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Abstract
The elimination of infected or cancerous cells by CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) is a crucial effector mechanism of the immune system. Upon antigen recognition, CTL stop migrating, establish a tight contact with target cells and deliver cytotoxic molecules such as perforin and granzymes that lead to target cell apoptosis. The ability of CTL to control a population of infected cells or a tumor depends on multiple parameters, such as the relative numbers of CTL and target cells, the intrinsic cytotoxic activity of CTL, the intrinsic resistance of target cells and the repertoire of immune checkpoints tuning cytotoxic activity at the CTL:target cell interface. In this context, in vitro assays to precisely measure CTL:target cell interactions and cytotoxic activity over time are required to monitor natural or therapeutic responses. We here present an image-based method that allows recording of positions and survival of CTL and target cells over time in a high-throughput format. The protocol relies on the staining of CTL and target cells with fluorescent dyes and the automated imaging of cells deposited in wells of a 384-well plate with an automated cell imaging device. We discuss potential applications offered by the kinetic assessment of CTL cytotoxic activity in a high-throughput format.
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Halliez C, Ibrahim H, Otonkoski T, Mallone R. In vitro beta-cell killing models using immune cells and human pluripotent stem cell-derived islets: Challenges and opportunities. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1076683. [PMID: 36726462 PMCID: PMC9885197 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1076683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a disease of both autoimmunity and β-cells. The β-cells play an active role in their own demise by mounting defense mechanisms that are insufficient at best, and that can become even deleterious in the long term. This complex crosstalk is important to understanding the physiological defense mechanisms at play in healthy conditions, their alterations in the T1D setting, and therapeutic agents that may boost such mechanisms. Robust protocols to develop stem-cell-derived islets (SC-islets) from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), and islet-reactive cytotoxic CD8+ T-cells from peripheral blood mononuclear cells offer unprecedented opportunities to study this crosstalk. Challenges to develop in vitro β-cell killing models include the cluster morphology of SC-islets, the relatively weak cytotoxicity of most autoimmune T-cells and the variable behavior of in vitro expanded CD8+ T-cells. These challenges may however be highly rewarding in light of the opportunities offered by such models. Herein, we discuss these opportunities including: the β-cell/immune crosstalk in an islet microenvironment; the features that make β-cells more sensitive to autoimmunity; therapeutic agents that may modulate β-cell vulnerability; and the possibility to perform analyses in an autologous setting, i.e., by generating T-cell effectors and SC-islets from the same donor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémentine Halliez
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Diabétologie et Immunologie Clinique, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Hazem Ibrahim
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timo Otonkoski
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Diabétologie et Immunologie Clinique, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France
- Department of Pediatrics, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- *Correspondence: Roberto Mallone, ; Timo Otonkoski,
| | - Roberto Mallone
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Diabétologie et Immunologie Clinique, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Roberto Mallone, ; Timo Otonkoski,
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Rico LG, Ward MD, Bradford JA, Petriz J. Flow Cytometric Quantification of Cytotoxic Activity in Whole Blood Samples. Curr Protoc 2021; 1:e215. [PMID: 34370403 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Current methods for the determination of cell-mediated cytotoxic activity in blood samples usually isolate peripheral blood mononuclear cells by density gradient centrifugation or alternatively use erythrocyte lysis. Both centrifugation and red cell lysis can cause cellular depletion and cell dysfunction, resulting in erroneous measurements. To address limitations of current assays, we developed an improved strategy to determine cellular cytotoxicity using flow cytometry. Viable nucleic acid stains are used to identify live nucleated cells and discriminate them from non-nucleated erythrocytes, platelets, and debris while avoiding lysing and washing steps to maintain cell functionality. To detect target cells, we have used two different labeling approaches. In the first approach, EGFP-labeled K562 human chronic myelogenous leukemia cells provide a "ready-to-use" target without the need of additional for labeling or staining. For the second approach, we perform parallel cytotoxicity assays in the presence of wild-type K562 cells previously loaded with a fluorescent dye that has spectral properties similar to those of EGFP. Given the importance of cytotoxic assays and the deleterious effects of current sample preparation methods, the aim of this study was to adapt this "untouched cells" flow cytometry method to study cytotoxic activity using unlysed whole blood samples and fluorescent target cells. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Sample preparation for cell-mediated cytotoxic activity determination in unlysed whole blood Basic Protocol 2: Protocol preparation, sample acquisition, and gating strategy for flow cytometric identification of cell-mediated cytotoxic activity using unlysed whole blood samples Support Protocol 1: Optimization of the performance of target cell labeling approaches Support Protocol 2: Assessment of the linearity and reproducibility of cytotoxicity assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura G Rico
- Functional Cytomics Group, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Campus ICO-Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Jordi Petriz
- Functional Cytomics Group, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Campus ICO-Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
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Rico LG, Ward MD, Bradford JA, Petriz J. A Novel Flow Cytometric Method to Study Cytotoxic Activity in Whole Blood Samples. Cytometry A 2020; 99:503-510. [PMID: 32910503 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
For several decades, cell-mediated cytotoxicity has been measured using the 51 Cr release assay. This assay, however, has several drawbacks and flow cytometry has been used as an alternative to measure cytotoxic activity. Here, we present a quantitative method for cell-mediated cytotoxicity studies, preserving cellular function with minimal sample manipulation. Cytotoxic activity is simply and reproducibly measured as the ability of cytotoxic cells to lyse K562 target cells previously loaded with Calcein-AM vital stain. After spiking a known number of fluorescent viable K562 target cells into whole blood, cell mixtures are incubated for 2 h in a cell incubator and the remaining spiked cells are counted by flow cytometry. In order to discriminate nucleated cells, erythrocytes, and debris, unlysed whole blood is stained with a cell permeable DNA vital fluorescent dye. Cell-mediated lysis is measured by comparing target counts for different effector-to-target ratios. Since the cytotoxicity of these dyes is relatively low, this method can be broadly applied to studies of innate immune response to tumors and infections, especially where target-killing activity might be compromised by small volume samples or low frequency of cytotoxic cells. © 2020 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura G Rico
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Campus ICO-Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Badalona (Barcelona), Catalonia, Spain
| | | | | | - Jordi Petriz
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Campus ICO-Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Badalona (Barcelona), Catalonia, Spain
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Ogonek J, Verma K, Schultze-Florey C, Varanasi P, Luther S, Schweier P, Kühnau W, Göhring G, Dammann E, Stadler M, Ganser A, Koehl U, Koenecke C, Weissinger EM, Hambach L. Characterization of High-Avidity Cytomegalovirus-Specific T Cells with Differential Tetramer Binding Coappearing after Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation. J I 2017. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Verma K, Ogonek J, Varanasi PR, Luther S, Bünting I, Thomay K, Behrens YL, Mischak-Weissinger E, Hambach L. Human CD8+ CD57- TEMRA cells: Too young to be called "old". PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177405. [PMID: 28481945 PMCID: PMC5421808 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
End-stage differentiation of antigen-specific T-cells may precede loss of immune responses against e.g. viral infections after allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT). Antigen-specific CD8+ T-cells detected by HLA/peptide multimers largely comprise CD45RA-/CCR7- effector memory (TEM) and CD45RA+/CCR7- TEMRA subsets. A majority of terminally differentiated T-cells is considered to be part of the heterogeneous TEMRA subset. The senescence marker CD57 has been functionally described in memory T-cells mainly composed of central memory (TCM) and TEM cells. However, its role specifically in TEMRA cells remained undefined. Here, we investigated the relevance of CD57 to separate human CD8+ TEMRA cells into functionally distinct subsets. CD57- CD8+ TEMRA cells isolated from healthy donors had considerably longer telomeres and showed significantly more BrdU uptake and IFN-γ release upon stimulation compared to the CD57+ counterpart. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) specific T-cells isolated from patients after allogeneic SCT were purified into CD57+ and CD57- TEMRA subsets. CMV specific CD57- TEMRA cells had longer telomeres and a considerably higher CMV peptide sensitivity in BrdU uptake and IFN-γ release assays compared to CD57+ TEMRA cells. In contrast, CD57+ and CD57- TEMRA cells showed comparable peptide specific cytotoxicity. Finally, CD57- CD8+ TEMRA cells partially changed phenotypically into TEM cells and gained CD57 expression, while CD57+ CD8+ TEMRA cells hardly changed phenotypically and showed considerable cell death after in vitro stimulation. To the best of our knowledge, these data show for the first time that CD57 separates CD8+ TEMRA cells into a terminally differentiated CD57+ population and a so far functionally undescribed “young” CD57- TEMRA subset with high proliferative capacity and differentiation plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kriti Verma
- Dept. of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center for Transplantation (IFB-Tx), Hannover, Germany
| | - Justyna Ogonek
- Dept. of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Pavankumar Reddy Varanasi
- Dept. of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Susanne Luther
- Dept. of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ivonne Bünting
- Dept. of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Katrin Thomay
- Institute of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Eva Mischak-Weissinger
- Dept. of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lothar Hambach
- Dept. of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Nath S, Christian L, Tan SY, Ki S, Ehrlich LIR, Poenie M. Dynein Separately Partners with NDE1 and Dynactin To Orchestrate T Cell Focused Secretion. J Immunol 2016; 197:2090-101. [PMID: 27534551 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Helper and cytotoxic T cells accomplish focused secretion through the movement of vesicles toward the microtubule organizing center (MTOC) and translocation of the MTOC to the target contact site. In this study, using Jurkat cells and OT-I TCR transgenic primary murine CTLs, we show that the dynein-binding proteins nuclear distribution E homolog 1 (NDE1) and dynactin (as represented by p150(Glued)) form mutually exclusive complexes with dynein, exhibit nonoverlapping distributions in target-stimulated cells, and mediate different transport events. When Jurkat cells expressing a dominant negative form of NDE1 (NDE1-enhanced GFP fusion) were activated by Staphylococcus enterotoxin E-coated Raji cells, NDE1 and dynein failed to accumulate at the immunological synapse (IS) and MTOC translocation was inhibited. Knockdown of NDE1 in Jurkat cells or primary mouse CTLs also inhibited MTOC translocation and CTL-mediated killing. In contrast to NDE1, knockdown of p150(Glued), which depleted the alternative dynein/dynactin complex, resulted in impaired accumulation of CTLA4 and granzyme B-containing intracellular vesicles at the IS, whereas MTOC translocation was not affected. Depletion of p150(Glued) in CTLs also inhibited CTL-mediated lysis. We conclude that the NDE1/Lissencephaly 1 and dynactin complexes separately mediate two key components of T cell-focused secretion, namely translocation of the MTOC and lytic granules to the IS, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhankar Nath
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712; and
| | - Laura Christian
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
| | - Sarah Youngsun Tan
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
| | - Sanghee Ki
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712; and
| | - Lauren I R Ehrlich
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712; and
| | - Martin Poenie
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712; and
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Pandya M, Britt K, Hoffman B, Ling C, Aslanidi GV. Reprogramming Immune Response With Capsid-Optimized AAV6 Vectors for Immunotherapy of Cancer. J Immunother 2015; 38:292-8. [PMID: 26261893 DOI: 10.1097/CJI.0000000000000093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
In the current studies we generated novel capsid-optimized adeno-associated virus (AAV) serotype 6 (AAV6) vectors expressing a tumor-associated antigen, and assessed their ability to activate a protective T-cell response in an animal model. First, we showed that specific mutations in the AAV6 capsid increase the transduction efficiency of these vectors in mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells in vitro for approximately 5-fold compared with the wild-type (WT) AAV6 vectors. Next, we evaluated the ability of the mutant AAV6 vectors to initiate specific T-cell clone proliferation in vivo. Our data indicate that the intramuscular administration of AAV6-S663V+T492V vectors expressing ovalbumin (OVA) led to a strong activation (approximately 9%) of specific T cells in peripheral blood compared with AAV6-WT treated animals (<1%). These OVA-specific T cells have a superior killing ability against mouse prostate cancer cell line RM1 stably expressing the OVA antigen when propagated in vitro. Finally, we evaluated the ability of capsid-optimized AAV6-S663V+T492V vectors to initiate a protective anticancer immune response in vivo. Our results document the suppression of subcutaneous tumor growth in animals immunized with AAV6-S663V+T492V vectors expressing prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) for approximately 4 weeks in comparison with 1 week and 2 weeks for the negative controls, AAV6-EGFP, and AAV6-WT-PAP treated mice, respectively. These studies suggest that successful inhibition of tumor growth in an animal model would set the stage for potential clinical application of the capsid-optimized AAV6-S663V+T492V vectors.
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Siena L, Pace E, Ferraro M, Di Sano C, Melis M, Profita M, Spatafora M, Gjomarkaj M. Gemcitabine sensitizes lung cancer cells to Fas/FasL system-mediated killing. Immunology 2014; 141:242-55. [PMID: 24128051 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Gemcitabine is a chemotherapy agent commonly used in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) that has been demonstrated to induce apoptosis in NSCLC cells by increasing functionally active Fas expression. The aim of this study was to evaluate the Fas/Fas ligand (FasL) system involvement in gemcitabine-induced lung cancer cell killing. NSCLC H292 cells were cultured in the presence or absence of gemcitabine. FasL mRNA and protein were evaluated by real-time PCR, and by Western blot and flow cytometry, respectively. Apoptosis of FasL-expressing cells was evaluated by flow cytometry, and caspase-8 and caspase-3 activation by Western blot and a colorimetric assay. Cytotoxicity of lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells and malignant pleural fluid lymphocytes against H292 cells was analysed in the presence or absence of the neutralizing anti-Fas ZB4 antibody, by flow cytometry. Gemcitabine increased FasL mRNA and total protein expression, the percentage of H292 cells bearing membrane-bound FasL (mFasL) and of mFasL-positive apoptotic H292 cells, as well as caspase-8 and caspase-3 cleavage. Moreover, gemcitabine increased CH11-induced caspase-8 and caspase-3 cleavage and proteolytic activity. Cytotoxicity of LAK cells and pleural fluid lymphocytes was increased against gemcitabine-treated H292 cells and was partially inhibited by ZB4 antibody. These results demonstrate that gemcitabine: (i) induces up-regulation of FasL in lung cancer cells triggering cell apoptosis via an autocrine/paracrine loop; (ii) induces a Fas-dependent apoptosis mediated by caspase-8 and caspase-3 activation; (iii) enhances the sensitivity of lung cancer cells to cytotoxic activity of LAK cells and malignant pleural fluid lymphocytes, partially via Fas/FasL pathway. Our data strongly suggest an active involvement of the Fas/FasL system in gemcitabine-induced lung cancer cell killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liboria Siena
- Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Palermo, Italy
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Pandya J, Ortiz L, Ling C, Rivers AE, Aslanidi G. Rationally designed capsid and transgene cassette of AAV6 vectors for dendritic cell-based cancer immunotherapy. Immunol Cell Biol 2013; 92:116-23. [PMID: 24217810 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2013.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC)-based immunotherapy has recently demonstrated a great potential for clinical applications; however, additional progress in the methods of tumor-specific antigen delivery to DCs is necessary for the further development of anti-tumor vaccines. To this end, a capsid-optimized adeno-associated virus serotype 6 (AAV6-T492V+S663V) vector was developed by site-directed mutagenesis of surface-exposed serine (S) and threonine (T) residues, which have a critical role in intracellular trafficking of AAV vectors. This double-mutant AAV6 vector had ∼ 5-fold greater transduction efficiency in monocyte-derived DCs (moDCs) compared with wild-type (WT)-AAV6 vectors. The increase in the transduction efficiency correlated with the improved nuclear translocation of AAV6-T492V+S663V over that of the WT-AAV6 vector. Additional studies of the CD11c promoter identified critical regulatory elements that fit into the AAV expression cassette and drive EGFP expression in moDCs. Development of a chimeric promoter (chmCD11c) that contains functional modules of CD11c and a Simian virus (SV40) enhancer element dramatically increased the EGFP expression in moDCs. MoDCs transduced by the capsid-optimized AAV6 vector carrying human prostate-specific antigen (hPSA) driven by CBA (AAV6-T492V+S663V-CBA-hPSA) or chmCd11c (AAV6-T492V+S663V-chmCD11c-hPSA) generated specific T-cell clone proliferation and superior cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) with higher killing capability against human prostate adenocarcinoma cells, LNCaP, compared with WT-AAV6 induced CTLs. Taken together, these studies suggest that optimization of capsid and promoter components of AAV vectors can be a useful approach for efficient targeting of moDCs and may prove to be a promising tool for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jheel Pandya
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Luis Ortiz
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Therapy, Department of Pediatrics; University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Chen Ling
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Therapy, Department of Pediatrics; University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Angela E Rivers
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - George Aslanidi
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Therapy, Department of Pediatrics; University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Popko K, Malinowska I, Gorska E, Stelmaszczyk-Emmel A, Demkow U. Flow Cytometry in Detection of Abnormalities of Natural Killer Cell. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 2013; 756:303-11. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-4549-0_37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Aslanidi GV, Rivers AE, Ortiz L, Govindasamy L, Ling C, Jayandharan GR, Zolotukhin S, Agbandje-McKenna M, Srivastava A. High-efficiency transduction of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells by capsid-modified recombinant AAV2 vectors. Vaccine 2012; 30:3908-17. [PMID: 22497875 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.03.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Revised: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorylation of surface-exposed tyrosine residues negatively impacts the transduction efficiency of recombinant AAV2 vectors. Pre-treatment of cells with specific cellular serine/threonine kinase inhibitors also significantly increased the transduction efficiency of AAV2 vectors. We reasoned that site-directed mutagenesis of surface-exposed serine residues might allow the vectors to evade phosphorylation and thus lead to higher transduction efficiency. Each of the 15 surface-exposed serine (S) residues was substituted with valine (V) residues, and the transduction efficiency of three of these mutants, S458V, S492V and S662V, was increased by up to ≈ 20-fold in different cell types. The S662V mutant was efficient in transducing human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDCs), a cell type not readily amenable to transduction by the conventional AAV vectors, and did not induce any phenotypic changes in these cells. Recombinant S662V-AAV2 vectors encoding a truncated human telomerase (hTERT) gene were generated and used to stimulate cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) against target cells. S662V-AAV2-hTERT vector-transduced DCs resulted in rapid, specific T-cell clone proliferation and generation of robust CTLs, which led to specific cell lysis of K562 cells. These studies suggest that high-efficiency transduction of moDCs by serine-modified AAV2 vectors is feasible, which supports the potential utility of these vectors for future human DCs vaccine studies.
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Paine A, Kirchner H, Immenschuh S, Oelke M, Blasczyk R, Eiz-Vesper B. IL-2 Upregulates CD86 Expression on Human CD4+ and CD8+ T Cells. J I 2012; 188:1620-9. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Abstract
The exact immunologic responses after vaccination that result in effective antitumor immunity have not yet been fully elucidated and the data from ex vivo T-cell assays have not yet defined adequate surrogate markers for clinical efficacy. A more detailed knowledge of the specific immune responses that correlate with positive clinical outcomes should help to develop better or novel strategies to effectively activate the immune system against tumors. Furthermore, clinically relevant material is often limited and, thus, precludes the ability to perform multiple assays. The two main assays currently used to monitor lymphocyte-mediated cytoxicity in cancer patients are the (51)Cr-release assay and IFN-gamma ELISpot assay. The former has a number of disadvantages, including low sensitivity, poor labeling and high spontaneous release of isotope from some tumor target cells. Additional problems with the (51)Cr-release assay include difficulty in obtaining autologous tumor targets, and biohazard and disposal problems for the isotope. The ELISpot assays do not directly measure cytotoxic activity and are, therefore, a surrogate marker of cyotoxic capacity of effector T cells. Furthermore, they do not assess cytotoxicity mediated by the production of the TNF family of death ligands by the cytotoxic cells. Therefore, assays that allow for the simultaneous measurement of several parameters may be more advantageous for clinical monitoring. In this respect, multifactor flow cytometry-based assays are a valid addition to the currently available immunologic monitoring assays. Use of these assays will enable detection and enumeration of tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes and their specific effector functions and any correlations with clinical responses. Comprehensive, multifactor analysis of effector cell responses after vaccination may help to detect factors that determine the success or failure of a vaccine and its immunological potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liubov Zaritskaya
- Applied and Developmental Research Support Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA
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Abstract
B cells are recognized as effector cells in allograft rejection that are dependent upon T cell help to produce alloantibodies causing graft injury. It is not known if B cells can also help T cells differentiate into memory cells in the alloimmune response. We found that in B-cell-deficient hosts, differentiation of alloreactive T cells into effectors was intact whereas their development into memory T cells was impaired. To test if B cell help for T cells was required for their continued differentiation into memory T cells, activated T cells were sorted from alloimmunized mice and transferred either with or without B cells into naïve adoptive hosts. Activated T cells cotransferred with B cells gave rise to more memory T cells than those transferred without B cells and upon recall, mediated accelerated rejection of skin allografts. Cotransfer of B cells led to increased memory T cells by enhancing activated CD4 T-cell proliferation and activated CD8 T-cell survival. These results indicate that B cells help alloreactive T-cell differentiation, proliferation and survival to generate optimal numbers of functional memory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Harn Ng
- Departments of Medicine (Renal-Electrolyte) and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261,Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Martin H. Oberbarnscheidt
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | | | - Rosemary Hoffman
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Geetha Chalasani
- Departments of Medicine (Renal-Electrolyte) and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261,Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261,Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Dr. Geetha Chalasani, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, BST W1554, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261. Phone: (412) 383-5924; Fax: (412) 383-9990;
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Sumonwiriya M, Horhthongkham N, Pattanapanyasat K, Ampol S, Sutthent R, Kantakamalakul W. Stable expression of EBV-gp350 on the surface of NC37 cells confers natural killer (NK)-cell susceptibility or resistance, depending on the assay used to assess NK-mediated function. J Virol Methods 2009; 161:154-60. [PMID: 19539652 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2009.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2009] [Revised: 06/03/2009] [Accepted: 06/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
NC37 cells containing the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) genome do not express the viral glycoprotein-350 (gp350) on the cell surface. Despite being a cancer cell line, NC37 cells show resistance to natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity by the standard chromium ((51)Cr) release assay (CRA). EBV-gp350 has been identified as a ligand for antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). The stable expression of gp350 on the NC37 cell surface membrane could make this cell line a suitable target for measuring ADCC antibody. The pcDNA3.1-gp350 was transfected into the stably expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-NC37 cell line. The transfected cells were then selected for expression of gp350 on the cell surface using immunomagnetic bead-based sorting. The gp350-EGFP-NC37 cell line was then re-examined for resistance to NK cytotoxicity, and compared with the standard K562 and EGFP-K562 cell lines using the CRA and a flow cytometric method, respectively. Surprisingly, the gp350-EGFP-NC37 cells, like the parental NC37 cell line, showed comparable resistance to NK cell-mediated cytotoxic activity by the CRA, while demonstrating susceptibility to NK cell cytotoxicity comparable to EGFP expressing K562 cells by the flow cytometric method. The susceptibility of gp350-EGFP-NC37 cells to NK cell cytotoxic activity is dependent on the type of assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manutsanun Sumonwiriya
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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17
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Schütz C, Fischer K, Völkl S, Hoves S, Halbritter D, Mackensen A, Fleck M. A new flow cytometric assay for the simultaneous analysis of antigen-specific elimination of T cells in heterogeneous T cell populations. J Immunol Methods 2009; 344:98-108. [PMID: 19332073 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2009.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2008] [Revised: 03/11/2009] [Accepted: 03/11/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Novel immunosuppressive strategies are targeting for an antigen-specific deletion of T cells responsible for organ damage in autoimmunity and allograft rejection. Here, we present a new flow cytometry-based assay that allows the reliable and efficient detection of T cells that were eliminated in an antigen-specific fashion. A stable cell-labelling technique utilizing the two membrane dyes PKH26 and PKH67 has been combined with annexin V and 7-aminoactinomycin (7-AAD) staining to detect apoptotic cells. A differential gating strategy enabled us to determine the viability/apoptosis for each PKH-stained T cell subpopulation independently. The capability to simultaneously analyze apoptosis within T cell mixtures of different antigen specificities establishes this assay as a superior tool for the further development of novel antigen-specific immunosuppressive approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schütz
- University of Regensburg, Department of Internal Medicine I, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93042 Regensburg, Germany.
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18
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Deniz G, Erten G, Kücüksezer UC, Kocacik D, Karagiannidis C, Aktas E, Akdis CA, Akdis M. Regulatory NK cells suppress antigen-specific T cell responses. J Immunol 2008; 180:850-7. [PMID: 18178824 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.2.850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The immune system has a variety of regulatory/suppressive processes, which are decisive for the development of a healthy or an allergic immune response to allergens. NK1 and NK2 subsets have been demonstrated to display counterregulatory and provocative roles in immune responses, similar to Th1 and Th2 cells. T regulatory cells suppressing both Th1 and Th2 responses have been the focus of intensive research during the last decade. In this study, we aimed to investigate regulatory NK cells in humans, by characterization of NK cell subsets according to their IL-10 secretion property. Freshly purified IL-10-secreting NK cells expressed up to 40-fold increase in IL-10, but not in the FoxP3 and TGF-beta mRNAs. PHA and IL-2 stimulation as well as vitamin D3/dexamethasone and anti-CD2/CD16 mAbs are demonstrated to induce IL-10 expression in NK cells. The effect of IL-10+ NK cells on Ag-specific T cell proliferation has been examined in bee venom major allergen, phospholipase A2- and purified protein derivative of Mycobecterium bovis-induced T cell proliferation. IL-10+ NK cells significantly suppressed both allergen/Ag-induced T cell proliferation and secretion of IL-13 and IFN-gamma, particularly due to secreted IL-10 as demonstrated by blocking of the IL-10 receptor. These results demonstrate that a distinct small fraction of NK cells display regulatory functions in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnur Deniz
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Immunology, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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19
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Paine A, Oelke M, Blasczyk R, Eiz-Vesper B. Expansion of human cytomegalovirus-specific T lymphocytes from unfractionated peripheral blood mononuclear cells with artificial antigen-presenting cells. Transfusion 2008; 47:2143-52. [PMID: 17958544 DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2007.01439.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to find a simple and feasible method for ex vivo expansion of human cytomegalovirus (CMV)-specific cytotoxic T cells from unfractionated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNCs). STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Unfractionated PBMNCs from three HLA-A*0201-CMV-seropositive donors were stimulated with CMVpp65(495-503) peptide-loaded HLA-A*0201-immunoglobulin fusion protein (HLA-A2-Ig) based artificial antigen-presenting cells (aAPCs) on Day 1. Once a week the CMV-specific T cells were harvested and restimulated with fresh aAPCs. T-cell cultures were maintained for 28 days and then analyzed. RESULTS With aAPCs and starting with 1x10(7) freshly isolated PBMNCs that were less than 0.1 percent CMV-specific, more than 1x10(7) T cells with a CMV-specific frequency greater than 93 percent in all donors tested were generated. Expanded CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes were functionally active and showed antigen-specific secretion of interferon-gamma and cytotoxic activity. No alloreactivity against unpulsed HLA-A*0201-positive cells was detected. CONCLUSION Herein is reported the successful in vitro expansion of CMV-specific cytotoxic CD8+ T cells from unfractionated PBMNCs of healthy CMV-seropositive blood donors by the use of HLA-A2-Ig-based aAPCs. This study demonstrates that more than 1x10(7) CMV-specific T cells can be generated from approximately 1x10(7) unfractionated PBMNCs within 1 month under highly reproducible conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananta Paine
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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20
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Petvises S, Pakakasama S, Wongkajornsilp A, Sirireung S, Panthangkool W, Hongeng S. Ex vivo generation of cytokine-induced killer cells (CD3+ CD56+) from post-stem cell transplant pediatric patients against autologous-Epstein-Barr virus-transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines. Pediatr Transplant 2007; 11:511-7. [PMID: 17631019 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3046.2007.00692.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
EBV-PTLDs affect as high as 20% of SCT recipients especially those with T-cell depleted grafts while high mortality rates were also noted. Adoptive allogeneic and autologous CTLs have a therapeutic potential in this setting. However, the process of expansion of these cells is tedious and time consuming in both allogeneic and autologous CTL generation. For the allogeneic SCT, another major obstacle is unavailability of donors especially in an unrelated SCT setting. The aim of the present study was therefore to investigate the efficacy of autologous CIK cells (CD3+ CD56+) against autologous EBV-LCLs from post-SCT pediatric patients. We could demonstrate that CIK cells can be generated within two wk and did show the significant cytotoxicity against autologous EBV-LCLs. CIK cells may provide a potent tool for use in post-transplantation adoptive immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sawang Petvises
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Bangkok, Thailand
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21
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Abstract
A wide array of immunologic tests are available for immune monitoring in cancer vaccine trials, and the number of novel assays and technical modifications continues to burgeon. Because only a small fraction of all proposed vaccine trials tested in phase I-II trials, for practical reasons, will ultimately move forward to be tested in phase III trials, there must be a system of establishing the most promising immunization strategies. This evaluation of cancer vaccine will require standardization of the immune assays and statistical methods used in immunologic monitoring. Furthermore, the use of a systematic approach to evaluating and adopting novel technologies for immunologic assessment would likely lead to timely implementation of more reliable, practical and cost-effective methods of immune. It should be the goal and expectation that this rational approach to immune monitoring will allow the critical appraisal of the most promising vaccine candidates in the context of pivotal, multi-center trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Mosca
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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22
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Abstract
BACKGROUND In vitro generation and expansion of leukemia-reactive T cells may improve the efficacy and specificity of cellular immunotherapy against hematologic malignancies in the context of allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Since the expression of minor histocompatibility antigen HA-1(H) is limited to hematopoietic cells, ex vivo generated HA-1(H)-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) can be used for adoptive immunotherapy. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Numerous studies have shown that primary CTL induction from naïve precursors requires professional antigen-presenting cells. Here, the feasibility of ex vivo induction of HA-1(H)-specific CD8+ CTLs is demonstrated from unfractionated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNCs) from healthy blood donors when CD4+ T-cell help is provided during primary stimulation. As a stimulus for the induction of T-cell help, tetanus toxoid (TT) was used. RESULTS After the second restimulation cycle, approximately 1 percent of CD8+ T cells stained positively with the HLA-A*0201/HA-1(H) pentamer. Positive T cells were further expanded more than 1000-fold by antigen-independent stimulation with anti-CD3/CD28 monoclonal antibodies. HA-1(H)-induced T cells showed the classical phenotype for CD8+ memory effector cells: the phenotype changed from a mixed CD45RA/RO phenotype to an activated phenotype characterized by high expression of CD45RO and no expression of CCR7. The generated T cells revealed a very potent CTL response, even at low E:T ratios. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that TT provides a very potent and cost-effective tool for the in vitro induction of antigen-specific CTLs from precursor PBMNCs that can easily be adapted to GMP conditions for translational purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Eiz-Vesper
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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23
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Abstract
Immunological treatment of malignant diseases in humans aiming at the induction and proliferation of antigen-specific T cells has made rapid progress in recent years. A growing number of tumour-associated antigens, potentially synergistic combinations with adjuvants, and various routes of application provide new opportunities for cancer vaccination. Therefore, a highly accurate assessment of vaccine-induced T cell responses is required. Three T cell assays (tetramers, intracellular cytokine flow cytometry and ELISPOT assay) have emerged as first-line methods for monitoring T cell induction during vaccination. These assays are relatively easy to perform, reliable, sensitive and allow an ex vivo T cell analysis at the single cell level. Although at this stage assays are not a defined surrogate marker for clinical efficacy, they already provide information concerning the immunological potency of a given vaccine. In particular, comparing immune responses under various treatment conditions will help to develop more clinically efficient tumour vaccination. Novel assays, such as CD107 staining, human leukocyte antigen/green fluorescent protein-antigen-presenting cells or microarrays, and assays determining functions, such as proliferation assays, are beginning to complement first-line monitoring assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Nagorsen
- Charité, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Medizinische Klinik III, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12200 Berlin, Germany.
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24
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He L, Hakimi J, Salha D, Miron I, Dunn P, Radvanyi L. A sensitive flow cytometry-based cytotoxic T-lymphocyte assay through detection of cleaved caspase 3 in target cells. J Immunol Methods 2005; 304:43-59. [PMID: 16076473 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2005.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2005] [Revised: 06/03/2005] [Accepted: 06/08/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We describe a highly sensitive flow cytometry-based CTL assay using the cleavage of caspase 3 in target cells as a readout. The assay involved labeling of cells with a cell tracker dye and staining permeabilized cells with an antibody recognizing cleaved caspase 3. The assay proved to be robust and reliable in measuring antigen-specific CTL activity in a number of human and murine systems, including MLR, human peptide-specific T-cell responses induced in vitro, and CTL responses following immunization of mice with viral and peptide vaccines. The assay was found to yield comparable results as 51Cr-release, but with markedly higher sensitivity. When compared to detection of antigen-specific T cells via HLA tetramer/pentamer-based methods of T-cell staining in HIV gag peptide-specific human T cell lines the caspase 3 cleavage readout assay exhibited a comparable level of sensitivity with detection of CTL function at antigen-specific T-cell frequencies of 1:15,000 or lower. A similar level of sensitivity was obtained when murine CTL assays were performed with MLR in which effector cells were highly diluted with naïve syngeneic spleen cells. Our results indicate that the caspase 3 cleavage assay may be a powerful tool to measure antigen-specific CTL responses in human vaccine trials and in pre-clinical animal models of CTL function at both high and low effector cell frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei He
- Immunology Platform, Aventis Pasteur Research and Development, Connaught Campus Toronto, Ontario, Canada M2R 3T4
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25
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Neelapu SS, Kwak LW, Kobrin CB, Reynolds CW, Janik JE, Dunleavy K, White T, Harvey L, Pennington R, Stetler-Stevenson M, Jaffe ES, Steinberg SM, Gress R, Hakim F, Wilson WH. Vaccine-induced tumor-specific immunity despite severe B-cell depletion in mantle cell lymphoma. Nat Med 2005; 11:986-91. [PMID: 16116429 DOI: 10.1038/nm1290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2005] [Accepted: 07/26/2005] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The role of B cells in T-cell priming is unclear, and the effects of B-cell depletion on immune responses to cancer vaccines are unknown. Although results from some mouse models suggest that B cells may inhibit induction of T cell-dependent immunity by competing with antigen-presenting cells for antigens, skewing T helper response toward a T helper 2 profile and/or inducing T-cell tolerance, results from others suggest that B cells are necessary for priming as well as generation of T-cell memory. We assessed immune responses to a well-characterized idiotype vaccine in individuals with severe B-cell depletion but normal T cells after CD20-specific antibody-based chemotherapy of mantle cell lymphoma in first remission. Humoral antigen- and tumor-specific responses were detectable but delayed, and they correlated with peripheral blood B-cell recovery. In contrast, vigorous CD4(+) and CD8(+) antitumor type I T-cell cytokine responses were induced in most individuals in the absence of circulating B cells. Analysis of relapsing tumors showed no mutations or change in expression of target antigen to explain escape from therapy. These results show that severe B-cell depletion does not impair T-cell priming in humans. Based on these results, it is justifiable to administer vaccines in the setting of B-cell depletion; however, vaccine boosts after B-cell recovery may be necessary for optimal humoral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sattva S Neelapu
- Experimental and Transplantation Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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26
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Penack O, Gentilini C, Fischer L, Asemissen AM, Scheibenbogen C, Thiel E, Uharek L. CD56dimCD16neg cells are responsible for natural cytotoxicity against tumor targets. Leukemia 2005; 19:835-40. [PMID: 15744340 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2403704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2004] [Accepted: 12/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The activation of natural killer (NK) cells leads to degranulation and secretion of cytotoxic granula. During this process, the lytic granule membrane protein CD107a becomes detectable at the cell surface. Based on this phenomenon, we have analyzed by a novel flow cytometry-based assay, the number and phenotype of NK cells responding to tumor targets. Using human leukemia and lymphoma cell lines, we observed a close correlation between CD107a surface expression and target cell lysis, indicating that NK cell cytotoxicity can be assessed by this method. The number of degranulating NK cells was closely related to the ratio of effector and target cells and showed a maximum at a ratio of 1:1. Moreover, we were able to show that the population of CD56(dim)/CD16(neg) NK cells is primarily responsible for the cytotoxic activity against tumor targets whereas neither CD56(dim)/CD16(pos) nor CD56(bright) NK cells degranulated in response to the cell lines. Our results indicate that the CD107a assay represents a promising new method for the quantification and characterization of cells exhibiting natural cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Penack
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Transfusion Medicine, Charité-Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany.
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27
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Zimmermann SY, Esser R, Rohrbach E, Klingebiel T, Koehl U. A novel four-colour flow cytometric assay to determine natural killer cell or T-cell-mediated cellular cytotoxicity against leukaemic cells in peripheral or bone marrow specimens containing greater than 20% of normal cells. J Immunol Methods 2005; 296:63-76. [PMID: 15680151 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2004.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2004] [Revised: 09/15/2004] [Accepted: 10/25/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
To be able to determine the cytotoxic activity of NK cells or T cells against leukaemic cells in patient samples containing >20% of normal peripheral blood cells, we have developed a four-colour flow cytometric cytotoxicity assay. The assay is based on differential immunostaining of both leukaemic cells and effector cells in combination with propidium iodide (PI). The cytometer is set for measuring the fluorescence of the monoclonal antibody (mAb) bound fluorochromes, with moderate overcompensation of the third and fourth fluorescence signals. PI-positive events were excluded from analysis by their characteristic uncompensated signal on these two detectors. Thus, all four fluorescence ranges can be used for detection of mAb-derived signals and this allows discrimination between various populations contained in effector and target cell samples. The cytotoxic activity in our assay is calculated by the absolute loss of vital leukaemic cells. For this purpose, fluorescent beads are included as an internal standard. When calculating the effector concentrations after coculture, characteristic changes can be seen which yield additional information about the presence of cytotoxic activity and the active effector cell subset. With this assay, we present a versatile tool that combines minimum cell manipulation before coculture with maximum information from a sample. The assay is suitable for the analysis of complex samples with regard to different cell subsets, their decrease or increase, and conjugate formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie-Yvonne Zimmermann
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, Paediatric Haematology, Oncology and Haemostaseology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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28
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Hermans IF, Silk JD, Yang J, Palmowski MJ, Gileadi U, McCarthy C, Salio M, Ronchese F, Cerundolo V. The VITAL assay: a versatile fluorometric technique for assessing CTL- and NKT-mediated cytotoxicity against multiple targets in vitro and in vivo. J Immunol Methods 2004; 285:25-40. [PMID: 14871532 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2003.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2003] [Revised: 10/10/2003] [Accepted: 10/27/2003] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Assessment of cell-mediated toxicity has traditionally been achieved by measuring the specific activity of enriched effector cell populations against antigen-loaded target cells labeled with radioactive isotopes in vitro. Fluorometric techniques are viewed as a promising alternative to the use of radioactive isotopes for these analyses. Direct assessment of cytotoxicity in vivo can be achieved by monitoring survival of injected fluorescent targets relative to a differentially labeled internal control population without specific antigen. We have developed this approach, incorporating the use of multiple target cell populations labeled with different dyes so that cytotoxicity can be assessed against titrated doses of a given antigen, or against a range of different antigens, simultaneously. We show that this assay, referred to as the VITAL assay, can be used to assess cytotoxic activity of CTL and iNKT cells in vivo and in vitro. CTL responses measured in vivo could be correlated with antigen doses used in immunization strategies, and also with the size of specific CTL populations enumerated in the blood with fluorescent MHC/peptide tetramers. The VITAL assay is, therefore, a sensitive technique allowing analysis of complex multi-epitope responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian F Hermans
- Tumour Immunology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK.
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29
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Ozdemir O, Ravindranath Y, Savaşan S. Cell-mediated cytotoxicity evaluation using monoclonal antibody staining for target or effector cells with annexinV/propidium iodide colabeling by fluorosphere-adjusted counts on three-color flow cytometry. Cytometry A 2004; 56:53-60. [PMID: 14566939 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.10081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In addition to (51)chromium release assay, flow cytometric methods have been described to assess in vitro cell-mediated cytotoxicity. In this report, we describe a new flow cytometric approach for determination of in vitro cell-mediated cytotoxicity utilizing three-color flow cytometric assay. METHODS This method is based on monoclonal antibody staining of either effector or target cells to evaluate cytotoxicity with increased accuracy by utilizing fluorospheres for calibration. The basic strategy involves labeling effector or target cells with a specific fluorescent-conjugated monoclonal antibody, in addition to staining with annexinV-FITC and propidium iodide to identify apoptotic/dead cells. The effector and target cell populations as well as conjugates were clearly and easily identified by this approach. RESULTS We obtained significant correlation between cytotoxicity calculated by this technique and (51)chromium release assay results. The integration of fluorospheres allowed us to determine the absolute number of events reflective of the cumulative cell death rather than a cross-sectional, percentage-based cytotoxicity assessment in the target cell population at the time of analysis. CONCLUSIONS This method provides additional advantages to other methods and enables the study of target cell fate in more detail, as well as providing a potential contribution to understanding the mechanisms of cell elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oner Ozdemir
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute,Children's Hospital of Michigan, Wayne State University, 3901 Beaubien Boulevard, Detroit, MI 48201-2196, USA
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30
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Abstract
We present a rapid flow cytometric and non-radioactive functional assay developed for the determination of the cytotoxic activity of T lymphocytes, natural killer cells, and lymphokine-activated killer cells. In contrast to indirect evaluation of cytotoxicity using radioactive assays, this assay is based on the quantitative and qualitative flow cytometric analysis of cell damage on a single cell level. Target cells are stained with PKH-26, a lipophilic dye that stably integrates into the cell membrane, without disturbing its surface marker expression. It, thus, permits the distinction between target and effector cells. After short term in vitro incubation (1.5-3h), AnnexinV-FITC (ann-FITC) staining allows to discriminate between apoptotic and non-apoptotic target cells. Data analysis is performed first by gating on PKH-26 positive target cells, followed by the analysis of the ann-FITC positive subpopulation. The percentage of cytotoxicity in the PKH-26 gated cell population is calculated by subtracting unspecific ann-FITC positive target cells, measured in appropriate controls without effector cells. Using in vitro generated antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes, we demonstrate that this flow cytometric assay is sensitive, correlates well with the standard 51Cr release assay, and is easy to handle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Fischer
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, Regensburg D-93042, Germany
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31
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Abstract
In order to overcome some of the main drawbacks that have emerged in the conventional assays for cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs) in the chicken, a novel approach to analyze viral antigen-specific cytolytic activity utilizing flow cytometry was developed. In this method, the target cells were distinguished from the effector cells by pre-labelling them with a fluorescent dye PKH67. Cell death was detected with propidium iodide which labels the DNA of damaged cells. Flow cytometric assay also enables phenotyping of the effector cells by direct or indirect immunofluorescence staining of lymphocyte surface molecules. The results showed that specific cytotoxic T cells were observed in the blood of chickens primed with fixed avian reticuloendotheliosis virus strain T transformed MHC-compatible B cells. Phenotypic analysis of the effector cells from blood demonstrated CTL activity both in CD8+ and CD4+ T cell populations and the majority CTLs were TCR2+ cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqiang Wang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Turku Immunology Centre, Turku University, Kiinamyllynkatu 13, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland.
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32
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Rubinstein MP, Kadima AN, Salem ML, Nguyen CL, Gillanders WE, Nishimura MI, Cole DJ. Transfer of TCR genes into mature T cells is accompanied by the maintenance of parental T cell avidity. J Immunol 2003; 170:1209-17. [PMID: 12538678 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.3.1209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The adoptive transfer of tumor-specific T cells expanded in vitro can be of significant therapeutic value in select cancer patients. This strategy is limited though, as it is often difficult, if not impossible, to obtain T cells of clinical value. The transfer of TCR genes to mature T cells to generate tumor-reactive T cells provides a potential mechanism to overcome these limitations. To evaluate the feasibility of such an approach and the quality of the resulting T cells, we generated replication-deficient retroviral vectors using the well-characterized OT-1 TCR genes. After transducing murine T cells, we were able to expand large numbers of Ag-specific T cells that were functionally active against tumor cells expressing the relevant Ag. Furthermore, we found that T cells expressing retrovirally encoded TCR had avidity that was similar to that of the parental clone. This maintenance of avidity was despite variable expression of the retrovirally encoded TCR and the presence of potentially competing endogenous TCRs. These results suggest that the inherent qualities of the TCR, as dictated by the coding sequence, are the most critical parameters in the generation of high-avidity T cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/genetics
- Egg Proteins/genetics
- Egg Proteins/immunology
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor alpha/immunology
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor beta/immunology
- Genetic Vectors/chemical synthesis
- Genetic Vectors/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Moloney murine leukemia virus/genetics
- Moloney murine leukemia virus/immunology
- Ovalbumin/genetics
- Ovalbumin/immunology
- Peptide Fragments
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/virology
- Transduction, Genetic/methods
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Rubinstein
- Department of Surgery, Section of Surgical Oncology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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33
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Vizler C, Nagy T, Kusz E, Glavinas H, Duda E. Flow cytometric cytotoxicity assay for measuring mammalian and avian NK cell activity. Cytometry 2002; 47:158-62. [PMID: 11891720 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.10066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flow-cytometric assays are convenient alternatives to classic radioactive natural killer (NK) tests. MitoTracker Green FM, a green fluorescent intracellular probe serving originally for staining mitochondria, seemed especially suitable for labeling NK target cells. Materials and Methods NK target cells were labeled with MitoTracker Green FM. After incubation with effector spleen cells, cell suspensions were stained with propidium iodide (PI), and flow-cytometric analysis was performed. RESULTS MitoTracker Green FM stained efficiently each cell type we assayed, including resting cells, and it was not released from dead cells. NK assays were set up using mouse spleen effector cells and K562 NK target cells. MitoTracker Green FM and PI double staining allowed a discrimination of live and dead target cells, and the cytotoxicity values were in the expected range. Then the method was applied to a less well-known chicken model. We found that chicken-skin fibroblasts had a definite sensitivity to autologous splenic NK cells, sometimes as high as the sensitivity of classic NK targets. CONCLUSIONS Convenient flow-cytometric NK tests can be performed by MitoTracker Green FM and PI staining. Using this method, we demonstrated that chicken fibroblasts are sensitive to the cytotoxic effect of autologous NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Vizler
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Center of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, POB 521, 6701 Szeged, Hungary.
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34
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Abstract
The cytotoxic activity of T lymphocytes, natural killer and lymphokine-activated killer cells is usually tested by radioactive assays, which detect the release of cytoplasmic contents after plasma membrane disintegration of dying cells. In contrast to this indirect evaluation of cytotoxicity, we describe here an improved fluorescence assay that is based on the direct quantitative and qualitative flow cytometric analysis of cell damage at a single cell level. Target cells are stained with PKH-26, a lipophilic dye that stably integrates into the cell membrane and permits distinction between target and effector cells. After 3 h of in vitro incubation, costaining with AnnexinV-FITC (ann-FITC) and propidium iodide (PI) permitted discrimination between vital, early apoptotic and necrotic cells. Data analysis is performed first by gating on PKH-26-positive target cells followed by the analysis of ann-FITC- and PI-positive subpopulations. The percentage of cytotoxicity in the PKH-26-gated cell population is calculated by subtracting non-specific ann-FITC- or PI-positive target cells, measured in appropriate controls without effector cells. Membrane staining of target cells such as primary melanoma cells or leukemic blasts revealed high and stable loading of PKH-26 without altering the viability or the immunogenicity of the cells. Using in vitro-generated antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), we could demonstrate that this flow cytometric assay is sensitive and correlates well with the standard 51Cr release assay. In conclusion, the improved fluorescence assay is a simple and highly reproducible procedure for evaluating the specific cytotoxicity of T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Fischer
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, D-93042 Regensburg, Germany
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35
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Goddard RV, Prentice AG, Copplestone JA, Kaminski ER. Generation in vitro of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia-proliferative and specific HLA class-II-restricted cytotoxic T-cell responses using autologous dendritic cells pulsed with tumour cell lysate. Clin Exp Immunol 2001; 126:16-28. [PMID: 11678895 PMCID: PMC1906182 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2001.01617.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy using dendritic cells has shown encouraging results in both haematological and non-haematological malignancies. In this study, monocyte-derived dendritic cells from patients with B-CLL were cultured for 6 days in the presence of IL-4 and GM-CSF. Autologous B-CLL T-cells were cultured alone or with B-CLL lysate-pulsed and unpulsed autologous dendritic cells. IFN-gamma secretion was assessed using ELISA. Cytotoxicity was assessed, after 21 days in culture and re-stimulation, using flow cytometry with and without blockade by anti-HLA class I, anti-HLA class II, anti-CD4, anti-CD8 and anti-TCRalphabeta monoclonal antibodies. B-CLL T cells stimulated with B-CLL lysate-pulsed autologous dendritic cells showed a significant (P = 0.0004) increase in IFN-gamma secretion and a significant (P = 0.0008) increase in specific cytotoxicity to autologous B-cell targets, but none to autologous T cell or B cell targets from healthy individuals. B-CLL T cells cultured with (non-B-CLL) B-cell lysate-pulsed B-CLL dendritic cells showed no significant response. Pulsing dendritic cells from healthy volunteers with an autologous (non-B-CLL) B-cell lysate did not stimulate proliferation, cytokine production or cytotoxicity by autologous T cells. Pulsing B-CLL dendritic cells with allogeneic B-CLL lysates and culturing with autologous T-cells elicited cytotoxicity against autologous B-CLL targets in some cases, but not in others. Cytotoxicity was significantly reduced by blocking with anti-HLA class II (P = 0.001), anti-TCRalphabeta (P = 0.03) and anti-CD4 (P = 0.046) antibodies. Phenotyping of the responding T-cell population demonstrated the majority to be CD4 positive. Our data demonstrate that HLA class II-restricted proliferative and cytotoxic T-cell responses to B-CLL can be generated using autologous dendritic cells pulsed with tumour cell lysate.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Cell Extracts/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic
- Dendritic Cells/classification
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/physiology
- Humans
- Immunophenotyping
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive
- Kinetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/therapy
- Lymphocyte Activation
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/classification
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- R V Goddard
- Plymouth Postgraduate Medical School, Derriford Combined Laboratory, Derriford Hospital, Plymouth, UK.
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36
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Derby E, Reddy V, Kopp W, Nelson E, Baseler M, Sayers T, Malyguine A. Three-color flow cytometric assay for the study of the mechanisms of cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Immunol Lett 2001; 78:35-9. [PMID: 11470149 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2478(01)00226-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxic lymphocytes kill tumor or virus-infected target cells utilizing two mechanisms (1) release of lytic granules (containing perforin and granzymes) and (2) Fas ligand (FasL)/Fas or TNF initiated apoptosis. We have examined mechanisms of target cell lysis using a new Flow Cytometric Cytotoxicity Assay (FC Assay). Target cells were labeled with PKH 67 dye. Cell death was estimated by 7-amino-actinomycin (7-AAD) inclusion and annexin V-PE binding. A strong direct correlation has been found between the percentage of dead target cells in the FC Assay and the results of 51Cr release assay when human LAK and CTL were used as a model system. We have shown that both NK and CTL kill tumor cells mostly by granule-mediated mechanisms, as lysis was blocked by a perforin inhibitor Concanamycin A (Folimycin) but was significantly less sensitive to zVAD-FMK caspase inhibition. The FC assay allows accurate measurement of cell-mediated cytotoxicity as individual target cell death is detected directly.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Derby
- SAIC-Frederick, NCI at Frederick, Frederick, MD 20878, USA
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37
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Vannucchi AM, Glinz S, Bosi A, Caporale R, Rossi-Ferrini P. Selective ex vivo expansion of cytomegalovirus-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes using dendritic cells pulsed with a human leucocyte antigen A*0201-restricted peptide. Br J Haematol 2001; 113:479-82. [PMID: 11380419 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2001.02777.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive transfer of ex vivo-generated cytomegalovirus (CMV)-specific T lymphocytes may be effective in preventing CMV disease in allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) recipients. We developed a procedure for expansion of CMV-specific T lymphocytes based on the antigen-presenting function of donor dendritic cells (DCs), pulsed with a human leucocyte antigen A*0201-restricted pp65 nonamer peptide. CMV-specific T lymphocytes were identified following induction of interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) secretion prompted by peptide exposure. Both CD8+ and CD4+ CMV-specific T lymphocytes were selectively produced in these cultures and showed CMV-restricted cytotoxicity. The simultaneous and selective expansion of CD4+ and CD8+ CMV-specific lymphocytes might be instrumental for more efficient in vivo function of infused CMV-specific lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Vannucchi
- The Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, Division of Haematology, Azienda Ospedaliera Careggi, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
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38
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Abstract
The 51Cr release assay has traditionally been used to investigate effector cell cytotoxic function against labeled targets, but this method has inherent problems that include hazards associated with radioactivity, cell labeling and high spontaneous release. Here we describe a novel flow cytometric assay which addresses and improves upon the problems currently encountered with the 51Cr release assay. The fluorometric assessment of T lymphocyte antigen specific lysis (FATAL) assay employs dual staining (PKH-26 and CFSE) to identify and evaluate the target population. We found that the PKH-26/CFSE combination efficiently labeled target cells. Evaluation of the spontaneous leakage from dye labeled target cells was forty fold lower than the spontaneous leakage seen with the 51Cr release assay. The FATAL assay permitted a more accurate assessment of the effector: target ratio, and detected low levels of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) mediated lysis. There was a strong correlation between the 51Cr release and FATAL assays, when performed in parallel with identical effector and target cells (r(2)=0.998, P=<0.0001). This novel method of detecting cytolysis represents a qualitative and quantitative improvement over standard 51Cr release analysis. The FATAL assay will be of value to further investigate mechanisms of cytolysis by effector cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Sheehy
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University, 455 First Avenue, 7th Floor, New York, NY 10016, USA
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39
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Hanon E, Stinchcombe JC, Saito M, Asquith BE, Taylor GP, Tanaka Y, Weber JN, Griffiths GM, Bangham CR. Fratricide among CD8(+) T lymphocytes naturally infected with human T cell lymphotropic virus type I. Immunity 2000; 13:657-64. [PMID: 11114378 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(00)00065-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Infection and gene expression by the human T lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) in vivo have been thought to be confined to CD4(+) T lymphocytes. We show here that, in natural HTLV-I infection, a significant proportion of CD8(+) T lymphocytes are infected by HTLV-I. Interestingly, HTLV-I-specific but not Epstein-Barr virus-specific CD8(+) T lymphocytes were shown to be infected. Furthermore, HTLV-I protein expression in naturally infected CD8(+) T lymphocytes renders them susceptible to fratricide mediated by autologous HTLV-I-specific CD8(+) T lymphocytes. Fratricide among virus-specific CTLs could impair the immune control of HTLV-I and possibly other lymphotropic viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Hanon
- Department of Immunology, Imperial College School of Medicine, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
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40
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Brosterhus H, Brings S, Leyendeckers H, Manz RA, Miltenyi S, Radbruch A, Assenmacher M, Schmitz J. Enrichment and detection of live antigen-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells based on cytokine secretion. Eur J Immunol 1999; 29:4053-9. [PMID: 10602016 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4141(199912)29:12<4053::aid-immu4053>3.0.co;2-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Following appropriate antigen-specific stimulation, CD4(+) and CD8(+) T lymphocytes rapidly express cytokines. Based on this stimulation-induced cytokine secretion and using cell surface affinity matrix technology we have developed a new method that permits specific, rapid and efficient detection, isolation and characterization of live antigen-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T lymphocytes. The power of this technique is demonstrated here for HLA-A0201-restricted influenza matrix protein peptide 58-66-specific CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes, influenza A virus- and recombinant tetanus toxin C fragment-specific Th1 cells and tetanus toxoid-specific Th2 cells.
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41
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Abstract
In the present report, we describe a beta galactosidase release (BGR) assay to evaluate cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity against specific targets. Transient expression of beta galactosidase (beta gal) was obtained by infection with recombinant beta gal vaccinia virus. Incubation of target cells with effector cells resulted in the release of beta gal depending on the infection time and the effector/target cell ratio. BGR was evaluated using the chemiluminescent substrate, AMPGD (3-¿4-Methoxyspiro[1,2-dioxetane-3, 2'-tricyclo(3.3.1.1(3,7))decan]-yl¿phenyl-b-D-galactopyra nos ide), a phenylgalactose-substituted 1,2-dioxetane compound. The use of a digenic vector carrying two genes coding for the beta gal gene and the antigen, respectively, permits expression of the two proteins in the same cell. Coinfection of target cells with two different vectors, carrying beta gal and antigen genes, respectively, was demonstrated to be as efficient as digenic vector when using high multiplicity of infection (MOI). The BGR assay was compared to the standard 4 h 51chromium (51Cr) release assay both in mouse and human models and showed comparable sensitivity. The BGR assay, therefore, provides a simple, specific and responsive method for measuring cell-mediated cytotoxic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bachy
- Pasteur Mérieux Connaught, 1541 Avenue Marcel Mérieux, 69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France.
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42
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Aubry JP, Blaecke A, Lecoanet-Henchoz S, Jeannin P, Herbault N, Caron G, Moine V, Bonnefoy JY. Annexin V used for measuring apoptosis in the early events of cellular cytotoxicity. Cytometry 1999; 37:197-204. [PMID: 10520200 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0320(19991101)37:3<197::aid-cyto6>3.0.co;2-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current cytotoxic assays, including Cr release and fluorescent assays, do not directly measure the proportion of target cells which are killed by apoptosis. Cell-mediated cytotoxicity induced by CTLs and NK cells is mainly regulated by the perforin-granzyme, the Fas ligand (Fas L), and the Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-alpha pathways. Perforin generates pores in the membrane of target cells, allowing granzyme B to enter and initiate apoptosis. The other effectors, Fas L and TNF-alpha act by an apoptosis mechanism, leading to DNA fragmentation. A three color flow cytometric method to measure cell-mediated cytotoxicity induced by CTLs or NK cells is described. METHODS The fluorochromes used are: PKH-26, a stable membrane dye for the labeling of the effector cells, annexin V-FITC which allows the direct evaluation of early apoptotic cells and propidium iodide which distinguishes membrane permeabilized and late apoptotic cells. RESULTS By eliminating through gating PKH-26 positive effector cells, we obtain a direct estimation of the percentage of target cells in the early stages of apoptosis as well as the percentage of target cells dying after late apoptosis and membrane permeabilization. The cytotoxic activity of IL-2 stimulated PBL against K562, Jurkat and KYM-1 was evaluated. CONCLUSIONS This rapid and novel assay permits the discrimination of the cell death mechanisms occurring during a cytotoxic response and to precisely evaluate the contribution of apoptosis in the early phases of cell-mediated cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Aubry
- Centre d'Immunologie Pierre Fabre, St Julien en Genevois, France.
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43
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Goldberg JE, Sherwood SW, Clayberger C. A novel method for measuring CTL and NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity using annexin V and two-color flow cytometry. J Immunol Methods 1999; 224:1-9. [PMID: 10357200 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1759(98)00038-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
An assay based on two-color flow cytometry has been developed to measure CTL and NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity. After effector/target cells are incubated together, CTL or NK populations are stained with an effector cell specific PE-conjugated mAb. Subsequently, annexin V-FITC binds to cells expressing phosphatidylserine (an early marker of apoptosis) on the cell surface. Target cells are gated upon as PE-negative and quantified with respect to their annexin V positivity. The shift from annexin Vneg to annexin Vhi is a discrete event such that all target cells fall within discernible populations with respect to annexin V. There is a strong correlation between cytotoxicity measured with our assay and a standard 51Cr release assay (r2 = 0.989). The PE/annexin V assay shows increased sensitivity at early timepoints after target/effector cell mixing. In addition, this method allows for analysis of target cells at the single cell level. Therefore, we have described a promising new technique to measure in vitro cell-mediated cytotoxicity. It avoids the potential difficulties of working with radioactive isotopes, and offers increased sensitivity and versatility.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Goldberg
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305-5407, USA
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