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Lee TT, Li TL, Ko BJ, Chien LH. Effect of Acute High-Intensity Interval Training on Immune Function and Oxidative Stress in Canoe/Kayak Athletes. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1144. [PMID: 37627028 PMCID: PMC10452436 DOI: 10.3390/biology12081144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of acute high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on immune function and oxidative stress in male canoe/kayak athletes who were well trained. A total of 22 participants were voluntarily recruited with an age range of 15.9 ± 2.3 years, height of 172.2 ± 5.5 cm, body mass of 63.30 ± 6.95 kg, and body fat of 13.77 ± 3.76%. The modified Wingate kayaking test on a kayak ergometer was performed by all participants. Blood samples were collected at three different time points: before the test (Pre-T), immediately after (Post-T), and 3 h post-test (Post-3 h). Saliva samples were collected at two different time points: before the test (Pre-T) and 3 h after the test (Post-3 h). Results indicated that acute canoe/kayak ergometry HIIT had significant effects on the percentages and counts of leukocytes, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and lymphocyte subsets. Additionally, it resulted in increased total LPS-stimulated neutrophil elastase release and alterations in plasma concentrations of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and TBARS. These findings suggest that conventional kayak HIIT regimens can have short-term effects on immune function and induce oxidative stress in athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Lee
- Department of Aquatic Sports, University of Taipei, Taipei City 111036, Taiwan
| | - Tzai-Li Li
- Department of Sport Promotion, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan 33301, Taiwan
| | - Bo-Jen Ko
- Department of Physical Education, National Taichung University of Education, Taichung City 403514, Taiwan
| | - Li-Hui Chien
- Graduate Institute of Athletics and Coaching Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan 33301, Taiwan
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Thomas HJ, Ang T, Morrison DJ, Keske MA, Parker L. Acute exercise and high-glucose ingestion elicit dynamic and individualized responses in systemic markers of redox homeostasis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1127088. [PMID: 37063903 PMCID: PMC10102861 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1127088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundBiomarkers of oxidation-reduction (redox) homeostasis are commonly measured in human blood to assess whether certain stimuli (e.g., high-glucose ingestion or acute exercise) lead to a state of oxidative distress (detrimental to health) or oxidative eustress (beneficial to health). Emerging research indicates that redox responses are likely to be highly individualized, yet few studies report individual responses. Furthermore, the effects of complex redox stimuli (e.g., high-glucose-ingestion after exercise) on redox homeostasis remains unclear. We investigated the effect of acute exercise (oxidative eustress), high-glucose ingestion (oxidative distress), and high-glucose ingestion after exercise (both oxidative eu/distress), on commonly measured redox biomarkers in serum/plasma.MethodsIn a randomized crossover fashion, eight healthy men (age: 28 ± 4 years; BMI: 24.5 ± 1.5 kg/m2 [mean ± SD]) completed two separate testing conditions; 1) consumption of a high-glucose mixed-nutrient meal (45% carbohydrate [1.1 g glucose.kg-1], 20% protein, and 35% fat) at rest (control trial), and 2) consumption of the same meal 3 h and 24 h after 1 h of moderate-intensity cycling exercise (exercise trial). Plasma and serum were analyzed for an array of commonly studied redox biomarkers.ResultsOxidative stress and antioxidant defense markers (hydrogen peroxide, 8-isoprostanes, catalase, superoxide dismutase, and nitrate levels) increased immediately after exercise (p < 0.05), whereas nitric oxide activity and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) remained similar to baseline (p > 0.118). Nitric oxide activity and nitrate levels decreased at 3 h post-exercise compared to pre-exercise baseline levels. Depending on when the high-glucose mixed nutrient meal was ingested and the postprandial timepoint investigated, oxidative stress and antioxidant defense biomarkers either increased (hydrogen peroxide, TBARS, and superoxide dismutase), decreased (hydrogen peroxide, 8-isoprostanes, superoxide dismutase, nitric oxide activity, nitrate, and nitrite), or remained similar to pre-meal baseline levels (hydrogen peroxide, 8-isoprostanes, TBARS, catalase, superoxide dismutase and nitrite). Redox responses exhibited large inter-individual variability in the magnitude and/or direction of responses.ConclusionFindings highlight the necessity to interpret redox biomarkers in the context of the individual, biomarker measured, and stimuli observed. Individual redox responsiveness may be of physiological relevance and should be explored as a potential means to inform personalized redox intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah J. Thomas
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Teddy Ang
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Dale J. Morrison
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Michelle A. Keske
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Lewan Parker
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: Lewan Parker,
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The Influence of Single Whole-Body Cryostimulation on Cytokine Status and Oxidative Stress Biomarkers during Exhaustive Physical Effort: A Crossover Study. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065559. [PMID: 36982633 PMCID: PMC10058332 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to assess the impact of single whole-body cryostimulation (WBC) preceding submaximal exercise on oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers in professional, male athletes. The subjects (n = 32, age 25.2 ± 37) were exposed to low temperatures (−130 °C) in a cryochamber and then participated in 40 min of exercise (85% HRmax). Two weeks afterwards, the control exercise (without WBC) was performed. Blood samples were taken before the start of the study, immediately after the WBC procedure, after exercise preceded by WBC (WBC exercise) and after exercise without WBC. It has been shown that catalase activity after WBC exercise is lower in comparison with activity after control exercise. The interleukin 1β (IL-1-1β) level was higher after control exercise than after WBC exercise, after the WBC procedure and before the start of the study (p < 0.01). The WBC procedure interleukin 6 (IL-6) level was compared with the baseline level (p < 0.01). The level of Il-6 was higher both after WBC exercise and after control exercise compared with the level recorded after the WBC procedure (p < 0.05). Several significant correlations between the studied parameters were shown. In conclusion, the changes in the cytokine concentration in the athletes’ blood confirm that body exposition to extremely low temperatures before exercise could regulate the inflammatory reaction course and secretion of cytokines during exercise. A single session of WBC in the case of well-trained, male athletes does not significantly affect the level of oxidative stress indicators.
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Markov A, Bussweiler J, Helm N, Arntz F, Steidten T, Krohm L, Sacot A, Baumert P, Puta C, Chaabene H. Acute effects of concurrent muscle power and sport-specific endurance exercises on markers of immunological stress response and measures of muscular fitness in highly trained youth male athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:1015-1026. [PMID: 36624248 PMCID: PMC9829527 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-05126-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the acute effects of concurrent muscle power and sport-specific endurance exercises order on immunological stress responses, muscular-fitness, and rating-of-perceived-exertion (RPE) in highly trained youth male judo athletes. METHODS Twenty male participants randomly performed two concurrent training (CT) sessions; power-endurance and endurance-power. Measures of immune response (e.g., white blood cells), muscular-fitness (i.e., counter-movement-jump [CMJ]), RPE, blood-lactate, and -glucose were taken at different time-point (i.e., pre, mid, post, and post6h). RESULTS There were significant time*order interactions for white blood cells, lymphocytes, granulocytes, granulocyte-lymphocyte-ratio, and systemic-inflammation-index. Power-endurance resulted in significantly larger pre-to-post increases in white blood cells and lymphocytes while endurance-power resulted in significantly larger pre-to-post increases in the granulocyte-lymphocyte-ratio and systemic-inflammation-index. Likewise, significantly larger pre-to-post6h white blood cells and granulocytes increases were observed following power-endurance compared to endurance-power. Moreover, there was a significant time*order interaction for blood-glucose and -lactate. Following endurance-power, blood-lactate and -glucose increased from pre-to-mid but not from pre-to-post. Meanwhile, in power-endurance blood-lactate and -glucose increased from pre-to-post but not from pre-to-mid. A significant time*order interaction was observed for CMJ-force with larger pre-to-post decreases in endurance-power compared to power-endurance. Further, CMJ-power showed larger pre-to-mid performance decreases following power-endurance, compared to endurance-power. Regarding RPE, significant time*order interactions were noted with larger pre-to-mid values following endurance-power and larger pre-to-post values following power-endurance. CONCLUSION CT induced acute and delayed order-dependent immune cell count alterations in highly trained youth male judo athletes. In general, power-endurance induced higher acute and delayed immunological stress responses compared to endurance-power. CMJ-force and RPE fluctuated during both CT sessions but went back to baseline 6 h post-exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Markov
- grid.11348.3f0000 0001 0942 1117Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Potsdam, Am Neuen Palais 10, Building. 12, 14469 Potsdam, Germany ,Olympic Testing and Training Center Brandenburg, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jens Bussweiler
- Olympic Testing and Training Center Brandenburg, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Norman Helm
- Olympic Testing and Training Center Brandenburg, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Fabian Arntz
- grid.11348.3f0000 0001 0942 1117Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Potsdam, Am Neuen Palais 10, Building. 12, 14469 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Thomas Steidten
- grid.9613.d0000 0001 1939 2794Department of Sports Medicine and Health Promotion, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07740 Jena, Germany
| | - Lars Krohm
- grid.11348.3f0000 0001 0942 1117Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Potsdam, Am Neuen Palais 10, Building. 12, 14469 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Arnau Sacot
- grid.5319.e0000 0001 2179 7512University de Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Philipp Baumert
- grid.6936.a0000000123222966Exercise Biology Group, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Puta
- grid.9613.d0000 0001 1939 2794Department of Sports Medicine and Health Promotion, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07740 Jena, Germany ,grid.9613.d0000 0001 1939 2794Center for Interdisciplinary Prevention of Diseases Related to Professional Activities, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Helmi Chaabene
- grid.11348.3f0000 0001 0942 1117Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Potsdam, Am Neuen Palais 10, Building. 12, 14469 Potsdam, Germany ,grid.442518.e0000 0004 0492 9538High Institute of Sports and Physical Education of Kef, University of Jendouba, 8189 Jendouba, Tunisia
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Gualandi SC. Relation between redox potential and natural antibody levels in goat kid serum. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2022; 254:110517. [PMID: 36413814 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2022.110517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The redox potential and the natural antibody (NAb) levels are parameters commonly tested to verify the physiological response to stressful situations determined by farming conditions or research needs. In this paper, the redox potential, assessed by different spectrophotometric methods, was related to NAb levels together with total immunoglobulin (tot-Ig) levels in goat kid serum. Reactive oxygen metabolites (ROMs) and ceruloplasmin (CP) oxidase activity were significantly associated with NAb-IgG and NAb-IgM. Nitric oxide metabolites (NOx) and total thiol levels (TTLs) were significantly related to NAb-IgM and tot-IgM, and with NAb-IgG, respectively. A tendency was shown between ROMs and tot-IgM, and between CP and tot-IgM, where, however, the significance levels were above the cut-off values. Total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant activity (TAA), determined by the ABTS-based method, the ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), and free radical scavenging activity (FRSA) were associated with neither NAb nor tot-Ig. The obtained results are discussed in light of the possible linkage between the (anti)oxidant status and the innate immune system in goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cecchini Gualandi
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Viale dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy.
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The Relationships between Physical Activity, Exercise, and Sport on the Immune System. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19116777. [PMID: 35682358 PMCID: PMC9180823 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19116777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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An Overview on How Exercise with Green Tea Consumption Can Prevent the Production of Reactive Oxygen Species and Improve Sports Performance. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 19:ijerph19010218. [PMID: 35010479 PMCID: PMC8750450 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19010218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Free radicals are reactive products that have multiple effects on the human body. Endogenous and exogenous antioxidants manage the overproduction of free radicals. However, an imbalance between free radicals and antioxidant factors causes oxidative stress. Exercise and physical activity are factors that increase oxidative stress and disrupts the body’s homeostasis. Intensity and duration of training, training characteristics, and fitness level can have positive or negative effects on oxidative stress. Green tea consumption is recommended for the prevention of a variety of diseases, health maintenance, and weight loss. The effectiveness of green tea is primarily due to the presence of catechins and polyphenols, specifically (–)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate, which has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties based on clinical and animal studies. This review investigates the effect of green tea exercise and their interactive effects on free radicals and sports improvement.
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9
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Santana ESDS, de Oliveira CA, Lima FIA, Nucci RAB, Fonseca FLA, Maifrino LBM. Effect of Resistance Training and Diet Intake on Spleen Structure of Ovariectomized Wistar Rats. JOURNAL OF HEALTH AND ALLIED SCIENCES NU 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1732812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction Exercise is a key factor in immunity which may be affected by a different diet intake. Thus, we aimed to analyze the effects of diet intake and resistance training on spleen structure of ovariectomized female animals.
Materials and Methods Female Wistar rats were divided into eight experimental groups: sedentary and nonovariectomized animals plus vegetable protein diet (CVS) or animal protein diet (CAS); trained and nonovariectomized rats plus vegetable protein diet (CVT) or animal protein diet (CT); sedentary and ovariectomized groups plus vegetable protein diet (VOS) or animal protein diet (AOS); and trained and ovariectomized animals plus vegetable protein diet (VOT) or animal protein diet (AOT).
Results Groups submitted to both animal protein diet and resistance training, mainly ovariectomized groups, presented a great variability of collagen fibers type III, white pulp, and follicle structure in relation to the other spleen constituents.
Conclusion Resistance training with a vegetable protein diet may play a key factor to maintain spleen’s immune responses across age. However, animal protein diet is suggested to decrease spleen’s immune activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ricardo Aparecido Baptista Nucci
- Department of Aging Sciences, São Judas Tadeu University, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando Luiz Affonso Fonseca
- Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, ABC District Medical School, Santo André, Brazil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Laura Beatriz Mesiano Maifrino
- Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, ABC District Medical School, Santo André, Brazil
- Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology, São Paulo, Brazil
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The Influence of Continuous and Interval Aerobic Training on the Oxidative Status of Woman Basketball Players. SERBIAN JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.2478/sjecr-2018-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a state of disturbed balance between reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species on the one hand and on the other antioxidant protection. Increased oxygen consumption during exercise could be the cause of oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to monitoring the parameters of oxidative stress and components of antioxi-dative defense during the training process, establish oxidative status basketball players in standby mode after the load caused by two types of aerobic training - continuous aerobic and interval (HIIT) training.
As part of a longitudinal experimental study selected a sample of 12 basketball players during the training process. All respondents were female, age 14 to 27 years. The study was conducted in preparatory stage. Oxidative status was determined through the index of lipid peroxidation (measured as TBARS), nitric oxide (NO) in the form of nitrite (NO2) levels of superoxide anion radicals (O2) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), while the activity of the enzyme protection from oxidative damage was determined through superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and reduction glutathione (GSH).
The group analyzed in relation to the type of the training intervention was significantly different from the results in the test in the parameters of NO and TBARS. When the enzyme activity of protection against oxidative damage statistically significant differences between groups arise for CAT and GSH.
The emergence of oxidative stress is not necessary phenomenon of high aerobic training load, training leads to the maintenance of physiological balance in the body.
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Tarantola M, Biasato I, Biasibetti E, Biagini D, Capra P, Guarda F, Leporati M, Malfatto V, Cavallarin L, Miniscalco B, Mioletti S, Vincenti M, Gastaldo A, Capucchio MT. Beef cattle welfare assessment: use of resource and animal-based indicators, blood parameters and hair 20β-dihydrocortisol. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2020.1743783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Tarantola
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Torino, Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
| | - Ilaria Biasato
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Torino, Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
| | - Elena Biasibetti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, Torino, Italy
| | - Davide Biagini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari, Università degli Studi di Torino, Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Capra
- Istituto di Scienze delle Produzioni Alimentari (ISPA-CNR), Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
| | - Franco Guarda
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Torino, Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
| | - Marta Leporati
- Centro Regionale Antidoping e di Tossicologia “A. Bertinaria”, Regione Gonzole 10/1, Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - Vanda Malfatto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari, Università degli Studi di Torino, Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
| | - Laura Cavallarin
- Istituto di Scienze delle Produzioni Alimentari (ISPA-CNR), Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
| | - Barbara Miniscalco
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Torino, Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
| | - Silvia Mioletti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Torino, Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
| | - Marco Vincenti
- Centro Regionale Antidoping e di Tossicologia “A. Bertinaria”, Regione Gonzole 10/1, Orbassano, Torino, Italy
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Maria Teresa Capucchio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Torino, Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
- Istituto di Scienze delle Produzioni Alimentari (ISPA-CNR), Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
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The Interplay between Oxidative Stress, Exercise, and Pain in Health and Disease: Potential Role of Autonomic Regulation and Epigenetic Mechanisms. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9111166. [PMID: 33238564 PMCID: PMC7700330 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9111166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress can be induced by various stimuli and altered in certain conditions, including exercise and pain. Although many studies have investigated oxidative stress in relation to either exercise or pain, the literature presents conflicting results. Therefore, this review critically discusses existing literature about this topic, aiming to provide a clear overview of known interactions between oxidative stress, exercise, and pain in healthy people as well as in people with chronic pain, and to highlight possible confounding factors to keep in mind when reflecting on these interactions. In addition, autonomic regulation and epigenetic mechanisms are proposed as potential mechanisms of action underlying the interplay between oxidative stress, exercise, and pain. This review highlights that the relation between oxidative stress, exercise, and pain is poorly understood and not straightforward, as it is dependent on the characteristics of exercise, but also on which population is investigated. To be able to compare studies on this topic, strict guidelines should be developed to limit the effect of several confounding factors. This way, the true interplay between oxidative stress, exercise, and pain, and the underlying mechanisms of action can be revealed and validated via independent studies.
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Wang AZ, Husak JF. Endurance and sprint training affect immune function differently in green anole lizards ( Anolis carolinensis). J Exp Biol 2020; 223:jeb232132. [PMID: 32917817 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.232132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Limited resources must be partitioned among traits that enhance fitness. Although survival-related traits often trade off with reproduction, survival-related traits themselves may trade off with each other under energy limitations. Whole-organism performance and the immune system both enhance survival, yet are costly, but it is unclear how the two might trade off with each other under energy-limited conditions. Resources can be allocated to very different types of performance (e.g. aerobic endurance versus anaerobic sprinting), just as they can be allocated to different components of the immune system (e.g. innate versus acquired) to maximize survival. We forced allocation to different performance traits in green anole lizards (Anolis carolinensis) using specialized exercise training, to determine how different components of the immune system would be impacted by shifts in energy use. We measured immunocompetence in endurance-trained, sprint-trained and untrained control lizards by evaluating swelling response to phytohemagglutinin (cell-mediated immunity), antibody response to sheep red blood cells (acquired humoral immunity) and wound healing (integrated immunity). Endurance-trained lizards had reduced cell-mediated immunity, whereas sprint-trained lizards had reduced rates of wound healing. The acquired immune response was not affected by either type of training. Because each immune measure responded differently to the different types of training, our results do not support the hypothesis that simple energy limitation determines overall investment in immunity. Instead, different components of the immune system appear to be affected in ways specific to how energy is invested in performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Z Wang
- Department of Biology, University of St Thomas, St. Paul, MN 55105, USA
| | - Jerry F Husak
- Department of Biology, University of St Thomas, St. Paul, MN 55105, USA
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Immediate Impact of the COVID-19 Confinement on Physical Activity Levels in Spanish Adults. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12145708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Enacted measures to control the spread of COVID-19 disease such as compulsory confinement may influence health behaviors. The present study investigated changes in physical activity (PA) levels during the first days of confinement. Using an online survey, the Spanish population (n = 2042, 54% women, age 35.9 (SD 13.6) years) replied to questions concerning sociodemographic characteristics as well as PA behavior before and during the first week of enacted isolation. Physical activity vital sign (PAVS) short form was used to estimate weekly minutes of PA before and during the isolation period. Statistical analysis used the following tests: Mc Nemar Chi-squared tests, independent and paired samples t-test, and effect size (Cohen’s d). During the first week of confinement, participants reduced their weekly PA levels by 20% (~45.2 weekly minutes (95% CI: 37.4−53.0)). This led to a decrease from 60.6% to 48.9% (difference: 11.7%) (p < 0.0001) in the number of participants meeting the recommended World Health Organization (WHO) PA levels. Subgroups including men, participants aged 43 or over, and those not holding a university degree had the greatest reductions in both weekly minutes of PA and adherence to guidelines. The PA levels of the Spanish population generally declined during the first days of COVID-19 confinement.
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Briskey DR, Vogel K, Johnson MA, Sharpe GR, Coombes JS, Mills DE. Inspiratory flow-resistive breathing, respiratory muscle-induced systemic oxidative stress, and diaphragm fatigue in healthy humans. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2020; 129:185-193. [PMID: 32552433 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00091.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We questioned whether the respiratory muscles of humans contribute to systemic oxidative stress following inspiratory flow-resistive breathing, whether the amount of oxidative stress is influenced by the level of resistive load, and whether the amount of oxidative stress is related to the degree of diaphragm fatigue incurred. Eight young and healthy participants attended the laboratory for four visits on separate days. During the first visit, height, body mass, lung function, and maximal inspiratory mouth and transdiaphragmatic pressure (Pdimax) were assessed. During visits 2-4, participants undertook inspiratory flow-resistive breathing with either no resistance (control) or resistive loads equivalent to 50 and 70% of their Pdimax (Pdimax50% and Pdimax70%) for 30 min. Participants undertook one resistive load per visit, and the order in which they undertook the loads was randomized. Inspiratory muscle pressures were higher (P < 0.05) during the 5th and Final min of Pdimax50% and Pdimax70% compared with control. Plasma F2-isoprostanes increased (P < 0.05) following inspiratory flow-resistive breathing at Pdimax70%. There were no increases in plasma protein carbonyls or total antioxidant capacity. Furthermore, although we evidenced small reductions in transdiapragmaic twitch pressures (PdiTW) after inspiratory flow-resistive breathing at Pdimax50% and Pdimax70%, this was not related to the increase in plasma F2-isoprostanes. Our novel data suggest that it is only when sufficiently strenuous that inspiratory flow-resistive breathing in humans elicits systemic oxidative stress evidenced by elevated plasma F2-isoprostanes, and based on our data, this is not related to a reduction in PdiTW.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We examined whether the respiratory muscles of humans contribute to systemic oxidative stress following inspiratory flow-resistive breathing, whether the amount of oxidative stress is influenced by the level of resistive load, and whether the amount of oxidative stress is related to the degree of diaphragm fatigue incurred. It is only when sufficiently strenuous that inspiratory flow-resistive breathing elevates plasma F2-isoprostanes, and our novel data show that this is not related to a reduction in transdiaphragmatic twitch pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Briskey
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,RDC Clinical, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kurt Vogel
- Respiratory and Exercise Physiology Research Group, School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael A Johnson
- Exercise and Health Research Group, Sport, Health, and Performance Enhancement Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, United Kingdom
| | - Graham R Sharpe
- Exercise and Health Research Group, Sport, Health, and Performance Enhancement Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, United Kingdom
| | - Jeff S Coombes
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Dean E Mills
- Respiratory and Exercise Physiology Research Group, School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, Queensland, Australia.,Centre for Health, Informatics, and Economic Research, Institute for Resilient Regions, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, Queensland, Australia
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16
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Biller JD, Takahashi LS. Oxidative stress and fish immune system: phagocytosis and leukocyte respiratory burst activity. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2018; 90:3403-3414. [PMID: 30365708 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201820170730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular oxygen is a necessary compound for all aerobic organisms, although oxygen is a potent oxidant, which can cause oxidative stress (OS). OS occurs when there is an imbalance between the production of oxidant and antioxidants components, are result of normal cell metabolism, and many of these compounds play a fundamental role in several metabolic pathways. The organism produces several reactive oxygen species (ROS), but they are balanced by an antioxidant defense system that maintains the levels of these oxidizing compounds at an acceptable level. Many of these components are essential in the organism defense and their byproducts are considered potent bactericides that actively act in the destruction of invading pathogens. Fish immune system is composed of innate and acquired mechanisms of defense. Phagocytosis is an innate process of defense, which interconnects these two systems, since the pathogens processing by professional phagocytes is a fundamental stage for antibodies production. During phagocytosis there is production of ROS and consequent production of free radicals (FR), these compounds lead to the formation of potent bactericides to combat microorganisms. However, it is known that OS limits the immune response, with an impairment in defense compounds in an attempt to decrease the ROS production. Studies of fish FR production are preliminary and should be executed to evaluate the effects of ROS on fish, including their beneficial action against pathogens and its deleterious action on the oxidation of cellular components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaqueline D Biller
- Universidade Estadual Paulista/UNESP, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Tecnológicas/FCAT, Campus de Dracena, Rodovia Comandante João Ribeiro de Barros, Km 651, Bairro das Antas, 17900-000 Dracena, SP, Brazil
| | - Leonardo S Takahashi
- Universidade Estadual Paulista/UNESP, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Tecnológicas/FCAT, Campus de Dracena, Rodovia Comandante João Ribeiro de Barros, Km 651, Bairro das Antas, 17900-000 Dracena, SP, Brazil
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17
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Rodrigues V, Fernandez B, Vercoutere A, Chamayou L, Andersen A, Vigy O, Demettre E, Seveno M, Aprelon R, Giraud-Girard K, Stachurski F, Loire E, Vachiéry N, Holzmuller P. Immunomodulatory Effects of Amblyomma variegatum Saliva on Bovine Cells: Characterization of Cellular Responses and Identification of Molecular Determinants. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 7:521. [PMID: 29354598 PMCID: PMC5759025 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The tropical bont tick, Amblyomma variegatum, is a tick species of veterinary importance and is considered as one of major pest of ruminants in Africa and in the Caribbean. It causes direct skin lesions, transmits heartwater, and reactivates bovine dermatophilosis. Tick saliva is reported to affect overall host responses through immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory molecules, among other bioactive molecules. The general objective of this study was to better understand the role of saliva in interaction between the Amblyomma tick and the host using cellular biology approaches and proteomics, and to discuss its impact on disease transmission and/or activation. We first focused on the immuno-modulating effects of semi-fed A. variegatum female saliva on bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and monocyte-derived macrophages in vitro. We analyzed its immuno-suppressive properties by measuring the effect of saliva on PBMC proliferation, and observed a significant decrease in ConA-stimulated PBMC lymphoproliferation. We then studied the effect of saliva on bovine macrophages using flow cytometry to analyze the expression of MHC-II and co-stimulation molecules (CD40, CD80, and CD86) and by measuring the production of nitric oxide (NO) and pro- or anti-inflammatory cytokines. We observed a significant decrease in the expression of MHC-II, CD40, and CD80 molecules, associated with decreased levels of IL-12-p40 and TNF-α and increased level of IL-10, which could explain the saliva-induced modulation of NO. To elucidate these immunomodulatory effects, crude saliva proteins were analyzed using proteomics with an Orbitrap Elite mass spectrometer. Among the 336 proteins identified in A. variegatum saliva, we evidenced bioactive molecules exhibiting anti-inflammatory, immuno-modulatory, and anti-oxidant properties (e.g., serpins, phospholipases A2, heme lipoprotein). We also characterized an intriguing ubiquitination complex that could be involved in saliva-induced immune modulation of the host. We propose a model for the interaction between A. variegatum saliva and host immune cells that could have an effect during tick feeding by favoring pathogen dissemination or activation by reducing the efficiency of host immune response to the corresponding tick-borne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Rodrigues
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, UMR ASTRE "Animal, Santé, Territoire, Risques et Ecosystèmes,"Montpellier, France.,ASTRE, Université de Montpellier (I-MUSE), CIRAD, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Montpellier, France
| | - Bernard Fernandez
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, UMR ASTRE "Animal, Santé, Territoire, Risques et Ecosystèmes,"Montpellier, France.,ASTRE, Université de Montpellier (I-MUSE), CIRAD, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Montpellier, France
| | - Arthur Vercoutere
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, UMR ASTRE "Animal, Santé, Territoire, Risques et Ecosystèmes,"Montpellier, France.,ASTRE, Université de Montpellier (I-MUSE), CIRAD, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Montpellier, France
| | - Léo Chamayou
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, UMR ASTRE "Animal, Santé, Territoire, Risques et Ecosystèmes,"Montpellier, France.,ASTRE, Université de Montpellier (I-MUSE), CIRAD, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Montpellier, France
| | - Alexandre Andersen
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, UMR ASTRE "Animal, Santé, Territoire, Risques et Ecosystèmes,"Montpellier, France.,ASTRE, Université de Montpellier (I-MUSE), CIRAD, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Montpellier, France
| | - Oana Vigy
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Centre Nationnal de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Edith Demettre
- BioCampus Montpellier, Centre Nationnal de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Martial Seveno
- BioCampus Montpellier, Centre Nationnal de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Rosalie Aprelon
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, UMR ASTRE "Animal, Santé, Territoire, Risques et Ecosystèmes,"Montpellier, France.,CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Petit-Bourg, Guadeloupe, France
| | - Ken Giraud-Girard
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, UMR ASTRE "Animal, Santé, Territoire, Risques et Ecosystèmes,"Montpellier, France.,CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Petit-Bourg, Guadeloupe, France
| | - Frédéric Stachurski
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, UMR ASTRE "Animal, Santé, Territoire, Risques et Ecosystèmes,"Montpellier, France.,ASTRE, Université de Montpellier (I-MUSE), CIRAD, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Montpellier, France
| | - Etienne Loire
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, UMR ASTRE "Animal, Santé, Territoire, Risques et Ecosystèmes,"Montpellier, France.,ASTRE, Université de Montpellier (I-MUSE), CIRAD, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Montpellier, France
| | - Nathalie Vachiéry
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, UMR ASTRE "Animal, Santé, Territoire, Risques et Ecosystèmes,"Montpellier, France.,ASTRE, Université de Montpellier (I-MUSE), CIRAD, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Montpellier, France.,CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Petit-Bourg, Guadeloupe, France
| | - Philippe Holzmuller
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, UMR ASTRE "Animal, Santé, Territoire, Risques et Ecosystèmes,"Montpellier, France.,ASTRE, Université de Montpellier (I-MUSE), CIRAD, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Montpellier, France
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18
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McLeay Y, Stannard S, Houltham S, Starck C. Dietary thiols in exercise: oxidative stress defence, exercise performance, and adaptation. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2017; 14:12. [PMID: 28465675 PMCID: PMC5408473 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-017-0168-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Endurance athletes are susceptible to cellular damage initiated by excessive levels of aerobic exercise-produced reactive oxygen species (ROS). Whilst ROS can contribute to the onset of fatigue, there is increasing evidence that they play a crucial role in exercise adaptations. The use of antioxidant supplements such as vitamin C and E in athletes is common; however, their ability to enhance performance and facilitate recovery is controversial, with many studies suggesting a blunting of training adaptations with supplementation. The up-regulation of endogenous antioxidant systems brought about by exercise training allows for greater tolerance to subsequent ROS, thus, athletes may benefit from increasing these systems through dietary thiol donors. Recent work has shown supplementation with a cysteine donor (N-acetylcysteine; NAC) improves antioxidant capacity by augmenting glutathione levels and reducing markers of oxidative stress, as well as ergogenic potential through association with delayed fatigue in numerous experimental models. However, the use of this, and other thiol donors may have adverse physiological effects. A recent discovery for the use of a thiol donor food source, keratin, to potentially enhance endogenous antioxidants may have important implications for endurance athletes hoping to enhance performance and recovery without blunting training adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanita McLeay
- School of Sport and Exercise, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Stephen Stannard
- School of Sport and Exercise, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Stuart Houltham
- School of Sport and Exercise, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Carlene Starck
- Massey Institute of Food Science and Technology, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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19
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Acute bouts of exercise induce a suppressive effect on lymphocyte proliferation in human subjects: A meta-analysis. Brain Behav Immun 2016; 56:343-51. [PMID: 27103377 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lymphocyte proliferative responses are commonly used to assess immune function in clinical settings, yet it is unclear how proliferative capacity is altered by exercise. This analysis aims to quantitatively assess the proliferative response of lymphocytes following an acute bout of exercise. METHODS Electronic databases were searched for articles containing the keywords "exercise" OR "acute" OR "aerobic" OR "resistance training" OR "immune function" AND "proliferation" AND "lymphocyte." Initial results yielded 517 articles of which 117 were reviewed in full. Twenty-four articles met the inclusion criteria. Calculated standardized mean difference (SMD) and corresponding standard errors (SE) were integrated using random-effect models. RESULTS Analyses uncovered evidence for suppression of proliferative capacity following acute exercise in general (SMD=-0.18, 95% CI: -0.21, -0.16) with long duration, high intensity exercise exhibiting a moderate suppressive effect (SMD=-0.55, 95% CI: -0.86, -0.24). Discordant proliferative responses for long duration, high intensity exercise in competitive versus non-competitive settings were identified with enhanced proliferation (SMD=0.46, 95% CI: 0.03, 0.89) observed following competitive events and a large suppressive effect detected for similar activities outside of a competitive environment (SMD: -1.28, 95% CI: -1.61, -0.96) (p=0.02). CONCLUSION Evidence suggests lymphocyte proliferation is suppressed following acute bouts of exercise, with exercise lasting longer than one hour having a greater magnitude of effect regardless of exercise intensity. Variations in observed effect sizes across intensity, duration, and competitive environment further highlight our need to acknowledge the impact of study designs in advancing our understanding of exercise immunology.
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20
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Levers K, Dalton R, Galvan E, O'Connor A, Goodenough C, Simbo S, Mertens-Talcott SU, Rasmussen C, Greenwood M, Riechman S, Crouse S, Kreider RB. Effects of powdered Montmorency tart cherry supplementation on acute endurance exercise performance in aerobically trained individuals. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2016; 13:22. [PMID: 27231439 PMCID: PMC4880859 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-016-0133-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to determine whether short-term supplementation of a powdered tart cherry supplement prior to and following stressful endurance exercise would affect markers of muscle damage, inflammation, oxidative stress, and/or muscle soreness. METHODS 27 endurance-trained runners or triathlete (21.8 ± 3.9 years, 15.0 ± 6.0 % body fat, 67.4 ± 11.8 kg) men (n = 18) and women (n = 9) were matched based on average reported race pace, age, body mass, and fat free mass. Subjects were randomly assigned to ingest, in a double-blind manner, capsules containing 480 mg of a rice flour placebo (P, n = 16) or powdered tart cherries [CherryPURE®] (TC, n = 11). Subjects supplemented one time daily (480 mg/day) for 10-d, including race day, up to 48-hr post-run. Subjects completed a half-marathon run (21.1 km) under 2-hr (111.98 ± 11.9 min). Fasting blood samples and quadriceps muscle soreness ratings using an algometer with a graphic pain rating scale were taken pre-run, 60-min, 24 and 48-h post-run and analyzed by MANOVA with repeated measures. RESULTS Subjects in the TC group averaged 13 % faster half-marathon race finish times (p = 0.001) and tended to have smaller deviations from predicted race pace (p = 0.091) compared to P. Attenuations in TC muscle catabolic markers were reported over time for creatinine (p = 0.047), urea/blood urea nitrogen (p = 0.048), total protein (p = 0.081), and cortisol (p = 0.016) compared to P. Despite lower antioxidant activity pre-run in TC compared to P, changes from pre-run levels revealed a linear increase in antioxidant activity at 24 and 48-h of recovery in TC that was statistically different (16-39 %) from P and pre-run levels. Inflammatory markers were 47 % lower in TC compared to P over time (p = 0.053) coupled with a significant difference between groups (p = 0.017). Soreness perception between the groups was different over time in the medial quadriceps (p = 0.035) with 34 % lower pre-run soreness in TC compared to P. Over the 48-h recovery period, P changes in medial quadriceps soreness from pre-run measures were smaller compared to TC. CONCLUSION Results revealed that short-term supplementation of Montmorency powdered tart cherries surrounding an endurance challenge attenuated markers of muscle catabolism, reduced immune and inflammatory stress, better maintained redox balance, and increased performance in aerobically trained individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Levers
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Exercise and Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4243 USA
| | - Ryan Dalton
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Exercise and Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4243 USA
| | - Elfego Galvan
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Exercise and Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4243 USA
| | - Abigail O'Connor
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Exercise and Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4243 USA
| | - Chelsea Goodenough
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Exercise and Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4243 USA
| | - Sunday Simbo
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Exercise and Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4243 USA
| | - Susanne U Mertens-Talcott
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Institute for Obesity Research and Program Evaluation, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4243 USA
| | - Christopher Rasmussen
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Exercise and Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4243 USA
| | - Mike Greenwood
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Exercise and Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4243 USA
| | - Steven Riechman
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Human Countermeasures Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4243 USA
| | - Stephen Crouse
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Applied Exercise Science Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4243 USA
| | - Richard B Kreider
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Exercise and Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4243 USA
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21
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Anthropometric characteristics and evaluation of nutritional status amongst female brick field workers of the unorganized sectors of West Bengal, India. HOMO-JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE HUMAN BIOLOGY 2016; 67:235-44. [PMID: 27005784 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchb.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the study is to evaluate the body composition and hand grip strength as indirect measures of nutritional status of 162 female workers and the status of the serum oxidative stress enzymes of 35 female workers engaged in the manual brick making units of the unorganized sectors of West Bengal, India. Results show that the waist-hip ratio values (mean 0.79 vs. 0.83; p=0.0034) are significantly greater amongst the brick carriers than the moulders. The body density (mean 1067.0 vs. 1056.0kg/m(3); p<0.0001) is lower and the body fat % (mean 10.63% vs. 13.09%; p<0.0001) of the brick carriers is significantly higher. The hand grip strength (HGS) (horizontal) of the brick workers in right (mean 379.52 vs. 267.72N; p<0.0001) and left (mean 268.78 vs. 162.79N; p<0.0001) hands are significantly greater than the control group. The serum malondialdehyde level is significantly higher (mean 99.97 vs. 160.21nmol/mg of protein; p<0.0001) but the superoxide dismutase level (mean 6.71 vs. 3.34unit/mg of protein; p<0.0001), glutathione level (GSH) (mean 3.93 vs. 2.11μg/mg of protein; p<0.0001) and glutathione-s-transferase (GST) activity (mean 5.4 vs. 2.73nmole/min/mg of protein; p<0.0001) are significantly lower than that of the control group. The indirect nutritional assessments have shown that the women are poorly nourished. The hand grip strength is quite high in both groups of workers but consecutively decreases with the passage of time. Reduced levels of GSH and GST indicate that there is a higher level of reactive oxygen species inducing oxidative stress in the body. The probable causes of this state might be the intake of less nutritious food, polluted environment, excess ambient temperature and improper workstation.
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22
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Christensen LL, Selman C, Blount JD, Pilkington JG, Watt KA, Pemberton JM, Reid JM, Nussey DH. Plasma markers of oxidative stress are uncorrelated in a wild mammal. Ecol Evol 2015; 5:5096-108. [PMID: 26640685 PMCID: PMC4662306 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress, which results from an imbalance between the production of potentially damaging reactive oxygen species versus antioxidant defenses and repair mechanisms, has been proposed as an important mediator of life‐history trade‐offs. A plethora of biomarkers associated with oxidative stress exist, but few ecological studies have examined the relationships among different markers in organisms experiencing natural conditions or tested whether those relationships are stable across different environments and demographic groups. It is therefore not clear to what extent studies of different markers can be compared, or whether studies that focus on a single marker can draw general conclusions regarding oxidative stress. We measured widely used markers of oxidative damage (protein carbonyls and malondialdehyde) and antioxidant defense (superoxide dismutase and total antioxidant capacity) from 706 plasma samples collected over a 4‐year period in a wild population of Soay sheep on St Kilda. We quantified the correlation structure among these four markers across the entire sample set and also within separate years, age groups (lambs and adults), and sexes. We found some moderately strong correlations between some pairs of markers when data from all 4 years were pooled. However, these correlations were caused by considerable among‐year variation in mean marker values; correlation coefficients were small and not significantly different from zero after accounting for among‐year variation. Furthermore, within each year, age, and sex subgroup, the pairwise correlation coefficients among the four markers were weak, nonsignificant, and distributed around zero. In addition, principal component analysis confirmed that the four markers represented four independent axes of variation. Our results suggest that plasma markers of oxidative stress may vary dramatically among years, presumably due to environmental conditions, and that this variation can induce population‐level correlations among markers even in the absence of any correlations within contemporaneous subgroups. The absence of any consistent correlations within years or demographic subgroups implies that care must be taken when generalizing from observed relationships with oxidative stress markers, as each marker may reflect different and potentially uncoupled biochemical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise L Christensen
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences University of Aberdeen Aberdeen UK
| | - Colin Selman
- Glasgow Ageing Research Network (GARNER) Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
| | - Jonathan D Blount
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Exeter Penryn Campus UK
| | - Jill G Pilkington
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
| | - Kathryn A Watt
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
| | | | - Jane M Reid
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences University of Aberdeen Aberdeen UK
| | - Daniel H Nussey
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
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23
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Gim JA, Hong CP, Kim DS, Moon JW, Choi Y, Eo J, Kwon YJ, Lee JR, Jung YD, Bae JH, Choi BH, Ko J, Song S, Ahn K, Ha HS, Yang YM, Lee HK, Park KD, Do KT, Han K, Yi JM, Cha HJ, Ayarpadikannan S, Cho BW, Bhak J, Kim HS. Genome-wide analysis of DNA methylation before-and after exercise in the thoroughbred horse with MeDIP-Seq. Mol Cells 2015; 38:210-20. [PMID: 25666347 PMCID: PMC4363720 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2015.2138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Athletic performance is an important criteria used for the selection of superior horses. However, little is known about exercise-related epigenetic processes in the horse. DNA methylation is a key mechanism for regulating gene expression in response to environmental changes. We carried out comparative genomic analysis of genome-wide DNA methylation profiles in the blood samples of two different thoroughbred horses before and after exercise by methylated-DNA immunoprecipitation sequencing (MeDIP-Seq). Differentially methylated regions (DMRs) in the pre-and post-exercise blood samples of superior and inferior horses were identified. Exercise altered the methylation patterns. After 30 min of exercise, 596 genes were hypomethylated and 715 genes were hypermethylated in the superior horse, whereas in the inferior horse, 868 genes were hypomethylated and 794 genes were hypermethylated. These genes were analyzed based on gene ontology (GO) annotations and the exercise-related pathway patterns in the two horses were compared. After exercise, gene regions related to cell division and adhesion were hypermethylated in the superior horse, whereas regions related to cell signaling and transport were hypermethylated in the inferior horse. Analysis of the distribution of methylated CpG islands confirmed the hypomethylation in the gene-body methylation regions after exercise. The methylation patterns of transposable elements also changed after exercise. Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) showed abundance of DMRs. Collectively, our results serve as a basis to study exercise-based reprogramming of epigenetic traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-An Gim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735,
Korea
| | - Chang Pyo Hong
- TBI, Theragen BiO Institute, TheragenEtex, Suwon 443-270,
Korea
| | - Dae-Soo Kim
- Genome Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 305-806,
Korea
| | - Jae-Woo Moon
- TBI, Theragen BiO Institute, TheragenEtex, Suwon 443-270,
Korea
| | - Yuri Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735,
Korea
| | - Jungwoo Eo
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735,
Korea
| | - Yun-Jeong Kwon
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735,
Korea
| | - Ja-Rang Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735,
Korea
| | - Yi-Deun Jung
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735,
Korea
| | - Jin-Han Bae
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735,
Korea
| | - Bong-Hwan Choi
- Division of Animal Genomics and Bioinformatics, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon 441-706,
Korea
| | - Junsu Ko
- TBI, Theragen BiO Institute, TheragenEtex, Suwon 443-270,
Korea
| | - Sanghoon Song
- TBI, Theragen BiO Institute, TheragenEtex, Suwon 443-270,
Korea
| | - Kung Ahn
- TBI, Theragen BiO Institute, TheragenEtex, Suwon 443-270,
Korea
| | - Hong-Seok Ha
- Department of Genetics, Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854,
USA
| | - Young Mok Yang
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, and Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701,
Korea
| | - Hak-Kyo Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Hankyong National University, Anseong 456-749,
Korea
| | - Kyung-Do Park
- Department of Biotechnology, Hankyong National University, Anseong 456-749,
Korea
| | - Kyoung-Tag Do
- Department of Equine Sciences, Sorabol College, Gyeongju 780-711,
Korea
| | - Kyudong Han
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science and WCU Research Center, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714,
Korea
| | - Joo Mi Yi
- Research Center, Dongnam Institute of Radiological and Medical Science (DIRAMS), Busan 619-953,
Korea
| | - Hee-Jae Cha
- Departments of Parasitology and Genetics, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan 602-702,
Korea
| | - Selvam Ayarpadikannan
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735,
Korea
| | - Byung-Wook Cho
- Department of Animal Science, College of Life Sciences, Pusan National University, Miryang 627-702,
Korea
| | - Jong Bhak
- TBI, Theragen BiO Institute, TheragenEtex, Suwon 443-270,
Korea
- BioMedical Engineering, UNIST, Ulsan 689-798,
Korea
| | - Heui-Soo Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735,
Korea
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24
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Valle E, Zanatta R, Odetti P, Traverso N, Furfaro A, Bergero D, Badino P, Girardi C, Miniscalco B, Bergagna S, Tarantola M, Intorre L, Odore R. Effects of competition on acute phase proteins and lymphocyte subpopulations - oxidative stress markers in eventing horses. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2015; 99:856-63. [PMID: 25628172 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate markers of the acute phase response (APR) in eventing horses by measuring acute phase proteins (APP) (haptoglobin, Hp, and serum amyloid A, SAA), lysozyme, protein adducts such as pentosidine-like adducts (PENT), malondialdehyde adducts (MDA), hydroxynonenal adducts (HNE) and total advanced glycation/glycoxidation end products (AGEs), complete blood count and lymphocyte subpopulations (CD4+, CD8+ and CD21+) both at rest and at the end of an eventing competition. Blood samples were collected from eight Warmblood horses (medium age 10 ± 3) during an official national 2-day event competition at rest (R) and 10 min after the arrival of the cross-country test on the second day. Exercise caused a significant increase in red blood cell number, haemoglobin, packed cell volume, neutrophils, white blood cell and lymphocyte number; however, these values remained within the normal range. The CD4+ and CD8+ cells significantly increased, whereas the CD21+ lymphocytes decreased; a significant increase in serum SAA, lysozyme and protein carbonyl derivates was also observed. Two-day event causes significant changes in APR markers such as lysozyme, protein carbonyl derivates (HNE, AGEs, PENT) and lymphocyte subpopulations. The data support the hypothesis that 2-day event may alter significantly APR markers. Limitations of the study were the relatively small sample size and sampling time conditioned by the official regulations of the event. Therefore, further studies are needed to investigate the time required for recovery to basal values in order to define the possible effects on the immune function of the athlete horse.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Valle
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - R Zanatta
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - P Odetti
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - N Traverso
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - A Furfaro
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - D Bergero
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - P Badino
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - C Girardi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - B Miniscalco
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - S Bergagna
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Turin, Italy
| | - M Tarantola
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - L Intorre
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - R Odore
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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25
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Slattery K, Bentley D, Coutts AJ. The Role of Oxidative, Inflammatory and Neuroendocrinological Systems During Exercise Stress in Athletes: Implications of Antioxidant Supplementation on Physiological Adaptation During Intensified Physical Training. Sports Med 2014; 45:453-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-014-0282-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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26
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Molehin O, Adefegha S, Oboh G, Saliu J, Athayde M, Boligon A. Comparative Study on the Phenolic Content, Antioxidant Properties and HPLC Fingerprinting of Three Varieties of C
elosia
Species. J Food Biochem 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- O.R. Molehin
- Department of Biochemistry; Faculty of Science; Ekiti State University of Ado-Ekiti; Ado-Ekiti P.M.B. 5363 Nigeria
| | - S.A. Adefegha
- Functional Food and Nutraceutical Unit; Department of Biochemistry; Federal University of Technology Akure; Akure Nigeria
| | - G. Oboh
- Functional Food and Nutraceutical Unit; Department of Biochemistry; Federal University of Technology Akure; Akure Nigeria
| | - J.A. Saliu
- Department of Biochemistry; Adekunle Ajasin University; Ondo State Nigeria
- Departamento de Farmácia Industrial; Universidade Federal de Santa Maria; Santa Maria Brazil
| | - M.L. Athayde
- Departamento de Farmácia Industrial; Universidade Federal de Santa Maria; Santa Maria Brazil
| | - A.A. Boligon
- Departamento de Farmácia Industrial; Universidade Federal de Santa Maria; Santa Maria Brazil
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27
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Radulović ŽM, Kim TK, Porter LM, Sze SH, Lewis L, Mulenga A. A 24-48 h fed Amblyomma americanum tick saliva immuno-proteome. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:518. [PMID: 24962723 PMCID: PMC4099483 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple tick saliva proteins, the majority of which are unknown, confer tick resistance in repeatedly infested animals. The objective of this study was to identify the 24-48 h fed Amblyomma americanum tick saliva immuno-proteome. The 24-48 h tick-feeding phase is critical to tick parasitism as it precedes important events in tick biology, blood meal feeding and disease agent transmission. Fed male, 24 and 96 h fed female phage display cDNA expression libraries were biopanned using rabbit antibodies to 24 and 48 h fed A. americanum female tick saliva proteins. Biopanned immuno-cDNA libraries were subjected to next generation sequencing, de novo assembly, and bioinformatic analysis. RESULTS More than 800 transcripts that code for 24-48 h fed A. americanum immuno-proteins are described. Of the 895 immuno-proteins, 52% (464/895) were provisionally identified based on matches in GenBank. Of these, ~19% (86/464) show high level of identity to other tick hypothetical proteins, and the rest include putative proteases (serine, cysteine, leukotriene A-4 hydrolase, carboxypeptidases, and metalloproteases), protease inhibitors (serine and cysteine protease inhibitors, tick carboxypeptidase inhibitor), and transporters and/or ligand binding proteins (histamine binding/lipocalin, fatty acid binding, calreticulin, hemelipoprotein, IgG binding protein, ferritin, insulin-like growth factor binding proteins, and evasin). Others include enzymes (glutathione transferase, cytochrome oxidase, protein disulfide isomerase), ribosomal proteins, and those of miscellaneous functions (histamine release factor, selenoproteins, tetraspanin, defensin, heat shock proteins). CONCLUSIONS Data here demonstrate that A. americanum secretes a complex cocktail of immunogenic tick saliva proteins during the first 24-48 h of feeding. Of significance, previously validated immunogenic tick saliva proteins including AV422 protein, calreticulin, histamine release factor, histamine binding/lipocalins, selenoproteins, and paramyosin were identified in this screen, supporting the specificity of the approach in this study. While descriptive, this study opens opportunities for in-depth tick feeding physiology studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Željko M Radulović
- />Department of Entomology, AgriLife Research, Texas A & M University, 2475 TAMU, College Station, TX77843 USA
| | - Tae K Kim
- />Department of Entomology, AgriLife Research, Texas A & M University, 2475 TAMU, College Station, TX77843 USA
| | - Lindsay M Porter
- />Department of Entomology, AgriLife Research, Texas A & M University, 2475 TAMU, College Station, TX77843 USA
| | - Sing-Hoi Sze
- />Department of Computer Sciences and Engineering, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX77843 USA
- />Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX77843 USA
| | - Lauren Lewis
- />Department of Entomology, AgriLife Research, Texas A & M University, 2475 TAMU, College Station, TX77843 USA
| | - Albert Mulenga
- />Department of Entomology, AgriLife Research, Texas A & M University, 2475 TAMU, College Station, TX77843 USA
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28
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Aye M, Di Giorgio C, Mekaouche M, Steinberg JG, Brerro-Saby C, Barthélémy P, De Méo M, Jammes Y. Genotoxicity of intraperitoneal injection of lipoamphiphile CdSe/ZnS quantum dots in rats. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2013; 758:48-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 09/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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29
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Mullins AL, van Rosendal SP, Briskey DR, Fassett RG, Wilson GR, Coombes JS. Variability in oxidative stress biomarkers following a maximal exercise test. Biomarkers 2013; 18:446-54. [DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2013.810668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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30
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Meitern R, Sild E, Kilk K, Porosk R, Hõrak P. On the methodological limitations of detecting oxidative stress: effects of paraquat on measures of oxidative status in greenfinches. J Exp Biol 2013; 216:2713-21. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.087528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Summary
Oxidative stress (OS) is widely believed to be responsible for generation of trade-offs in evolutionary ecology by means of constraining investment into a number of components of fitness. Yet the progress in understanding the true role of OS in ecology and evolution has remained elusive. Interpretation of current findings is particularly hampered by the scarcity of experiments demonstrating which of the many available parameters of oxidative status respond most sensitively to and are relevant for measuring OS. We addressed these questions in wild-caught captive greenfinches (Carduelis chloris) by experimental induction of OS by administration of the pro-oxidant compound paraquat with drinking water. Treatment induced 50% of mortality and a significant drop in body mass and an increase in oxidative DNA damage and glutathione levels in erythrocytes among the survivors of the high paraquat (0.2 g/L during 7 days) group. Three days after the end of the treatment, paraquat had no effect on peroxidation of lipids (plasma malondialdehyde), carbonylation of proteins (in erythrocytes), parameters of plasma antioxidant protection (TAC and OXY), uric acid or carotenoids. Our findings of an increase in one marker of damage and one marker of protection from the multitude of measured variables indicate that detection of OS is difficult even under most stringent experimental induction of oxidative insult. We hope that this study highlights the need for reconsideration of over-simplistic models of OS and draws attention to the limitations of detection of OS due to time-lagged and hormetic up-regulation of protective mechanisms. This study also underpins the diagnostic value of measurement of oxidative damage to DNA bases and assessment of erythrocyte glutathione levels.
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31
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El-Kader SMA. Moderate Versus High Intensity Exercise Training on Leptin and Selected Immune
System Response in Obese Subjects. ELECTRONIC JOURNAL OF GENERAL MEDICINE 2011. [DOI: 10.29333/ejgm/82754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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32
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Schaun MI, Dipp T, Silva Rossato J, Wilhelm EN, Pinto R, Rech A, Plentz RDM, Homem de Bittencourt PI, Reischak-Oliveira A. The effects of periodized concurrent and aerobic training on oxidative stress parameters, endothelial function and immune response in sedentary male individuals of middle age. Cell Biochem Funct 2011; 29:534-42. [DOI: 10.1002/cbf.1781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2010] [Revised: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 06/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maximiliano Isoppo Schaun
- School of Physical Education; Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS); Porto Alegre; Rio Grande do Sul; Brazil
| | - Thiago Dipp
- Institute of Cardiology of Rio Grande do Sul (IC-FUC); Porto Alegre; Rio Grande do Sul; Brazil
| | - Juliane Silva Rossato
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology; Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS); Porto Alegre; Rio Grande do Sul; Brazil
| | - Eurico Nestor Wilhelm
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology; Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS); Porto Alegre; Rio Grande do Sul; Brazil
| | - Ronei Pinto
- School of Physical Education; Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS); Porto Alegre; Rio Grande do Sul; Brazil
| | - Anderson Rech
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology; Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS); Porto Alegre; Rio Grande do Sul; Brazil
| | | | | | - Alvaro Reischak-Oliveira
- School of Physical Education; Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS); Porto Alegre; Rio Grande do Sul; Brazil
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33
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Oxidative stress and nitrite dynamics under maximal load in elite athletes: relation to sport type. Mol Cell Biochem 2011; 355:273-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-011-0864-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 04/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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34
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Chang WH, Hu SP, Huang YF, Yeh TS, Liu JF. Effect of purple sweet potato leaves consumption on exercise-induced oxidative stress and IL-6 and HSP72 levels. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2010; 109:1710-5. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00205.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of purple sweet potato leaves (PSPL) consumption on oxidative stress markers in a healthy, nontrained, young male population after completing a running exercise protocol. A crossover design was applied, with 15 subjects participating in a two-step dietary intervention period. Each subject was given a high- (PSPL group) or low-polyphenol (control group) diet for 7 days with a 14-day washout period. After each dietary intervention period, all subjects performed 1 h of treadmill running at a speed corresponding to 70% of each subject's individual maximal oxygen uptake (V̇o2max). Blood samples were taken before exercise and at 0, 1, and 3 h after exercise. Compared with the control group, PSPL consumption significantly increased plasma total polyphenols concentration and total antioxidant power (i.e., the ferric-reducing ability of plasma) in the PSPL group. The markers of oxidative damage, plasma TBARS and protein carbonyl, significantly decreased. Plasma IL-6 concentration also decreased. However, no significant difference was found in HSP72 levels between the two groups. These findings indicate that consuming a high-polyphenol diet for 7 days can modulate antioxidative status and decrease exercise-induced oxidative damage and pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hsin Chang
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shene-Pin Hu
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Fen Huang
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Shao Yeh
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Fang Liu
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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35
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Hõrak P, Cohen A. How to measure oxidative stress in an ecological context: methodological and statistical issues. Funct Ecol 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2010.01755.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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36
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Beavers KM, Serra MC, Beavers DP, Cooke MB, Willoughby DS. Soy and the exercise-induced inflammatory response in postmenopausal women. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2010; 35:261-9. [DOI: 10.1139/h10-015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Aging is associated with increasing inflammation and oxidative stress in the body, both of which can have negative health effects. Successful attenuation of such processes with dietary countermeasures has major public health implications. Soy foods, as a source of high-quality protein and isoflavones, may improve such indices, although the effects in healthy postmenopausal women are not well delineated. A single-blind, randomized controlled trial was conducted in 31 postmenopausal women who were assigned to consume 3 servings of soy (n = 16) or dairy (n = 15) milk per day for 4 weeks. Parameters of systemic inflammation (tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6)) and the oxidative defense system (superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase, cyclooxygenase-2) were measured post supplementation, before and after an eccentric exercise bout performed to elicit an inflammatory response. A significant group-by-time effect for plasma TNF-α was observed (p = 0.02), with values in the dairy group increased post supplementation and then decreasing into the postexercise period. Additionally, significant time effects were observed for plasma SOD (p < 0.0001) and IL-6 (p < 0.0001) in the postexercise period. Overall results from our study do not support the notion that 4 weeks of daily soy milk ingestion can attenuate systemic elevations in markers of inflammation or oxidative defense. However, data do suggest that the downhill-running protocol utilized in this study can be effective in altering systemic markers of inflammation and oxidative defense enzyme activity, and that the ingestion of soy may help prevent fluctuations in plasma TNF-α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen M. Beavers
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, TX. 76798-7313, USA
- Department of Statistics, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798-7313, USA
| | - Monica C. Serra
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, TX. 76798-7313, USA
- Department of Statistics, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798-7313, USA
| | - Daniel P. Beavers
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, TX. 76798-7313, USA
- Department of Statistics, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798-7313, USA
| | - Matthew B. Cooke
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, TX. 76798-7313, USA
- Department of Statistics, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798-7313, USA
| | - Darryn S. Willoughby
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, TX. 76798-7313, USA
- Department of Statistics, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798-7313, USA
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37
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Leelarungrayub D, Pratanaphon S, Pothongsunun P, Sriboonreung T, Yankai A, Bloomer RJ. Vernonia cinerea Less. supplementation and strenuous exercise reduce smoking rate: relation to oxidative stress status and beta-endorphin release in active smokers. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2010; 7:21. [PMID: 20500899 PMCID: PMC2891663 DOI: 10.1186/1550-2783-7-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2010] [Accepted: 05/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Vernonia cinerea Less. (VC) supplementation and exercise on oxidative stress biomarkers, beta-endorphin release, and the rate of cigarette smoking. Methods Volunteer smokers were randomly divided into four groups: group 1: VC supplement; group 2: exercise with VC supplement; group 3: exercise; and group 4: control. VC was prepared by wash and dry techniques and taken orally before smoking, matching the frequency of strenuous exercise (three times weekly). Before and after a two month period, exhaled carbon monoxide (CO), blood oxidative stress (malondialdehyde [MDA], nitric oxide [NOx], protein hydroperoxide [PrOOH] and total antioxidant capacity [TAC]), beta-endorphin and smoking rate were measured, and statistically analyzed. Results In Group 1, MDA, PrOOH, and NOx significantly decreased, whereas TAC increased (p < 0.05). In Group 2, MDA and PrOOH decreased (p < 0.05), with no other changes noted (p > 0.05). In Group 3, MDA, PrOOH, NOx, TAC, and beta-endorphin levels increased significantly (p < 0.05). Group 4 showed no change in oxidative stress variables or beta-endorphine levels (p > 0.05). All groups had lower levels of CO after the intervention. The smoking rate for light cigarette decreased in group 2(62.7%), 1(59.52%), 3 (53.57%) and 4(14.04%), whereas in self-rolled cigarettes it decreased in group 1 (54.47%), 3 (42.30%), 2 (40%) and 4 (9.2%). Conclusion Supplementation with Vernonia cinerea Less and exercise provided benefit related to reduced smoking rate, which may be related to oxidaive stress and beta-endorphine levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donrawee Leelarungrayub
- Oxidative Stress and Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand, 50200.
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Argon laser phototherapy could eliminate the damage effects induced by the ionizing radiation “gamma radiation” in irradiated rabbits. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2010; 99:29-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2010.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2009] [Revised: 01/09/2010] [Accepted: 01/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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39
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KALAFATI MARIA, JAMURTAS ATHANASIOSZ, NIKOLAIDIS MICHALISG, PASCHALIS VASSILIS, THEODOROU ANASTASIOSA, SAKELLARIOU GIORGOSK, KOUTEDAKIS YIANNIS, KOURETAS DIMITRIS. Ergogenic and Antioxidant Effects of Spirulina Supplementation in Humans. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2010; 42:142-51. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e3181ac7a45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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40
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Tanimura Y, Kon M, Shimizu K, Kimura F, Kono I, Ajisaka R. Effect of 6-day intense Kendo training on lymphocyte counts and its expression of CD95. Eur J Appl Physiol 2009; 107:227-33. [PMID: 19568765 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-009-1119-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study examines the effects of 6-day intensive training on lymphocyte counts and their expression of CD95. Eight healthy Kendo athletes underwent 6-day Kendo training of about 310 min each day. Blood samples were collected at 2 weeks before (PRE), the first day (Day 1), third day (Day 3), fifth day (Day 5), and 1 week after the training period (POST) to determine lymphocyte counts and CD95 expression on CD95 lymphocytes (CD4(+), CD8(+)) using flow cytometry. The total lymphocyte counts were significantly lower at Day 3 than at PRE. The CD8(+) cell counts were significantly lower at Day 3 than at PRE. The percentage of CD95(+) lymphocytes was significantly higher at Day 1 and Day 3 than at PRE. The percentage of CD8(+)CD95(+) cells did not change significantly. The total lymphocyte counts decreased and a concomitant increase of CD95(+) lymphocyte was observed, whereas the decrease in CD8(+) cell counts was not associated with the increase in CD8(+)CD95(+) cells. Therefore, short-term high-intensity exercise induced a decrease in the T lymphocyte counts without increasing in CD95(+) expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Tanimura
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8574, Japan.
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Lyall KA, Hurst SM, Cooney J, Jensen D, Lo K, Hurst RD, Stevenson LM. Short-term blackcurrant extract consumption modulates exercise-induced oxidative stress and lipopolysaccharide-stimulated inflammatory responses. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2009; 297:R70-81. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.90740.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Exercise-induced oxidative stress is instrumental in achieving the health benefits from regular exercise. Therefore, inappropriate use of fruit-derived products (commonly applied as prophalytic antioxidants) may counteract the positive effects of exercise. Using human exercise and cellular models we found that 1) blackcurrant supplementation suppressed exercise-induced oxidative stress, e.g., plasma carbonyls (0.9 ± 0.1 vs. 0.6 ± 0.1 nmol/mg protein, placebo vs. blackcurrant), and 2) preincubation of THP-1 cells with an anthocyanin-rich blackcurrant extract inhibited LPS-stimulated cytokine secretion [TNF-α (16,453 ± 322 vs. 10,941 ± 82 pg/ml, control vs. extract, P < 0.05) and IL-6 (476 ± 14 vs. 326 ± 32 pg/ml, control vs. extract, P < 0.05)] and NF-κB activation. In addition to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, we found that postexercise plasma collected after blackcurrant supplementation enhanced the differential temporal LPS-stimulated inflammatory response in THP-1 cells, resulting in an early suppression of TNF-α (1,741 ± 32 vs. 1,312 ± 42 pg/ml, placebo vs. blackcurrant, P < 0.05) and IL-6 (44 ± 5 vs. 36 ± 3 pg/ml, placebo vs. blackcurrant, P < 0.05) secretion after 24 h. Furthermore, by using an oxidative stress cell model, we found that preincubation of THP-1 cells with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) prior to extract exposure caused a greater suppression of LPS-stimulated cytokine secretion after 24 h, which was not evident when cells were simultaneously incubated with H2O2 and the extract. In summary, our findings support the concept that consumption of blackcurrant anthocyanins alleviate oxidative stress, and may, if given at the appropriate amount and time, complement the ability of exercise to enhance immune responsiveness to potential pathogens.
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Hurst SM, Lyall KA, Hurst RD, Stevenson LM. Exercise-induced elevation in plasma oxidative generating capability augments the temporal inflammatory response stimulated by lipopolysaccharide. Eur J Appl Physiol 2009; 107:61-72. [PMID: 19504265 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-009-1099-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Prolonged oxidative stress is detrimental to health; however, transient oxidative stress may improve immune capability. We examined whether exercise-induced increases in the plasma oxidative generating capability enhance immune responsiveness to potential pathogens. Twelve individuals underwent a 30-min row and pre and post-exercise bloods were collected for oxidative stress and immune assessment. We found that exercise induced a transient increase in plasma carbonyls (3.2-5.3 nmol/mg protein) and creatine kinase activity (0.5-1.2 absorbance/min/mg protein) and that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation (0.5-24 h) of pre- and post-exercise blood augmented temporal tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) secretion. Further characterisation of plasma using a modified dihydro-2',7'-dichlorohydrofluorescein (DCF) assay revealed that addition of a sub-threshold of hydrogen peroxide to post-exercise (and not pre-exercise) plasma caused a sixfold increase in the radical oxygen species (ROS) generating capability after 15 min (555 +/- 131 to 3607 +/- 488 change in fluorescent intensity [DeltaFI]), which was inhibited using 60 mM N-acetyl-L: -cysteine (920 +/- 154 DeltaFI). Furthermore, cell experiments revealed that LPS stimulation of either THP-1 cells pre-incubated with post-exercise plasma or peripheral blood mononuclear cells pre-treated with pro-oxidants, modulated the temporal secretion of key cytokines that regulate the initiation, progression and resolution of an inflammatory response. These results indicate that exercise-induced changes in plasma parameters (e.g. oxidative generating capability-dependent or independent of inflammatory mediators) augment the temporal LPS response and support the notion that repeated transient oxidative stress (such as that induced by regular exercise) is important for a "healthy" immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Maria Hurst
- Functional Food and Health Group, The New Zealand Institute of Plant and Food Research Ltd., Private Bag 3123, East Street, Hamilton, New Zealand.
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Bloomer RJ, Fisher-Wellman K. The role of exercise in minimizing postprandial oxidative stress in cigarette smokers. Nicotine Tob Res 2009; 11:3-11. [PMID: 19246436 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntn005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking continues to pose a significant health burden on society. Two well-described mechanistic links associating smoking with morbidity and mortality include elevated blood lipids and increased oxidative stress. These variables have traditionally been measured while an individual is fasting, but evidence suggests that postprandial lipemia and oxidative stress provide more important information concerning susceptibility to disease, in particular cardiovascular disease. Cigarette smokers have elevated levels of biomarkers of oxidative stress at rest and experience impaired postprandial lipid and glucose metabolism. We have confirmed these findings while noting an exaggerated oxidative stress response to high-fat feeding. Smoking cessation is without question the best approach to minimizing smoking-induced ill health and disease, but success rates among those who attempt to quit are dismal. Other means to decrease a smoker's susceptibility to oxidative stress-related disease are needed. We propose that exercise may aid in attenuating postprandial oxidative stress, and we do so in 3 distinct ways. First, exercise stimulates an increase in endogenous antioxidant enzyme activity. Second, exercise improves blood triglyceride clearance via a reduced chylomicron-triglyceride half-life and an enhanced lipoprotein lipase activity. Third, exercise improves blood glucose clearance via an enhanced glucose 4 transport protein translocation and protein content, as well as insulin-insulin receptor binding and postreceptor signaling. Improvements in antioxidant status, as well as lipid and glucose processing, may aid greatly in minimizing feeding-induced oxidative stress in smokers. If so, and in accordance with the recent joint initiative of the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Medical Association, exercise may be viewed as a "medicine" for cigarette smokers at increased risk for postprandial oxidative stress. Research into this area may provide insight into the potential benefits of exercise for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bloomer
- Cardiorespiratory/Metabolic Laboratory, 161F Elma Neal Roane Field House, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA.
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Fisher-Wellman K, Bloomer RJ. Acute exercise and oxidative stress: a 30 year history. DYNAMIC MEDICINE : DM 2009; 8:1. [PMID: 19144121 PMCID: PMC2642810 DOI: 10.1186/1476-5918-8-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 399] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2008] [Accepted: 01/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The topic of exercise-induced oxidative stress has received considerable attention in recent years, with close to 300 original investigations published since the early work of Dillard and colleagues in 1978. Single bouts of aerobic and anaerobic exercise can induce an acute state of oxidative stress. This is indicated by an increased presence of oxidized molecules in a variety of tissues. Exercise mode, intensity, and duration, as well as the subject population tested, all can impact the extent of oxidation. Moreover, the use of antioxidant supplements can impact the findings. Although a single bout of exercise often leads to an acute oxidative stress, in accordance with the principle of hormesis, such an increase appears necessary to allow for an up-regulation in endogenous antioxidant defenses. This review presents a comprehensive summary of original investigations focused on exercise-induced oxidative stress. This should provide the reader with a well-documented account of the research done within this area of science over the past 30 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey Fisher-Wellman
- Cardiorespiratory/Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Health and Sport Sciences, The University of Memphis, 161F Elma Neal Roane Fieldhouse, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
| | - Richard J Bloomer
- Cardiorespiratory/Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Health and Sport Sciences, The University of Memphis, 161F Elma Neal Roane Fieldhouse, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
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Ascensão A, Rebelo A, Oliveira E, Marques F, Pereira L, Magalhães J. Biochemical impact of a soccer match — analysis of oxidative stress and muscle damage markers throughout recovery. Clin Biochem 2008; 41:841-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2008.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2007] [Revised: 04/03/2008] [Accepted: 04/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Perez-Rodriguez L, Mougeot F, Alonso-Alvarez C, Blas J, Viñuela J, Bortolotti GR. Cell-mediated immune activation rapidly decreases plasma carotenoids but does not affect oxidative stress in red-legged partridges (Alectoris rufa). J Exp Biol 2008; 211:2155-61. [PMID: 18552305 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.017178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY
In animals yellow-orange-red sexual traits pigmented by carotenoids have been suggested to act as signals of current health. Because carotenoids have important physiological functions, individuals might trade-off allocating these pigments to self-maintenance versus coloration. Carotenoids may act as scavengers of free radicals that are released during an immune response. Here, we experimentally assessed whether a local cell-mediated immune response affects circulating carotenoids, antioxidant status, oxidative damage and the expression of a carotenoid-based trait. Male red-legged partridges (Alectoris rufa) were subcutaneously injected with phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) or with phosphate buffer solution (controls). The effect of the treatment on circulating carotenoids, total plasma antioxidant status (TAS), lipid oxidative damage in erythrocytes (TBARS) and ornamentation was assessed. Immune challenge induced a 13% decrease in circulating carotenoids within 24 h. However, this treatment did not affect TAS, TBARS or coloration. Coloration, circulating carotenoids and cell-mediated immune response were positively correlated, but these were not related to TAS or TBARS. Carotenoids were only weakly related to TAS after controlling for the effect of uric acid levels. These results suggest that carotenoid-based ornaments may honestly indicate immunocompetence but probably not antioxidant capacity in this species, and that carotenoids might be relatively weak antioxidants in the plasma. Furthermore, even a relatively harmless and locally elicited immune challenge had important effects on circulating carotenoids, but this effect did not appear to be associated with oxidative stress. Alternative mechanisms linking carotenoids to immunity (not necessarily relying on the use of these pigments as antioxidants) should be considered in future studies on birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Perez-Rodriguez
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, IREC (CSIC,UCLM, JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - François Mougeot
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, IREC (CSIC,UCLM, JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Carlos Alonso-Alvarez
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, IREC (CSIC,UCLM, JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Julio Blas
- Estación Biológica de Doñana (CSIC), Seville, Spain
| | - Javier Viñuela
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, IREC (CSIC,UCLM, JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
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Campbell JP, Guy K, Cosgrove C, Florida-James GD, Simpson RJ. Total lymphocyte CD8 expression is not a reliable marker of cytotoxic T-cell populations in human peripheral blood following an acute bout of high-intensity exercise. Brain Behav Immun 2008; 22:375-80. [PMID: 17949944 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2007.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2007] [Revised: 08/27/2007] [Accepted: 09/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes co-express the T-cell receptor, CD3 and the MHC I restricted antigen CD8. Although total CD8 expression is often used to identify CD8(+) T-cells in blood, errors are associated with this method as some CD3 negative natural killer (NK)-cells are known to express CD8. As greater relative proportions of NK-cells are found in the blood compartment after exercise, these errors are likely to be amplified in post exercise blood samples. To test this, isolated blood lymphocytes obtained from aerobically trained male subjects before, immediately after and 1h after an exhaustive treadmill-running protocol were surface stained for CD3, CD4, CD8, CD16, and CD56 and analysed by multi-colour flow cytometry. It was found that 25.4+/-16.9% of all CD8(+) cells at rest were CD3 negative, CD8(dim+) and expressed the NK-cell markers CD16 and CD56. The magnitude of this error increased to 40.8+/-20.7% immediately after exercise due to an influx of CD8(dim+) NK-cells. Although all CD8(bright+) cells expressed CD3, gating around the CD8(bright+) cells only identified 79.2+/-8.7% of the total CD3(+)/CD8(+) T-cell population; however, the magnitude of this error did not change after exercise despite the altered proportions of CD8(bright+) and CD8(dim+) cells. In conclusion, total lymphocyte expression of CD8 should not be used as a single antigenic marker to identify CD8(+) T-cells after an acute bout of exercise. Although there are errors associated with using CD8(bright+) as a single antigenic marker to identify CD3(+) T-cells, these are not amplified in response to exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Campbell
- Biomedicine and Sports Science Research Group, School of Life Sciences, Napier University, 10 Colinton Road, Edinburgh EH10 5DT, UK
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Hõrak P, Saks L, Zilmer M, Karu U, Zilmer K. Do Dietary Antioxidants Alleviate the Cost of Immune Activation? An Experiment with Greenfinches. Am Nat 2007; 170:625-35. [PMID: 17891740 DOI: 10.1086/521232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2006] [Accepted: 05/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species produced by metabolism and immune defenses can cause extensive damage to biomolecules. To counteract this damage, organisms rely on exogenous and endogenous antioxidants, although their relative importance in maintaining redox balance is unclear. We supplemented captive greenfinches with dietary antioxidants--carotenoids and vitamin E--and injected them with an inflammatory agent, phytohemagglutinin. Compared to controls, immune-challenged birds circulated more lipid peroxidation products but also increased total plasma antioxidativity. Carotenoid (but not vitamin E) supplementation generally reduced lipid peroxidation, but this did not compensate for the effects of immune activation. Levels of an endogenous antioxidant--uric acid--strongly contributed to plasma antioxidativity. We found no evidence that dietary antioxidants are immunostimulatory. These results demonstrate the antioxidant function of carotenoids in birds and show that simultaneous assessment of oxidative stress-driven damage, antioxidant barrier, and individual antioxidants is critical for explaining the potential costs of immune system activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peeter Hõrak
- Institute of Zoology and Hydrobiology, Tartu University, Vanemuise 46, 51014 Tartu, Estonia.
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Magalhães J, Ferreira R, Marques F, Olivera E, Soares J, Ascensão A. Indoor climbing elicits plasma oxidative stress. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2007; 39:955-63. [PMID: 17545885 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e318038f728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Indoor climbing is a worldwide sport with particular physiological and physical demands. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of sustained indoor climbing until exhaustion on plasma oxidative stress markers, and to relate it to whole-body dynamic exercise performed at the same percentage of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). METHODS Fourteen male indoor climbers continuously climbed a competition-style route until exhaustion. Oxygen consumption and heart rate were continuously monitored during the climbing exercise. One week later, subjects performed a treadmill running protocol with the same duration and percentage of VO2max as that of climbing exercise. Blood samples were collected at rest, immediately after, and 1 h after both exercise protocols to analyze plasma levels of reduced (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG) glutathione, malondialdehyde (MDA), protein sulfhydryl (-SH) and carbonyl (CG) groups, total antioxidant status (TAS) and uric acid (UA), and total blood leukocytes, neutrophil, and lymphocyte counts. RESULTS Compared with running, climbing significantly increased the %GSSG, MDA, CG, TAS, and UA and decreased the GSH and -SH content. Blood counts of total leukocytes and neutrophils increased immediately after and 1 h after both running and climbing (P<0.05), although counts were higher in climbing than in running (P<0.05). Lymphocytes significantly increased from baseline to 0 h, although they decreased below baseline 1 h after climbing (P<0.05). CONCLUSION Data demonstrate that indoor climbing induces plasma oxidative stress. Moreover, results suggest that an ischemia-reperfusion prooxidant-based mechanism related to climbers' sustained and intermittent isometric forearm muscle contractions might have significantly contributed to observed plasma oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Magalhães
- Department of Sport Biology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Porto, Portugal.
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Steinberg JG, Ba A, Brégeon F, Delliaux S, Jammes Y. Cytokine and oxidative responses to maximal cycling exercise in sedentary subjects. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2007; 39:964-8. [PMID: 17545886 DOI: 10.1097/mss.0b013e3180398f4b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The simultaneous determination of the time course and magnitude of oxidative stress indicators and cytokine changes elicited by maximal incremental exercise has not yet been published for healthy sedentary subjects. PURPOSE The determination of normal exercise-induced changes in oxidant-antioxidant status and plasma cytokine represents a fundamental step before exploring patients suspected of altered biochemical responses. METHODS Fifteen healthy sedentary subjects performed an incremental cycle exercise until volitional exhaustion with measurement of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), two cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-alpha), and three indicators of oxidative stress (plasma thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), reduced erythrocyte glutathione (GSH), and reduced plasma ascorbic acid (RAA)). RESULTS At VO2max, we noted a significant increase in plasma IL-6 and TNF-alpha concentrations, concomitant with the decrease in plasma RAA level. Besides, the plasma TBARS increase and erythrocyte GSH decrease respectively occurred at the 5th and 10th minutes of recovery. The exercise-induced variations of all blood indicators were completed within the 20th minute of the recovery period. We found significant positive correlations between VO2max and the peak increases in IL-6 (but not TNF-alpha) and TBARS. The corresponding variations of IL-6 and TBARS were also correlated. CONCLUSION This study indicates that blood samples for analyses of changes in both oxidant-antioxidant status and cytokine levels in response to maximal cycling exercise must be performed within the first 20 min of the postexercise recovery period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Guillaume Steinberg
- Lung Function Laboratory, North Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, and Faculty of Medicine, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
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