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Yau K, Kuah R, Cherney DZI, Lam TKT. Obesity and the kidney: mechanistic links and therapeutic advances. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2024; 20:321-335. [PMID: 38351406 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-024-00951-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Obesity is strongly associated with the development of diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease (CKD), but there is evidence for a bidirectional relationship wherein the kidney also acts as a key regulator of body weight. In this Review, we highlight the mechanisms implicated in obesity-related CKD, and outline how the kidney might modulate feeding and body weight through a growth differentiation factor 15-dependent kidney-brain axis. The favourable effects of bariatric surgery on kidney function are discussed, and medical therapies designed for the treatment of diabetes mellitus that lower body weight and preserve kidney function independent of glycaemic lowering, including sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors, incretin-based therapies and metformin, are also reviewed. In summary, we propose that kidney function and body weight are related in a bidirectional fashion, and that this interrelationship affects human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Yau
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rachel Kuah
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, UHN, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Z I Cherney
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, UHN, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Tony K T Lam
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, UHN, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Ruswandi YAR, Lesmana R, Rosdianto AM, Gunadi JW, Goenawan H, Zulhendri F. Understanding the Roles of Selenium on Thyroid Hormone-Induced Thermogenesis in Adipose Tissue. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024; 202:2419-2441. [PMID: 37758980 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-03854-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) and white adipose tissue (WAT) are known to regulate lipid metabolism. A lower amount of BAT compared to WAT, along with adipose tissue dysfunction, can result in obesity. Studies have shown that selenium supplementation protects against adipocyte dysfunction, decreases WAT triglycerides, and increases BAT triiodothyronine (T3). In this review, we discuss the relationship between selenium and lipid metabolism regulation through selenoprotein deiodinases and the role of deiodinases and thyroid hormones in the induction of adipose tissue thermogenesis. Upon 22 studies included in our review, we found that studies investigating the relationship between selenium and deiodinases demonstrated that selenium supplementation affects the iodothyronine deiodinase 2 (DIO2) protein and the expression of its associated gene, DIO2, proportionally. However, its effect on DIO1 is inconsistent while its effect on DIO3 activity is not detected. Studies have shown that the activity of deiodinases especially DIO2 protein and DIO2 gene expression is increased along with other browning markers upon white adipose tissue browning induction. Studies showed that thermogenesis is stimulated by the thyroid hormone T3 as its activity is correlated to the expression of other thermogenesis markers. A proposed mechanism of thermogenesis induction in selenium supplementation is by autophagy control. However, more studies are needed to establish the role of T3 and autophagy in adipose tissue thermogenesis, especially, since some studies have shown that thermogenesis can function even when T3 activity is lacking and studies related to autophagy in adipose tissue thermogenesis have contradictory results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Anissa R Ruswandi
- Graduate School of Master Program in Anti-Aging and Aesthetic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Kabupaten Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Ronny Lesmana
- Physiology Division, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang, KM.21, Hegarmanah, Kec. Jatinangor, Kabupaten Sumedang, West Java, 45363, Indonesia.
| | - Aziiz Mardanarian Rosdianto
- Physiology Division, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang, KM.21, Hegarmanah, Kec. Jatinangor, Kabupaten Sumedang, West Java, 45363, Indonesia
- Veterinary Medicine Study Program, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Kabupaten Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Julia Windi Gunadi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Maranatha Christian University, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Hanna Goenawan
- Physiology Division, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang, KM.21, Hegarmanah, Kec. Jatinangor, Kabupaten Sumedang, West Java, 45363, Indonesia
| | - Felix Zulhendri
- Center of Excellence in Higher Education for Pharmaceutical Care Innovation, Universitas Padjadjaran, Kabupaten Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia
- Kebun Efi, Kabanjahe, 22171, North Sumatra, Indonesia
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Konstantinidou SK, Argyrakopoulou G, Simati S, Stefanakis K, Kokkinos A, Analitis A, Mantzoros CS. Total and H-specific growth/differentiation factor 15 levels are unaffected by liraglutide or naltrexone/bupropion administration. Diabetes Obes Metab 2024. [PMID: 38757729 DOI: 10.1111/dom.15642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
AIM To investigate growth/differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) levels in response to antiobesity medications, namely, liraglutide (Lira) and naltrexone/bupropion (N/B), in individuals with overweight or obesity. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a prospective, non-randomized clinical trial with a two-arm, parallel design. A total of 42 individuals with overweight or obesity without type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus were enrolled. The participants received either Lira 3 mg or N/B 32/360 mg, along with diet and exercise, according to comorbidities, cost and method of administration. Participants underwent clinical and laboratory measurements at baseline, as well as at the 3- and 6-month time points. Anthropometric measurements and body composition analysis via bioelectrical impendence analysis were performed. Total blood samples for GDF-15 and H-specific GDF-15 were collected in the fasting state and every 30 min for 3 h after the consumption of a standardized mixed meal. RESULTS Overall, participants' weight was reduced by 9.29 ± 5.34 kg at Month 3 and 11.52 ± 7.52 kg at Month 6. Total and H-specific GDF-15 levels did not show significant changes during the mixed meal compared to values before the meal when all participants were examined at baseline, and at 3 and 6 month follow-ups. No statistical significance was found when participants were examined by subgroup (Lira vs. N/B). No significant differences between treatment groups in postprandial area under the curve (AUC) or incremental AUC values were found at baseline or in the follow-up months with regard to total and H-specific GDF-15 levels. CONCLUSION Neither total nor H-specific GDF-15 levels are affected by Lira or N/B treatment in patients with overweight or obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia K Konstantinidou
- First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Stamatia Simati
- First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Stefanakis
- First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Alexander Kokkinos
- First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Antonis Analitis
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Christos S Mantzoros
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Boston VA Healthcare System and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Hu Y, Huang Y, Jiang Y, Weng L, Cai Z, He B. The Different Shades of Thermogenic Adipose Tissue. Curr Obes Rep 2024:10.1007/s13679-024-00559-y. [PMID: 38607478 DOI: 10.1007/s13679-024-00559-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW By providing a concise overview of adipose tissue types, elucidating the regulation of adipose thermogenic capacity in both physiological contexts and chronic wasting diseases (a protracted hypermetabolic state that precipitates sustained catabolism and consequent progressive corporeal atrophy), and most importantly, delving into the ongoing discourse regarding the role of adipose tissue thermogenic activation in chronic wasting diseases, this review aims to provide researchers with a comprehensive understanding of the field. RECENT FINDINGS Adipose tissue, traditionally classified as white, brown, and beige (brite) based on its thermogenic activity and potential, is intricately regulated by complex mechanisms in response to exercise or cold exposure. This regulation is adipose depot-specific and dependent on the duration of exposure. Excessive thermogenic activation of adipose tissue has been observed in chronic wasting diseases and has been considered a pathological factor that accelerates disease progression. However, this conclusion may be confounded by the detrimental effects of excessive lipolysis. Recent research also suggests that such activation may play a beneficial role in the early stages of chronic wasting disease and provide potential therapeutic effects. A more comprehensive understanding of the changes in adipose tissue thermogenesis under physiological and pathological conditions, as well as the underlying regulatory mechanisms, is essential for the development of novel interventions to improve health and prevent disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunwen Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Yijie Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Yangjing Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Lvkan Weng
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China.
| | - Zhaohua Cai
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China.
| | - Ben He
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China.
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Saad EA, Hassan HA, Ghoneum MH, Alaa El-Dein M. Edible wild plants, chicory and purslane, alleviated diabetic testicular dysfunction, and insulin resistance via suppression 8OHdg and oxidative stress in rats. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0301454. [PMID: 38603728 PMCID: PMC11008903 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Testicular dysfunction is a prevalent health problem frequently reported in individuals with diabetes mellitus (DM). Oxidative-inflammatory reactions, hormonal and spermatic abnormalities often accompany this illness. Herbal remedies "particularly wild plants" including chicory (Chicorium Intybus) and purslane (Portulaca Oleracea) are emerging as popular agents for people dealing with these issues due to their ability to act as antioxidants, reduce inflammation, and exhibit antidiabetic effects. According to the collected data, the daily administration of chicory (Ch) seed-extract (250 mg/kg) or purslane (Pu) seed-extract (200 mg/kg) to streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats (50 mg/kg) for 30 days resulted in the normalization of fasting blood glucose (FBG), serum fructosamine, insulin levels, and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), as well as reducing lipid peroxidation end-product malondialdehyde (MDA) level, aldehyde oxidase (AO) and xanthene oxidase (XO) activities. While caused a considerable improvement in glutathione (GSH) content, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) activity, and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) when compared to diabetic rats. Ch and Pu extracts had a substantial impact on testicular parameters including sperm characterization, testosterone level, vimentin expression along with improvements in body and testis weight. They also mitigated hyperlipidemia by reducing total lipids (TL), total cholesterol (TC) levels, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), while increasing high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Furthermore, oral administration of either Ch or Pu notably attuned the elevated proinflammatory cytokines as tumor necrotic factor (TNF-α), C-reactive protein (CRP), and Interleukin-6 (IL-6) together with reducing apoptosis and DNA damage. This was achieved through the suppression of DNA-fragmentation marker 8OHdG, triggering of caspase-3 immuno-expression, and elevation of Bcl-2 protein. The histological studies provided evidence supporting the preventive effects of Ch and Pu against DM-induced testicular dysfunction. In conclusion, Ch and Pu seed-extracts mitigate testicular impairment during DM due to their antihyperglycemic, antilipidemic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enas A. Saad
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Hanaa A. Hassan
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mamdooh H. Ghoneum
- Department of Surgery, Charles Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Mai Alaa El-Dein
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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Zhao JY, Zhou LJ, Ma KL, Hao R, Li M. MHO or MUO? White adipose tissue remodeling. Obes Rev 2024; 25:e13691. [PMID: 38186200 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
In this review, we delve into the intricate relationship between white adipose tissue (WAT) remodeling and metabolic aspects in obesity, with a specific focus on individuals with metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) and metabolically unhealthy obesity (MUO). WAT is a highly heterogeneous, plastic, and dynamically secreting endocrine and immune organ. WAT remodeling plays a crucial role in metabolic health, involving expansion mode, microenvironment, phenotype, and distribution. In individuals with MHO, WAT remodeling is beneficial, reducing ectopic fat deposition and insulin resistance (IR) through mechanisms like increased adipocyte hyperplasia, anti-inflammatory microenvironment, appropriate extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, appropriate vascularization, enhanced WAT browning, and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SWAT) deposition. Conversely, for those with MUO, WAT remodeling leads to ectopic fat deposition and IR, causing metabolic dysregulation. This process involves adipocyte hypertrophy, disrupted vascularization, heightened pro-inflammatory microenvironment, enhanced brown adipose tissue (BAT) whitening, and accumulation of visceral adipose tissue (VWAT) deposition. The review underscores the pivotal importance of intervening in WAT remodeling to hinder the transition from MHO to MUO. This insight is valuable for tailoring personalized and effective management strategies for patients with obesity in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yi Zhao
- Research Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Juan Zhou
- Research Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Le Ma
- Research Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Hao
- Research Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Min Li
- Research Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Mendez-Gutierrez A, Aguilera CM, Cereijo R, Osuna-Prieto FJ, Martinez-Tellez B, Rico MC, Sanchez-Infantes D, Villarroya F, Ruiz JR, Sanchez-Delgado G. Cold exposure modulates potential brown adipokines in humans, but only FGF21 is associated with brown adipose tissue volume. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2024; 32:560-570. [PMID: 38247441 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study objective was to investigate the effect of cold exposure on the plasma levels of five potential human brown adipokines (chemokine ligand 14 [CXCL14], growth differentiation factor 15 [GDF15], fibroblast growth factor 21 [FGF21], interleukin 6 [IL6], and bone morphogenic protein 8b [BMP8b]) and to study whether such cold-induced effects are related to brown adipose tissue (BAT) volume, activity, or radiodensity in young humans. METHODS Plasma levels of brown adipokines were measured before and 1 h and 2 h after starting an individualized cold exposure in 30 young adults (60% women, 21.9 ± 2.3 y; 24.9 ± 5.1 kg/m2 ). BAT volume, 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake, and radiodensity were assessed by a static positron emission tomography-computerized tomography scan after cold exposure. RESULTS Cold exposure increased the concentration of CXCL14 (Δ2h = 0.58 ± 0.98 ng/mL; p = 0.007), GDF15 (Δ2h = 19.63 ± 46.2 pg/mL; p = 0.013), FGF21 (Δ2h = 33.72 ± 55.13 pg/mL; p = 0.003), and IL6 (Δ1h = 1.98 ± 3.56 pg/mL; p = 0.048) and reduced BMP8b (Δ2h = -37.12 ± 83.53 pg/mL; p = 0.022). The cold-induced increase in plasma FGF21 was positively associated with BAT volume (Δ2h: β = 0.456; R2 = 0.307; p = 0.001), but not with 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake or radiodensity. None of the changes in the other studied brown adipokines was related to BAT volume, activity, or radiodensity. CONCLUSIONS Cold exposure modulates plasma levels of several potential brown adipokines in humans, whereas only cold-induced changes in FGF21 levels are associated with BAT volume. These findings suggest that human BAT might contribute to the circulatory pool of FGF21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mendez-Gutierrez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- "José Mataix Verdú" Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INYTA), Center of Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, Granada, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Concepcion M Aguilera
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- "José Mataix Verdú" Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INYTA), Center of Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, Granada, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rubén Cereijo
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sant Joan de Déu Research Institute, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco J Osuna-Prieto
- Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII de Tarragona, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Tarragona, Spain
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sports Science, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Borja Martinez-Tellez
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sports Science, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences and SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Maria C Rico
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- "José Mataix Verdú" Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INYTA), Center of Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - David Sanchez-Infantes
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Health Sciences, Campus Alcorcón, University Rey Juan Carlos (URJC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francesc Villarroya
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sant Joan de Déu Research Institute, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jonatan R Ruiz
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, Granada, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sports Science, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Guillermo Sanchez-Delgado
- "José Mataix Verdú" Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INYTA), Center of Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sports Science, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
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Jurado-Aguilar J, Barroso E, Bernard M, Zhang M, Peyman M, Rada P, Valverde ÁM, Wahli W, Palomer X, Vázquez-Carrera M. GDF15 activates AMPK and inhibits gluconeogenesis and fibrosis in the liver by attenuating the TGF-β1/SMAD3 pathway. Metabolism 2024; 152:155772. [PMID: 38176644 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2023.155772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The levels of the cellular energy sensor AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) have been reported to be decreased via unknown mechanisms in the liver of mice deficient in growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15). This stress response cytokine regulates energy metabolism mainly by reducing food intake through its hindbrain receptor GFRAL. OBJECTIVE To examine how GDF15 regulates AMPK. METHODS Wild-type and Gdf15-/- mice, mouse primary hepatocytes and the human hepatic cell line Huh-7 were used. RESULTS Gdf15-/- mice showed glucose intolerance, reduced hepatic phosphorylated AMPK levels, increased levels of phosphorylated mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3 (SMAD3; a mediator of the fibrotic response), elevated serum levels of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, as well as upregulated gluconeogenesis and fibrosis. In line with these observations, recombinant (r)GDF15 promoted AMPK activation and reduced the levels of phosphorylated SMAD3 and the markers of gluconeogenesis and fibrosis in the liver of mice and in mouse primary hepatocytes, suggesting that these effects may be independent of GFRAL. Pharmacological inhibition of SMAD3 phosphorylation in Gdf15-/- mice prevented glucose intolerance, the deactivation of AMPK and the increase in the levels of proteins involved in gluconeogenesis and fibrosis, suggesting that overactivation of the TGF-β1/SMAD3 pathway is responsible for the metabolic alterations in Gdf15-/- mice. CONCLUSIONS Overall, these findings indicate that GDF15 activates AMPK and inhibits gluconeogenesis and fibrosis by lowering the activity of the TGF-β1/SMAD3 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Jurado-Aguilar
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Spain; Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Pediatric Research Institute-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Emma Barroso
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Spain; Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Pediatric Research Institute-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Maribel Bernard
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Spain; Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Pediatric Research Institute-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Meijian Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Spain; Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Pediatric Research Institute-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Mona Peyman
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Spain; Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Pediatric Research Institute-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Patricia Rada
- Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC/UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángela M Valverde
- Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC/UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Walter Wahli
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore 308232; ToxAlim (Research Center in Food Toxicology), INRAE, UMR1331, F-31300 Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Xavier Palomer
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Spain; Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Pediatric Research Institute-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Manuel Vázquez-Carrera
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Spain; Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Pediatric Research Institute-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain.
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9
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Chen YC, Chen JH, Tsai CF, Wu CT, Chang PC, Yeh WL. Inhibition of tumor migration and invasion by fenofibrate via suppressing epithelial-mesenchymal transition in breast cancers. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2024; 483:116818. [PMID: 38215994 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2024.116818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
The recurrence and metastasis in breast cancer within 3 years after the chemotherapies or surgery leads to poor prognosis with approximately 1-year overall survival. Large-scale scanning research studies have shown that taking lipid-lowering drugs may assist to reduce the risk of death from many cancers, since cholesterol in lipid rafts are essential for maintain integral membrane structure and functional signaling regulation. In this study, we examined five lipid-lowering drugs: swertiamarin, gemfibrozil, clofibrate, bezafibrate, and fenofibrate in triple-negative breast cancer, which is the most migration-prone subtype. Using human and murine triple-negative breast cancer cell lines (Hs 578 t and 4 T1), we found that fenofibrate displays the highest potential in inhibiting the colony formation, wound healing, and transwell migration. We further discovered that fenofibrate reduces the activity of pro-metastatic enzymes, matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-9 and MMP-2. In addition, epithelial markers including E-cadherin and Zonula occludens-1 are increased, whereas mesenchymal markers including Snail, Twist and α-smooth muscle actin are attenuated. Furthermore, we found that fenofibrate downregulates ubiquitin-dependent GDF-15 degradation, which leads to enhanced GDF-15 expression that inhibits cell migration. Besides, nuclear translocation of FOXO1 is also upregulated by fenofibrate, which may responsible for GDF-15 expression. In summary, fenofibrate with anti-cancer ability hinders TNBC from migration and invasion, and may be beneficial to repurposing use of fenofibrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Chang Chen
- Institute of New Drug Development, China Medical University, No.91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 404333, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Hong Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Taichung Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, No. 88, Sec. 1, Fengxing Road, Taichung 427213, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Fang Tsai
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Asia University, No.500 Lioufeng Road, Taichung 413305, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Teng Wu
- Department of Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, No. 2, Yude Road, Taichung 404332, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chun Chang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, Asia University, No.500 Lioufeng Road, Taichung 413305, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Lan Yeh
- Institute of New Drug Development, China Medical University, No.91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 404333, Taiwan; Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, China Medical University, No.91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 404333, Taiwan.
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10
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Wiggenhorn AL, Abuzaid HZ, Coassolo L, Li VL, Tanzo JT, Wei W, Lyu X, Svensson KJ, Long JZ. A class of secreted mammalian peptides with potential to expand cell-cell communication. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8125. [PMID: 38065934 PMCID: PMC10709327 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43857-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptide hormones and neuropeptides are signaling molecules that control diverse aspects of mammalian homeostasis and physiology. Here we provide evidence for the endogenous presence of a sequence diverse class of blood-borne peptides that we call "capped peptides." Capped peptides are fragments of secreted proteins and defined by the presence of two post-translational modifications - N-terminal pyroglutamylation and C-terminal amidation - which function as chemical "caps" of the intervening sequence. Capped peptides share many regulatory characteristics in common with that of other signaling peptides, including dynamic physiologic regulation. One capped peptide, CAP-TAC1, is a tachykinin neuropeptide-like molecule and a nanomolar agonist of mammalian tachykinin receptors. A second capped peptide, CAP-GDF15, is a 12-mer peptide cleaved from the prepropeptide region of full-length GDF15 that, like the canonical GDF15 hormone, also reduces food intake and body weight. Capped peptides are a potentially large class of signaling molecules with potential to broadly regulate cell-cell communication in mammalian physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Wiggenhorn
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Wu Tsai Human Performance Alliance, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Hind Z Abuzaid
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Laetitia Coassolo
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Veronica L Li
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Wu Tsai Human Performance Alliance, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Julia T Tanzo
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Xuchao Lyu
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Wu Tsai Human Performance Alliance, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Katrin J Svensson
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan Z Long
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Wu Tsai Human Performance Alliance, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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11
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Lu JF, Zhu MQ, Xia B, Zhang NN, Liu XP, Liu H, Zhang RX, Xiao JY, Yang H, Zhang YQ, Li XM, Wu JW. GDF15 is a major determinant of ketogenic diet-induced weight loss. Cell Metab 2023; 35:2165-2182.e7. [PMID: 38056430 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2023.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
A ketogenic diet (KD) has been promoted as an obesity management diet, yet its underlying mechanism remains elusive. Here we show that KD reduces energy intake and body weight in humans, pigs, and mice, accompanied by elevated circulating growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15). In GDF15- or its receptor GFRAL-deficient mice, these effects of KD disappeared, demonstrating an essential role of GDF15-GFRAL signaling in KD-mediated weight loss. Gdf15 mRNA level increases in hepatocytes upon KD feeding, and knockdown of Gdf15 by AAV8 abrogated the obesity management effect of KD in mice, corroborating a hepatic origin of GDF15 production. We show that KD activates hepatic PPARγ, which directly binds to the regulatory region of Gdf15, increasing its transcription and production. Hepatic Pparγ-knockout mice show low levels of plasma GDF15 and significantly diminished obesity management effects of KD, which could be restored by either hepatic Gdf15 overexpression or recombinant GDF15 administration. Collectively, our study reveals a previously unexplored GDF15-dependent mechanism underlying KD-mediated obesity management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Feng Lu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Meng Qing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Bo Xia
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Na Na Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Xiao Peng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Huan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Rui Xin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jun Ying Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Hui Yang
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China
| | - Ying Qi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Xiao Miao Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China.
| | - Jiang Wei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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12
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Jena J, García-Peña LM, Weatherford ET, Marti A, Bjorkman SH, Kato K, Koneru J, Chen JH, Seeley RJ, Abel ED, Pereira RO. GDF15 is required for cold-induced thermogenesis and contributes to improved systemic metabolic health following loss of OPA1 in brown adipocytes. eLife 2023; 12:e86452. [PMID: 37819027 PMCID: PMC10567111 DOI: 10.7554/elife.86452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that mice lacking the protein optic atrophy 1 (OPA1 BKO) in brown adipose tissue (BAT) display induction of the activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), which promotes fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) secretion as a batokine. FGF21 increases metabolic rates under baseline conditions but is dispensable for the resistance to diet-induced obesity (DIO) reported in OPA1 BKO mice (Pereira et al., 2021). To determine alternative mediators of this phenotype, we performed transcriptome analysis, which revealed increased levels of growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15), along with increased protein kinase R (PKR)-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) levels in BAT. To investigate whether ATF4 induction was mediated by PERK and evaluate the contribution of GDF15 to the resistance to DIO, we selectively deleted PERK or GDF15 in OPA1 BKO mice. Mice with reduced OPA1 and PERK levels in BAT had preserved ISR activation. Importantly, simultaneous deletion of OPA1 and GDF15 partially reversed the resistance to DIO and abrogated the improvements in glucose tolerance. Furthermore, GDF15 was required to improve cold-induced thermogenesis in OPA1 BKO mice. Taken together, our data indicate that PERK is dispensable to induce the ISR, but GDF15 contributes to the resistance to DIO, and is required for glucose homeostasis and thermoregulation in OPA1 BKO mice by increasing energy expenditure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayashree Jena
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of IowaIowa CityUnited States
| | - Luis Miguel García-Peña
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of IowaIowa CityUnited States
| | - Eric T Weatherford
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of IowaIowa CityUnited States
| | - Alex Marti
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of IowaIowa CityUnited States
| | - Sarah H Bjorkman
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of IowaIowa CityUnited States
| | - Kevin Kato
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of IowaIowa CityUnited States
| | - Jivan Koneru
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of IowaIowa CityUnited States
| | - Jason H Chen
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of IowaIowa CityUnited States
| | - Randy J Seeley
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
| | - E Dale Abel
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of IowaIowa CityUnited States
| | - Renata O Pereira
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of IowaIowa CityUnited States
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13
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Wang J, Tan S, Gianotti L, Wu G. Evaluation and management of body composition changes in cancer patients. Nutrition 2023; 114:112132. [PMID: 37441827 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2023.112132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Wasting in cancer patients has long been recognized as a condition that adversely affects cancer patients' quality of life, treatment tolerance, and oncological outcomes. Historically, this condition was mainly evaluated by changes in body weight. However, this approach is not quite accurate because body weight is the overall change of all body compartments. Conditions such as edema and ascites can mask the severity of muscle and adipose tissue depletion. Changes in body composition assessment in cancer patients have historically been underappreciated because of the limited availability of measurement tools. As more evidence highlighting the importance of body composition has emerged, it is imperative to apply a more precise evaluation of nutritional status and a more targeted approach to provide nutritional support for cancer patients. In this review, we will discuss the modalities for evaluating body composition and how to manage body composition changes in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Wang
- Department of General Surgery/Shanghai Clinical Nutrition Research Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shanjun Tan
- Department of General Surgery/Shanghai Clinical Nutrition Research Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Luca Gianotti
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, and HBP Surgery Unit, and Foundation IRCCS San Gerardo, Monza, Italy.
| | - Guohao Wu
- Department of General Surgery/Shanghai Clinical Nutrition Research Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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14
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Lasaad S, Walter C, Rafael C, Morla L, Doucet A, Picard N, Blanchard A, Fromes Y, Matot B, Crambert G, Cheval L. GDF15 mediates renal cell plasticity in response to potassium depletion in mice. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2023; 239:e14046. [PMID: 37665159 DOI: 10.1111/apha.14046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To understand the mechanisms involved in the response to a low-K+ diet (LK), we investigated the role of the growth factor GDF15 and the ion pump H,K-ATPase type 2 (HKA2) in this process. METHODS Male mice of different genotypes (WT, GDF15-KO, and HKA2-KO) were fed an LK diet for different periods of time. We analyzed GDF15 levels, metabolic and physiological parameters, and the cellular composition of collecting ducts. RESULTS Mice fed an LK diet showed a 2-4-fold increase in plasma and urine GDF15 levels. Compared to WT mice, GDF15-KO mice rapidly developed hypokalemia due to impaired renal adaptation. This is related to their 1/ inability to increase the number of type A intercalated cells (AIC) and 2/ absence of upregulation of H,K-ATPase type 2 (HKA2), the two processes responsible for K+ retention. Interestingly, we showed that the GDF15-mediated proliferative effect on AIC was dependent on the ErbB2 receptor and required the presence of HKA2. Finally, renal leakage of K+ induced a reduction in muscle mass in GDF15-KO mice fed LK diet. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we showed that GDF15 and HKA2 are linked and play a central role in the response to K+ restriction by orchestrating the modification of the cellular composition of the collecting duct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samia Lasaad
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Rénale et Tubulopathies, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- CNRS EMR 8228 - Unité Métabolisme et Physiologie Rénale, Paris, France
| | - Christine Walter
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Rénale et Tubulopathies, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- CNRS EMR 8228 - Unité Métabolisme et Physiologie Rénale, Paris, France
| | - Chloé Rafael
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Rénale et Tubulopathies, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- CNRS EMR 8228 - Unité Métabolisme et Physiologie Rénale, Paris, France
| | - Luciana Morla
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Rénale et Tubulopathies, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- CNRS EMR 8228 - Unité Métabolisme et Physiologie Rénale, Paris, France
| | - Alain Doucet
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Rénale et Tubulopathies, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- CNRS EMR 8228 - Unité Métabolisme et Physiologie Rénale, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Picard
- Laboratory of Tissue Biology and Therapeutic Engineering, UMR 5305 CNRS, University Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Anne Blanchard
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Rénale et Tubulopathies, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- CNRS EMR 8228 - Unité Métabolisme et Physiologie Rénale, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Centre d'Investigation Clinique, Paris, France
| | - Yves Fromes
- NMR Laboratory, Neuromuscular Investigation Center, Institute of Myology, Paris, France
| | - Béatrice Matot
- NMR Laboratory, Neuromuscular Investigation Center, Institute of Myology, Paris, France
| | - Gilles Crambert
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Rénale et Tubulopathies, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- CNRS EMR 8228 - Unité Métabolisme et Physiologie Rénale, Paris, France
| | - Lydie Cheval
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Rénale et Tubulopathies, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- CNRS EMR 8228 - Unité Métabolisme et Physiologie Rénale, Paris, France
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15
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Jena J, García-Peña LM, Pereira RO. The roles of FGF21 and GDF15 in mediating the mitochondrial integrated stress response. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1264530. [PMID: 37818094 PMCID: PMC10561105 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1264530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Various models of mitochondrial stress result in induction of the stress-responsive cytokines fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) and growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15). This is an adaptive mechanism downstream of the mitochondrial integrated stress response frequently associated with improvements in systemic metabolic health. Both FGF21 and GDF15 have been shown to modulate energy balance and glucose homeostasis, and their pharmacological administration leads to promising beneficial effects against obesity and associated metabolic diseases in pre-clinical models. Furthermore, endogenous upregulation of FGF21 and GDF15 is associated with resistance to diet-induced obesity (DIO), improved glucose homeostasis and increased insulin sensitivity. In this review, we highlight several studies on transgenic mouse models of mitochondrial stress and will compare the specific roles played by FGF21 and GDF15 on the systemic metabolic adaptations reported in these models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Renata O. Pereira
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
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16
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Al-Mudares F, Cantu Gutierrez M, Cantu A, Jiang W, Wang L, Dong X, Moorthy B, Sajti E, Lingappan K. Loss of growth differentiation factor 15 exacerbates lung injury in neonatal mice. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2023; 325:L314-L326. [PMID: 37368978 PMCID: PMC10625832 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00086.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is a divergent member of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily, and its expression increases under various stress conditions, including inflammation, hyperoxia, and senescence. GDF15 expression is increased in neonatal murine bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) models, and GDF15 loss exacerbates oxidative stress and decreases cellular viability in vitro. Our overall hypothesis is that the loss of GDF15 will exacerbate hyperoxic lung injury in the neonatal lung in vivo. We exposed neonatal Gdf15-/- mice and wild-type (WT) controls on a similar background to room air or hyperoxia (95% [Formula: see text]) for 5 days after birth. The mice were euthanized on postnatal day 21 (PND 21). Gdf15-/- mice had higher mortality and lower body weight than WT mice after exposure to hyperoxia. Hyperoxia exposure adversely impacted alveolarization and lung vascular development, with a greater impact in Gdf15-/- mice. Interestingly, Gdf15-/- mice showed lower macrophage count in the lungs compared with WT mice both under room air and after exposure to hyperoxia. Analysis of the lung transcriptome revealed marked divergence in gene expression and enriched biological pathways in WT and Gdf15-/- mice and differed markedly by biological sex. Notably, pathways related to macrophage activation and myeloid cell homeostasis were negatively enriched in Gdf15-/- mice. Loss of Gdf15 exacerbates mortality, lung injury, and the phenotype of the arrest of alveolarization in the developing lung with loss of female-sex advantage in Gdf15-/- mice.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We show for the first time that loss of Gdf15 exacerbates mortality, lung injury, and the phenotype of the arrest of alveolarization in the developing lung with loss of female-sex advantage in Gdf15-/- mice. We also highlight the distinct pulmonary transcriptomic response in the Gdf15-/- lung including pathways related to macrophage recruitment and activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faeq Al-Mudares
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Manuel Cantu Gutierrez
- Divsion of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Abiud Cantu
- Divsion of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Weiwu Jiang
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Lihua Wang
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Xiaoyu Dong
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Bhagavatula Moorthy
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Eniko Sajti
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, California, United States
| | - Krithika Lingappan
- Divsion of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
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17
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Choi SR, Lee J, Moon JY, Baek SJ, Lee JH. NAG-1/GDF-15 Transgenic Female Mouse Shows Delayed Peak Period of the Second Phase Nociception in Formalin-induced Inflammatory Pain. Exp Neurobiol 2023; 32:247-258. [PMID: 37749926 PMCID: PMC10569140 DOI: 10.5607/en23019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-activated gene-1 (NAG-1), also known as growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15), is associated with cancer, diabetes, and inflammation, while there is limited understanding of the role of NAG-1 in nociception. Here, we examined the nociceptive behaviors of NAG-1 transgenic (TG) mice and wild-type (WT) littermates. Mechanical sensitivity was evaluated by using the von Frey filament test, and thermal sensitivity was assessed by the hot-plate, Hargreaves, and acetone tests. c-Fos, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule-1 (Iba-1) immunoreactivity was examined in the spinal cord following observation of the formalin-induced nociceptive behaviors. There was no difference in mechanical or thermal sensitivity for NAG-1 TG and WT mice. Intraplantar formalin injection induced nociceptive behaviors in both male and female NAG-1 TG and WT mice. The peak period in the second phase was delayed in NAG-1 TG female mice compared with that of WT female mice, while there was no difference in the cumulative time of nociceptive behaviors between the two groups of mice. Formalin increased spinal c-Fos immunoreactivity in both TG and WT female mice. Neither GFAP nor Iba-1 immunoreactivity was increased in the spinal cord of TG and WT female mice. These findings indicate that NAG-1 TG mice have comparable baseline sensitivity to mechanical and thermal stimulation as WT mice and that NAG-1 in female mice may have an inhibitory effect on the second phase of inflammatory pain. Therefore, it could be a novel target to inhibit central nervous system response in pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheu-Ran Choi
- Department of Pharmacology, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, Gangneung 25601, Korea
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jaehak Lee
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Ji-Young Moon
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea
| | - Seung Joon Baek
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jang-Hern Lee
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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18
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Breit SN, Manandhar R, Zhang HP, Lee-Ng M, Brown DA, Tsai VWW. GDF15 enhances body weight and adiposity reduction in obese mice by leveraging the leptin pathway. Cell Metab 2023; 35:1341-1355.e3. [PMID: 37433299 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2023.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
GDF15 regulates its anorexic effects through the hindbrain area postrema (AP) and nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) neurons where its receptor, glial-derived neurotrophic factor receptor alpha-like (GFRAL), is expressed. The actions of GDF15 may interact with other appetite regulators elevated in obesity, such as leptin. Here, we report that in mice with high-fat-diet-induced obesity (HFD), the combined infusion of GDF15 and leptin causes significantly greater weight and adiposity loss than either treatment alone, indicating potentiation between GDF15 and leptin. Furthermore, obese, leptin-deficient ob/ob mice are less responsive to GDF15, as are normal mice treated with a competitive leptin antagonist. GDF15 and leptin induce more hindbrain neuronal activation in HFD mice than either treatment alone does. We report extensive connections between GFRAL- and LepR-expressing neurons and find LepR knockdown in the NTS to reduce the GDF15-mediated activation of AP neurons. Overall, these findings suggest that leptin signaling pathways in the hindbrain increase GDF15's metabolic actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel N Breit
- St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney and University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.
| | - Rakesh Manandhar
- St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney and University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Hong-Ping Zhang
- St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney and University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Michelle Lee-Ng
- St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney and University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - David A Brown
- Westmead Institute for Medical Research and Department of Immunopathology, Institute for Clinical Pathology and Medical Research-New South Wales Health Pathology Westmead Hospital and University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia; The Centre for Allergy and Medical Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Vicky Wang-Wei Tsai
- St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney and University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.
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19
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Sjøberg KA, Sigvardsen CM, Alvarado-Diaz A, Andersen NR, Larance M, Seeley RJ, Schjerling P, Knudsen JG, Katzilieris-Petras G, Clemmensen C, Jørgensen SB, De Bock K, Richter EA. GDF15 increases insulin action in the liver and adipose tissue via a β-adrenergic receptor-mediated mechanism. Cell Metab 2023; 35:1327-1340.e5. [PMID: 37473755 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2023.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) induces weight loss and increases insulin action in obese rodents. Whether and how GDF15 improves insulin action without weight loss is unknown. Obese rats were treated with GDF15 and displayed increased insulin tolerance 5 h later. Lean and obese female and male mice were treated with GDF15 on days 1, 3, and 5 without weight loss and displayed increased insulin sensitivity during a euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp on day 6 due to enhanced suppression of endogenous glucose production and increased glucose uptake in WAT and BAT. GDF15 also reduced glucagon levels during clamp independently of the GFRAL receptor. The insulin-sensitizing effect of GDF15 was completely abrogated in GFRAL KO mice and also by treatment with the β-adrenergic antagonist propranolol and in β1,β2-adrenergic receptor KO mice. GDF15 activation of the GFRAL receptor increases β-adrenergic signaling, in turn, improving insulin action in the liver and white and brown adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim A Sjøberg
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Casper M Sigvardsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Abdiel Alvarado-Diaz
- Laboratory of Exercise and Health, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nicoline Resen Andersen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mark Larance
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Randy J Seeley
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Peter Schjerling
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark; Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jakob G Knudsen
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Georgios Katzilieris-Petras
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christoffer Clemmensen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sebastian Beck Jørgensen
- Global Drug Discovery, Obesity Research, Novo Nordisk, Maaloev, Denmark; Bio Innovation Hub Transformational Research Unit, Novo Nordisk, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Katrien De Bock
- Laboratory of Exercise and Health, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Erik A Richter
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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20
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Zheng S, Polidori D, Wang Y, Geist B, Lin‐Schmidt X, Furman JL, Nelson S, Nawrocki AR, Hinke SA. A long-acting GDF15 analog causes robust, sustained weight loss and reduction of food intake in an obese nonhuman primate model. Clin Transl Sci 2023; 16:1431-1444. [PMID: 37154518 PMCID: PMC10432867 DOI: 10.1111/cts.13543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth Differentiation Factor-15 (GDF15) is a circulating polypeptide linked to cellular stress and metabolic adaptation. GDF15's half-life is ~3 h and activates the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor family receptor alpha-like (GFRAL) receptor expressed in the area postrema. To characterize sustained GFRAL agonism on food intake (FI) and body weight (BW), we tested a half-life extended analog of GDF15 (Compound H [CpdH]) suitable for reduced dosing frequency in obese cynomolgus monkeys. Animals were chronically treated once weekly (q.w.) with CpdH or long-acting GLP-1 analog dulaglutide. Mechanism-based longitudinal exposure-response modeling characterized effects of CpdH and dulaglutide on FI and BW. The novel model accounts for both acute, exposure-dependent effects reducing FI and compensatory changes in energy expenditure (EE) and FI occurring over time with weight loss. CpdH had linear, dose-proportional pharmacokinetics (terminal half-life ~8 days) and treatment caused exposure-dependent reductions in FI and BW. The 1.6 mg/kg CpdH reduced mean FI by 57.5% at 1 week and sustained FI reductions of 31.5% from weeks 9-12, resulting in peak reduction in BW of 16 ± 5%. Dulaglutide had more modest effects on FI and peak BW loss was 3.8 ± 4.0%. Longitudinal modeling of both the FI and BW profiles suggested reductions in BW observed with both CpdH and dulaglutide were fully explained by exposure-dependent reductions in FI without increase in EE. Upon verification of the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationship established in monkeys and humans for dulaglutide, we predicted that CpdH could reach double digit BW loss in humans. In summary, a long-acting GDF15 analog led to sustained reductions in FI in overweight monkeys and holds potential for effective clinical obesity pharmacotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songmao Zheng
- Janssen Research & DevelopmentSpring HousePennsylvaniaUSA
- Present address:
AdageneSan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - Yuanping Wang
- Janssen Research & DevelopmentSpring HousePennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Brian Geist
- Janssen Research & DevelopmentSpring HousePennsylvaniaUSA
| | | | | | | | | | - Simon A. Hinke
- Janssen Research & DevelopmentSpring HousePennsylvaniaUSA
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21
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Wang D, Townsend LK, DesOrmeaux GJ, Frangos SM, Batchuluun B, Dumont L, Kuhre RE, Ahmadi E, Hu S, Rebalka IA, Gautam J, Jabile MJT, Pileggi CA, Rehal S, Desjardins EM, Tsakiridis EE, Lally JSV, Juracic ES, Tupling AR, Gerstein HC, Paré G, Tsakiridis T, Harper ME, Hawke TJ, Speakman JR, Blondin DP, Holloway GP, Jørgensen SB, Steinberg GR. GDF15 promotes weight loss by enhancing energy expenditure in muscle. Nature 2023; 619:143-150. [PMID: 37380764 PMCID: PMC10322716 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06249-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Caloric restriction that promotes weight loss is an effective strategy for treating non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and improving insulin sensitivity in people with type 2 diabetes1. Despite its effectiveness, in most individuals, weight loss is usually not maintained partly due to physiological adaptations that suppress energy expenditure, a process known as adaptive thermogenesis, the mechanistic underpinnings of which are unclear2,3. Treatment of rodents fed a high-fat diet with recombinant growth differentiating factor 15 (GDF15) reduces obesity and improves glycaemic control through glial-cell-derived neurotrophic factor family receptor α-like (GFRAL)-dependent suppression of food intake4-7. Here we find that, in addition to suppressing appetite, GDF15 counteracts compensatory reductions in energy expenditure, eliciting greater weight loss and reductions in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) compared to caloric restriction alone. This effect of GDF15 to maintain energy expenditure during calorie restriction requires a GFRAL-β-adrenergic-dependent signalling axis that increases fatty acid oxidation and calcium futile cycling in the skeletal muscle of mice. These data indicate that therapeutic targeting of the GDF15-GFRAL pathway may be useful for maintaining energy expenditure in skeletal muscle during caloric restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Wang
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Logan K Townsend
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Geneviève J DesOrmeaux
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sara M Frangos
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Battsetseg Batchuluun
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lauralyne Dumont
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Rune Ehrenreich Kuhre
- Global Obesity and Liver Disease Research, Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk, Maaloev, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Elham Ahmadi
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sumei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Geriatric Nutrition and Health, Ministry of Education, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Metabolic Health, Center for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Irena A Rebalka
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jaya Gautam
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maria Joy Therese Jabile
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chantal A Pileggi
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sonia Rehal
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eric M Desjardins
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Evangelia E Tsakiridis
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - James S V Lally
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Emma Sara Juracic
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - A Russell Tupling
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hertzel C Gerstein
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Guillaume Paré
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Theodoros Tsakiridis
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Oncology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mary-Ellen Harper
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thomas J Hawke
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - John R Speakman
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Metabolic Health, Center for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
- CAS Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics (CCEAEG), Kunming, China
| | - Denis P Blondin
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Graham P Holloway
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sebastian Beck Jørgensen
- Global Obesity and Liver Disease Research, Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk, Maaloev, Denmark
- Bio Innovation Hub Transformational Research Unit, Novo Nordisk, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gregory R Steinberg
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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22
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Wiggenhorn AL, Abuzaid HZ, Coassolo L, Li VL, Tanzo JT, Wei W, Lyu X, Svensson KJ, Long JZ. A class of secreted mammalian peptides with potential to expand cell-cell communication. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.02.543503. [PMID: 37333131 PMCID: PMC10274650 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.02.543503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Peptide hormones and neuropeptides are fundamental signaling molecules that control diverse aspects of mammalian homeostasis and physiology. Here we demonstrate the endogenous presence of a sequence diverse class of orphan, blood-borne peptides that we call "capped peptides." Capped peptides are fragments of secreted proteins and defined by the presence of two post-translational modifications - N-terminal pyroglutamylation and C-terminal amidation - which function as chemical "caps" of the intervening sequence. Capped peptides share many regulatory characteristics in common with that of other signaling peptides, including dynamic regulation in blood plasma by diverse environmental and physiologic stimuli. One capped peptide, CAP-TAC1, is a tachykinin neuropeptide-like molecule and a nanomolar agonist of multiple mammalian tachykinin receptors. A second capped peptide, CAP-GDF15, is a 12-mer peptide that reduces food intake and body weight. Capped peptides therefore define a largely unexplored class of circulating molecules with potential to regulate cell-cell communication in mammalian physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L. Wiggenhorn
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Wu Tsai Human Performance Alliance, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Hind Z. Abuzaid
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Laetitia Coassolo
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Veronica L. Li
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Wu Tsai Human Performance Alliance, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Julia T. Tanzo
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Xuchao Lyu
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Wu Tsai Human Performance Alliance, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Katrin J. Svensson
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan Z. Long
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Wu Tsai Human Performance Alliance, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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23
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Cheng J, Lyu Y, Mei Y, Chen Q, Liu H, Li Y. Serum growth differentiation factor-15 and non-esterified fatty acid levels in patients with coronary artery disease and hyperuricemia. Lipids Health Dis 2023; 22:31. [PMID: 36864452 PMCID: PMC9979416 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-023-01792-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High serum NEFA and GDF-15 are risk factors for CAD and have been linked to detrimental cardiovascular events. It has been hypothesized that hyperuricemia causes CAD via the oxidative metabolism and inflammation. The current study sought to clarify the relationship between serum GDF-15/NEFA and CAD in individuals with hyperuricemia. METHODS Blood samples collected from 350 male patients with hyperuricemia(191 patients without CAD and 159 patients with CAD, serum UA > 420 μmol/L) to measure serum GDF-15 and NEFA concentrations with baseline parameters. RESULTS Serum circulating GDF-15 concentrations(pg/dL) [8.48(6.67,12.73)] and NEFA levels(mmol/L) [0.45(0.32,0.60)] were higher in hyperuricemia patients with CAD. Logistic regression analysis revealed that the OR (95% CI) for CAD were 10.476 (4.158, 26.391) and 11.244 (4.740, 26.669) in quartile 4 (highest) respectively. The AUC of the combined serum GDF-15 and NEFA was 0.813 (0.767,0.858) as a predictor of whether CAD occurred in male with hyperuricemia. CONCLUSIONS Circulating GDF-15 and NEFA levels correlated positively with CAD in male patients with hyperuricemia and measurements may be a useful clinical adjunct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingru Cheng
- grid.412632.00000 0004 1758 2270Department of Clinical Laboratory,institute of translational medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongnan Lyu
- grid.412632.00000 0004 1758 2270Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yufeng Mei
- grid.412632.00000 0004 1758 2270Department of Clinical Laboratory,institute of translational medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qian Chen
- grid.412632.00000 0004 1758 2270Department of Clinical Laboratory,institute of translational medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hang Liu
- grid.412632.00000 0004 1758 2270Department of Clinical Laboratory,institute of translational medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory,institute of translational medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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24
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Liu Y. Integrative network pharmacology and in silico analyses identify the anti-omicron SARS-CoV-2 potential of eugenol. Heliyon 2023; 9:e13853. [PMID: 36845041 PMCID: PMC9937729 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Eugenol as a natural product is the source of isoniazid, and purified eugenol is extensively used in the cosmetics industry and the productive processes of edible spices. Accumulating evidence suggested that eugenol exerted potent anti-microorganism and anti-inflammation effects. Application of eugenol effectively reduced the risk of atherosclerosis, arterial embolism, and Type 2 diabetes. A previous study confirmed that treatment with eugenol attenuated lung inflammation and improved heart functions in SARS-CoV-2 spike S1-intoxicated mice. In addition to the study, based on a series of public datasets, computational analyses were conducted to characterize the acting targets of eugenol and the functional roles of these targets in COVID-19. The binding capacities of eugenol to conservative sites of SARS-CoV-2 like RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and mutable site as spike (S) protein, were calculated by using molecular docking following the molecular dynamics simulation with RMSD, RMSF, and MM-GBSA methods. The results of network pharmacology indicated that six targets, including PLAT, HMOX1, NUP88, CTSL, ITGB1 andTMPRSS2 were eugenol-SARS-CoV-2 interacting proteins. The omics results of in-silico study further implicated that eugenol increased the expression of SCARB1, HMOX1 and GDF15, especially HMOX1, which were confirmed the potential interacting targets between eugenol and SARS-CoV-2 antigens. Enrichment analyses indicated that eugenol exerted extensive biological effects such as regulating immune infiltration of macrophage, lipid localization, monooxyenase activity, iron ion binding and PPAR signaling. The results of the integrated analysis of eugenol targets and immunotranscription profile of COVID-19 cases shows that eugenol also plays an important role in strengthen of immunologic functions and regulating cytokine signaling. As a complement to the integrated analysis, the results of molecular docking indicated the potential binding interactions between eugenol and four proteins relating to cytokine production/release and the function of T type lymphocytes, including human TLR-4, TCR, NF-κB, JNK and AP-1. Furthermore, results of molecular docking and molecular dynamics (100ns) simulations implicated that stimulated modification of eugenol to the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Spike-ACE2 complex, especially for human ACE2, and the molecular interaction of eugenol to SARS-CoV-2 RdRp, were no less favorable than two positive controls, molnupiravir and nilotinib. Dynamics (200ns) simulations indicated that the binding capacities and stabilities of eugenol to finger subdomain of RdRp is no less than molnupiravir. However, the simulated binding capacity of eugenol to SARS-CoV-2 wild type RBD and Omicron mutant RBD were less than nilotinib. Eugenol was predicted to have more favor LD50 value and lower cytotoxicity than two positive controls, and eugenol can pass through the blood-brain barrier (BBB). In a brief, eugenol is helpful for attenuating systemic inflammation induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection, due to the direct interaction of eugenol to SARS-CoV-2 proteins and extensive bio-manipulation of pro-inflammatory factors. This study carefully suggests eugenol is a candidate compound of developing drugs and supplement agents against SARS-CoV-2 and its Omicron variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Graduated Student of Harbin Medical University, Cardiology. Baojian Road105, Nangang Distinct, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
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25
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Díaz M, Carreras-Badosa G, Villarroya J, Gavaldà-Navarro A, Bassols J, de Zegher F, López-Bermejo A, Villarroya F, Ibáñez L. Circulating GDF15 concentrations in girls with low birth weight: effects of prolonged metformin treatment. Pediatr Res 2023; 93:964-968. [PMID: 35817957 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-022-02175-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low birth weight (LBW) followed by a rapid postnatal catch-up in weight predisposes individuals to a central distribution of body fat, which is reverted by metformin. Growth-and-differentiation-factor-15 (GDF15) plays an important role in the regulation of energy homeostasis, reducing food intake and body weight. We assessed whether GDF15 concentrations are raised by long-term metformin treatment in LBW/catch-up girls with precocious pubarche (PP, pubic hair <8 years), and whether they relate to changes in endocrine-metabolic variables, body composition, and abdominal fat partitioning. METHODS Circulating GDF15 was determined in 30 LBW/catch-up girls with PP randomly assigned to receive metformin for 4 years (n = 15; 425 mg/d for 2 years, then 850 mg/d for 2 years) or to remain untreated (n = 15). Endocrine-metabolic variables, body composition (by absorptiometry), and abdominal fat partitioning (by MRI) were assessed at the start and yearly during follow-up. RESULTS Circulating GDF15 concentrations increased significantly in LBW-PP girls only after 3 and 4 years on metformin. GDF15 levels associated negatively with insulin, HOMA-IR, androgens, body fat, and visceral fat. CONCLUSION Prepubertal intervention with metformin reduces central adiposity and insulin resistance in girls with reduced prenatal growth. GDF15 could be among the mediators of such effects, especially over the long term. IMPACT Low birth weight followed by a rapid postnatal catch-up in weight predisposes individuals to a central distribution of body fat, which is reverted by metformin. Growth-and-differentiation-factor-15 (GDF15) is a peptide hormone that reduces food intake and lowers body weight; metformin is an exogenous GDF15 secretagogue. Serum GDF15 concentrations increase after 3 and 4 years on metformin and associate negatively with insulin, androgens, body fat, and visceral fat. Prepubertal intervention with metformin reduces central adiposity and insulin resistance in girls with low birth weight. GDF15 could mediate these effects, especially over the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Díaz
- Endocrinology Department, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, 08950 Esplugues, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gemma Carreras-Badosa
- Pediatric Endocrinology Research Group, Girona Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBGI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Girona and Dr. Josep Trueta Hospital, 17007, Girona, Spain
| | - Joan Villarroya
- Endocrinology Department, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, 08950 Esplugues, Barcelona, Spain
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona and Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), ISCIII, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aleix Gavaldà-Navarro
- Endocrinology Department, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, 08950 Esplugues, Barcelona, Spain
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona and Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), ISCIII, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Judit Bassols
- Pediatric Endocrinology Research Group, Girona Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBGI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Girona and Dr. Josep Trueta Hospital, 17007, Girona, Spain
| | | | - Abel López-Bermejo
- Pediatric Endocrinology Research Group, Girona Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBGI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Girona and Dr. Josep Trueta Hospital, 17007, Girona, Spain
| | - Francesc Villarroya
- Endocrinology Department, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, 08950 Esplugues, Barcelona, Spain.
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona and Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), ISCIII, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Lourdes Ibáñez
- Endocrinology Department, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, 08950 Esplugues, Barcelona, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
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Li C, Leng Q, Li L, Hu F, Xu Y, Gong S, Yang Y, Zhang H, Li X. Berberine Ameliorates Obesity by Inducing GDF15 Secretion by Brown Adipocytes. Endocrinology 2023; 164:7056674. [PMID: 36825874 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqad035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Berberine (BBR), which is a compound derived from the Chinese medicinal plant Coptis chinensis, promotes weight loss, but the molecular mechanisms are not well understood. Here, we show that BBR increases the serum level of growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15), which is a stress response cytokine that can reduce food intake and lower body weight in diet-induced obese (DIO) mice. The body weight and food intake of DIO mice were decreased after BBR treatment, and the weight change was negatively correlated with the serum GDF15 level. Further studies show that BBR induced GDF15 mRNA expression and secretion in the brown adipose tissue (BAT) of DIO mice and primary mouse brown adipocytes. In addition, we found that BBR upregulates GDF15 mRNA expression and secretion by activating the integrated stress response (ISR) in primary mouse brown adipocytes. Overall, our findings show that BBR lowers body weight by inducing GDF15 secretion via the activation of the ISR in BAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200137, China
| | - Qingyang Leng
- Department of Endocrinology, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200137, China
| | - Lihua Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200137, China
| | - Fan Hu
- Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Yuejie Xu
- Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Sa Gong
- Shanghai Songjiang District Fangta Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201600, China
| | - Ying Yang
- Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Hongli Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200137, China
| | - Xiaohua Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200137, China
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Benichou O, Coskun T, Gonciarz MD, Garhyan P, Adams AC, Du Y, Dunbar JD, Martin JA, Mather KJ, Pickard RT, Reynolds VL, Robins DA, Zvada SP, Emmerson PJ. Discovery, development, and clinical proof of mechanism of LY3463251, a long-acting GDF15 receptor agonist. Cell Metab 2023; 35:274-286.e10. [PMID: 36630958 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2022.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
GDF15 and its receptor GFRAL/RET form a non-homeostatic system that regulates food intake and body weight in preclinical species. Here, we describe a GDF15 analog, LY3463251, a potent agonist at the GFRAL/RET receptor with prolonged pharmacokinetics. In rodents and obese non-human primates, LY3463251 decreased food intake and body weight with no signs of malaise or emesis. In a first-in-human study in healthy participants, single subcutaneous LY3463251 injections showed a safety and pharmacokinetic profile supporting further clinical development with dose-dependent nausea and emesis in a subset of individuals. A subsequent 12-week multiple ascending dose study in overweight and obese participants showed that LY3463251 induced significant decreases in food intake and appetite scores associated with modest body weight reduction independent of nausea and emesis (clinicaltrials.gov: NCT03764774). These observations demonstrate that agonism of the GFRAL/RET system can modulate energy balance in humans, though the decrease in body weight is surprisingly modest, suggesting challenges in leveraging the GDF15 system for clinical weight-loss applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tamer Coskun
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | | | | | | | - Yu Du
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
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Burton JS, Sletten AC, Marsh E, Wood MD, Sacks JM. Adipose Tissue in Lymphedema: A Central Feature of Pathology and Target for Pharmacologic Therapy. Lymphat Res Biol 2023; 21:2-7. [PMID: 35594294 DOI: 10.1089/lrb.2022.0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphedema is a chronic condition of impaired lymphatic flow that results in limb swelling and debilitation. The pathophysiology of lymphedema is characterized by lymphatic stasis that triggers inflammation, fibrosis, and adipose tissue deposition in the extremities. Most often, this condition occurs in cancer survivors in the years after treatment with combinations of surgery, radiation, or chemotherapy, with the major risk factor being lymph node dissection. Interestingly, obesity and body mass index are independent risk factors for development of lymphedema, suggesting interactions between adipose and lymphatic tissue biology. Currently, treatment of lymphedema involves palliative approaches, including compression garments and physical therapy, and surgical approaches, including liposuction, lymphovenous bypass, and vascularized lymph node transfer. Emerging lymphedema therapies that focus on weight loss or reducing inflammation have been tested in recent clinical trials, yielding mixed results with no effect on limb volumes or changes in bioimpedance measurements. These studies highlight the need for novel therapeutic strategies that target the driving forces of lymphedema. In this light, animal models of lymphedema demonstrate a role of adipose tissue in the progression of lymphedema and suggest these processes may be targeted in the treatment of lymphedema. Herein, we review both conventional and experimental therapies for lymphedema as well as the defining characteristics of its pathophysiology. We place emphasis on the aberrant fibroadipose tissue accumulation in lymphedema and propose a new approach to experimental treatment at the level of adipocyte metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson S Burton
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Arthur C Sletten
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Evan Marsh
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Matthew D Wood
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Justin M Sacks
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Extracellular Vesicles as Carriers of Adipokines and Their Role in Obesity. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020422. [PMID: 36830957 PMCID: PMC9953604 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have lately arisen as new metabolic players in energy homeostasis participating in intercellular communication at the local and distant levels. These nanosized lipid bilayer spheres, carrying bioactive molecular cargo, have somehow changed the paradigm of biomedical research not only as a non-classic cell secretion mechanism, but as a rich source of biomarkers and as useful drug-delivery vehicles. Although the research about the role of EVs on metabolism and its deregulation on obesity and associated pathologies lagged slightly behind other diseases, the knowledge about their function under normal and pathological homeostasis is rapidly increasing. In this review, we are focusing on the current research regarding adipose tissue shed extracellular vesicles including their characterization, size profile, and molecular cargo content comprising miRNAs and membrane and intra-vesicular proteins. Finally, we will focus on the functional aspects attributed to vesicles secreted not only by adipocytes, but also by other cells comprising adipose tissue, describing the evidence to date on the deleterious effects of extracellular vesicles released by obese adipose tissue both locally and at the distant level by interacting with other peripheral organs and even at the central level.
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30
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Merchant RA, Chan YH, Duque G. GDF-15 Is Associated with Poor Physical Function in Prefrail Older Adults with Diabetes. J Diabetes Res 2023; 2023:2519128. [PMID: 37152099 PMCID: PMC10162869 DOI: 10.1155/2023/2519128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) has been shown to be a metabolic and appetite regulator in diabetes mellitus (DM) and obesity. We aimed to investigate (i) the association between GDF-15 and DM with and without poor physical function independent of inflammation and (ii) the prediction model for poor physical function in prefrail older adults. Methods A cross-sectional study of 108-prefrail participants ≥60 years recruited for multidomain interventions. Data was collected for demographics, cognition, function, frailty, nutrition, handgrip strength (HGS), short physical performance battery (SPPB), and gait speed. Serum concentrations of GDF-15, IL-6, and TNF-α were measured. GDF-15 was classified into tertiles (T1, T2, and T3), and its association was studied with DM and physical function (DM poor physical function, DM no poor physical function, no DM poor physical function, and no DM no poor physical function). Results Compared with T1, participants in T3 were significantly older, had a lower education level, had almost three times higher prevalence of DM, slower gait speed, longer chair-stand time, and lower SPPB scores. On multivariate analysis, the odds of having both DM and poor physical performance compared to having no DM and no poor physical performance were significantly higher in GDF-15 T3 vs. GDF-15 T1 (aOR 9.7, 95% CI 1.4-67.7; p = 0.021), and the odds of having DM no poor physical function compared to having no DM and no poor physical performance were significantly higher in GDF-15 T2 (aOR 12.7, 95% CI 1.1-143.7; p = 0.040) independent of BMI, IL-6, TNF-α, nutrition, physical function, education, age, and gender. Conclusion The association of GDF-15 with DM-associated poor physical function is independent of inflammation in prefrail older adults. Its causal-association link needs to be determined in longitudinal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reshma Aziz Merchant
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yiong Huak Chan
- Biostatistics Unit, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gustavo Duque
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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31
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Lu YC, Liu SL, Zhang YS, Liang F, Zhu XY, Xiao Y, Wang J, Ding C, Banerjee S, Yin JY, Ma QP. Association between growth differentiation factor 15 levels and gestational diabetes mellitus: A combined analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1084896. [PMID: 36742413 PMCID: PMC9895392 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1084896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common glucose metabolism disease occurs in pregnancy that affects both maternal and neonatal health. Recently, increasing studies have attached importance to the relationship between growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) and GDM, but the results were inconclusive. Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis to examine the association between GDF-15 and GDM. MATERIALS AND METHODS A systematical search was performed in Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), PubMed and Google Scholar till Oct 27, 2022. We first calculated the mean and standard deviation of GDF-15 expression levels from the included eligible datasets and articles. Then, a meta-analysis was conducted to depict the difference in GDF-15 mRNA or GDF-15 protein expression between case and control groups by using conservative random effect model. Moreover, the potential publication bias was checked with the aid of Begg's test and Egger's test. Finally, sensitivity analyses were performed by changing the inclusion criteria. RESULTS In summary, 12 GEO datasets and 5 articles were enrolled in our study, including 789 GDM patients and 1202 non-GDM pregnant women. It was found that the expression levels of GDF-15 mRNA and GDF-15 protein in late pregnancy were significantly higher in GDM patients compared with non-GDM pregnant women, with the standard mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) of 0.48 (0.14, 0.83) and 0.82 (0.32-1.33), respectively. Meanwhile, a slightly weakened association between GDF-15 protein levels and GDM was also observed in the middle pregnancy, with SMD (95% CI) of 0.53 (0.04-1.02). CONCLUSION In all, our results suggested that the expression levels of GDF-15 were significantly higher in GDM patients compared with non-GDM pregnant women, especially in the late pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Cheng Lu
- Taicang Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, The First People’s Hospital of TaiCang, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Song-Liang Liu
- Taicang Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, The First People’s Hospital of TaiCang, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yu-Shan Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Fei Liang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Zhu
- Suzhou Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Suzhou, China
- Department of Sample Application and Management, Institute of Suzhou Biobank, Suzhou, China
| | - Yue Xiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Cong Ding
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Sudipta Banerjee
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Post-Graduate Medical Education and Research and Seth Sukhlal Karnani Memorial Hospital (IPGME & R and SSKM Hospital), Kolkata, India
| | - Jie-Yun Yin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jie-Yun Yin, ; Qiu-Ping Ma,
| | - Qiu-Ping Ma
- Taicang Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, The First People’s Hospital of TaiCang, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jie-Yun Yin, ; Qiu-Ping Ma,
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32
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Reyes J, Yap GS. Emerging Roles of Growth Differentiation Factor 15 in Immunoregulation and Pathogenesis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 210:5-11. [PMID: 36542831 PMCID: PMC9779231 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) is a cytokine that is widely used as a biomarker for the severity of diverse disease states. It also has been shown to play a protective role after tissue injury and to promote a negative energy balance during obesity and diabetes. In addition to its metabolic effects, GDF-15 also regulates the host's immune responses to infectious and noninfectious diseases. GDF-15 can suppress a type 1 and, in contrast, promote a type 2 inflammatory response. In this brief review, we discuss how GDF-15 affects the effector function and recruitment of immune cells, the pathways that induce its expression, and the diverse mechanisms by which it is regulated during inflammation and infection. We further highlight outstanding questions that should be the focus of future investigations in this emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jojo Reyes
- Department of Medicine and Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07101
| | - George S. Yap
- Department of Medicine and Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07101
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Xie B, Murali A, Vandevender AM, Chen J, Silva AG, Bello FM, Chuan B, Bahudhanapati H, Sipula I, Dedousis N, Shah FA, O'Donnell CP, Alder JK, Jurczak MJ. Hepatocyte-derived GDF15 suppresses feeding and improves insulin sensitivity in obese mice. iScience 2022; 25:105569. [PMID: 36465107 PMCID: PMC9708916 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is a stress-induced secreted protein whose circulating levels are increased in the context of obesity. Recombinant GDF15 reduces body weight and improves glycemia in obese models, which is largely attributed to the central action of GDF15 to suppress feeding and reduce body weight. Despite these advances in knowledge, the tissue-specific sites of GDF15 production during obesity are unknown, and the effects of modulating circulating GDF15 levels on insulin sensitivity have not been evaluated directly. Here, we demonstrate that hepatocyte Gdf15 expression is sufficient for changes in circulating levels of GDF15 during obesity and that restoring Gdf15 expression specifically in hepatocytes of Gdf15 knockout mice results in marked improvements in hyperinsulinemia, hepatic insulin sensitivity, and to a lesser extent peripheral insulin sensitivity. These data support that liver hepatocytes are the primary source of circulating GDF15 in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingxian Xie
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Anjana Murali
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Amber M Vandevender
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for Metabolism and Mitochondrial Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jeffrey Chen
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Agustin Gil Silva
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Fiona M Bello
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for Metabolism and Mitochondrial Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Byron Chuan
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Harinath Bahudhanapati
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ian Sipula
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for Metabolism and Mitochondrial Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nikolaos Dedousis
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for Metabolism and Mitochondrial Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Faraaz A Shah
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Christopher P O'Donnell
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jonathan K Alder
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Michael J Jurczak
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for Metabolism and Mitochondrial Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Al‐kuraishy HM, Al‐Gareeb AI, Alexiou A, Papadakis M, Nadwa EH, Albogami SM, Alorabi M, Saad HM, Batiha GE. Metformin and growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A hidden treasure. J Diabetes 2022; 14:806-814. [PMID: 36444166 PMCID: PMC9789395 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.13334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic endocrine disorder due to the reduction of insulin sensitivity and relative deficiency of insulin secretion. Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) belongs to the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) superfamily and was initially identified as macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 (MIC-1). GDF15 is considered a cytokine with an anti-inflammatory effect and increases insulin sensitivity, reduces body weight, and improves clinical outcomes in diabetic patients. GDF15 acts through stimulation of glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family receptor α-like (GFRAL), which is highly expressed in the brain stem to induce taste aversion. Metformin belongs to the group of biguanides that are derived from the plant Galega officinalis. It is interesting to note that metformin is an insulin-sensitizing agent used as a first-line therapy for T2DM that has been shown to increase the circulating level of GDF15. Thus, the present review aims to determine the critical association of the GDF15 biomarker in T2DM and how metformin agents affect it. This review illustrates that metformin activates GDF15 expression, which reduces appetite and leads to weight loss in both diabetic and nondiabetic patients. However, the present review cannot give a conclusion in this regard. Therefore, experimental, preclinical, and clinical studies are warranted to confirm the potential role of GDF15 in T2DM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayder M. Al‐kuraishy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of MedicineAL‐Mustansiriyah UniversityBaghdadIraq
| | - Ali I. Al‐Gareeb
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of MedicineAL‐Mustansiriyah UniversityBaghdadIraq
| | - Athanasios Alexiou
- Department of Science and EngineeringNovel Global Community Educational FoundationHebershamAustralia
- AFNP MedWienAustria
| | - Marios Papadakis
- Department of Surgery II, University Hospital Witten‐Herdecke, Heusnerstrasse 40WuppertalGermany
| | - Eman Hassan Nadwa
- Department of Pharmacology and TherapeuticsCollege of Medicine, Jouf UniversitySakakahSaudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of MedicineCairo UniversityGizaEgypt
| | - Sarah M. Albogami
- Department of BiotechnologyCollege of Science, Taif UniversityTaifSaudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Alorabi
- Department of BiotechnologyCollege of Science, Taif UniversityTaifSaudi Arabia
| | - Hebatallah M. Saad
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineMatrouh UniversityMarsa MatruhEgypt
| | - Gaber El‐Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineDamanhour UniversityDamanhourEgypt
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35
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Patel S, Haider A, Alvarez-Guaita A, Bidault G, El-Sayed Moustafa JS, Guiu-Jurado E, Tadross JA, Warner J, Harrison J, Virtue S, Scurria F, Zvetkova I, Blüher M, Small KS, O'Rahilly S, Savage DB. Combined genetic deletion of GDF15 and FGF21 has modest effects on body weight, hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance in high fat fed mice. Mol Metab 2022; 65:101589. [PMID: 36064109 PMCID: PMC9486046 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Obesity in humans and mice is associated with elevated levels of two hormones responsive to cellular stress, namely GDF15 and FGF21. Over-expression of each of these is associated with weight loss and beneficial metabolic changes but where they are secreted from and what they are required for physiologically in the context of overfeeding remains unclear. METHODS Here we used tissue selective knockout mouse models and human transcriptomics to determine the source of circulating GDF15 in obesity. We then generated and characterized the metabolic phenotypes of GDF15/FGF21 double knockout mice. RESULTS Circulating GDF15 and FGF21 are both largely derived from the liver, rather than adipose tissue or skeletal muscle, in obese states. Combined whole body deletion of FGF21 and GDF15 does not result in any additional weight gain in response to high fat feeding but it does result in significantly greater hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance than that seen in GDF15 single knockout mice. CONCLUSIONS Collectively the data suggest that overfeeding activates a stress response in the liver which is the major source of systemic rises in GDF15 and FGF21. These hormones then activate pathways which reduce this metabolic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish Patel
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK; MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Afreen Haider
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK; MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Anna Alvarez-Guaita
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Guillaume Bidault
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | | | - Esther Guiu-Jurado
- Medical Department III - Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - John A Tadross
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK; East Midlands and East of England Genomic Laboratory Hub & Department of Histopathology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - James Warner
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - James Harrison
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Samuel Virtue
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Fabio Scurria
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Ilona Zvetkova
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Matthias Blüher
- Medical Department III - Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Zentrum München, University of Leipzig and University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kerrin S Small
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, St Thomas' Campus, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Stephen O'Rahilly
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK; MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - David B Savage
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK; MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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36
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Aguilar-Recarte D, Barroso E, Palomer X, Wahli W, Vázquez-Carrera M. Knocking on GDF15's door for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2022; 33:741-754. [PMID: 36151002 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2022.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Although a large number of drugs are available for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), many patients do not achieve adequate disease control despite adhering to medication. Recent findings indicate that the pharmacological modulation of the stress-induced cytokine growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) shows promise for the treatment of T2DM. GDF15 suppresses appetite and reduces inflammation, increases thermogenesis and lipid catabolism, sustains AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity, and ameliorates insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis. In addition, circulating GDF15 levels are elevated in response to several antidiabetic drugs, including metformin, with GDF15 mediating some of their effects. Here, we review the mechanistic insights into the beneficial effects of recently explored therapeutic approaches that target GDF15 for the treatment of T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Aguilar-Recarte
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain; Pediatric Research Institute-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Avinguda Joan XXII 27-31, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Emma Barroso
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain; Pediatric Research Institute-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Avinguda Joan XXII 27-31, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Palomer
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain; Pediatric Research Institute-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Avinguda Joan XXII 27-31, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Walter Wahli
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore 308232; ToxAlim (Research Center in Food Toxicology), INRAE, UMR1331, 31300 Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Manuel Vázquez-Carrera
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain; Pediatric Research Institute-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Avinguda Joan XXII 27-31, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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Chen J, Peng H, Chen C, Wang Y, Sang T, Cai Z, Zhao Q, Chen S, Lin X, Eling T, Wang X. NAG-1/GDF15 inhibits diabetic nephropathy via inhibiting AGE/RAGE-mediated inflammation signaling pathways in C57BL/6 mice and HK-2 cells. Life Sci 2022; 311:121142. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Fiorucci S, Urbani G. GDF15 in Vascular and Liver Metabolic Disorders: A Novel Therapeutic Target. RECENT ADVANCES IN INFLAMMATION & ALLERGY DRUG DISCOVERY 2022; 16:55-59. [PMID: 36578252 DOI: 10.2174/277227081602221221113442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Fiorucci
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Ginevra Urbani
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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39
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Signaling pathways in obesity: mechanisms and therapeutic interventions. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:298. [PMID: 36031641 PMCID: PMC9420733 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01149-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a complex, chronic disease and global public health challenge. Characterized by excessive fat accumulation in the body, obesity sharply increases the risk of several diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and is linked to lower life expectancy. Although lifestyle intervention (diet and exercise) has remarkable effects on weight management, achieving long-term success at weight loss is extremely challenging, and the prevalence of obesity continues to rise worldwide. Over the past decades, the pathophysiology of obesity has been extensively investigated, and an increasing number of signal transduction pathways have been implicated in obesity, making it possible to fight obesity in a more effective and precise way. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the pathogenesis of obesity from both experimental and clinical studies, focusing on signaling pathways and their roles in the regulation of food intake, glucose homeostasis, adipogenesis, thermogenesis, and chronic inflammation. We also discuss the current anti-obesity drugs, as well as weight loss compounds in clinical trials, that target these signals. The evolving knowledge of signaling transduction may shed light on the future direction of obesity research, as we move into a new era of precision medicine.
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40
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Wang Y, Chen J, Chen C, Peng H, Lin X, Zhao Q, Chen S, Wang X. Growth differentiation factor-15 overexpression promotes cell proliferation and predicts poor prognosis in cerebral lower-grade gliomas correlated with hypoxia and glycolysis signature. Life Sci 2022; 302:120645. [PMID: 35588865 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF15) plays complex and controversial roles in cancer. In this study, the prognostic value and the exact biological function of GDF15 in cerebral lower-grade gliomas (LGGs) and its potential molecular targets were examined. MAIN METHODS Wilcoxon signed-rank test and logistic regression were applied to analyze associations between GDF15 expression and clinical characteristics using the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Overall survival was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier and Cox analyses. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) and the hypoxia risk model was conducted to identify the potential molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of GDF15 on LGGs tumorigenesis. The biological function of GDF15 was examined using gain- and loss-of-function experiments, and a recombinant hGDF15 protein in LGG SW1783 cells in vitro. KEY FINDINGS We found that higher GDF15 expression is associated with poor clinical features in LGG patients, and an independent risk factor for overall survival among LGG patients. GSEA results showed that the poor prognostic role of GDF15 in LGGs is related to hypoxia and glycolysis signatures, which was further validated using the hypoxia risk model. Furthermore, GDF15 overexpression facilitated cell proliferation, while GDF15 siRNA inhibits cell proliferation in LGG SW1783 cells. In addition, GDF15 was upregulated upon CoCl2 treatment which induces hypoxia, correlating with the upregulation of the expressions of HIF-1α and glycolysis-related key genes in SW1783 cells. SIGNIFICANCE GDF15 may promote LGG tumorigenesis that is associated with the hypoxia and glycolysis pathways, and thus could serve as a promising molecular target for LGG prevention and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Jiajun Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Chaojie Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - He Peng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Xiaojian Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Qian Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Shengjia Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Xingya Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, PR China.
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Di Magno L, Di Pastena F, Bordone R, Coni S, Canettieri G. The Mechanism of Action of Biguanides: New Answers to a Complex Question. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14133220. [PMID: 35804992 PMCID: PMC9265089 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14133220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Biguanides are a family of antidiabetic drugs with documented anticancer properties in preclinical and clinical settings. Despite intensive investigation, how they exert their therapeutic effects is still debated. Many studies support the hypothesis that biguanides inhibit mitochondrial complex I, inducing energy stress and activating compensatory responses mediated by energy sensors. However, a major concern related to this “complex” model is that the therapeutic concentrations of biguanides found in the blood and tissues are much lower than the doses required to inhibit complex I, suggesting the involvement of additional mechanisms. This comprehensive review illustrates the current knowledge of pharmacokinetics, receptors, sensors, intracellular alterations, and the mechanism of action of biguanides in diabetes and cancer. The conditions of usage and variables affecting the response to these drugs, the effect on the immune system and microbiota, as well as the results from the most relevant clinical trials in cancer are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Di Magno
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy; (L.D.M.); (F.D.P.); (R.B.); (S.C.)
| | - Fiorella Di Pastena
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy; (L.D.M.); (F.D.P.); (R.B.); (S.C.)
| | - Rosa Bordone
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy; (L.D.M.); (F.D.P.); (R.B.); (S.C.)
| | - Sonia Coni
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy; (L.D.M.); (F.D.P.); (R.B.); (S.C.)
| | - Gianluca Canettieri
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy; (L.D.M.); (F.D.P.); (R.B.); (S.C.)
- Istituto Pasteur—Fondazione Cenci—Bolognetti, 00161 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence:
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42
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Wang Y, Chen J, Sang T, Chen C, Peng H, Lin X, Zhao Q, Chen S, Eling T, Wang X. NAG-1/GDF15 protects against streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetes by inhibiting apoptosis, preserving beta-cell function, and suppressing inflammation in pancreatic islets. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2022; 549:111643. [PMID: 35398052 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2022.111643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The loss of functional insulin-producing β-cells is a hallmark of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Previously, we reported that the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug activated gene-1, or growth differentiation factor-15 (NAG-1/GDF15) inhibits obesity and improves insulin sensitivity in both genetic and dietary-induced obese mice. However, the regulatory role of NAG-1/GDF15 in the structure and function of β-cells and the prevention of T1DM is largely unknown. In the current study, we reported that NAG-1/GDF15 transgenic (Tg) mice are resistant to diabetogenesis induced by multiple low-dose streptozotocin (MLD-STZ) treatment. NAG-1/GDF15 overexpression significantly reduced diabetes incidence, alleviated symptoms of T1DM, and improved MLD-STZ-induced glucose intolerance and insulin resistance. Both the mass and function of pancreatic β cells were preserved in the NAG-1/GDF15 Tg mice as evidenced by significantly increased islet area and insulin production. The mechanistic study revealed that NAG-1/GDF15 significantly inhibited STZ-induced apoptosis and preserved the reduction of proliferation in the islets of the Tg mice as compared to the wild-type (WT) mice upon MLD-STZ treatment. Additionally, NAG-1/GDF15 significantly reduced both the serum and islet levels of the inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNFα), and reduced the expression of NF-κB expression and immune cells infiltration in the islets. Collectively, these results indicate that NAG-1/GDF15 is effective in improving STZ-induced glucose intolerance, probably was mediated via suppressing inflammation, inhibiting apoptosis, and preserving β-cell mass and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 311400, China
| | - Jiajun Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 311400, China
| | - Tingting Sang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 311400, China
| | - Chaojie Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 311400, China
| | - He Peng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 311400, China
| | - Xiaojian Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 311400, China
| | - Qian Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 311400, China
| | - Shengjia Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 311400, China
| | - Thomas Eling
- Scientist Emeritus, National Institute of Environmental Health Science, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Xingya Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 311400, China.
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Wang Y, Chen C, Chen J, Sang T, Peng H, Lin X, Zhao Q, Chen S, Eling T, Wang X. Overexpression of NAG-1/GDF15 prevents hepatic steatosis through inhibiting oxidative stress-mediated dsDNA release and AIM2 inflammasome activation. Redox Biol 2022; 52:102322. [PMID: 35504134 PMCID: PMC9079118 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress-mediated inflammasome activation play critical roles in the pathogenesis of the non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-activated gene-1 (NAG-1), or growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF15), is associated with many biological processes and diseases, including NAFLD. However, the role of NAG-1/GDF15 in regulating oxidative stress and whether this process is associated with absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) inflammasome activation in NAFLD are unknown. In this study, we revealed that NAG-1/GDF15 is significantly downregulated in liver tissues of patients with steatosis compared to normal livers using the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, and in free fatty acids (FFA, oleic acid/palmitic acid, 2:1)-induced HepG2 and Huh-7 cellular steatosis models. Overexpression of NAG-1/GDF15 in transgenic (Tg) mice significantly alleviated HFD-induced obesity and hepatic steatosis, improved lipid homeostasis, enhanced fatty acid β-oxidation and lipolysis, inhibited fatty acid synthesis and uptake, and inhibited AIM2 inflammasome activation and the secretion of IL-18 and IL-1β, as compared to their wild-type (WT) littermates without reducing food intake. Furthermore, NAG-1/GDF15 overexpression attenuated FFA-induced triglyceride (TG) accumulation, lipid metabolism deregulation, and AIM2 inflammasome activation in hepatic steatotic cells, while knockdown of NAG-1/GDF15 demonstrated opposite effects. Moreover, NAG-1/GDF15 overexpression inhibited HFD- and FFA-induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage which in turn reduced double-strand DNA (dsDNA) release into the cytosol, while NAG-1/GDF15 siRNA showed opposite effects. The reduced ROS production and dsDNA release may be responsible for attenuated AIM2 activation by NAG-1/GDF15 upon fatty acid overload. In conclusion, our results provide evidence that other than regulating lipid homeostasis, NAG-1/GDF15 protects against hepatic steatosis through a novel mechanism via suppressing oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage, dsDNA release, and AIM2 inflammasome activation. NAG-1/GDF15 is downregulated in human steatotic liver and FFA-induced liver cells. NAG-1/GDF15 inhibits hepatic steatosis and improves lipid homeostasis. AIM2 inflammasome is activated in steatosis models and is inhibited by NAG-1/GDF15. NAG-1/GDF15 reduces oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage in steatosis models. NAG-1/GDF15 inhibits mitochondrial dsDNA release and thus inhibits AIM2 activation.
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Echouffo-Tcheugui JB, Daya N, Ndumele CE, Matsushita K, Hoogeveen RC, Ballantyne CM, Coresh J, Shah AM, Selvin E. Diabetes, GDF-15 and incident heart failure: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study. Diabetologia 2022; 65:955-963. [PMID: 35275240 PMCID: PMC9081127 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-022-05678-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Elevated circulating growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15), a marker of cellular stress, is associated with both heart failure (HF) and diabetes. However, it is unclear to what extent GDF-15 is associated with HF among individuals with and without diabetes. METHODS We evaluated 10,570 participants free of HF at Visit 3 (1993-1995) of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study. We used Cox regression to evaluate the joint associations of GDF-15 and diabetes with incident HF. Models were adjusted for traditional cardiovascular risk factors. RESULTS Among a total of 10,570 individuals (mean age of 60.0 years, 54% women, 27% black adults), elevated GDF-15 (≥75th percentile) was more common in people with diabetes compared with those without diabetes (32.8% vs 23.6%, p<0.0001). During 23 years of follow-up, there were 2429 incident HF events. GDF-15 (in quartiles) was independently associated with HF among those with and without diabetes, with a stronger association among individuals with diabetes (p-for-diabetes-GDF-15 interaction = 0.034): HR for highest vs lowest GDF-15 quartile (reference): 1.64 (95% CI 1.41, 1.91) among those without diabetes and 1.72 (95% CI 1.32, 2.23) among those with diabetes. Individuals with diabetes and elevated GDF-15 had the highest risk of incident HF (HR 2.46; 95% CI 1.99, 3.03). After accounting for HF risk factors, GDF-15 provided additional prognostic information among participants with diabetes (ΔC statistic for model with vs model without GDF-15: +0.008, p = 0.001) and among those without diabetes (+0.006, p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION In a community-based sample of US adults, GDF-15 provided complementary prognostic information on the HF risk, especially among individuals with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin B Echouffo-Tcheugui
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Natalie Daya
- Department of Epidemiology and Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Chiadi E Ndumele
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kunihiro Matsushita
- Department of Epidemiology and Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ron C Hoogeveen
- Section of Cardiovascular Research, Baylor College of Medicine and Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart & Vascular Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Christie M Ballantyne
- Section of Cardiovascular Research, Baylor College of Medicine and Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart & Vascular Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Josef Coresh
- Department of Epidemiology and Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Amil M Shah
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Selvin
- Department of Epidemiology and Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Angelidi AM, Belanger MJ, Kokkinos A, Koliaki CC, Mantzoros CS. Novel Noninvasive Approaches to the Treatment of Obesity: From Pharmacotherapy to Gene Therapy. Endocr Rev 2022; 43:507-557. [PMID: 35552683 PMCID: PMC9113190 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnab034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent insights into the pathophysiologic underlying mechanisms of obesity have led to the discovery of several promising drug targets and novel therapeutic strategies to address the global obesity epidemic and its comorbidities. Current pharmacologic options for obesity management are largely limited in number and of modest efficacy/safety profile. Therefore, the need for safe and more efficacious new agents is urgent. Drugs that are currently under investigation modulate targets across a broad range of systems and tissues, including the central nervous system, gastrointestinal hormones, adipose tissue, kidney, liver, and skeletal muscle. Beyond pharmacotherapeutics, other potential antiobesity strategies are being explored, including novel drug delivery systems, vaccines, modulation of the gut microbiome, and gene therapy. The present review summarizes the pathophysiology of energy homeostasis and highlights pathways being explored in the effort to develop novel antiobesity medications and interventions but does not cover devices and bariatric methods. Emerging pharmacologic agents and alternative approaches targeting these pathways and relevant research in both animals and humans are presented in detail. Special emphasis is given to treatment options at the end of the development pipeline and closer to the clinic (ie, compounds that have a higher chance to be added to our therapeutic armamentarium in the near future). Ultimately, advancements in our understanding of the pathophysiology and interindividual variation of obesity may lead to multimodal and personalized approaches to obesity treatment that will result in safe, effective, and sustainable weight loss until the root causes of the problem are identified and addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeliki M Angelidi
- Section of Endocrinology, VA Boston Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthew J Belanger
- Department of Medicine Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexander Kokkinos
- First Department of Propaedeutic Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Chrysi C Koliaki
- First Department of Propaedeutic Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Christos S Mantzoros
- Section of Endocrinology, VA Boston Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Weber BZC, Arabaci DH, Kir S. Metabolic Reprogramming in Adipose Tissue During Cancer Cachexia. Front Oncol 2022; 12:848394. [PMID: 35646636 PMCID: PMC9135324 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.848394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cachexia is a disorder of energy balance characterized by the wasting of adipose tissue and skeletal muscle resulting in severe weight loss with profound influence on morbidity and mortality. Treatment options for cancer cachexia are still limited. This multifactorial syndrome is associated with changes in several metabolic pathways in adipose tissue which is affected early in the course of cachexia. Adipose depots are involved in energy storage and consumption as well as endocrine functions. In this mini review, we discuss the metabolic reprogramming in all three types of adipose tissues – white, brown, and beige – under the influence of the tumor macro-environment. Alterations in adipose tissue lipolysis, lipogenesis, inflammation and adaptive thermogenesis of beige/brown adipocytes are highlighted. Energy-wasting circuits in adipose tissue impacts whole-body metabolism and particularly skeletal muscle. Targeting of key molecular players involved in the metabolic reprogramming may aid in the development of new treatment strategies for cancer cachexia.
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Kandarakov O, Belyavsky A, Semenova E. Bone Marrow Niches of Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084462. [PMID: 35457280 PMCID: PMC9032554 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian hematopoietic system is remarkably efficient in meeting an organism’s vital needs, yet is highly sensitive and exquisitely regulated. Much of the organismal control over hematopoiesis comes from the regulation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) by specific microenvironments called niches in bone marrow (BM), where HSCs reside. The experimental studies of the last two decades using the most sophisticated and advanced techniques have provided important data on the identity of the niche cells controlling HSCs functions and some mechanisms underlying niche-HSC interactions. In this review we discuss various aspects of organization and functioning of the HSC cell niche in bone marrow. In particular, we review the anatomy of BM niches, various cell types composing the niche, niches for more differentiated cells, metabolism of HSCs in relation to the niche, niche aging, leukemic transformation of the niche, and the current state of HSC niche modeling in vitro.
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Kim J, Lee S, Lee MS. Suppressive Effect of Autocrine FGF21 on Autophagy-Deficient Hepatic Tumorigenesis. Front Oncol 2022; 12:832804. [PMID: 35321438 PMCID: PMC8936433 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.832804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice with hepatocyte-specific deletion of autophagy-related 7 (Atg7ΔHep mice) develop hepatoma, suggesting that autophagy deficiency could be a factor in the initiation of tumorigenesis. We have shown that FGF21 is induced as a ‘mitokine’ when Atg7 is disrupted in insulin target tissues such as the liver, which could affect systemic metabolism through endocrine activity. Since FGF21 or other endocrine FGF such as FGF19 can affect tumor growth, we hypothesized that FGF21 produced by Atg7-knockout (KO) hepatocytes may affect the behavior of Atg7-KO hepatoma in an autocrine manner. We, thus, crossed Atg7ΔHep mice with systemic Fgf21-KO (Fgf21−/−) mice to generate Atg7ΔHepFgf21−/− mice. The number and size of hepatoma of Atg7ΔHep mice were significantly increased by additional Fgf21 KO. The proliferation of Atg7-KO hepatocyte was significantly increased by Fgf21 KO. pYAP1/YAP1 representing YAP1 degradation was significantly decreased in the liver of Atg7ΔHepFgf21−/− mice compared to Atg7ΔHepFgf21+/+ mice. Consistently, expression of YAP1/TAZ downstream genes was significantly increased in the liver of Atg7ΔHepFgf21−/− mice compared to Atg7ΔHepFgf21+/+ mice, which could explain the increased size of hepatoma in Atg7ΔHepFgf21−/− mice. Accumulation of ROS and ROS-mediated DNA damage were increased in the liver of Atg7ΔHepFgf21+/+ mice, which was further aggravated by additional Fgf21 KO probably due to the absence of positive effect of FGF21 on mitochondrial function, explaining the increased number of hepatoma in Atg7ΔHepFgf21−/− mice compared to Atg7ΔHepFgf21+/+ mice. These results show that FGF21 produced by autophagy-deficient hepatocytes could have autocrine or paracrine effects on the number and proliferation of autophagy-deficient hepatoma, suggesting that hormones or factors released from autophagy-deficient tumors can influence the behavior or prognosis of the tumor in addition to the effects on host metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyoung Kim
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Soyeon Lee
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Myung-Shik Lee
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Myung-Shik Lee, ;
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Conte M, Giuliani C, Chiariello A, Iannuzzi V, Franceschi C, Salvioli S. GDF15, an emerging key player in human aging. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 75:101569. [PMID: 35051643 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is recently emerging not only as a stress-related mitokine, but also as a key player in the aging process, being one of the most up-regulated protein with age and associated with a variety of age-related diseases (ARDs). Many data indicate that GDF15 has protective roles in several tissues during different stress and aging, thus playing a beneficial role in apparent contrast with the observed association with many ARDs. A possible detrimental role for this protein is then hypothesized to emerge with age. Therefore, GDF15 can be considered as a pleiotropic factor with beneficial activities that can turn detrimental in old age possibly when it is chronically elevated. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the biology of GDF15 during aging. We also propose GDF15 as a part of a dormancy program, where it may play a role as a mediator of defense processes aimed to protect from inflammatory damage and other stresses, according to the life history theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Conte
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Interdepartmental Centre "Alma Mater Research Institute on Global Challenges and Climate Change (Alma Climate)", University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Cristina Giuliani
- Interdepartmental Centre "Alma Mater Research Institute on Global Challenges and Climate Change (Alma Climate)", University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Laboratory of Molecular Anthropology & Centre for Genome Biology, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonio Chiariello
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Iannuzzi
- Laboratory of Molecular Anthropology & Centre for Genome Biology, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudio Franceschi
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Institute of Information Technologies, Mathematics and Mechanics, Lobachevsky University, Nizhniy Novgorod, Russia
| | - Stefano Salvioli
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Interdepartmental Centre "Alma Mater Research Institute on Global Challenges and Climate Change (Alma Climate)", University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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50
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Asrih M, Dusaulcy R, Gosmain Y, Philippe J, Somm E, Jornayvaz FR, Kang BE, Jo Y, Choi MJ, Yi HS, Ryu D, Gariani K. Growth differentiation factor-15 prevents glucotoxicity and connexin-36 downregulation in pancreatic beta-cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2022; 541:111503. [PMID: 34763008 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic beta cell dysfunction is a hallmark of type 2 diabetes. Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15), which is an energy homeostasis regulator, has been shown to improve several metabolic parameters in the context of diabetes. However, its effects on pancreatic beta-cell remain to be identified. We, therefore, performed experiments using cell models and histological sectioning of wild-type and knock-out GDF15 mice to determine the effect of GDF15 on insulin secretion and cell viability. A bioinformatics analysis was performed to identify GDF15-correlated genes. GDF15 prevents glucotoxicity-mediated altered glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) and connexin-36 downregulation. Inhibition of endogenous GDF15 reduced GSIS in cultured mouse beta-cells under standard conditions while it had no impact on GSIS in cells exposed to glucolipotoxicity, which is a diabetogenic condition. Furthermore, this inhibition exacerbated glucolipotoxicity-reduced cell survival. This suggests that endogenous GDF15 in beta-cell is required for cell survival but not GSIS in the context of glucolipotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Asrih
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Patient Therapeutic Education, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, 1205, Geneva, Switzerland; University of Geneva Medical School, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Rodolphe Dusaulcy
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Patient Therapeutic Education, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, 1205, Geneva, Switzerland; University of Geneva Medical School, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Yvan Gosmain
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Patient Therapeutic Education, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, 1205, Geneva, Switzerland; University of Geneva Medical School, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jacques Philippe
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Patient Therapeutic Education, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, 1205, Geneva, Switzerland; University of Geneva Medical School, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuel Somm
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Patient Therapeutic Education, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, 1205, Geneva, Switzerland; University of Geneva Medical School, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - François R Jornayvaz
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Patient Therapeutic Education, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, 1205, Geneva, Switzerland; University of Geneva Medical School, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Baeki E Kang
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 16419, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunju Jo
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 16419, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jeong Choi
- Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Chungnam National University Hospital, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, 35015, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, 35015, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyon-Seung Yi
- Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Chungnam National University Hospital, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, 35015, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, 35015, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongryeol Ryu
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 16419, Suwon, Republic of Korea; Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, 16419, Suwon, Republic of Korea; Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, 06351, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Karim Gariani
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Patient Therapeutic Education, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, 1205, Geneva, Switzerland; University of Geneva Medical School, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland.
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