-[omega-(dialkylamino)alkyl]-5-nitroindazoles have been synthesized and their trichomonacidal, antichagasic and antineoplastic properties studied. Five derivatives (5, 6, 8, 9 and 17) showed remarkable trichomonacidal activity against Trichomonas vaginalis at 10 microg/mL concentration. Three compounds (8, 10, 11) exhibited interesting antichagasic activity and these same compounds moderate antineoplastic activity against TK-10 and HT-29 cell lines. Unspecific cytotoxicity against macrophages has also been evaluated and only compounds 9, 10 and 11 resulted cytotoxic at the higher dose evaluated (100 microg/mL), loosing cytotoxicity at lower doses. QSAR studies have been carried out. X-ray crystallographic study of compound 8 has been performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente J Arán
- Instituto de Química Médica, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
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Zhang Z, Tanabe K, Hatta H, Nishimoto SI. Bioreduction activated prodrugs of camptothecin: molecular design, synthesis, activation mechanism and hypoxia selective cytotoxicity. Org Biomol Chem 2005; 3:1905-10. [PMID: 15889173 DOI: 10.1039/b502813b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Several water-soluble derivatives (CPT3, CPT3a-d) of camptothecin (CPT) were synthesized, among which CPT3 bearing an N,N'-dimethyl-1-aminoethylcarbamate side-chain was further conjugated with reductively eliminating structural units of indolequinone, 4-nitrobenzyl alcohol and 4-nitrofuryl alcohol to produce novel prodrugs of camptothecin (CPT4-6). All CPT derivatives were of lower cytotoxicity than their parent compound of CPT. In contrast, CPT4 and CPT6 showed higher hypoxia selectivity of cytotoxicity towards tumor cells than CPT. A mechanism by which a representative prodrug CPT4 is activated in the presence of DT-diaphorase to release CPT was also discussed. The bioreduction activated CPT prodrugs including CPT4 and CPT6 are identified to be promising for application to the hypoxia targeting tumor chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhouen Zhang
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura Campus, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
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Carvalho SA, da Silva EF, Santa-Rita RM, de Castro SL, Fraga CAM. Synthesis and antitrypanosomal profile of new functionalized 1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-arylhydrazone derivatives, designed as non-mutagenic megazol analogues. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:5967-70. [PMID: 15546709 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2004] [Accepted: 10/04/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this work we reported the synthesis and the trypanocidal profile of new 1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-arylhydrazone derivatives of nitroimidazole series (4) or phenyl series (5), designed by exploring the molecular hybridization approach between megazol (2) and guanyl hydrazone derivative (3). The evaluation of the activity against bloodstream trypomastigote forms of Trypanosoma cruzi forms lead us to identify a new potent trypamomicide prototype, that is, brazilizone A (4k), which present an IC50/24 h=5.3 microM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir A Carvalho
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21949900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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