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Xu T, Qian D, Hu Y, Zhu Y, Zhong Y, Zhang L, Xu H, Peng H, Mao Z, Verge P. Effect of Sepiolite-Loaded Fe2O3 on Flame Retardancy of Waterborne Polyurethane. Advances in Polymer Technology 2021; 2021:1-10. [DOI: 10.1155/2021/3596591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a kind of inorganic composite flame retardant (Sep@Fe2O3) was prepared by combining solution deposition and calcination methods using sepiolite microfiber material as carrier. This inorganic compound flame retardant was combined with waterborne polyurethane (WPU) through layer-by-layer method to prepare WPU composites. The SEM and EDS, TEM, and XRD were used to characterize the microscopic morphology and crystal structure of WPU composites. Thermogravimetric analysis tests confirmed the good thermal stability of WPU/Sep@Fe2O3 composites; at the temperature of 600°C, the carbon residual percentage of WPU/Sep, WPU/Fe2O3, and WPU/Sep@Fe2O3 composites is 7.3%, 12.2%, and 13.4%, respectively, higher than that of WPU (1.4%). Vertical combustion tests proved better flame-retardant property of WPU/Sep@Fe2O3 composite-coated cotton than noncoated cotton. The microcalorimeter test proved that the PHRR of WPU/Sep@Fe2O3 composites decreased by 61% compared with that of WPU. In addition, after combining with Sep@Fe2O3, the breaking strength of WPU increased by 35%.
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Li JL, Gao CT, Sun X, Peng SG, Wang YW, Qin SH. Synergistic Flame-Retardant Effect of Aluminum Diethyl Phosphinate in PP/IFR System and the Flame-Retardant Mechanism. INT POLYM PROC 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/ipp-2020-4082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Synergistic flame-retardant effect of aluminum diethyl phosphinate (AlPi) in intumescent flame retardant polypropylene (PP/IFR) system and the flame-retardant mechanism were investigated. The flame retardancy of PP/IFR/AlPi (the mass ratio of IFR to AlPi is 2 : 1) was the best, which was proved by the results of the limiting oxygen index (LOI) test, UL-94 test, and cone calorimeter test ( CCT) test. Here, the LOI value of the sample was as high as 34% and passed the V–0 rating in UL–94 test. The peak heat release rate (PHRR) decreased by 92.57%, the total heat release (THR) reduced by 90.52%. Thermogravimetric (TGA) data showed that the introduction of AlPi improved thermal stability and changed the thermal degradation behavior of PP/IFR composites. Interestingly, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDXS) and laser Raman spectroscopy (LRS) proved that PP/IFR/AlPi had formed more residual carbon, but the flame retardancy was worse than PP/IFR/AlPi. This is because when the mass ratio of IFR to AlPi is 2 : 1, the synergy between IFR and AlPi was significant, gas-phase flame retardant and condensed-phase flame retardant reached a balance and obtained the best flame retardant effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.-L. Li
- College of Materials Science and Metallurgy Engineering, Guizhou University , Guiyang , PRC
| | - C.-T. Gao
- College of Materials Science and Metallurgy Engineering, Guizhou University , Guiyang , PRC
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymeric Materials , Guiyang , PRC
| | - X. Sun
- College of Materials Science and Metallurgy Engineering, Guizhou University , Guiyang , PRC
| | - S.-G. Peng
- College of Materials Science and Metallurgy Engineering, Guizhou University , Guiyang , PRC
| | - Y.-W. Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymeric Materials , Guiyang , PRC
| | - S.-H. Qin
- College of Materials Science and Metallurgy Engineering, Guizhou University , Guiyang , PRC
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymeric Materials , Guiyang , PRC
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González-Gómez X, Cambeiro-Pérez N, Figueiredo-González M, Martínez-Carballo E. Optimization of a new selective pressurized liquid extraction methodology for determining organic pollutants in wild boar livers. MethodsX 2021; 8:101242. [PMID: 34434765 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2021.101242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a new selective pressurised liquid extraction (SPLE) methodology was optimised for determining about 70 organic pollutants (OPs) including organochlorine (OCPs), organophosphate (OPPs) and pyrethroid (PYRs) pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybromodiphenyl ethers (PBDEs), as well as, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in wild boar liver samples considering the temperature, pressure and time of contact between the solvent and the matrix as influential variables. Clean-up of extracts was performed by solid-phase extraction (SPE) using EZ-POP cartridges. Detection of OPs was carried out by gas chromatography (GC) coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (QqQ-MS/MS). This new approach offers:A new non-time consuming SPLE methodology for determining about 70 OPs in wild boar. Recoveries achieved ranged between 74 to 119 % with RSD less than 20 %. Detection and quantification limits in the low to mid pg/g range.
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González-Gómez X, Cambeiro-Pérez N, Figueiredo-González M, Martínez-Carballo E. Wild boar (Sus scrofa) as bioindicator for environmental exposure to organic pollutants. Chemosphere 2021; 268:128848. [PMID: 33172674 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Organic pollutants (OPs) are widely distributed around the globe, their presence has become an issue of great concern in the last years due to their potential health effects. Wildlife biomonitoring of OPs has been nowadays a common approach to assess chemical exposure in wildlife and humans. In a sample of 60 wild boars (Sus scrofa) from NW Spain, we evaluated the suitability of using liver and hair samples for the assessment of exposure and bioaccumulation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) including dioxin and non-dioxin like PCBs (DLPCBs and NDLPCBs), organochlorine and organophosphate pesticides (OCPs and OPPs, respectively), polybromodiphenyl ethers (PBDEs), pyrethroids (PYRs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Selective pressurized liquid extraction (SPLE) and liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) methodologies were used to determine the target OPs in liver and hair samples. Clean-up of extracts was performed by solid-phase extraction (SPE) using EZ-POP cartridges and detection by gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (GC-QqQ-MS/MS). We found a distribution pattern of ΣPAHs > ΣOCPs > ΣPYRs > ΣNDLPCBs > ΣOPPs > ΣDLPCBs > ΣPBDEs in liver and of ΣPAHs > ΣOCPs > ΣNDLPCBs > ΣPYRs > ΣOPPs > ΣDLPCBs > ΣPBDEs in hair. Significant correlations (p < 0.050) between the socio-demographic characteristics (gender, age and place) and OP concentrations of OCPs, PBDEs, PYRs, OPPs and PAHs were detected. Moderate correlation was found between HCB, PCB28, PCB157 and chlorpyrifos contents in both hair and liver samples. On the basis of these results, our data shows the correlation and complementary information given by both biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiana González-Gómez
- Analytical and Food Chemistry Department, Agri-Food Research and Transfer Cluster (CITACA), Campus da Auga, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Vigo, 32004, Ourense, Spain.
| | - Noelia Cambeiro-Pérez
- Analytical and Food Chemistry Department, Agri-Food Research and Transfer Cluster (CITACA), Campus da Auga, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Vigo, 32004, Ourense, Spain.
| | - María Figueiredo-González
- Analytical and Food Chemistry Department, Agri-Food Research and Transfer Cluster (CITACA), Campus da Auga, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Vigo, 32004, Ourense, Spain.
| | - Elena Martínez-Carballo
- Analytical and Food Chemistry Department, Agri-Food Research and Transfer Cluster (CITACA), Campus da Auga, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Vigo, 32004, Ourense, Spain.
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Mukai K, Fujimori T, Anh HQ, Fukutani S, Kunisue T, Nomiyama K, Takahashi S. Extractable organochlorine (EOCl) and extractable organobromine (EOBr) in GPC-fractionated extracts from high-trophic-level mammals: Species-specific profiles and contributions of legacy organohalogen contaminants. Sci Total Environ 2021; 756:143843. [PMID: 33303197 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested that unidentified compounds constitute a large proportion of extractable organochlorine (EOCl) and extractable organobromine (EOBr) in the crude extracts without fractionation; however, the proportion of unidentified EOX (X = chlorine, bromine) associated with high-/low-molecular-weight compounds is still unknown. In this study, we applied gel permeation chromatography to fractionate extracts from archived liver samples of high-trophic marine and terrestrial mammals (striped dolphins, cats, and raccoon dogs), for which concentrations of legacy organohalogen contaminants (polychlorinated biphenyls, organochlorine pesticides, and polybrominated diphenyl ethers [PBDEs]) had been previously reported. EOX in high- (>1000 g/mol) and low- (≤1000 g/mol) molecular-weight fractions (EOX-H and EOX-L) were determined by neutron activation analysis. Comparison of EOCl and EOBr enabled the characterization among species. Despite small differences in the concentrations and molecular-weight profiles of EOCl among species, the contribution of chlorine in identified compounds to EOCl-L varied from 1.5% (cats) to 79% (striped dolphins). Considerable species-specific variations were observed in the concentrations of EOBr: striped dolphins exhibited significantly greater concentrations of both EOBr-H and EOBr-L than cats and/or raccoon dogs. Moreover, the contribution of bromine in PBDEs to EOBr-L was >50% in two cats, while it was <6% in other specimens. This is the first report on EOBr mass balance in cetaceans and on EOX mass balance in terrestrial mammals living close to humans. These results suggest the need for analysis of unidentified chlorinated compounds in terrestrial mammals and unidentified brominated compounds in marine mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kota Mukai
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nisikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan
| | - Takashi Fujimori
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nisikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan.
| | - Hoang Quoc Anh
- Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment (CATE), Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan
| | - Satoshi Fukutani
- Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, Kumatori 590-0494, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Kunisue
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Kei Nomiyama
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Shin Takahashi
- Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment (CATE), Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan; Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
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Klinčić D, Dvoršćak M, Jagić K, Mendaš G, Herceg Romanić S. Levels and distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in humans and environmental compartments: a comprehensive review of the last five years of research. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2020; 27:5744-5758. [PMID: 31933075 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-07598-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of brominated flame retardants (BFRs), present in the environment, animals, and humans. Their levels, distribution, and human exposure have been studied extensively, and over the last decade, various legal measures have been taken to prohibit or minimize their production and use due to the increasing amount of evidence of their harmful effects on human and animal health.Our aim here was to make a comprehensive and up-to-date review of the levels and distribution of PBDEs in the aquatic environment, air, and soil, in indoor dust, and in humans. To fulfill this, we searched through Web of Science for literature data reported in the last five years (2015-2019) on levels of at least six key PBDE congeners in abovementioned matrices. According to our summarized data, significant PBDE mass concentrations/fractions are still being detected in various sample types across the world, which implies that PBDE contamination is an ongoing problem. Secondary sources of PBDEs like contaminated soils and landfills, especially those with electronic and electrical waste (e-waste), represent a particular risk to the future and therefore require a special attention of scientists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darija Klinčić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska c. 2, HR-10001, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marija Dvoršćak
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska c. 2, HR-10001, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Karla Jagić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska c. 2, HR-10001, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Gordana Mendaš
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska c. 2, HR-10001, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Snježana Herceg Romanić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska c. 2, HR-10001, Zagreb, Croatia
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Liu X, Wu Y, Zhang X, Shen L, Brazeau AL, Adams DH, Marler H, Watts BD, Chen D. Novel Dechlorane Analogues and Possible Sources in Peregrine Falcon Eggs and Shark Livers from the Western North Atlantic Regions. Environ Sci Technol 2019; 53:3419-3428. [PMID: 30852890 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b06214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
During the investigation of dechlorane-related chemicals in North American wildlife, two unknown polychlorinated compounds (referred to as U1 and U2) were discovered. After extensive sample cleanup, structural information on U1 and U2 was characterized by gas chromatography (GC) coupled with single quadrupole mass spectrometer (MS) or GC-quadrupole time-of-flight (QToF) MS. Mass spectral evidence suggests that both U1 and U2 are structurally related to Dechlorane 603 (Dec603; C17H8Cl12), an analogue of the chlorinated flame retardant Dechlorane Plus. From the results we suspect U1 (C17H9Cl11) to be a monohydro analogue of Dec603 (i.e., one chlorine atom in Dec603 is replaced by a hydrogen atom). U1 may be formed via the degradation of Dec603's stereoisomers or present as an impurity in commercial Dec603 products. Mass spectral characterization of U2 (C17H7OCl11) suggests it is a carbonylic derivative of Dec603, likely formed via metabolic transformation of Dec603 or its photoisomer. Semiquantitative measurement revealed that U1 and U2 were present at estimated median concentrations of 49 ng/g lipid weight (lw) and 59 ng/g lw in peregrine falcon ( Falco peregrinus) eggs, from the mid-Atlantic region of the United States, and 4.6 and 3.0 ng/g lw in shortfin mako shark ( Isurus oxyrinchus) livers from the western North Atlantic Ocean, respectively. Our results demonstrate the occurrence of these two novel Dec603-related chemicals in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotu Liu
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health , Jinan University , Guangzhou , 510632 , China
| | - Yan Wu
- Cooperative Wildlife Research Laboratory and Department of Zoology , Southern Illinois University , Carbondale , Illinois 62901 , United States
| | - Xianming Zhang
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks , Toronto , Ontario M9P 3V6 , Canada
| | - Li Shen
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks , Toronto , Ontario M9P 3V6 , Canada
| | - Allison L Brazeau
- Wellington Laboratories Inc. , 345 Southgate Drive , Guelph , Ontario N1G 3M5 , Canada
| | - Douglas H Adams
- Cape Canaveral Scientific Inc. , 220 Surf Road , Melbourne Beach , Florida 32951 , United States
| | - Hillary Marler
- Cooperative Wildlife Research Laboratory and Department of Zoology , Southern Illinois University , Carbondale , Illinois 62901 , United States
| | - Bryan D Watts
- Center for Conservation Biology , The College of William and Mary , Williamsburg , Virginia 23185 , United States
| | - Da Chen
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health , Jinan University , Guangzhou , 510632 , China
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Wu Y, Tan H, Zhou C, Crimmins BS, Holsen TM, Pagano JJ, Chen D. Spatial and Temporal Trends (2004-2016) of Selected Alternative Flame Retardants in Fish of the Laurentian Great Lakes. Environ Sci Technol 2019; 53:1786-1796. [PMID: 30681328 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b05300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Following the phase-out of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) flame retardants (FRs) from North American markets, the use of alternative FRs has increased. In this study the occurrence and spatiotemporal distributions of 18 dechlorane analogues (collectively referred to as DECs) and 20 alternative brominated FRs (referred to as ABFRs, i.e., brominated FRs other than PBDEs and HBCDD) were investigated in top predator fish megacomposites (i.e., a composite of all 50 fish) collected yearly from each of the Great Lakes from 2004 to 2016. Frequently detected substances include dechlorane 602, 603, 604 Component B, anti- and syn-dechlorane plus, and chlordene plus, as well as several brominated benzene FRs (i.e., hexabromobenzene, pentabromotoluene, and tetrabromo- o-chlorotoluene). Concentrations of ΣDECs and ΣABFRs ranged from 0.33-31.9 ng/g lipid weight (lw) (0.01-8.3 ng/g wet weight or ww) and 0.91-54.7 ng/g lw (0.09-7.1 ng/g ww), respectively. Flame retardant contamination exhibited chemical-specific spatial variations across the five lakes. Concentrations of ΣABFRs in Lake Erie fish were generally lower than those from other lakes. By contrast, fish ΣDEC concentrations were highest in Lake Ontario and the composition of dechlorane analogues differed significantly between Lake Ontario and the other lakes, indicating likely point-source influences. Temporal analyses revealed declining trends of ΣDECs and ΣABFRs in most lakes except Lake Erie, with age corrected trend slopes of -13.5% to -8.8% and -20.1% to -7.0% per year, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wu
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health , Jinan University , Guangzhou , 510632 , China
- Cooperative Wildlife Research Laboratory and Department of Zoology , Southern Illinois University , Carbondale , Illinois 62901 , United States
| | - Hongli Tan
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health , Jinan University , Guangzhou , 510632 , China
| | - Chuanlong Zhou
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Clarkson University , Potsdam , New York 13699 , United States
| | - Bernard S Crimmins
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Clarkson University , Potsdam , New York 13699 , United States
- AEACS, LLC , Alliance , Ohio 44601 , United States
| | - Thomas M Holsen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Clarkson University , Potsdam , New York 13699 , United States
| | - James J Pagano
- Environmental Research Center, Department of Chemistry , State University of New York at Oswego , Oswego , New York 13126 , United States
| | - Da Chen
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health , Jinan University , Guangzhou , 510632 , China
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Marler H, Adams DH, Wu Y, Nielsen CK, Shen L, Reiner EJ, Chen D. Maternal Transfer of Flame Retardants in Sharks from the Western North Atlantic Ocean. Environ Sci Technol 2018; 52:12978-12986. [PMID: 30226756 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b01613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The present work represents a comprehensive study of in utero maternal transfer of legacy and emerging flame retardants (FRs) in marine predators. We analyzed liver tissues from pregnant sharks of five viviparous species, including blacknose shark ( Carcharhinus acronotus; n = 12), blacktip shark ( Carcharhinus limbatus; n = 2), bonnethead ( Sphyrna tiburo; n = 2), Atlantic sharpnose shark ( Rhizoprionodon terraenovae; n = 2), and spinner shark ( Carcharhinus brevipinna; n = 2), as well as their embryos ( n = 84 in total from five species), collected from the western North Atlantic Ocean. Concentrations of frequently detected emerging FRs in adult female blacknose sharks were determined to be 6.1-83.3 ng/g lipid weight (lw) for dechlorane analogues, 2.5-29.8 ng/g lw for tetrabromo- o-chlorotoluene, and nondetection -32.6 ng/g lw for hexabromobenzene. These concentrations were 1-2 orders of magnitude lower than those of legacy polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants (85.7-398 ng/g lw). Similar contamination profiles were also found in the other four species, although FR concentrations varied in different species. A total of 21 FRs were commonly found in developing embryos of female sharks from five species, demonstrating maternal transfer in utero. The maternal transfer ratio (i.e., ratio of the mean litter concentration to their mother's concentration) determined in blacknose shark mother/embryo groups for each FR chemical was negatively associated with its octanol-water partition coefficient. Our work lays a solid foundation for future investigation of the underlying mechanisms of in utero transfer and additional physical or chemical factors that affect maternal transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hillary Marler
- Cooperative Wildlife Research Laboratory and Department of Zoology , Southern Illinois University , Carbondale , Illinois 62901 , United States
| | - Douglas H Adams
- Cape Canaveral Scientific Inc., 220 Surf Road , Melbourne Beach , Florida 32951 , United States
| | - Yan Wu
- Cooperative Wildlife Research Laboratory and Department of Zoology , Southern Illinois University , Carbondale , Illinois 62901 , United States
| | - Clayton K Nielsen
- Cooperative Wildlife Research Laboratory and Department of Forestry , Southern Illinois University , Carbondale , Illinois 62901 , United States
| | - Li Shen
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, Toronto , Ontario M9P 3V6 , Canada
| | - Eric J Reiner
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, Toronto , Ontario M9P 3V6 , Canada
| | - Da Chen
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health , Jinan University , Guangzhou , Guangdong 510632 , China
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Zacs D, Rjabova J, Ikkere LE, Bavrins K, Bartkevics V. Brominated flame retardants and toxic elements in the meat and liver of red deer (Cervus elaphus), wild boar (Sus scrofa), and moose (Alces alces) from Latvian wildlife. Sci Total Environ 2018; 621:308-316. [PMID: 29202283 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In order to evaluate the contamination status of terrestrial biota in Latvia, muscle and liver tissues of red deer (Cervus elaphus), wild boar (Sus scrofa), and moose (Alces alces) were analyzed for the content of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), as well as cadmium and lead. The highest mean concentrations of PBDEs (46.6pgg-1 wet weight (w.w.)), cadmium (0.95mgkg-1 w.w.), and lead (0.22mgkg-1 w.w.) were observed in the tissues of moose, while the wild boar samples contained the highest levels of HBCD, with the mean concentration equal to 264pgg-1 w.w. in muscle tissues. Generally low mean concentrations of TBBPA from 0.52 to 4.54pgg-1 w.w. were observed. The liver tissue of all analyzed specimens was found to contain higher concentrations of contaminants, compared to muscle tissue. The congener profile of PBDEs in the analyzed tissues indicated that the recently used "penta-BDE" formulation was a probable source, while components of HBCD, "octa-BDE", and "deca-BDE" technical mixtures are likely to undergo congener-specific or diastereomer-specific bioaccumulation or metabolic degradation. Considering the reports from other regions, it can be concluded that the terrestrial biota in Latvia is less affected by the studied contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Zacs
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment "BIOR", Lejupes iela 3, Riga LV-1076, Latvia.
| | - J Rjabova
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment "BIOR", Lejupes iela 3, Riga LV-1076, Latvia; University of Latvia, Department of Chemistry, Jelgavas iela 1, Riga LV-1004, Latvia
| | - L E Ikkere
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment "BIOR", Lejupes iela 3, Riga LV-1076, Latvia
| | - K Bavrins
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment "BIOR", Lejupes iela 3, Riga LV-1076, Latvia
| | - V Bartkevics
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment "BIOR", Lejupes iela 3, Riga LV-1076, Latvia; University of Latvia, Department of Chemistry, Jelgavas iela 1, Riga LV-1004, Latvia
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Campo J, Lorenzo M, Cammeraat ELH, Picó Y, Andreu V. Emerging contaminants related to the occurrence of forest fires in the Spanish Mediterranean. Sci Total Environ 2017; 603-604:330-339. [PMID: 28633110 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Forest fires can be a source of contamination because, among others, of the use of chemicals to their extinction (flame retardants, FRs), or by the production of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) derived from high temperature alteration of organic matter. Up to our knowledge, this study is the first to assess the direct (PAHs 16 on the USA EPA's priority list), and indirect [tri- to hepta- brominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), organophosphorus flame retardants (PFRs) and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs)] contamination related to forest fires. The abundance and distribution of these contaminants were monitored on two Mediterranean hillslopes, one burned and one unburned, near Azuébar (SE Spain). Samples were taken in the foot, middle, and top of the slope, at two depths, and in two environments (under canopy and bare soil). Sediments were collected from sediment fences after erosive rainfall events. Most of the screened compounds were found in both, burned and control hillslopes, though significant differences were found between both. In burned soil, low concentrations of PBDEs (maximum ΣPBDEs: 7.3ngg-1), PFRs (664.4ngg-1) and PFASs (56.4ngg-1) were detected in relation to PAHs (Σ16 PAHs=1255.3ngg-1). No significant influence of the hillslope position was observed for any of the contaminants but differences based on depth and vegetation presence tended to be significant, particularly for the PAHs. After the first erosive event, concentrations of PBDEs and PAHs were higher in sediment than in soil (ΣPBDEs: 17.8ngg-1 and Σ16 PAHs=3154.2ngg-1) pointing out the importance of connectivity processes, especially shortly after fire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Campo
- Environmental Forensic and Landscape Chemistry Research Group, Desertification Research Centre - CIDE, (Spanish Council for Scientific Research, University of Valencia, Generalitat Valenciana), Carretera Moncada - Náquera km 4.5 (Campus IVIA), 46113 Moncada, Valencia, Spain; Department of Ecosystem and Landscape Dynamics, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystems Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - María Lorenzo
- Food and Environmental Safety Research Group (SAMA - UV), Desertification Research Centre - CIDE, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Erik L H Cammeraat
- Department of Ecosystem and Landscape Dynamics, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystems Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yolanda Picó
- Food and Environmental Safety Research Group (SAMA - UV), Desertification Research Centre - CIDE, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Vicente Andreu
- Environmental Forensic and Landscape Chemistry Research Group, Desertification Research Centre - CIDE, (Spanish Council for Scientific Research, University of Valencia, Generalitat Valenciana), Carretera Moncada - Náquera km 4.5 (Campus IVIA), 46113 Moncada, Valencia, Spain
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Peng C, Tan H, Guo Y, Wu Y, Chen D. Emerging and legacy flame retardants in indoor dust from East China. Chemosphere 2017; 186:635-643. [PMID: 28818590 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
To understand human exposure to dust-associated flame retardants in the biggest metropolitan area (city of Shanghai) of East China, our study determined a suite of legacy and emerging flame retardants in dust from dwellings, cars, and university computer labs. The results exhibited a consistent dominance of organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) over polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and other alternative flame retardants (AFRs) regardless of microenvironments. In addition to OPFRs, some alternative flame retardants, such as decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), 2-ethylhexyltetrabromobenzoate (EH-TBB), bis(2-ethylhexyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrabromobenzoate (BEH-TEBP), and 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), were also frequently detected. Among them, DBDPE exhibited concentrations comparable to those of PBDEs. Comparison with international studies indicated that concentrations of ∑PBDEs (0.2-12.3 μg/g dry weight or dw) and ∑OPFRs (3.8-165.5 μg/g dw) from Shanghai dwellings (bedroom and living room) were generally in the middle of concentration ranges reported worldwide, whereas elevated DBDPE concentrations (0.1-9.5 μg/g dw) was observed compared with most other countries or regions. OPFR compositions in house dust from this study also differed from those from many other countries. This suggested inter-regional differences in market demands on the quantities and types of flame retardants. Human intake estimation suggested elevated exposure for toddlers when compared with adults, although the daily intake estimations of individual flame retardants were generally 2-4 orders of magnitude lower than the reference doses. The findings from this preliminary study developed a baseline for future evaluation of the sources and fate of emerging flame retardants and related human exposure risks in East China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changfeng Peng
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Hongli Tan
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Ying Guo
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Yan Wu
- Cooperative Wildlife Research Laboratory and Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
| | - Da Chen
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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Han T, Wu MH, Zang C, Sun R, Tang L, Liu N, Lei JQ, Shao HY, Gu JZ, Xu G. Hexabromocyclododecane and tetrabromobisphenol A in tree bark from different functional areas of Shanghai, China: levels and spatial distributions. Environ Sci Process Impacts 2017; 19:1346-1354. [PMID: 28892110 DOI: 10.1039/c7em00275k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations and spatial distributions of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) were measured in tree bark from different functional areas of Shanghai. ΣHBCDD (sum of α-, β-, and γ-HBCDD) concentrations ranged from 1.2 × 102 to 6.6 × 103 ng g-1 lw (median 5.7 × 102 ng g-1 lw) and TBBPA concentrations ranged from 48 to 7.2 × 104 ng g-1 lw (median 2.8 × 102 ng g-1 lw). The concentrations of ΣHBCDD and TBBPA all followed the order of industrial areas > commercial areas > residential areas. The mean percentage of α-HBCDD in bark samples (44%) from Shanghai was higher than that in technical HBCDD products, but comparable with that in air. The concentrations of TBBPA and individual HBCDD diastereoisomers between industrial areas and commercial areas were correlated. Based on the concentrations of HBCDD in the bark, the corresponding atmospheric HBCDD concentrations were estimated. Compared with the published data for HBCDD in urban air, the estimated atmospheric HBCDD concentrations in Shanghai had a relatively high level, and more attention should be paid to the pollution status of HBCDD in Shanghai.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Han
- Institute of Applied Radiation of Shanghai, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China.
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Tan H, Peng C, Guo Y, Wang X, Wu Y, Chen D. Organophosphate Flame Retardants in House Dust from South China and Related Human Exposure Risks. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2017; 99:344-349. [PMID: 28573493 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-017-2120-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
House dust associated with organic pollutants is not only a potential source of pollutants to the outdoor environment, but also a source to human exposure. The present study investigated the occurrence and concentrations of organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) in house dust collected from South China dwellings (n = 20). The results revealed a universal presence of most target OPFRs in house dust, with concentrations of ΣOPFRs ranging from 2.06 to 19.95 μg/g. The median concentration of ΣOPFR (9.20 μg/g) was one order of magnitude greater than that of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (0.80 μg/g). The composition of OPFR chemicals in house dust was dominated by chlorinated OPFRs, such as tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) and tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP). This compositional pattern was different from what has been reported in indoor dust from many other countries, where tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP) was generally dominant. The daily intake of OPFRs by adults was estimated to be 1.6 and 4.2 ng/kg body weight/day under average and high exposure scenarios, respectively, and 31.7 and 127 ng/kg body weight/day for toddlers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongli Tan
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Changfeng Peng
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Ying Guo
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- Research Center for Harmful Algae and Marine Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
- Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Yan Wu
- Cooperative Wildlife Research Laboratory and Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA
| | - Da Chen
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
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Boyles E, Nielsen CK. PBDEs and Dechloranes in Raccoons in the Midwestern United States. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2017; 98:758-762. [PMID: 28374111 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-017-2072-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Raccoons (Procyon lotor) are one of the most widespread and abundant mammals in North America. To evaluate the suitability of using raccoons as bioindicator species, we analyzed liver tissues (n = 32) collected from 2013 to 2015 for the presence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and Dechloranes. ∑PBDE concentrations ranged from 19.1 to 2125 ng/g lw (median = 98.0 ng/g lw) and did not differ between gender or age of raccoon. Dechloranes were detected in 38% of raccoons and ranged from 0.15 to 50.4 ng/g lw (median = 2.32 ng/g lw). The comparatively high PBDE concentrations, and presence of Dechloranes in the raccoons in our study suggest that biota in terrestrial habitats are still widely exposed to and susceptible to the bioaccumulation of current and emerging flame retardants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmarie Boyles
- Cooperative Wildlife Research Laboratory and Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA.
| | - Clayton K Nielsen
- Cooperative Wildlife Research Laboratory and Department of Forestry, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA
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