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Zhao G, Shi R, Ma M, Lin H, Zhang J, Sheng B. Elevated LDL-c may warn of the risk of gallbladder stones in the patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: A case-control study. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2024:102363. [PMID: 38703815 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2024.102363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to explore the relationship between metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) and the development of new-onset gallbladder stone disease (GSD) and to identify factors that influence the occurrence of new-onset GSD in patients with MASLD. METHODS In this retrospective case-control study, patients who underwent asymptomatic GSD screening during annual routine health check-ups at two hospitals in China between August 2017 and July 2022 were included. Patients with new-onset GSD and controls without GSD were matched 1:1 based on age, sex, race, occupation, diet, drinking habits, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and fasting blood glucose levels. RESULTS The study comprised 1200 patients with new-onset GSD and 1200 controls without GSD. Patients with new-onset GSD had higher rates of MASLD (33.8% vs. 22.2%, P<0.001) and hypercholesterolemia (12.6% vs. 7.2%, P<0.001) compared to controls. Waist circumference (WC) (OR=1.042, 95% CI: 1.022-1.063, P<0.001), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) (OR=0.048, 95% CI: 0.037-0.062, P<0.001), triglycerides (OR=0.819, 95% CI: 0.699-0.958, P=0.013), and hypercholesterolemia (OR=5.023, 95% CI: 2.735-9.225, P<0.001) were independently associated with new-onset GSD. Among patients with MASLD, WC (OR=1.075, 95% CI: 1.026-1.127, P=0.003), total cholesterol (TC) (OR=2.094, 95% CI: 1.259-3.484, P=0.004), HDL-c (OR=0.088, 95% CI: 0.054-0.142, P<0.001), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) (OR=4.056, 95% CI: 2.669-6.163, P<0.001) were independently associated with new-onset GSD. CONCLUSIONS The findings indicate that hypercholesterolemia is independently associated with GSD. Among patients with MASLD, hypercholesterolemia also showed an independent association with GSD. Notably, this study is the first to identify serum LDL-c levels as potentially the most significant risk factor for GSD, highlighting that elevated LDL-c could serve as an important indicator for individuals with MASLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guifen Zhao
- Department of Physical Examination and Health Care, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University (Shenzhen Luohu People's Hospital), Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Ran'geng Shi
- Department of Rheumatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University (Luohu Hospital Group), Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Mao Ma
- Department of Geriatric Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Hairong Lin
- Department of Ultrasound Diagnosis, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University (Luohu Hospital Group), Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Jianqin Zhang
- Shaanxi Nutrition Society, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Binwu Sheng
- Department of Geriatric Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China.
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Tate NM, Yamkate P, Xenoulis PG, Steiner JM, Behling‐Kelly EL, Rendahl AK, Wu Y, Furrow E. Clustering analysis of lipoprotein profiles to identify subtypes of hypertriglyceridemia in Miniature Schnauzers. J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:971-979. [PMID: 38348783 PMCID: PMC10937497 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.17010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) is prevalent in Miniature Schnauzers, predisposing them to life-threatening diseases. Varied responses to management strategies suggest the possibility of multiple subtypes. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVE To identify and characterize HTG subtypes in Miniature Schnauzers through cluster analysis of lipoprotein profiles. We hypothesize that multiple phenotypes of primary HTG exist in this breed. ANIMALS Twenty Miniature Schnauzers with normal serum triglyceride concentration (NTG), 25 with primary HTG, and 5 with secondary HTG. METHODS Cross-sectional study using archived samples. Lipoprotein profiles, generated using continuous lipoprotein density profiling, were clustered with hierarchical cluster analysis. Clinical data (age, sex, body condition score, and dietary fat content) was compared between clusters. RESULTS Six clusters were identified. Dogs with primary HTG were dispersed among 4 clusters. One cluster showed the highest intensities for triglyceride-rich lipoprotein (TRL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) fractions and also included 4 dogs with secondary HTG. Two clusters had moderately high TRL fraction intensities and low-to-intermediate LDL intensities. The fourth cluster had high LDL but variable TRL fraction intensities with equal numbers of NTG and mild HTG dogs. The final 2 clusters comprised only NTG dogs with low TRL intensities and low-to-intermediate LDL intensities. The clusters did not appear to be driven by differences in the clinical data. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE The results of this study support a spectrum of lipoprotein phenotypes within Miniature Schnauzers that cannot be predicted by triglyceride concentration alone. Lipoprotein profiling might be useful to determine if subtypes have different origins, clinical consequences, and response to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M. Tate
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesUniversity of Minnesota, College of Veterinary MedicineSt. PaulMinnesotaUSA
| | - Punyamanee Yamkate
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical SciencesTexas A & M UniversityCollege StationTexasUSA
| | - Panagiotis G. Xenoulis
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical SciencesTexas A & M UniversityCollege StationTexasUSA
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of ThessalyKarditsaGreece
| | - Jörg M. Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical SciencesTexas A & M UniversityCollege StationTexasUSA
| | - Erica L. Behling‐Kelly
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicineCornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkUSA
| | - Aaron K. Rendahl
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesUniversity of Minnesota, College of Veterinary MedicineSt. PaulMinnesotaUSA
| | - Yu‐An Wu
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical SciencesTexas A & M UniversityCollege StationTexasUSA
| | - Eva Furrow
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesUniversity of Minnesota, College of Veterinary MedicineSt. PaulMinnesotaUSA
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Tate NM, Underwood M, Thomas-Hollands A, Minor KM, Cullen JN, Friedenberg SG, Mickelson JR, Xenoulis PG, Steiner JM, Furrow E. Sequence Analysis of Six Candidate Genes in Miniature Schnauzers with Primary Hypertriglyceridemia. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:193. [PMID: 38397183 PMCID: PMC10888295 DOI: 10.3390/genes15020193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Miniature Schnauzers are predisposed to primary hypertriglyceridemia (HTG). In this study, we performed whole genome sequencing (WGS) of eight Miniature Schnauzers with primary HTG and screened for risk variants in six HTG candidate genes: LPL, APOC2, APOA5, GPIHBP1, LMF1, and APOE. Variants were filtered to identify those present in ≥2 Miniature Schnauzers with primary HTG and uncommon (<10% allele frequency) in a WGS variant database including 613 dogs from 61 other breeds. Three variants passed filtering: an APOE TATA box deletion, an LMF1 intronic SNP, and a GPIHBP1 missense variant. The APOE and GPIHBP1 variants were genotyped in a cohort of 108 Miniature Schnauzers, including 68 with primary HTG and 40 controls. A multivariable regression model, including age and sex, did not identify an effect of APOE (estimate = 0.18, std. error = 0.14; p = 0.20) or GPIHBP1 genotypes (estimate = -0.26, std. error = 0.42; p = 0.54) on triglyceride concentration. In conclusion, we did not identify a monogenic cause for primary HTG in Miniature Schnauzers in the six genes evaluated. However, if HTG in Miniature Schnauzers is a complex disease resulting from the cumulative effects of multiple variants and environment, the identified variants cannot be ruled out as contributing factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M. Tate
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; (K.M.M.); (S.G.F.); (E.F.)
| | - Michaela Underwood
- VCA Veterinary Specialty & Emergency Center of Kalamazoo, Kalamazoo, MI 49001, USA;
| | | | - Katie M. Minor
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; (K.M.M.); (S.G.F.); (E.F.)
| | - Jonah N. Cullen
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA;
| | - Steven G. Friedenberg
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; (K.M.M.); (S.G.F.); (E.F.)
| | - James R. Mickelson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA;
| | - Panagiotis G. Xenoulis
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece;
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - Joerg M. Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - Eva Furrow
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; (K.M.M.); (S.G.F.); (E.F.)
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NAGAO I, TSUJI K, GOTO-KOSHINO Y, TSUBOI M, CHAMBERS JK, UCHIDA K, KAMBAYASHI S, TOMIYASU H, BABA K, OKUDA M. MUC5AC and MUC5B expression in canine gallbladder mucocele epithelial cells. J Vet Med Sci 2023; 85:1269-1276. [PMID: 37899236 PMCID: PMC10788179 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.23-0174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Gallbladder mucocele (GBM) is one of the most common gallbladder diseases in dogs. Its pathogenesis has not yet been clarified, but excessive accumulation of a secretory gel-forming mucin, MUC5AC in the gallbladder has been reported. This study aimed to ascertain if MUC5AC overproduction resulted in mucus accumulation in the gallbladder during GBM development. Eleven dogs undergoing cholecystectomy who were pathologically diagnosed with GBM were included, and the expression level of mucins, particularly MUC5AC and MUC5B, in their gallbladder epithelial cells was compared with those in normal gallbladder epithelial cells. On reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction screening, there was a significant difference (P<0.05) in the mRNA expression level of MUC1, but not of other mucins including MUC5AC and MUC5B, between mucocele and normal gallbladder epithelial cells. Protein expression levels were also evaluated for MUC5AC and MUC5B using immunohistochemistry. There was little immunoreactivity for MUC5AC, whereas MUC5B showed definitive staining in gallbladder epithelial cells. There was no difference in MUC5AC and MUC5B protein expression levels between mucocele and normal gallbladder epithelial cells. These data suggest that excessive production of mucin, especially MUC5AC and MUC5B, does not occur in canine GBM, and that abnormal mucus excretion, rather than excessive mucus production, may be the cause of GBM development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itsuma NAGAO
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School
of Agricultural and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kanako TSUJI
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Joint Faculty of
Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Yuko GOTO-KOSHINO
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School
of Agricultural and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaya TSUBOI
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of
Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - James K. CHAMBERS
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of
Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki UCHIDA
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of
Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi KAMBAYASHI
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Joint Faculty of
Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Hirotaka TOMIYASU
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School
of Agricultural and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji BABA
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Joint Faculty of
Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Masaru OKUDA
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Joint Faculty of
Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
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Chae HK, Jeong JY, Lee SY, Hwang HM, Shin KI, Park JH, Ji SY, Hong YJ. Clinical Outcomes in Dogs Undergoing Cholecystectomy via a Transverse Incision: A Meta-Analysis of 121 Animals Treated between 2011 and 2021. Vet Sci 2023; 10:395. [PMID: 37368781 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10060395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Although many studies have been conducted on the use of median and transverse incisions in various surgeries in the field of human medicine, related studies in veterinary medicine are lacking. This study aimed to present treatment options for dogs requiring cholecystectomy by reporting the pros and cons of 121 cholecystectomies performed via transverse incision at our hospital over 10 years. In most included cases, nonelective cholecystectomy was performed in an unstable emergency situation. The perioperative mortality rate was 23.14%, which was not significantly different from that of cholecystectomy performed via the conventional midline approach. However, the overall operation time (46.24 ± 6.13 min; range 35-65 min) was shortened by securing an adequate surgical field of view. The transverse incision approach facilitates fast and accurate surgery without increasing the fatality rate in small-breed dogs, in whom securing an adequate surgical field of view is difficult. Thus, transverse incision should be actively considered in dogs undergoing cholecystectomy due to emergency conditions, such as bile leakage or biliary tract obstruction, since prolonged anesthesia can be burdensome. This study may improve cholecystectomy outcomes in small-breed dogs with difficult-to-secure surgical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung-Kyu Chae
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Western Referral Animal Medical Center, Seoul 04101, Republic of Korea
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Yeon Jeong
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Western Referral Animal Medical Center, Seoul 04101, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Yoon Lee
- Department of Statistics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Hyun-Min Hwang
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Western Referral Animal Medical Center, Seoul 04101, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-In Shin
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Western Referral Animal Medical Center, Seoul 04101, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hoon Park
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Western Referral Animal Medical Center, Seoul 04101, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo-Yeoun Ji
- Department of Veterinary Radiology, Western Referral Animal Medical Center, Seoul 04101, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Jung Hong
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Western Referral Animal Medical Center, Seoul 04101, Republic of Korea
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6
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Hill FI, Speelman JP, Hui KKL, Nekouei O, Beczkowski P, Barrs VR. High frequency of cholecystitis in dogs with gallbladder mucocoele in Hong Kong. Vet J 2022; 287:105881. [PMID: 35961604 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2022.105881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this retrospective study were to characterise the epidemiological, clinical, histopathological, and microbiological findings as well as surgical outcomes in dogs admitted to a specialist veterinary hospital in Hong Kong for surgical management of gallbladder mucocoele (GBM). Inclusion criteria were cases with histopathological diagnosis of GBM and accompanying abdominal imaging, serum biochemistry, bile culture, and liver biopsy histology results. Fifty-six cases met the inclusion criteria. The median age at diagnosis was 12 years (range, 5-16 years). Miniature or toy pure-breed dogs were most commonly affected, including Poodles, Pomeranians, Schnauzers, Bichon frises and Chihuahuas. However, no breed was over-represented compared with their expected proportions among annual hospital admissions. Histological evidence of cholecystitis was present in 84% of cases, including acute cholecystitis in 18%, chronic cholecystitis in 37.5%, acute on chronic cholecystitis in 28% and acute with necrosis in 6%. The most common liver lesions were cholestasis in 64%, along with portal fibrosis in 55%, oedema in 50% and bile duct hyperplasia in 50%. Bile culture was positive in 29.6% of cases. Escherichia coli and Enterobacter species were most commonly isolated. Stentrophomonas maltophili was cultured from one case. Of the 16 cases where bacteria were isolated from bile culture, 94% had evidence of chronic cholecystitis and 81% had evidence of cholangiohepatitis. Fifty dogs (89.3%) survived to discharge including 5/5 dogs with ruptured gallbladders. Of 34 dogs with follow-up data, 21/34 (61.8%) were still alive 12 months later. Gallbladder mucocoeles were frequently associated with both acute and chronic inflammation. High survival rates to discharge were achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- F I Hill
- CityU Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
| | - J P Speelman
- CityU Veterinary Medical Centre, City University of Hong Kong, Sham Shui Po, Hong Kong
| | - K K L Hui
- CityU Veterinary Medical Centre, City University of Hong Kong, Sham Shui Po, Hong Kong
| | - O Nekouei
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - P Beczkowski
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - V R Barrs
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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Xenoulis PG, Heilmann RM, Stavroulaki EM, Riggers DS, Gneipel LJ, Suchodolski JS, Steiner JM. Associations among serum insulin, calprotectin, and C-reactive protein concentrations in Miniature Schnauzers with idiopathic hyperlipidemia before and after feeding an ultra-low-fat diet. J Vet Intern Med 2022; 36:910-918. [PMID: 35451113 PMCID: PMC9151470 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Miniature Schnauzers (MS) commonly have idiopathic hypertriglyceridemia (HTGL), which is associated with insulin resistance (IR) and a subclinical inflammatory phenotype. Objectives Determine the association between indicators of IR and inflammatory biomarkers in MS with and without HTGL and identify how indicators of IR are affected by dietary intervention in MS with HTGL. Animals Seventy MS with HTGL and 79 MS without HTGL. In addition, 15 MS with HTGL were placed on a low‐fat diet. Methods Serum concentrations of triglycerides, cholesterol, calprotectin, insulin, and glucose were compared between groups. Results Serum glucose and calprotectin concentrations (shown to be higher in MS with HTGL than in MS without HTGL) were inversely correlated (ρ = −.28; P < .001). After dietary intervention, median serum insulin concentrations were 8.1 mU/L compared to 20.8 mU/L before dietary intervention (P = .06). Dogs with complete resolution of HTGL after dietary intervention (5 dogs) had significantly lower serum insulin concentrations compared to baseline (P = .03). Conclusion and Clinical Importance The subclinical inflammatory phenotype in MS with HTGL appears to be associated with IR. Resolution of HTGL by dietary intervention is associated with a decrease in serum insulin concentrations. The implication of the increase in serum calprotectin concentrations after resolution of HTGL warrants further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis G Xenoulis
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece.,Gastrointestinal Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Romy M Heilmann
- Department for Small Animals, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Saxony, Germany
| | - Eva M Stavroulaki
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
| | - Denise S Riggers
- Department for Small Animals, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Saxony, Germany
| | - Laura J Gneipel
- Department for Small Animals, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Saxony, Germany
| | - Jan S Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Jörg M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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Butler T, Bexfield N, Dor C, Fantaconi N, Heinsoo I, Kelly D, Kent A, Pack M, Spence SJ, Ward PM, Watson P, McCallum KE. A multicenter retrospective study assessing progression of biliary sludge in dogs using ultrasonography. J Vet Intern Med 2022; 36:976-985. [PMID: 35426163 PMCID: PMC9151485 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Objectives Animals Methods Results Conclusions and Clinical Importance
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Butler
- Queen's Veterinary School Hospital Cambridge United Kingdom
| | - Nick Bexfield
- Queen's Veterinary School Hospital Cambridge United Kingdom
| | - Cecile Dor
- Pride Veterinary Centre and University of Nottingham Nottingham United Kingdom
| | | | - Iris Heinsoo
- Anderson Moores Veterinary Specialists Winchester United Kingdom
| | - Darren Kelly
- Southern Counties Veterinary Specialists Ringwood United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Kent
- Willows Veterinary Centre and Referral Service Solihull United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Pack
- Langford Small Animal Referral Hospital Bristol United Kingdom
| | | | - Patricia M. Ward
- University of Glasgow Small Animal Hospital Glasgow United Kingdom
| | - Penny Watson
- Queen's Veterinary School Hospital Cambridge United Kingdom
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Jaffey JA, Kreisler R, Shumway K, Lee YJ, Lin CH, Durocher-Babek LL, Seo KW, Choi H, Nakashima K, Harada H, Kanemoto H, Lin LS. Ultrasonographic patterns, clinical findings, and prognostic variables in dogs from Asia with gallbladder mucocele. J Vet Intern Med 2022; 36:565-575. [PMID: 35170083 PMCID: PMC8965224 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gallbladder mucocele (GBM) is a common biliary disorder in dogs that can be categorized into 6 types, but the value of this classification scheme remains unknown. Cholecystectomy is associated with high death rates and warrants additional interrogation. OBJECTIVES Investigate the clinical value of ultrasonographic diagnosis of type of GBM and identify prognostic factors in dogs with GBM undergoing cholecystectomy. ANIMALS Two hundred sixteen dogs. METHODS Retrospective cohort study. Dogs with GBM diagnosed from 2014 to 2019 at 6 veterinary referral hospitals in Asia. Ultrasonogram images were reviewed and a GBM type (ie, types I-VI) assigned. RESULTS Dogs with GBM type V as compared to I (OR, 8.6; 95% CI, 2.6-27.8; P < .001) and III (OR, 10.0; 95% CI, 2.5-40.8; P = .001), and dogs with type VI compared to I (OR, 10.5; 95% CI, 1.8-61.2; P = .009) and III (OR, 12.3; 95% CI, 1.8-83.9; P = .01) were more likely to exhibit signs of biliary tract disease. Independent predictors of death after cholecystectomy included age (OR, 2.81; 95% CI, 1.41-5.59; P = .003) and intraoperative systolic blood pressure (SBP) nadir. There was an interaction between SBP nadir and gallbladder rupture; SBP nadir in dogs with (OR, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.89-0.94; P < .001) and without (OR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.82-0.93; P < .001) gallbladder rupture. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Increasing developmental stage of GBM could be associated with an increased likelihood of biliary tract related clinical signs. Nadir SBP deserves further investigation as a prognostic or potentially modifiable variable, particularly in the presence of gallbladder rupture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared A Jaffey
- Department of Specialty Medicine, Midwestern University College of Veterinary Medicine, Glendale, Arizona, USA
| | - Rachael Kreisler
- Department of Pathology and Population Medicine, Midwestern University College of Veterinary Medicine, Glendale, Arizona, USA
| | - Kate Shumway
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Health Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Yan-Jane Lee
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,National Taiwan University Veterinary Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Hui Lin
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,National Taiwan University Veterinary Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Kyoung-Won Seo
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea.,Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hojung Choi
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Ko Nakashima
- Japan Small Animal Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | | | | | - Lee-Shuan Lin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
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10
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Jaffey JA. Canine extrahepatic biliary disease: what have we learned? J Small Anim Pract 2021; 63:247-264. [PMID: 34935155 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Extrahepatic biliary disease in dogs is commonly encountered in clinical practice worldwide. Diseases in this segment of the biliary tract are diverse and can manifest with mild clinical signs or can be life-threatening. In the last decade there have been advances in diagnostic tests, imaging modalities and therapeutic interventions as well as the identification of novel prognostic variables that could improve outcomes in dogs with extrahepatic biliary disease. Therefore, the objective of this review was to summarise clinically relevant updates of extrahepatic biliary disease in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Jaffey
- Department of Specialty Medicine, Midwestern University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Glendale, AZ, 85308, USA
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11
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Mitsui I, Ohtsuki S, Uchida K. Chronic Cholecystitis of Dogs: Clinicopathologic Features and Relationship with Liver. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:3324. [PMID: 34828055 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This study on the gallbladders and livers of 219 client-owned dogs provides a benchmark for future studies on chronic canine cholecystitis. The statistical evaluation of clinical data; histopathology; histochemistry; and immunohistochemistry in this report provides insight into the etiology of chronic cholecystitis in dogs Abstract (1) Background: Chronic cholecystitis of dogs has not been vigorously investigated histopathologically. In addition, the relationship between gallbladder and liver diseases is not known. (2) Methods: We aimed to provide a hallmark for canine chronic cholecystitis using clinical data, histopathology, histochemistry, immunohistochemistry, and statistical analysis. (3) Results: Our investigation of 219 ultrasonographically abnormal surgically resected canine gallbladders revealed 189 cases (86.3%) of mucosal lymphoplasmacytic infiltration (chronic cholecystitis). Sludge, a gravity-dependent or nondependent fine granular hyperechoic material, was more prevalent (105/219, 47.9%) than mucocele (51/219, 23.2%) in this cohort. Mucosal lymphoid follicles were detected in 68/219 cases (31%), suggesting the influence of long-standing antigenic stimulation. Bacteria were histochemically detected in 41/60 (68.3%) of heavily inflamed gallbladders, 18/129 (14%) of lightly inflamed, and 3/18 (16.7%) of uninflamed gallbladders, suggesting a possible relationship between bacteria and chronic cholecystitis. Simultaneous liver biopsies revealed mild or no inflammation, changes consistent with primary portal vein hypoplasia, and mild hepatocellular degeneration. (4) Conclusions: Based on the results of our statistical analysis, we conclude that canine chronic cholecystitis is a long-standing inflammatory process of unknown (but possibly bacterial) etiology and that liver pathology is unlikely the cause of chronic cholecystitis in dogs.
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12
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Allan F, Watson PJ, McCallum KE. Clinical features and outcomes in 38 dogs with cholelithiasis receiving conservative or surgical management. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:2730-2742. [PMID: 34714561 PMCID: PMC8692201 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ursodeoxycholic acid is used in human medicine for litholytic management of choleliths, but the efficacy of medical management in dogs with cholelithiasis is unknown. Objectives To describe the clinical features and outcomes of dogs with cholelithiasis, focusing on cases that received medical treatment, and to identify patient factors that influenced decision‐making for surgical or medical management. Animals Thirty‐eight dogs with cholelithiasis identified on abdominal ultrasonography (AUS). Methods Medical records of dogs with cholelithiasis on AUS between 2010 and 2019 were retrospectively reviewed. Cases were classified as symptomatic (n = 18) or incidental (n = 20) and divided into medically treated (n = 13), surgically treated (n = 10), and no treatment (n = 15) groups. Biochemical variables and cholelith location were compared between symptomatic and incidental groups using Mann‐Whitney U and chi‐squared tests, respectively. Survival times were compared using Kaplan‐Meier survival analysis. Results Symptomatic cases had higher alkaline phosphatase (P = .03), gamma‐glutamyl transferase (P = .03), and alanine transferase (P = .02) activities than did incidental cases. A higher proportion of symptomatic cases (44.4%) had choledocholithiasis than did incidental cases (0%; P = .003). Seventy percent of surgically managed dogs, 7.7% of medically managed dogs, and 0% of nontreated dogs had choledocholiths at presentation. Seventeen dogs had follow‐up AUS: cholelithiasis completely resolved in 4/8 medically treated, 5/7 of surgically treated, and 1/2 nontreated dogs. Median survival time was 457.4 days, with no significant difference between incidental and symptomatic dogs. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Medical treatment can be effective for management of cholelithiasis in dogs, with clinical presentation and cholelith location playing important roles in treatment decision‐making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Allan
- Queen's Veterinary School Hospital, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Penny J Watson
- Queen's Veterinary School Hospital, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Katie E McCallum
- Queen's Veterinary School Hospital, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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13
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Assawarachan SN, Chuchalermporn P, Maneesaay P, Thengchaisri N. Changes in Serum Lipid Profiles among Canine Patients Suffering from Chronic Hepatitis. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8100221. [PMID: 34679051 PMCID: PMC8539309 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8100221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperlipidemia is a risk factor for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in humans. However, the association between serum lipids and canine chronic hepatitis remains unknown. In this study, serum lipids, hepatic profiles, and hepatic ultrasound scores of healthy dogs and dogs with chronic hepatitis were evaluated. Serum triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations were significantly higher (p < 0.01) in dogs with chronic hepatitis. There were 62.2% of dogs with chronic hepatitis accompanied by hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, or both. Positive correlations were observed between serum ALT and cholesterol (r = 0.8287, p < 0.01), serum ALP and cholesterol (r = 0.8436, p < 0.01), serum GGT and cholesterol (r = 0.5640, p < 0.01), serum bile acid and cholesterol (r = 0.3310, p < 0.01) and serum ALP and triglycerides (r = 0.2582, p < 0.05). No significant differences were found between ultrasound scores of diseased dogs with and without hypertriglyceridemia and diseased dogs with and without hypercholesterolemia. Canine chronic hepatitis is associated with hyperlipidemia. A significant positive association was identified between hyperlipidemia, especially hypercholesterolemia, liver enzymes, and bile acid concentration in dogs suffering from chronic hepatitis. The underlying mechanisms connecting hyperlipidemia and canine chronic hepatitis remain elusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathidpak Nantasanti Assawarachan
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, 50 Pahonyothin Rd., Lat Yao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand;
- Endocrinology and Gastroenterology Unit, Kasetsart University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, 50 Pahonyothin Rd., Lat Yao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Piyathip Chuchalermporn
- Radiology Unit, Kasetsart University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, 50 Pahonyothin Rd., Lat Yao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand;
| | - Phudit Maneesaay
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, 50 Pahonyothin Rd., Lat Yao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand;
| | - Naris Thengchaisri
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, 50 Pahonyothin Rd., Lat Yao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand;
- Tippimarn Veterinary Hospital, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, 906/1 Pong Ta long Subdistrict, Pak Chong District, Nakohn Ratchasima 30130, Thailand
- Correspondence:
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14
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Pavlick M, DeLaforcade A, Penninck DG, Webster CRL. Evaluation of coagulation parameters in dogs with gallbladder mucoceles. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:1763-1772. [PMID: 34196054 PMCID: PMC8295708 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gallbladder mucocele (GBM) is a common biliary disorder in dogs. Limited information is available on the coagulation status of dogs with GBM. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES To determine patterns of coagulation alterations in dogs with GBM and correlate them with clinicopathologic abnormalities and ultrasonographic findings of disease severity. ANIMALS Twenty-three dogs with GBM identified on ultrasound examination were prospectively enrolled. METHODS At the time of GBM identification, blood and urine were collected for CBC, serum biochemical panel, urinalysis, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), factor VIII, protein C (PC), von Willebrand's factor (vWF), antithrombin activity, fibrinogen, D-dimers, and thromboelastrography (TEG). Gallbladder mucoceles were classified into ultrasound types 1 to 5. Medical records were reviewed for clinical presentation, underlying conditions and to determine if systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) was present. RESULTS Based on TEG parameters, maximal amplitude, and G, 19/23 (83%) of dogs with GBM had evaluations consistent with hypercoagulability. On plasma-based coagulation testing, dogs with GBM had increased total PC activity (20/23, 87%), fibrinogen (9/23, 39%), platelet count (9/23, 39%), and D-dimers (6/15, 40%) as well as prolongations in aPTT (9/22, 41%) and low vWF activity (5/21, 24%). No correlation was found between TEG G value and any coagulation or clinical pathology variables, ultrasound stage of GBM or disease severity as assessed by the presence of SIRS. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Dogs with ultrasonographically identified GBM have changes in whole blood kaolin-activated TEG supporting a hypercoagulable state although traditional plasma-based coagulation testing suggests that a complex state of hemostasis exists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Pavlick
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, Grafton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Armelle DeLaforcade
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, Grafton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dominique G Penninck
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, Grafton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Cynthia R L Webster
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, Grafton, Massachusetts, USA
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15
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Bandara Y, Bayton WA, Williams TL, Scase T, Bexfield NH. Histopathological frequency of canine hepatobiliary disease in the United Kingdom. J Small Anim Pract 2021; 62:730-736. [PMID: 34155648 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Canine hepatobiliary disease is common; however, data determining disease frequency and breed predispositions are lacking. The primary objective was to identify the frequency of different hepatobiliary disease in a United Kingdom population of dogs and consequently determine breeds at both an increased and decreased risk of hepatobiliary disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS Anonymised histopathology reports from a commercial veterinary diagnostic laboratory, which were submitted between August 2013 and February 2018, were analysed. Data were retrospectively categorised into hepatobiliary diseases according to World Small Animal Veterinary Association Standards and the breed, age and genders recorded. Cases with incomplete data or no definitive diagnosis were excluded. Breed predisposition was calculated using odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals against a United Kingdom-based control population of micro-chipped dogs. RESULTS Histopathology results from 4584 cases met inclusion criteria. The most frequent histological diagnoses were reactive hepatitis (n=770); chronic hepatitis (n=735) and reversible hepatocellular injury (n=589). A number of breeds were shown to be at an increased or decreased risk of individual liver diseases. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE This is the first study to document the histopathological frequency of hepatobiliary diseases in a large cohort of dogs in the United Kingdom, as well as novel possible breed and age predispositions. Despite multivariable analysis not being performed to account for confounding factors, this information hopes to inform and support future investigations for hepatic disease in particular breeds and potential predispositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Bandara
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Queen's Veterinary School Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK
| | - W A Bayton
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Queen's Veterinary School Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK
| | - T L Williams
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Queen's Veterinary School Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK
| | - T Scase
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Bridge Pathology Ltd, Bristol, BS7 0BJ, UK
| | - N H Bexfield
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Queen's Veterinary School Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK
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16
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Munro MJL, Hulsebosch SE, Marks SL, Gilor C. Efficacy of a micronized, nanocrystal fenofibrate formulation in treatment of hyperlipidemia in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:1733-1742. [PMID: 34096101 PMCID: PMC8295657 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Safe, effective, and readily available drug therapies are required for the management of hyperlipidemia and its associated complications in dogs. Objectives To investigate the efficacy of a micronized, nanocrystal formulation of fenofibrate (Tricor) in the treatment of hyperlipidemia in dogs. Animals Ten client‐owned dogs with primary (n = 7) and secondary (n = 3) hyperlipidemia. All dogs had hypertriglyceridemia at baseline; 3 dogs also had hypercholesterolemia. Methods Prospective dose‐escalation study. Dogs were treated with fenofibrate orally once daily in up to 3 cycles of 21 days each. Fenofibrate dose was increased at the end of each cycle if hypertriglyceridemia persisted and adverse effects were not documented. Complete blood count, biochemistry, and urine protein:creatinine ratio were collected serially. Baseline (T0) parameters were compared to time of maximal reduction in serum triglyceride concentrations (T1) and reported as median (range). Results Triglycerides normalized in all dogs (T0 = 662 mg/dL [189‐2391]; T1 = 113 mg/dL [81‐132]; P = .002). Fenofibrate dose at T1 = 6.4 mg/kg PO q24h (range, 2.2‐13.5). T1 was achieved at 3 (n = 4), 6 (n = 4), and 9 (n = 2) weeks. Serum cholesterol concentrations decreased in 9 of 10 dogs. Quiet demeanor and firm stools in 1 dog were the only reported adverse reactions. Fenofibrate administration resulted in a significant reduction in median alkaline phosphatase activity (P = .049). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Over 21 to 63 days, TriCor was effective in the management of primary and secondary hyperlipidemia in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J L Munro
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, 1 Garrod Drive, Davis, California 95616, USA.,Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Highway, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
| | - Sean E Hulsebosch
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, 1 Shields Ave., Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Stanley L Marks
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, 1 Shields Ave., Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Chen Gilor
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, 1 Shields Ave., Davis, California 95616, USA.,Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2560 SE 16th Ave., Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
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17
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El-Sebaey AM, Abramov PN. Hepatocyte-derived canine familiaris-microRNAs as serum biomarkers of hepatic steatosis or fibrosis as implicated in the pathogenesis of canine cholecystolithiasis. Vet Clin Pathol 2021; 50 Suppl 1:37-46. [PMID: 34031917 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatic cholesterol accumulation in small breed dogs is a leading risk factor for hepatic fatty changes, gallbladder hypomotility, and cholelith development, which, if not discovered early, could lead to life-threatening choledocholithiasis and acute pancreatitis. OBJECTIVE This study proposed to assess the use of hepatocyte-derived canine familiaris (cfa)-microRNAs (miRNA-122, -34a, and -21) as new diagnostic serum biomarkers of liver steatosis or fibrosis, for which both processes have been implicated in canine cholecystolithiasis. METHODS Forty client-owned dogs diagnosed with cholecystolithiasis and hepatic steatosis (C+HS) or fibrosis (C+HF) based on ultrasonographic, biochemical, and histopathologic findings, and 20 healthy dogs used as controls were included in the study. Serum cfa-miRNA expression was determined using a real-time polymerase chain reaction assay. RESULTS Serum cfa-miRNA-122 and -34a expression was significantly upregulated in the C+HS (P < .001) and C+HF (P < .01) groups compared with the control group and showed a positive correlation with alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total bilirubin (TBIL), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT), total cholesterol (TC), and triglycerides (TG) levels in the C+HS group. Cfa-miRNA-122 and -34a expression discriminated the diseased groups from the control group better than traditional serum-derived liver biomarkers, as evidenced by areas under the receiver operating characteristic (AUC-ROC) curve of 0.99 and 0.97 for cfa-miRNA-122 expression in the C+HS and C+HF groups, and 1.0 and 0.96 for cfa-miRNA-34a in the C+HS and C+HF groups, respectively. Cfa-miRNA-21 expression was upregulated only in the C+HF group compared with the C+HS (P < .01) and control (P < .001) groups and showed a positive correlation with serum ALT, AST, TBIL, ALP, and GGT and negative correlation with serum TC and TG levels. Cfa-miRNA-21 expression could also differentiate the C+HF group from the control and C+HS groups with a diagnostic performance superior to that of the conventional serum biochemical variables as evidenced by AUCs of 1.0 and 0.98, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Serum cfa-miRNA-122, -34a, and -21 expression was significantly upregulated in dogs with cholecystolithiasis with hepatic steatosis or fibrosis compared with control dogs. These miRNAs could serve as novel biomarkers for hepatic steatosis or fibrosis, which have been implicated in the pathogenesis of cholecystolithiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M El-Sebaey
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.,Department of Disease Diagnosis, Therapy, Obstetrics, and Animal Reproduction, Moscow State Academy of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology - MVA by K. I. Skryabin, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Pavel N Abramov
- Department of Disease Diagnosis, Therapy, Obstetrics, and Animal Reproduction, Moscow State Academy of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology - MVA by K. I. Skryabin, Moscow, Russian Federation
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18
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Thompson BJ, Sherman RA. Comprehensive Review of Biliary Peritonitis. Top Companion Anim Med 2021; 44:100532. [PMID: 33781985 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcam.2021.100532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Biliary peritonitis is a growing concern in the canine patient and a thorough understanding of the disease will lead to better treatment outcomes. This article reviews the human and veterinary literature pertaining to biliary peritonitis including both scientific reviews and original publications. Compared to human medicine, biliary peritonitis can be difficult to diagnose preoperatively. Multiple risk factors exist increasing the likelihood of development of biliary peritonitis. Treatment recommendations center on stabilization, surgical cholecystectomy, and postoperative supportive care. Clinically, further studies on treatment and prevention in veterinary medicine are warranted.
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19
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Viljoen AD, Tamborini A, Watson PJ, Bexfield NH. Clinical characteristics and histology of cholecystectomised dogs with nongravity-dependent biliary sludge: 16 cases (2014-2019). J Small Anim Pract 2021; 62:478-488. [PMID: 33629392 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To report the available histology, biochemistry and clinical progression of dogs without classic overt biliary tract signs that underwent cholecystectomy for nongravity-dependent biliary sludge. MATERIALS AND METHODS Case series of client-owned dogs for which a cholecystectomy was performed for nongravity-dependent biliary sludge. In six dogs, for which nongravity-dependent biliary sludge filled less than half of gall bladder volume, gall bladder ejection fractions were measured. Available histology, biochemistry, presenting clinical signs and post-surgical clinical progression were reported. RESULTS Sixteen dogs were included in this retrospective case series. No dogs met the histological criteria for gall bladder mucocoeles or had histological evidence of primary hepatitis or cholangitis. Biochemistry was normal for 11 dogs. Hypercholesterolaemia was not noted in any dog. Twelve dogs had cholecystitis (11 lymphoplasmacytic, one neutrophilic) and nine dogs had biliary mucosal hyperplasia. Thirteen dogs had enteritis (12 lymphoplasmacytic, one eosinophilic) and nine dogs had reactive hepatitis (eight lymphoplasmacytic, one neutrophilic). All six dogs with nongravity-dependent biliary sludge that filled less than half of gall bladder volume had sub-optimal gall bladder function. Presenting clinical signs, including diurnal inappetence in the morning and exercise intolerance, resolved in 86% (12/14) of dogs after cholecystectomy and clinical improvement was noted in 81% (13/16) of dogs overall. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Duodenal inflammation could potentially impact gall bladder dysmotility in dogs with nongravity-dependent biliary sludge. Furthermore, diurnal inappetence in the morning and exercise intolerance could indicate symptomatic gall bladder disease in dogs with NDBS and can potentially precede more obvious systemic clinical signs associated with gall bladder mucocoeles.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Viljoen
- Vets4Pets Torquay, Bridge Retail Park, Hele Road, Torquay, TQ2 7AP, UK
| | - A Tamborini
- Dick White Referrals, Station Farm, London Road, Six Mile Bottom, Cambridgeshire, CB8 0U, UK
| | - P J Watson
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK
| | - N H Bexfield
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK
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20
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Lindaberry C, Vaden S, Aicher KM, Seiler G, Robertson J, Cianciolo R, Yang C, Gookin JL. Proteinuria in dogs with gallbladder mucocele formation: A retrospective case control study. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:878-886. [PMID: 33547696 PMCID: PMC7995360 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Proteinuria is an independent risk factor for morbidity and mortality in dogs. An association between proteinuria and gallbladder mucocele formation in dogs is unknown. Objective Determine if gallbladder mucocele formation or clinicopathologic comorbidities are associated with proteinuria. Animals Twenty‐five dogs with mucocele formation and 25 breed and age‐matched control dogs from a prior study. Methods Retrospective case control study. Proteinuria defined by calculated urine dipstick protein concentration (mg/mL) to urine specific gravity (USG) ratio. Clinicopathologic findings, postcosyntropin cortisol concentration, thyroid function profile, and illness severity score were recorded. Results Median urine dipstick protein concentration to USG ratio and number of dogs having a ratio ≥1.5 were significantly higher for dogs with mucocele formation compared to control dogs. Proteinuria was not significantly associated with CBC or serum biochemistry profile abnormalities but increased in relation to severity of illness. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Gallbladder mucocele formation is significantly associated with proteinuria in dogs. Diagnosis and treatment of proteinuria in dogs with mucocele formation might minimize long term kidney morbidity in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal Lindaberry
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Shelly Vaden
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kathleen M Aicher
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Veterinary Specialty Hospital of the Carolinas, Cary, North Carolina, USA
| | - Gabriela Seiler
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - James Robertson
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rachel Cianciolo
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Ching Yang
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Jody L Gookin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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21
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Jaffey JA, Matheson J, Shumway K, Pacholec C, Ullal T, Van den Bossche L, Fieten H, Ringold R, Lee KJ, DeClue AE. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in dogs with gallbladder mucocele. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0244102. [PMID: 33326487 PMCID: PMC7743984 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Gallbladder mucocele (GBM) is a common biliary disorder in dogs. Gallbladder hypokinesia has been proposed to contribute to its formation and progression. The specific cause of gallbladder stasis in dogs with GBM as well as viable treatment options to resolve dysmotility remains unknown. Vitamin D deficiency is one of the many potential causes of gallbladder hypokinesia in humans and repletion results in complete resolution of stasis. Improving our understanding of the relationship between serum vitamin D and GBM could help identify dogs as a model for humans with gallbladder hypokinesia. Furthermore, this relationship could provide insight into the pathogenesis of GBM and support the need for future studies to investigate vitamin D as a novel treatment target. Therefore, goals of this study were i) to determine if serum 25-hydroxyvitamin(OH)D concentrations were decreased in dogs with GBM, ii) if serum 25(OH)D concentrations were different in clinical versus dogs subclinical for GBM, and iii) to determine if serum 25(OH)D concentrations could predict the ultrasonographic type of GBM. Sixty-two dogs (clinical, n = 26; subclinical, n = 36) with GBM and 20 healthy control dogs were included in this prospective observational study. Serum 25(OH)D concentrations were measured with a competitive chemiluminescence immunoassay. Overall, dogs with GBM had lower serum 25(OH)D concentrations than control dogs (P = 0.004). Subsequent subgroup analysis indicated that this difference was only significant in the subclinical group compared to the control dogs (P = 0.008), and serum 25(OH)D concentrations did not significantly differ between dogs clinical for GBM versus subclinical or control dogs, indicating that inflammatory state in clinical dogs was not the major constituent of the observed findings. Decreasing serum 25(OH)D concentrations, but not clinical status, was associated with a more advanced developmental stage of GBM type determined by ultrasonography. Our results indicate that vitamin D has a role in dogs with GBM. Additional studies are needed to assess if reduced vitamin D in dogs with GBM is a cause or effect of their biliary disease and to investigate if vitamin D supplementation could be beneficial for dogs with GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared A. Jaffey
- Department of Specialty Medicine, Midwestern University College of Veterinary Medicine, Glendale, Arizona, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Jodi Matheson
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Health Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Kate Shumway
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Health Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Christina Pacholec
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Health Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Tarini Ullal
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Lindsay Van den Bossche
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hille Fieten
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Randy Ringold
- VDI Laboratory, LLC, Simi Valley, California, United States of America
| | - Keun Jung Lee
- Department of Pathology and Population Medicine, Midwestern University College of Veterinary Medicine, Glendale, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Amy E. DeClue
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Health Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
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Sheng B, Zhao Q, Ma M, Zhang J. An inverse association of weight and the occurrence of asymptomatic gallbladder stone disease in hypercholesterolemia patients: a case-control study. Lipids Health Dis 2020; 19:228. [PMID: 33097057 PMCID: PMC7585169 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-020-01402-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the fact that the majority of gallstones formed in the gallbladder are mainly composed of cholesterol, as they are formed from cholesterol-supersaturated bile, and hypercholesterolemia is a common metabolic disorder, which is closely related to cardiac, hepatic, renal and other oxidative damage inflammation and necrosis, there is still no consensus regarding the contribution of blood serum lipids in the pathogenesis of gallbladder stone disease (GSD). This study aimed to investigate the relationship between hypercholesterolemia and the risk of new-onset asymptomatic GSD, and to determine the prevalence of factors associated with new-onset asymptomatic GSD in patients with hypercholesterolemia. Methods In this study, 927 Chinese patients with new-onset asymptomatic gallstone disease and 845 healthy controls were enrolled starting from August 2012. Patients were matched for age, gender, race, occupation, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and fasting blood glucose levels (FBG). Body mass index (BMI), nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and serum lipids indexes were compared and the relationships between BMI, blood lipid and gallbladder stone hazards were examined by logistic multivariate regression models. Results The result showed a significantly higher morbidity with GSD in hypercholesterolemia than non-hypercholesterolemia patients (Χ2 = 17.211, P < 0.001). Of hypercholesterolemia patients, low density lipoprotein (OR = 1.493, P = 0.029) and NAFLD (OR = 2.723, P = 0.022) were significant risk factors for GSD, while being male (OR = 0.244, P = 0.033), weight (OR = 0.961, P = 0.022), high density lipoprotein (OR = 0.305, P < 0.001), and FBG (OR = 0.687, P = 0.034) were significantly negatively correlated with GSD in univariate analysis. Multivariate logistic regression indicated weakly positive correlations with NAFLD (OR = 3.284, P = 0.054), and significant negative correlations with weight (OR = 0.930, P = 0.018), HDL-c (OR = 0.144, P < 0.001), and GSD. Conclusion Hypercholesterolemia acts as an independent risk factor for new-onset asymptomatic GSD, while obesity and NAFLD are synergistic factors. Interestingly, it is first reported that elevated weight was inversely associated with GSD in patients with hypercholesterolemia. The results of this study suggest that effective control of hyperlipidemia is of greater significance than weight loss, which might make the situation worse, in the prevention of GSD in obese patients with hyperlipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binwu Sheng
- Department of Geriatric Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, China.
| | - Qingbin Zhao
- Department of Geriatric, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Mao Ma
- Department of Geriatric Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Jianqin Zhang
- Department of Nutrition, The Fourth People's Hospital of Shaanxi, No. 512, Xianning East Road, Xi'an, 710043, China.
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23
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Barker L, Tivers MS, Kathrani A, Allerton F, Powell R, Stam L, Black V. Serological markers of gluten sensitivity in Border terriers with gall bladder mucocoeles. J Small Anim Pract 2020; 61:630-636. [PMID: 32845530 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate serological markers of gluten sensitivity in conjunction with cholecystokinin measurement in Border terriers with gall bladder mucocoeles. MATERIALS AND METHODS Medical records from two referral hospitals were obtained between 2011 and 2019 to identify Border terriers with gall bladder mucocoeles, non-Border terriers with gall bladder mucocoeles and control Border terriers with non-biliary diseases. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were performed on stored fasted serum samples for anti-gliadin IgG, anti-canine transglutaminase-2-IgA autoantibodies and cholecystokinin. Statistical analysis was performed using the Kruskall-Wallis test to identify differences between the groups. RESULTS Fifteen Border terriers with gall bladder mucocoeles, 17 non-Border terriers with gall bladder mucocoeles and 14 control Border terriers with non-biliary diseases were recruited. Median transglutaminase-2-IgA autoantibodies in Border terriers with gall bladder mucocoeles was 0.73 (range: 0.18 to 1.67), which was significantly greater than in control Border terriers at 0.41 (0.07 to 1.14). Median cholecystokinin concentration in Border terriers with gall bladder mucocoeles was 13 pg/mL (6 to 45 pg/mL), which was significantly lower than in control Border terriers at 103 pg/mL (9 to 397 pg/mL). There was no difference in the anti-gliadin IgG between these groups. There was no difference observed in the non-Border terriers with gall bladder mucocoeles with either of the other groups. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Reduced cholecystokinin and increased transglutaminase-2-IgA autoantibodies was detected in Border terriers with gall bladder mucocoeles; which is in part homologous to gall bladder disease identified in human coeliac disease. The results suggest an immunological disease with impaired cholecystokinin release may be affecting gall bladder motility and possibly contributing to mucocoele formation in Border terriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Barker
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford, Bristol, BS40 5DU, UK
| | - M S Tivers
- Paragon Veterinary Referrals, Wakefield, WF1 2DF, UK
| | - A Kathrani
- Royal Veterinary College, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - F Allerton
- Willows Veterinary Referrals, Solihull, B90 4NH, UK
| | - R Powell
- SYNLAB-VPG, Manor Farm Business Park, Hertfordshire, SG5 3HR, UK
| | - L Stam
- SYNLAB-VPG, Manor Farm Business Park, Hertfordshire, SG5 3HR, UK
| | - V Black
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford, Bristol, BS40 5DU, UK
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24
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Hattersley R, Downing F, Gibson S, Demetriou J, Elmenhorst K, Kulendra N, Mielke B, Woods S. Impact of intra-operative hypotension on mortality rates and post-operative complications in dogs undergoing cholecystectomy. J Small Anim Pract 2020; 61:624-629. [PMID: 32845022 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To report the mortality rate within a cohort of dogs undergoing cholecystectomy and investigate the impact of intra-operative hypotension on mortality. MATERIALS AND METHODS Clinical records at five UK referral centres were reviewed for dogs undergoing cholecystectomy. Data collected included presenting signs, pre-operative blood test results, intra-operative data including frequency and duration of hypotension and the incidence and type of post-operative complications. RESULTS Data from 119 dogs were included. Sixteen dogs (13%) died before discharge and by 28 days after surgery the total mortality was 19 dogs (17%). Hypotension lasting over 10 minutes during general anaesthesia occurred in 65 dogs (54.6%), with a mean ± sd duration of 36.1 ± 30.0 minutes. Intra-operative hypotension or the number of hypotensive episodes did not appear to be associated with in-hospital or 28-day mortality. American Society of Anaesthesiologists grade (of fitness for surgery) was significantly associated with both in-hospital and 28-day mortality on univariable analysis, as were post-operative hypoproteinaemia, ileus and pancreatitis. However on multivariable analysis, only ileus and pancreatitis were found to significantly impact mortality. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Dogs presenting with a higher American Society of Anaesthesiologists grade appear to have a higher risk of mortality, although intra-operative hypotension did not appear to be part of this risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - F Downing
- Davies Veterinary Specialists, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - S Gibson
- Davies Veterinary Specialists, Hertfordshire, UK
| | | | - K Elmenhorst
- Anderson Moores Veterinary Specialists, Hampshire, UK
| | - N Kulendra
- North Downs Specialist Referrals, Surrey, UK
| | - B Mielke
- Royal Veterinary College, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - S Woods
- Veterinary Specialists Scotland, Livingston, UK
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25
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Teixeira FA, Machado DP, Jeremias JT, Queiroz MR, Pontieri CFF, Brunetto MA. Starch sources influence lipidaemia of diabetic dogs. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:2. [PMID: 31900155 PMCID: PMC6942337 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2224-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperlipidaemia is considered a cause of other diseases that are clinically important and potentially life threatening. Combination of pea and barley as exclusive starch sources is known to interfere with glycemic control in diabetic dogs, but their effect on lipid profile of hiperlipidaemic dogs is yet to be evaluated. Twelve adult diabetic dogs were fed three dry extruded diets with different starch sources and different fat levels: peas and barley (PB), maize (Mi), and peas, barley and rice (Ba) with 15.7, 15.6 and 9.0% of their dry matter as fat, respectively. Plasmatic cholesterol and triglycerides concentration curves over 10 h were obtained after 60 days on each diet and with the same NPH insulin dose. ANOVA test or Friedman test were used to compare the dietary effects on triglycerides and cholesterol variables among the diets. RESULTS Dogs presented lower mean (p = 0.05), fasting (p = 0.03), and time 8-h postprandial (p = 0.05) triglyceridemia after PB diet period than Ba diet period and time 4-h postprandial (p = 0.02) lower after PB than Mi diet. Cholesterolemia mean, minimum, maximum, area under the cholesterol curve and times points: 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10-h postprandial, had lower values after PB ingestion in comparison to Mi, without difference to Ba diet. CONCLUSION Inclusion of pea and barley, as exclusive starch sources, in therapeutic diets for diabetic dogs can minimize plasmatic triglycerides and cholesterol concentration at fasting and at different postprandial time, compared to the maize diet or diet with lesser fat content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Alves Teixeira
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo/Pirassununga, Av. Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87 - Butantã, São Paulo, 05508-010 Brazil
| | - Daniela Pedrosa Machado
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo/Pirassununga, Av. Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87 - Butantã, São Paulo, 05508-010 Brazil
| | | | - Mariana Ramos Queiroz
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo/Pirassununga, Av. Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87 - Butantã, São Paulo, 05508-010 Brazil
| | | | - Marcio Antonio Brunetto
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo/Pirassununga, Av. Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87 - Butantã, São Paulo, 05508-010 Brazil
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo University, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 255, Pirassununga, SP Brazil
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26
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Lucena R, Novales M, Blanco B, Hernández E, Ginel PJ. Effect of probiotic Enterococcus faecium SF68 on liver function in healthy dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 33:2628-2634. [PMID: 31578761 PMCID: PMC6872625 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Probiotics are widely used in dogs but can be associated with alterations in some serum biochemistry test results. OBJECTIVE To assess the effect of Enterococcus faecium SF68 administration for 14 days on serum alanine transferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and total cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in healthy dogs. ANIMALS Thirty-six healthy privately owned neutered dogs were randomly allocated, stratified by sex, to control or probiotic groups. Dogs were clinically healthy, with normal physical examination findings, blood, urine, and fecal analyses and ultrasonographic examinations. METHOD In this blinded, controlled study E. faecium SF68 was administered to the probiotic group for 14 days. Blood samples were taken from all dogs at days 0, 14, and 28. Serum ALT and ALP activity and total cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations were determined on these 3 days. RESULTS The probiotic induced no significant changes in mean ALT and ALP activity. Mean cholesterol concentration did not change during probiotic administration but a significant decrease was seen on day 28 (P < .01). Mean triglyceride concentration increased progressively, becoming significant at day 28 (P < .05), with 1 dog developing hypertriglyceridemia. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE E. faecium SF68 would not create confusion when monitoring dogs with hepatobiliary disease because ALT and ALP activity did not change significantly. A significant decrease in cholesterol and significant increase in triglyceride concentrations were seen at day 28 but were not clinically relevant, with 1 dog showing hypertriglyceridemia. A longer trial is warranted to assess if the probiotic effects could be clinically relevant and to assess its potential use in hypertriglyceridemic dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Lucena
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Córdoba, Campus of Rabanales, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Manuel Novales
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Córdoba, Campus of Rabanales, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Beatriz Blanco
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Córdoba, Campus of Rabanales, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Eduardo Hernández
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Córdoba, Campus of Rabanales, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Pedro José Ginel
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Córdoba, Campus of Rabanales, Córdoba, Spain
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Parkanzky M, Grimes J, Schmiedt C, Secrest S, Bugbee A. Long-term survival of dogs treated for gallbladder mucocele by cholecystectomy, medical management, or both. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 33:2057-2066. [PMID: 31490022 PMCID: PMC6766501 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gallbladder mucoceles (GBM) typically are treated by cholecystectomy. Medical management rarely has been reported and medical and surgical management have not been compared. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES To compare survival of dogs treated for GBM by medical management or cholecystectomy or both. ANIMALS Eighty-nine client-owned dogs diagnosed with GBM that received cholecystectomy or medical treatment or both from 2011 to 2017. METHODS Potential cases were identified by searching the medical records database. Data collected included signalment, clinicopathologic results, treatments, and ultrasonographic images and reports. Dogs were grouped according to the treatment received (medical management, surgical treatment, or both) that was chosen at the discretion of the attending veterinarian. Survival analysis was performed and prognostic variables identified and compared between treatment groups. RESULTS Of dogs surviving at least 14 days after diagnosis, median survival times were 1802 (95% confidence interval [CI], 855-not reached) days, 1340 (95% CI, 444-1340) days, and 203 (95% CI, 18-525) days, for the surgical, medical, and medical then surgical treatment groups, respectively, and differed significantly (P < .0001). Gallbladder mucocele type (P = .05), serum alkaline phosphatase activity (P = .0001), and serum creatinine (P = .002) and phosphorus (P = .04) concentrations were associated with decreased survival across groups. Suspicion of biliary rupture on abdominal ultrasound (AUS) examination was correlated with increased survival in the surgical group (P = .02). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Cholecystectomy for the treatment of GBM results in the best long-term survival in dogs surviving the immediate postoperative period (14 days) compared to medical management. Although medical management is associated with shorter survival compared to surgical treatment, it is a reasonable alternative when surgery cannot be pursued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Parkanzky
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia
| | - Janet Grimes
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia
| | - Chad Schmiedt
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia
| | - Scott Secrest
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia
| | - Andrew Bugbee
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia
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28
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Jaffey JA, Pavlick M, Webster CR, Moore GE, McDaniel KA, Blois SL, Brand EM, Reich CF, Motschenbacher L, Hostnik ET, Su D, Lidbury JA, Raab O, Carr SV, Mabry KE, Fox-Alvarez W, Townsend S, Palermo S, Nakazono Y, Ohno K, VanEerde E, Fieten H, Hulsman AH, Cooley-Lock K, Dunning M, Kisielewicz C, Zoia A, Caldin M, Conti-Patara A, Ross L, Mansfield C, Lynn O, Claus MA, Watson PJ, Swallow A, Yool DA, Gommeren K, Knops M, Ceplecha V, de Rooster H, Lobetti R, Dossin O, Jolivet F, Papazoglou LG, Pappalardo MCF, Manczur F, Dudás-Györki Z, O'Neill EJ, Martinez C, Gal A, Owen RL, Gunn E, Brown K, Harder LK, Griebsch C, Anfinsen KP, Gron TK, Marchetti V, Heilmann RM, Pazzi P, DeClue AE. Effect of clinical signs, endocrinopathies, timing of surgery, hyperlipidemia, and hyperbilirubinemia on outcome in dogs with gallbladder mucocele. Vet J 2019; 251:105350. [PMID: 31492387 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2019.105350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Gallbladder mucocele (GBM) is a common extra-hepatic biliary syndrome in dogs with death rates ranging from 7 to 45%. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify the association of survival with variables that could be utilized to improve clinical decisions. A total of 1194 dogs with a gross and histopathological diagnosis of GBM were included from 41 veterinary referral hospitals in this retrospective study. Dogs with GBM that demonstrated abnormal clinical signs had significantly greater odds of death than subclinical dogs in a univariable analysis (OR, 4.2; 95% CI, 2.14-8.23; P<0.001). The multivariable model indicated that categorical variables including owner recognition of jaundice (OR, 2.12; 95% CI, 1.19-3.77; P=0.011), concurrent hyperadrenocorticism (OR 1.94; 95% CI, 1.08-3.47; P=0.026), and Pomeranian breed (OR, 2.46; 95% CI 1.10-5.50; P=0.029) were associated with increased odds of death, and vomiting was associated with decreased odds of death (OR, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.30-0.72; P=0.001). Continuous variables in the multivariable model, total serum/plasma bilirubin concentration (OR, 1.03; 95% CI, 1.01-1.04; P<0.001) and age (OR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.08-1.26; P<0.001), were associated with increased odds of death. The clinical utility of total serum/plasma bilirubin concentration as a biomarker to predict death was poor with a sensitivity of 0.61 (95% CI, 0.54-0.69) and a specificity of 0.63 (95% CI, 0.59-0.66). This study identified several prognostic variables in dogs with GBM including total serum/plasma bilirubin concentration, age, clinical signs, concurrent hyperadrenocorticism, and the Pomeranian breed. The presence of hypothyroidism or diabetes mellitus did not impact outcome in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Jaffey
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Health Center, University of Missouri, 900 East Campus Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
| | - M Pavlick
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA, 01536, USA
| | - C R Webster
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA, 01536, USA
| | - G E Moore
- Department of Veterinary Administration, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - K A McDaniel
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Health Center, University of Missouri, 900 East Campus Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - S L Blois
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - E M Brand
- Veterinary Medical Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - C F Reich
- Veterinary Medical Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - L Motschenbacher
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1352 Boyd Avenue, C-325, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - E T Hostnik
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Veterinary Medical Center, Ohio State University, 601 Vernon L Tharp Street Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - D Su
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - J A Lidbury
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4474 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - O Raab
- Department of Companion Animals, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - S V Carr
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, 215 Duck Pond Drive, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - K E Mabry
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, 215 Duck Pond Drive, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - W Fox-Alvarez
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - S Townsend
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - S Palermo
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Y Nakazono
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Ohno
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - E VanEerde
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50010, USA
| | - H Fieten
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - A H Hulsman
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - K Cooley-Lock
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 6100, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762-6100, USA
| | - M Dunning
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - C Kisielewicz
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - A Zoia
- San Marco Veterinary Clinic, via Sorio 114c, 35141, Padua, Italy
| | - M Caldin
- San Marco Veterinary Clinic, via Sorio 114c, 35141, Padua, Italy
| | - A Conti-Patara
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - L Ross
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - C Mansfield
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Highway, Werribee, Victoria, 3030, Australia
| | - O Lynn
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Highway, Werribee, Victoria, 3030, Australia
| | - M A Claus
- Comparative Health Research Group, College of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
| | - P J Watson
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, United Kingdom
| | - A Swallow
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, United Kingdom
| | - D A Yool
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Hospital for Small Animals, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - K Gommeren
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - M Knops
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - V Ceplecha
- Small Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackeho 1/3, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - H de Rooster
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - R Lobetti
- Bryanston Veterinary Hospital, P.O. Box 67092, Bryanston, South Africa
| | - O Dossin
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, ENVT and IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - F Jolivet
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, ENVT and IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - L G Papazoglou
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - M C F Pappalardo
- Vet Support, Small Animal Intensive Care Medicine, Sao Paulo, 04082-002, Brazil
| | - F Manczur
- Department and Clinic of Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, H-1400, P.O. Box 2, Hungary
| | - Z Dudás-Györki
- Department and Clinic of Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, H-1400, P.O. Box 2, Hungary
| | - E J O'Neill
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - C Martinez
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - A Gal
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4410, New Zealand
| | - R L Owen
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4410, New Zealand
| | - E Gunn
- University of Glasgow Small Animal Hospital, Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - K Brown
- University of Glasgow Small Animal Hospital, Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - L K Harder
- Small Animal Hospital, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 9, D-30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - C Griebsch
- University Veterinary Teaching Hospital Sydney, The University of Sydney, 65 Parramatta Road, 2050, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - K P Anfinsen
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, NMBU School of Veterinary Science, N-0033, Oslo, Norway
| | - T K Gron
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, NMBU School of Veterinary Science, N-0033, Oslo, Norway
| | - V Marchetti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Via Livornese lato monte, 56122, San Piero a Grado, Pisa, Italy
| | - R M Heilmann
- Small Animal Clinic, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 23, DE-04103, Leipzig, Saxony, Germany
| | - P Pazzi
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Old Soutpan Road, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | - A E DeClue
- Pride Veterinary Centre, Riverside Road, Pride Park, Derby, UK
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Bennaim M, Shiel RE, Mooney CT. Diagnosis of spontaneous hyperadrenocorticism in dogs. Part 1: Pathophysiology, aetiology, clinical and clinicopathological features. Vet J 2019; 252:105342. [PMID: 31554593 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2019.105342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Hyperadrenocorticism is a relatively common endocrine disorder in dogs. It occurs as a result of a functional pituitary or adrenal tumour, although other causes have been rarely reported. Canine hyperadrenocorticism has been extensively described but diagnosing this disease remains challenging. Few studies have investigated the clinical and clinicopathological features helpful in differentiating dogs with hyperadrenocorticism from dogs in which the disease is suspected but eventually excluded. Ultimately the diagnosis is based on a combination of multiple pieces of information emanating from the signalment, history, clinical findings, and a variety of diagnostic tests. The first part of this review aims to critically appraise the available data on epidemiology, clinical and laboratory features of naturally occurring canine hyperadrenocorticism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Bennaim
- Section of Small Animal Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Robert E Shiel
- Section of Small Animal Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Carmel T Mooney
- Section of Small Animal Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland
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Lee S, Kweon OK, Kim WH. Relationship of serum leptin concentration with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism and cholestatic disease in dogs. J Small Anim Pract 2019; 60:601-606. [PMID: 31276206 PMCID: PMC6852161 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To measure serum leptin concentration in dogs with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism and varying degrees of cholestatic disease and determine whether serum levels differed between dogs with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism and those with gall bladder mucocoele. MATERIALS AND METHODS Client-owned healthy dogs (n=20), dogs diagnosed with gall bladder mucocoele (n=20) and dogs diagnosed with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism (n=60) were enrolled. Only dogs of normal body condition score were included. Dogs with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism were divided into three groups according to the severity of cholestatic disease: normal gall bladder (n=20), cholestasis (n=20) and gall bladder mucocoele (n=20). Serum leptin levels were measured using sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Serum concentrations of leptin were similar between dogs with gall bladder mucocoele and those with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism accompanied by gall bladder mucocoele; these concentrations were significantly higher than those in healthy control dogs. In dogs with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism, circulating leptin concentration significantly increased with the severity of cholestasis: higher in the cholestasis group than the normal gall bladder group and higher in the gall bladder mucocoele group than the cholestasis group. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Elevated circulating leptin concentration was associated with canine pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism and gall bladder mucocoele. Homeostatic imbalance of leptin concentration might be associated with severity of cholestatic disease in pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lee
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - O-K Kweon
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - W H Kim
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Republic of Korea
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Lee S, Lee A, Kweon OK, Kim WH. Changes in pre- and postoperative serum leptin concentrations in dogs with gallbladder mucocele and cholelithiasis. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:215. [PMID: 31238989 PMCID: PMC6593571 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1964-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Leptin has been shown to have various physiological and pathological roles in the canine gallbladder. In this study, we performed pre- and postoperative short-term follow-up analyses to confirm changes in serum leptin levels before and after cholecystectomy due to gallbladder mucocele (GBM) or cholelithiasis in dogs. Results Twenty-six cholecystectomized dogs (GBM: n = 14; cholelithiasis: n = 12) for prophylactic or clinical symptom relief were enrolled in the present study. Dogs were subgrouped according to clinical symptoms and prognosis after surgery as follows: 1) asymptomatic group (n = 13), 2) recovery group (n = 8), and 3) death group (n = 5). Liver enzymes, total bilirubin, lipid profiles, and leptin concentrations were determined from sera on the pre-operative day and at 1, 3, and 7 days postoperation. Serum leptin concentrations were gradually but significantly decreased in the asymptomatic group (p = 0.008, 0.004, and 0.004 on days 1, 3, and 7, respectively, compared with that before surgery) and the recovery group (p = 0.048 and 0.048 on days 3 and 7, respectively, compared with that before surgery). However, in the death group, leptin concentrations did not differ significantly over time (p = 0.564). Additionally, serum leptin levels in the recovery group (p = 0.006) and death group (p = 0.021) were significantly higher than those in the asymptomatic group. Liver enzymes and total bilirubin (T-Bil) were significantly decreased only in the recovery group, particularly on day 7. In the asymptomatic group, liver enzymes and T-Bil were not changed significantly over time, and in the death group, only T-Bil was significantly decreased on day 7. Total cholesterol and triglyceride levels were not significantly decreased over time in all groups. Conclusions These results indicate that leptin is a potential biomarker reflecting the severity and prognosis of GBM and cholelithiasis both before and after cholecystectomy in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungin Lee
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Aeri Lee
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Oh-Kyeong Kweon
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Wan Hee Kim
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-742, Republic of Korea.
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Aicher KM, Cullen JM, Seiler GS, Lunn KF, Mathews KG, Gookin JL. Investigation of adrenal and thyroid gland dysfunction in dogs with ultrasonographic diagnosis of gallbladder mucocele formation. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212638. [PMID: 30811473 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gallbladder mucocele formation is an emerging disease in dogs characterized by increased secretion of condensed granules of gel-forming mucin by the gallbladder epithelium and formation of an abnormally thick mucus that can culminate in obstruction of the bile duct or rupture of the gallbladder. The disease is associated with a high morbidity and mortality and its pathogenesis is unknown. Affected dogs have a significantly increased likelihood of concurrent diagnosis of hyperadrenocorticism, hypothyroidism, and hyperlipidemia. Whether these endocrinopathies represent coincidental primary disease processes that exacerbate gallbladder mucocele formation in predisposed dogs or reflect a concurrent disruption of endocrine and lipid metabolism is unclear. In this study, we investigated a hypothesis that dogs with gallbladder mucocele formation would have a high prevalence of occult and atypical abnormalities in adrenal cortical and thyroid gland function that would suggest the presence of endocrine disruption and provide deeper insight into disease pathogenesis. We performed a case-control study of dogs with and without ultrasonographic diagnosis of gallbladder mucocele formation and profiled adrenal cortical function using a quantitative mass spectrometry-based assay of serum adrenal-origin steroids before and after administration of synthetic cosyntropin. We simultaneously profiled serum thyroid hormone concentrations and evaluated iodine sufficiency by measurement of urine iodine:creatinine ratios (UICR). The studies were complemented by histological examination of archival thyroid tissue and measurements of thyroid gland organic iodine from dogs with gallbladder mucocele formation and control dogs. Dogs with gallbladder mucocele formation demonstrated an exaggerated cortisol response to adrenal stimulation with cosyntropin. A prevalence of 10% of dogs with gallbladder mucocele formation met laboratory-based criteria for suspect or definitive diagnosis of hyperadrenocorticism. A significantly greater number of dogs with gallbladder mucocele formation had basal serum dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEAS) increases compared to control dogs. A high percentage of dogs with gallbladder mucocele formation (26%) met laboratory-based criteria for diagnosis of hypothyroidism, but lacked detection of anti-thyroglobulin antibodies. Dogs with gallbladder mucocele formation had significantly higher UICRs than control dogs. Examination of thyroid tissue from an unrelated group of dogs with gallbladder mucocele formation did not demonstrate histological evidence of thyroiditis or significant differences in content of organic iodine. These findings suggest that dogs with gallbladder mucocele formation have a greater capacity for cortisol synthesis and pinpoint DHEAS elevations as a potential clue to the underlying pathogenesis of the disease. A high prevalence of thyroid dysfunction with absent evidence for autoimmune thyroiditis suggest a disrupted thyroid hormone metabolism in dogs with gallbladder mucocele formation although an influence of non-thyroidal illness cannot be excluded. High UICR in dogs with gallbladder mucocele formation is of undetermined significance, but of interest for further study.
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Wennogle SA, Randall EK, Priestnall SL, Twedt DC, Simpson KW. Eubacterial fluorescence
in situ
hybridisation and histologic features in 25 dogs with gallbladder mucocele. J Small Anim Pract 2019; 60:291-297. [DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S. A. Wennogle
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicineColorado State University Fort Collins Colorado 80523 USA
| | - E. K. Randall
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health SciencesColorado State University Fort Collins Colorado 80523 USA
| | - S. L. Priestnall
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary CollegeUniversity of London Hatfield AL9 7TA UK
| | - D. C. Twedt
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicineColorado State University Fort Collins Colorado 80523 USA
| | - K. W. Simpson
- College of Veterinary MedicineCornell University Ithaca New York 14853 USA
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Boullhesen-Williams T, Townsend KL, Milovancev M, White NC, Harris CG, Adiga P. In vitro effect of 20% N-acetylcysteine on the viscosity of normal canine bile. Am J Vet Res 2019; 80:74-78. [PMID: 30605031 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.80.1.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the in vitro effect of 20% N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on the viscosity of normal canine bile. ANIMALS Bile samples obtained from 10 adult dogs euthanized for reasons unrelated to biliary disease. PROCEDURES Each sample was centrifuged to remove particulates, then divided into 3 aliquots. One aliquot remained untreated (control). Each of the other aliquots was diluted 1:4 with 20% NAC or sterile water. The viscosity of all samples was measured with a rotational viscometer at 25°C. Viscosity of control samples was measured immediately after centrifugation and at 1 and 24 hours after treatment application to the diluted samples. Viscosity of diluted samples was measured at 1 and 24 hours after treatment application. RESULTS Mean viscosity differed significantly among the 3 groups at both 1 and 24 hours after treatment application. Relative to control samples, the addition of NAC and sterile water decreased the viscosity by approximately 3.35 mPa·s (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.58 to 5.12 mPa·s) and 2.74 mPa·s (95% CI, 1.33 to 4.14 mPa·s), respectively. Mean viscosity of the NAC-treated samples was approximately 0.61 mPa·s (95% CI, 0.21 to 1.01 mPa·s) less than that for the sterile water-treated samples. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that in vitro dilution of canine bile 1:4 with 20% NAC significantly decreased the viscosity of the resulting mixture. Further research is necessary to determine whether NAC is a safe and effective noninvasive treatment for dogs with persistent biliary sludge or gallbladder mucoceles.
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Nagahara T, Ohno K, Kanemoto H, Kakimoto T, Fukushima K, Goto-Koshino Y, Tsujimoto H. Effect of prednisolone administration on gallbladder emptying rate and gallbladder bile composition in dogs. Am J Vet Res 2018; 79:1050-1056. [PMID: 30256139 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.79.10.1050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate effects of prednisolone administration on gallbladder emptying rate and gallbladder bile composition in dogs. ANIMALS 6 healthy Beagles. PROCEDURES Prednisolone was administered (2 mg/kg, SC, once daily for 2 weeks) to each dog and tapered over 2 weeks. Gallbladder emptying rate and bile composition were evaluated before and after administration of prednisolone for 2 weeks as well as 1 week after cessation of prednisolone administration. RESULTS Gallbladder emptying rate decreased significantly after prednisolone administration (median, 27%; range, 0% to 38%), compared with rate before administration (median, 59%; range, 29% to 68%), but then increased 1 week after cessation of administration (median, 45%; range, 23% to 48%). Gallbladder bile mucin concentration decreased significantly after prednisolone administration (median, 8.8 mg/dL; range, 6.2 to 11.3 mg/dL), compared with concentration before administration (median, 13.1 mg/dL; range, 10.7 to 21.7 mg/dL), but then increased 1 week after cessation of administration (median, 14.3 mg/dL; range, 9.6 to 26.7 mg/dL). Gallbladder taurochenodeoxycholic acid concentration decreased significantly after prednisolone administration (8.1 mmol/L; range, 6.8 to 15.2 mmol/L), compared with concentration before administration (median, 27.2 mmol/L; range, 22.0 to 31.9 mmol/L), but then increased 1 week after cessation of administration (median, 26.4 mmol/L; range, 15.1 to 31.5 mmol/L). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE A lower gallbladder emptying rate caused by prednisolone administration may be involved in the pathogenesis of gallbladder disease in dogs. Further studies are required to determine the clinical importance of lower gallbladder bile mucin concentrations caused by glucocorticoid administration in the pathogenesis of gallbladder disease in dogs.
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Allerton F, Swinbourne F, Barker L, Black V, Kathrani A, Tivers M, Henriques T, Kisielewicz C, Dunning M, Kent A. Gall bladder mucoceles in Border terriers. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32:1618-1628. [PMID: 30079451 PMCID: PMC6189338 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gall bladder mucoceles (GBM) are a leading cause of biliary disease in dogs with several breeds, including the Shetland Sheepdog, American Cocker Spaniel, Chihuahua, Pomeranian, and Miniature Schnauzer apparently predisposed. Objective To determine risk factors, clinical features, and response to treatment of GBM in Border terriers (BT). Animals Medical records of 99 dogs (including 51 BT) with an ultrasonographic (±histopathologic) diagnosis of GBM from three referral centers in the United Kingdom were collected. A control group of 87 similar‐aged BT with no ultrasonographic evidence of gall bladder disease was selected for comparison. Method Retrospective case‐control study. Odds ratios were calculated to establish breed predisposition. Signalment, presence of endocrine disease, clinicopathologic results, and outcome were compared between the BT, other breeds, and control BTs. Results The odds of identifying a GBM in a BT in this hospital population was 85 times that of all other breeds (95% confidence interval 56.9‐126.8). BT had similar clinical signs and clinicopathologic changes to other breeds with GBM. There was no evidence that endocrinopathies were associated with GBM in BT. Clinical Significance A robust breed predisposition to GBM is established for the BT.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Allerton
- Willows Veterinary Centre and Referral Service, Highlands Road, Shirley, Solihull, B90 4NH, The United Kingdom
| | - F Swinbourne
- Willows Veterinary Centre and Referral Service, Highlands Road, Shirley, Solihull, B90 4NH, The United Kingdom
| | - L Barker
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford, Bristol, BS40 5DU, The United Kingdom
| | - V Black
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford, Bristol, BS40 5DU, The United Kingdom
| | - A Kathrani
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford, Bristol, BS40 5DU, The United Kingdom
| | - M Tivers
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford, Bristol, BS40 5DU, The United Kingdom
| | - T Henriques
- Pride Veterinary Centre, Riverside Road, Derby, DE24 8HX, The United Kingdom
| | - C Kisielewicz
- Pride Veterinary Centre, Riverside Road, Derby, DE24 8HX, The United Kingdom
| | - M Dunning
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, The United Kingdom
| | - A Kent
- Willows Veterinary Centre and Referral Service, Highlands Road, Shirley, Solihull, B90 4NH, The United Kingdom
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Kakimoto T, Kanemoto H, Fukushima K, Ohno K, Tsujimoto H. Effect of a high-fat-high-cholesterol diet on gallbladder bile acid composition and gallbladder motility in dogs. Am J Vet Res 2018; 78:1406-1413. [PMID: 29182389 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.78.12.1406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJCTIVE To investigate the effects of dietary lipid overload on bile acid metabolism and gallbladder motility in healthy dogs. ANIMALS 7 healthy Beagles. PROCEDURES In a crossover study, dogs were fed a high-fat-high-cholesterol diet (HFCD) or a low-fat diet (LFD) for a period of 2 weeks. After a 4-month washout period, dogs were fed the other diet for 2 weeks. Before and at the end of each feeding period, the concentrations of each of the gallbladder bile acids, cholecystokinin (CCK)-induced gallbladder motility, and bile acid metabolism-related hepatic gene expression were examined in all dogs. RESULTS The HFCD significantly increased plasma total cholesterol concentrations. The HFCD also increased the concentration of taurochenodeoxycholic acid and decreased the concentration of taurocholic acid in bile and reduced gallbladder contractility, whereas the LFD significantly decreased the concentration of taurodeoxycholic acid in bile. Gene expression analysis revealed significant elevation of cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase mRNA expression after feeding the HFCD for 2 weeks, but the expression of other genes was unchanged. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Feeding the HFCD and LFD for 2 weeks induced changes in gallbladder bile acid composition and gallbladder motility in dogs. In particular, feeding the HFCD caused an increase in plasma total cholesterol concentration, an increase of hydrophobic bile acid concentration in bile, and a decrease in gallbladder sensitivity to CCK. These results suggested that similar bile acid compositional changes and gallbladder hypomotility might be evident in dogs with hyperlipidemia.
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Gookin JL, Mathews KG, Cullen J, Seiler G. Qualitative metabolomics profiling of serum and bile from dogs with gallbladder mucocele formation. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191076. [PMID: 29324798 PMCID: PMC5764353 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucocele formation is characterized by secretion of abnormally thick mucus by the gallbladder epithelium of dogs that may cause obstruction of the bile duct or rupture of the gallbladder. The disease is increasingly recognized and is associated with a high morbidity and mortality. The cause of gallbladder mucocele formation in dogs is unknown. There is a strong breed predisposition and affected dogs have a high incidence of concurrent endocrinopathy or hyperlipidemia. These observations suggest a significant influence of both genetic and metabolic factors on disease pathogenesis. In this study, we investigated a theory that mucocele formation is associated with a syndrome of metabolic disruption. We surmised that a global, untargeted metabolomics approach could provide unique insight into the systemic pathogenesis of gallbladder mucocele formation and identify specific compounds as candidate biomarkers or treatment targets. Moreover, concurrent examination of the serum and hepatic duct bile metabolome would enable the construction of mechanism-based theories or identification of specific compounds responsible for altered function of the gallbladder epithelium. Abnormalities observed in dogs with gallbladder mucocele formation, including a 33-fold decrease in serum adenosine 5’-monophosphate (AMP), lower quantities of precursors required for synthesis of energy transporting nucleotides, and increases in citric acid cycle intermediates, suggest excess metabolic energy and a carbon surplus. Altered quantities of compounds involved in protein translation and RNA turnover, together with accumulation of gamma-glutamylated and N-acetylated amino acids in serum suggest abnormal regulation of protein and amino acid metabolism. Increases in lathosterol and 7α-hydroxycholesterol suggest a primary increase in cholesterol synthesis and diversion to bile acid formation. A number of specific biomarker compounds were identified for their ability to distinguish between control dogs and those that formed a gallbladder mucocele. Particularly noteworthy was a significant decrease in quantity of biologically active compounds that stimulate biliary ductal fluid secretion including adenosine, cAMP, taurolithocholic acid, and taurocholic acid. These findings support the presence of significant metabolic disruption in dogs with mucocele formation. A targeted, quantitative analysis of the identified serum biomarkers is warranted to determine their utility for diagnosis of this disease. Finally, repletion of compounds whose biological activity normally promotes biliary ductal secretion should be examined for any therapeutic impact for resolution or prevention of mucocele formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jody L Gookin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kyle G Mathews
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - John Cullen
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Gabriela Seiler
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
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Abstract
Leptin and its receptor play several physiological roles in the canine gallbladder, and the dysregulation of leptin might play a role in the pathogenesis of gallbladder diseases such as gallbladder mucocele. Previous studies revealed a positive association between hyperlipidemia and gallstones in humans. However, the latter is still unclear in dogs with cholelithiasis. In this study, we examined the differences in leptin, leptin receptor, total cholesterol, and triglyceride levels between healthy dogs and dogs with cholelithiasis, and evaluated the correlation between leptin and hyperlipidemia. Twenty-eight healthy dogs and 34 client-owned dogs with cholelithiasis were enrolled in the study. Leptin concentrations and lipid profiles were determined from sera, and leptin and leptin receptor expression levels were quantified in gallbladder tissue. In dogs with cholelithiasis, serum concentrations of leptin (p < 0.001), total cholesterol (p < 0.001), and triglycerides (p < 0.001) were significantly higher compared with those in healthy dogs. Positive correlations were observed between serum leptin and total cholesterol (95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.61–0.89, r = 0.725, p < 0.001), and between leptin and triglycerides (95% CI = 0.63–0.89, r = 0.782, p < 0.001) in the cholelithiasis group. Hypercholesterolemia (Odds Ratio (OR) = 9.720; 95% CI = 1.148–82.318) and hypertriglyceridemia (OR = 12.913; 95% CI = 1.548–107.722) were shown to be risk factors for gallstone disease. In cholelithiasis patients who underwent cholecystectomy, serum leptin levels were significantly higher than in patients that had not undergone surgery (p < 0.001). Leptin and leptin receptor expression was upregulated in the gallbladder tissues of cholelithiasis patients (p < 0.01 and p < 0.001, respectively). These results indicate that increased serum leptin concentrations and hyperlipidemia (hypercholesterolemia or hypertriglyceridemia) are associated with canine cholelithiasis and that homeostatic imbalance of these parameters might affect the pathogenesis of gallstones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungin Lee
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Oh-kyeong Kweon
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wan Hee Kim
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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40
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Smith RE, Granick JL, Stauthammer CD, Polzin DJ, Heinrich DA, Furrow E. Clinical Consequences of Hypertriglyceridemia-Associated Proteinuria in Miniature Schnauzers. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 31:1740-1748. [PMID: 28941297 PMCID: PMC5697203 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary hypertriglyceridemia is a common condition in older Miniature Schnauzers that recently has been associated with proteinuria and underlying glomerular pathology, particularly glomerular lipid thromboemboli. Consequences of glomerular disease can include hypertension, thromboembolic disease, and cardiac disease. The incidence of these sequelae in Miniature Schnauzers with hypertriglyceridemia-associated proteinuria (HTGP) is unknown. OBJECTIVE To investigate prevalence of hypertension, decreased antithrombin III activity, and cardiac disease in Miniature Schnauzers with and without HTGP. ANIMALS Thirty-two Miniature Schnauzers ≥7 years old. METHODS Prospective case-control study. Data collected from dogs included a CBC, biochemistry panel, urinalysis, urine protein-to-creatinine ratio, urine cortisol-to-creatinine ratio, serum total thyroxine concentration, fasting serum triglyceride concentration, indirect blood pressure, antithrombin III activity, and serum cardiac troponin I concentration. Results from dogs with HTGP (serum triglyceride concentration ≥ 100 mg/dL and urine protein-to-creatinine ratio >0.5) were statistically compared to normotriglyceridemic, nonproteinuric dogs. RESULTS Eighteen of the 32 dogs (56%) had primary hypertriglyceridemia. Of those dogs, 8 of 18 had proteinuria. None of the HTGP dogs were azotemic or hypoalbuminemic. Serum albumin concentration, alkaline phosphatase activity, and cholesterol concentration were significantly increased in dogs with HGTP compared to those without HGTP. No increased risk of hypertension, decreased antithrombin III activity, or cardiac disease was noted. Limited data from 8 dogs with HTGP showed no development of hypoalbuminemia or azotemia over a median follow-up period of 18 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Geriatric Miniature Schnauzers with HGTP may have a good prognosis overall, and are not typically azotemic or hypoalbuminemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Smith
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
| | - J L Granick
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
| | - C D Stauthammer
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
| | - D J Polzin
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
| | - D A Heinrich
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
| | - E Furrow
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
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Saunders H, Thornton LA, Burchell R. Medical and surgical management of gallbladder sludge and mucocoele development in a Miniature Schnauzer. Int J Vet Sci Med 2017; 5:75-80. [PMID: 30255053 PMCID: PMC6137859 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijvsm.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The factors enhancing mucocoele development in dogs remain poorly understood. A 7-year-old female spayed Miniature Schnauzer was presented to the Massey University Veterinary Teaching Hospital for progressive lethargy, inappetance and abdominal discomfort. Initial physical examination findings revealed a moderate degree of cranial abdominal pain, with subsequent diagnostic tests confirming the patient as having diabetes mellitus, with a concurrent marked hypertriglyceridaemia. In an attempt to localise the source of pain, an ultrasound examination of the abdomen was performed, revealing a marked degree of gallbladder sludge. With appropriate medical management including ursodeoxycholic acid and insulin therapy, the patient stabilised and was discharged. With persistence of clinical signs three months later, progression of the gallbladder sludge towards mucocoele development was suspected. Exploratory laparotomy was instigated, and an emergency cholecystectomy was performed. This case report therefore entails a suspected gallbladder mucocoele that developed in a diabetic patient with previously diagnosed biliary sludge. A unique feature of this case report is the presence of diabetes mellitus, which has been suggested to be a causative factor in the development of gallbladder mucocoeles. It is also hypothesised that gallbladder sludge and mucocoeles are associated, however it is yet to be ascertained whether this association is causal or contributory. The authors examined the possible relationship between this endocrinopathy and biliary sludge, and their possible effects on mucocoele development. Specific associated factors to sludge formation are also examined. The medical and surgical management of gallbladder mucocoeles is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harvey Saunders
- Massey University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Laura A Thornton
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal & Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand
| | - Richard Burchell
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal & Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand
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De Marco V, Noronha KSM, Casado TC, Nakandakare ER, Florio JC, Santos EZ, Gilor C. Therapy of Canine Hyperlipidemia with Bezafibrate. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 31:717-722. [PMID: 28382723 PMCID: PMC5435059 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bezafibrate (BZF) is effective in the treatment of hypertriglyceridemia in human patients, but there are no data on its use in dogs. OBJECTIVE To assess the safety of BZF in hyperlipidemic dogs and its efficacy in decreasing serum triglyceride (TG) and cholesterol (CHO) concentrations. ANIMALS Forty-six dogs, 26 females and 20 males, mean (±SD) age of 9 (±3) years, with TG ≥150 mg/dL (33 dogs also were hypercholesterolemic [>300 mg/dL]). METHODS Prospective, uncontrolled clinical trial. Dogs were treated with bezafibrate once daily, using 200 mg tablets at a dosage of 4-10 mg/kg (depending on body weight). Serum TG and CHO concentrations and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and creatine kinase (CK) activity before and after 30 days of treatment were compared. RESULTS Sixteen dogs (34.8%) had primary hyperlipidemia, and 30 dogs (65.2%) had secondary hyperlipidemia (including spontaneous hyperadrenocorticism [41.3%, n = 19/46], chronic treatment with glucocorticoids [10.8%, n = 5/46], and hypothyroidism [15.2%, n = 7/46]). After 30 days, serum TG concentration normalized (<150 mg/dL) in 42 dogs (91.3%) and CHO concentration normalized (<270 mg/dL) in 22 of 33 dogs (66.7%). There was no difference in baseline TG concentration between the primary and secondary hyperlipidemia subgroups, but the decrease in TG concentration after treatment was greater in the primary hyperlipidemia subgroup. No adverse effects were observed, but ALT activity decreased significantly after 30 days of treatment. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Over 30 days, BZF was safe and effective in treatment of primary and secondary hyperlipidemia in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- V De Marco
- University of Santo Amaro, São Paulo, Brazil.,University of Guarulhos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - T C Casado
- University of Guarulhos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - J C Florio
- Veterinary Medicine School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - E Z Santos
- University of Santo Amaro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - C Gilor
- University of California, Davis, CA
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Kakimoto T, Kanemoto H, Fukushima K, Ohno K, Tsujimoto H. Bile acid composition of gallbladder contents in dogs with gallbladder mucocele and biliary sludge. Am J Vet Res 2017; 78:223-229. [PMID: 28140636 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.78.2.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine bile acid composition of gallbladder contents in dogs with gallbladder mucocele and biliary sludge. ANIMALS 18 dogs with gallbladder mucocele (GBM group), 8 dogs with immobile biliary sludge (i-BS group), 17 dogs with mobile biliary sludge (m-BS group), and 14 healthy dogs (control group). PROCEDURES Samples of gallbladder contents were obtained by use of percutaneous ultrasound-guided cholecystocentesis or during cholecystectomy or necropsy. Concentrations of 15 bile acids were determined by use of highperformance liquid chromatography, and a bile acid compositional ratio was calculated for each group. RESULTS Concentrations of most bile acids in the GBM group were significantly lower than those in the control and m-BS groups. Compositional ratio of taurodeoxycholic acid, which is 1 of 3 major bile acids in dogs, was significantly lower in the GBM and i-BS groups, compared with ratios for the control and m-BS groups. The compositional ratio of taurocholic acid was significantly higher and that of taurochenodeoxycholic acid significantly lower in the i-BS group than in the control group. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In this study, concentrations and fractions of bile acids in gallbladder contents were significantly different in dogs with gallbladder mucocele or immobile biliary sludge, compared with results for healthy control dogs. Studies are needed to determine whether changes in bile acid composition are primary or secondary events of gallbladder abnormalities.
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44
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Abstract
Canine hepatopathies, both congenital and acquired, arise from an interaction between genes and environment. Many show increased breed prevalences. This article reviews the current understanding on breed predispositions for congenital portosystemic shunts; microvascular dysplasia and portal vein hypoplasia; ductal plate abnormalities (congenital hepatic fibrosis and Caroli disease); chronic hepatitis (both copper associated and idiopathic); vacuolar hepatopathies; and gallbladder mucocele. Although all these diseases can occur in many breeds and crossbreeds, understanding breed predispositions helps recognition and will guide future research to improve understanding of causes and treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penny Watson
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Queen's Veterinary School Hospital, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK.
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45
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Kim KH, Han SM, Jeon KO, Kim HT, Li Q, Ryu MO, Song WJ, Park SC, Youn HY. Clinical Relationship between Cholestatic Disease and Pituitary-Dependent Hyperadrenocorticism in Dogs: A Retrospective Case Series. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 31:335-342. [PMID: 28064467 PMCID: PMC5354004 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A high prevalence of cholestatic disease, including gallbladder mucocele (GBM), has been reported in dogs with naturally occurring pituitary‐dependent hyperadrenocorticism (PDH). Hypothesis/Objectives Differences exist in the clinical features of dogs with PDH and concurrent cholestatic disease, and also is the management of these dogs with trilostane. Animals Sixty‐five client‐owned dogs with naturally occurring PDH. Methods This was a retrospective, observational case series. Each dog was treated with trilostane for at least 3 months before the study, and had a good clinical response, as determined by owners. Statistical comparisons of clinical signs, results of routine blood tests, basal and post‐ACTH cortisol concentration, and optimal trilostane dosage were made after dogs were separated into the following 3 groups by ultrasonographic imaging: normal on ultrasound (NOU) group, cholestasis group, and GBM group. Results The GBM group had more severe clinical signs and significantly different total serum cholesterol concentration and post‐ACTH stimulation cortisol concentration at the time of diagnosis. Dogs that weighed <6 kg had a significantly higher prevalence of cholestatic disease than did the other dogs (P = .003). The optimal trilostane dosages for the GBM and cholestasis groups were 2.5 and 1.5 times the dosage of the NOU group, respectively (P < .001). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Gallbladder disease associated with cholestatic disease is correlated with PDH in dogs, in both its clinical features and drug management. These findings may be associated with hypercholesterolemia, unidentified genetic factors, and the hydrophobic nature of trilostane.
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Affiliation(s)
- K-H Kim
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - S-M Han
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - K-O Jeon
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - H-T Kim
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Q Li
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - M-O Ryu
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - W-J Song
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - S-C Park
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - H-Y Youn
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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46
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Lee S, Kweon OK, Kim WH. Increased Leptin and Leptin Receptor Expression in Dogs With Gallbladder Mucocele. J Vet Intern Med 2016; 31:36-42. [PMID: 28032399 PMCID: PMC5259632 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leptin and its receptor play a role in several disease processes such as pancreatitis and heart disease. However, their association with gallbladder mucocele (GBM) in dogs has not been reported. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES To evaluate differences in the expression of leptin and leptin receptor between dogs with and without GBM. ANIMALS Twenty-five healthy dogs, including 9 laboratory beagle dogs, and 22 client-owned dogs with GBM. METHODS Serum leptin concentration was determined in blood samples of all dogs by ELISA. Canine gallbladder samples were collected from 9 dogs with GBM that underwent surgery for therapeutic purposes and from 9 healthy laboratory beagle dogs as a normal control group. Samples were analyzed for leptin and leptin receptor mRNA by real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Serum leptin concentration was significantly higher in dogs with GBM than in healthy dogs (medians of 7.03 and 2.18 ng/mL, respectively; P < .001). Patients with GBM that had undergone surgery had significantly higher serum leptin concentrations than those that had not (medians of 12.2 and 4.09 ng/mL, respectively; P = .001). However, no difference in serum leptin concentration was found between dogs with GBM with or without endocrinopathies. The mRNA expression levels of leptin and its receptor were significantly increased in the gallbladder tissues of dogs with GBM. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Dysregulation of leptin might be involved in the pathophysiology of GBM, and leptin concentrations might be associated with GBM severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lee
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - O-K Kweon
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - W H Kim
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea
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47
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Abstract
Miniature Schnauzer dogs are predisposed to idiopathic hypertriglyerceridemia, which increases risk for diseases such as pancreatitis and gallbladder mucocele. Recently, elevated triglyceride concentrations have been associated with proteinuria in this breed, although it is difficult to determine which abnormality is primary. Retrospective review of renal tissue from 27 proteinuric Miniature Schnauzers revealed that 20 dogs had ultrastructural evidence of osmophilic globules consistent with lipid in glomerular tufts. Seven of these dogs had lipid thromboemboli in glomerular capillary loops that distorted their shape and compressed circulating erythrocytes. Triglyceride concentrations were reported in 6 of these 7 dogs, and all were hypertriglyceridemic. In addition, glomerular lipidosis (defined as accumulation of foam cells within peripheral capillary loops) was identified in a single dog. The remaining 12 dogs had smaller amounts of lipid that could only be identified ultrastructurally. Neither signalment data nor clinicopathologic parameters (serum albumin, serum creatinine, urine protein-to-creatinine ratio, and blood pressure) differed among the various types of lipid lesions. During the time course of this study, all dogs diagnosed with glomerular lipid thromboemboli were Miniature Schnauzers, underscoring the importance of recognizing these clear spaces within capillary loops as lipid.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Furrow
- 1 Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - G E Lees
- 2 Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - C A Brown
- 3 Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - R E Cianciolo
- 4 Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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48
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Noh S, Kim HS, Chang J, Kang JH, Chang D, Yang MP. Serum cholecystokinin concentrations in dogs with naturally acquired pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism. Am J Vet Res 2016; 77:1101-7. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.77.10.1101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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49
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Abstract
Obesity is not a cosmetic or social issue; it is an animal health issue. The metabolic effects of obesity on insulin resistance and development of hyperlipidemia and the mechanical stress excess weight places on the musculoskeletal system are well established in the literature. Additional health risks from obesity, such as fatty accumulation in the liver, intestinal bacterial dysbiosis, and changes to renal architecture, are less well understood, but have been demonstrated to occur clinically in obese animals and may lead to deleterious long-term health effects. Keeping dogs and cats lean lowers their risk for development of certain diseases and leads to a longer and better quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa P Weeth
- Weeth Nutrition Services, 25 Chester Street, Edinburgh EH3 7EN, UK; Clinical Nutrition Department, Telemedicine Services, Gulf Coast Veterinary Specialists, 1111 West Loop South, Houston, TX 77027, USA.
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50
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Furrow E, Jaeger JQ, Parker VJ, Hinchcliff KW, Johnson SE, Murdoch SJ, de Boer IH, Sherding RG, Brunzell JD. Proteinuria and lipoprotein lipase activity in Miniature Schnauzer dogs with and without hypertriglyceridemia. Vet J 2016; 212:83-9. [PMID: 27256031 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Spontaneous hyperlipidemia in rats causes glomerular disease. Idiopathic hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) is prevalent in Miniature Schnauzers, but its relationship with proteinuria is unknown. Decreased activity of major lipid metabolism enzymes, lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and hepatic lipase (HL), may play a role in the cyclic relationship between hyperlipidemia and proteinuria. These enzymes have also not been previously investigated in Miniature Schnauzers. The aims of this study were to determine the relationship between HTG and proteinuria in Miniature Schnauzers and to measure LPL and HL activities in a subset of dogs. Fifty-seven Miniature Schnauzers were recruited (34 with and 23 without HTG). Fasting serum triglyceride concentrations and urine protein-to-creatinine ratios (UPC) were measured in all dogs, and LPL and HL activities were determined in 17 dogs (8 with and 9 without HTG). There was a strong positive correlation between triglyceride concentration and UPC (r = 0.77-0.83, P < 0.001). Proteinuria (UPC ≥ 0.5) was present in 60% of dogs with HTG and absent from all dogs without HTG (P < 0.001). Proteinuric dogs were not azotemic or hypoalbuminemic. Dogs with HTG had a 65% reduction in LPL activity relative to dogs without HTG (P < 0.001); HL activity did not differ. Proteinuria occurs with HTG in Miniature Schnauzers and could be due to lipid-induced glomerular injury. Reduced LPL activity may contribute to the severity of HTG, but further assay validation is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Furrow
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55113, USA.
| | - J Q Jaeger
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - V J Parker
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - K W Hinchcliff
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - S E Johnson
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - S J Murdoch
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - I H de Boer
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - R G Sherding
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - J D Brunzell
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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