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Qi M, Su X, Li Z, Huang H, Wang J, Lin N, Kong X. Bibliometric analysis of research progress on tetramethylpyrazine and its effects on ischemia-reperfusion injury. Pharmacol Ther 2024:108656. [PMID: 38735486 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
In recent decades, natural products have attracted worldwide attention and become one of the most important resources for pharmacological industries and medical sciences to identify novel drug candidates for disease treatment. Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) is an alkaloid extracted from Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort., which has shown great therapeutic potential in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, liver and renal injury, as well as cancer. In this review, we analyzed 1270 papers published on the Web of Science Core Collection from 2002 to 2022 and found that TMP exerted significant protective effects on ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury that is the cause of pathological damages in a variety of conditions, such as ischemic stroke, myocardial infarction, acute kidney injury, and liver transplantation. TMP is limited in clinical applications to some extent due to its rapid metabolism, a short biological half-life and poor bioavailability. Obviously, the structural modification, administration methods and dosage forms of TMP need to be further investigated in order to improve its bioavailability. This review summarizes the clinical applications of TMP, elucidates its potential mechanisms in protecting I/R injury, provides strategies to improve bioavailability, which presents a comprehensive understanding of the important compound. Hopefully, the information and knowledge from this review can help researchers and physicians to better improve the applications of TMP in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhu Qi
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Xiaohui Su
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Zhuohang Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Helan Huang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Jingbo Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Na Lin
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Xiangying Kong
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
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Danduga RCSR, Shaik HB, Polopalli S, Kola PK, Kanakaraju VK, Kandaswamy S. Tetramethylpyrazine contributes to the neuroprotection in a rodent epileptic model of pentylenetetrazole-induced kindling. J Pharm Pharmacol 2023; 75:1163-1176. [PMID: 37100619 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgad022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In this study, tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) was evaluated for its therapeutic potential as an alternative therapy for epileptogenesis and its associated comorbidities in rats. METHODS The sub-convulsant dose of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) (35 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) was injected on alternative days to produce kindling for 32 days and observed for seizure score percent of kindled animals in each group. After kindling, the animals were evaluated in models of anxiety, memory and predictive of depression. The neuroprotective effect of TMP was assessed by estimating the biochemical parameters in the cortex and hippocampus of the brain. Histopathological alterations were also observed in the cortex and hippocampus (CA1, CA3 and DG). KEY FINDINGS The administration of TMP reduced the seizure score and percentage of kindled animals dose-dependently. Furthermore, TMP significantly improved the behavioural parameters measured in the predictive models of depression but not in the anxiety and cognitive performances of the animals. The oxidative-nitrosative stress, excitotoxicity, neuroinflammation and histological alterations in the brain induced by PTZ were significantly mitigated by administering the TMP high dose of 60 mg/kg. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the TMP attenuated the depression behaviour in the PTZ-induced kindled rats, and reduced the oxidative-nitrosative stress, excitotoxicity, neuroinflammation and histological alterations of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Chandra Sekhara Reddy Danduga
- Department of Pharmacology, Acharya Nagarjuna University College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, 400056, India
| | - Habbeb Banu Shaik
- Department of Pharmacology, Acharya Nagarjuna University College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Subramanyam Polopalli
- Department of Pharmacology, Acharya Nagarjuna University College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Phani Kumar Kola
- Department of Pharmacology, Acharya Nagarjuna University College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Vijaya Kishore Kanakaraju
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Acharya Nagarjuna University College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Surabhi Kandaswamy
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, Lancashire, United Kingdom
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Li G, Sng KS, Shu B, Wang YJ, Yao M, Cui XJ. Effects of tetramethylpyrazine treatment in a rat model of spinal cord injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 945:175524. [PMID: 36803629 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a serious disabling condition that leads to the loss of motor, sensory, and excretory functions, seriously affecting the quality of life of patients and imposing a heavy burden on the patient's family and society. There is currently a lack of effective treatments for SCI. However, a large number of experimental studies have shown beneficial effects of tetramethylpyrazine (TMP). We performed a meta-analysis to systematically evaluate the effects of TMP on neurological and motor function recovery in rats with acute SCI. English (PubMed, Web of Science, and EMbase) and Chinese (CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, and CBM) databases were searched for literature related to TMP treatment in rats with SCI published until October 2022. Two researchers independently read the included studies, extracted the data, and evaluated their quality. A total of 29 studies were included, and a risk of bias assessment revealed that the methodological quality of the included studies was low. The results of the meta-analysis showed that the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB; n = 429, pooled mean difference [MD] = 3.44, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.67 to 4.22, p < 0.00001) and inclined plane test (n = 133, pooled MD = 5.60, 95% CI = 3.78 to 7.41, p < 0.00001) scores of rats treated with TMP were significantly higher than those in the control group at 14 days after SCI. TMP treatment also resulted in a significant reduction in malondialdehyde (MDA; n = 128, pooled MD = -2.03, 95% CI = -3.47 to -0.58, p < 0.00001) and increased superoxide dismutase (SOD; n = 128, pooled MD = 5.02, 95% CI = 2.39 to 7.65, p < 0.00001). Subgroup analysis indicated that different doses of TMP did not improve the BBB scale and inclined plane test angles. In conclusion, this review showed that TMP can improve SCI outcomes; however, in view of the limitations of the included studies, larger and high-quality studies are required for verification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gan Li
- Spine Disease Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Kim Sia Sng
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Centre for Complementary and Alternative Medicine, International Medical University, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Bing Shu
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yong-Jun Wang
- Spine Disease Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Min Yao
- Spine Disease Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Xue-Jun Cui
- Spine Disease Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Bukhari SNA, Yogesh R. An Overview of Tetramethylpyrazine (Ligustrazine) and its Derivatives as
Potent Anti-Alzheimer’s Disease Agents. LETT DRUG DES DISCOV 2022. [DOI: 10.2174/1570180819666220405232333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:
Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP), or ligustrazine, is an alkaloid isolated from the Chinese herb
Ligusticum wallichii. It is known for its broad-spectrum medicinal properties against several diseases, and
various studies have shown that it can modulate diverse biological targets and signaling pathways to produce
neuroprotective effects, especially against Alzheimer’s disease (AD). This has attracted significant
research attention evaluating TMP as a potent multitarget anti-AD agent. This review compiles the results
of studies assessing the neuroprotective mechanisms exerted by TMP as well as its derivatives prepared
using a multi-target-directed ligand strategy to explore its multitarget modulating properties. The present
review also highlights the work done on the design, synthesis, structure-activity relationships, and mechanisms
of some potent TMP derivatives that have shown promising anti-AD activities. These derivatives
were designed, synthesized, and evaluated to develop anti-AD molecules with enhanced biological and
pharmacokinetic activities compared to TMP. This review article paves the way for the exploration and
development of TMP and TMP derivatives as an effective treatment for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Nasir Abbas Bukhari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Aljouf 2014, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ruchika Yogesh
- 22 A3, DS Tower 1, Sukhumvit Soi 33, Khlong Tan Nuea, Wattana, Bangkok 10110, Thailand
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Zhang S, An L, Li Z, Wang X, Wang H, Shi L, Bao J, Lan X, Zhang E, Lall N, Reid AM, Li Y, Jin DQ, Xu J, Guo Y. Structural elucidation of an immunological arabinan from the rhizomes of Ligusticum chuanxiong, a traditional Chinese medicine. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 170:42-52. [PMID: 33316344 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.12.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, an immunological arabinan, LCP70-2A, was isolated from Ligusticum chuanxiong for the first time. The absolute molecular weight of LCP70-2A was determined to be 6.46 × 104 g/mol using the HPSEC-MALLS-RID method. The absolute configuration of arabinose in LCP70-2A was determined to be L-configuration. Physicochemical characterization revealed that LCP70-2A was a homogeneous polysaccharide and had a backbone of (1 → 5)-linked α-L-Araf with terminal α-L-arabinose residues at position O-2 and O-3. Molecular conformation analysis showed that LCP70-2A was a branching polysaccharide with a compact coil chain conformation in 0.1 M NaCl solution. In addition, in vitro cell assays showed that LCP70-2A can activate macrophages by enhancing the phagocytosis and potentiating the secretion of immunoregulatory factors including NO, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β. Furthermore, LCP70-2A was proved to promote the production of ROS and NO using the zebrafish model, suggesting that LCP70-2A can be further developed as a candidate supplement for immunological enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, and Drug Discovery Center for Infectious Disease, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijun An
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, and Drug Discovery Center for Infectious Disease, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengguo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, and Drug Discovery Center for Infectious Disease, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuelian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, and Drug Discovery Center for Infectious Disease, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Honglin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, and Drug Discovery Center for Infectious Disease, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijuan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, and Drug Discovery Center for Infectious Disease, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiahe Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, and Drug Discovery Center for Infectious Disease, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaozhong Lan
- Food Science College, Tibet Agricultural & Animal Husbandry University, Linzhi 860000, People's Republic of China
| | - Erhao Zhang
- Food Science College, Tibet Agricultural & Animal Husbandry University, Linzhi 860000, People's Republic of China
| | - Namrita Lall
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Anna-Mari Reid
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Yuhao Li
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Da-Qing Jin
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, and Drug Discovery Center for Infectious Disease, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuanqiang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, and Drug Discovery Center for Infectious Disease, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China.
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Wang Y, Zhang N, Hou B, Yin Q, Gong J, Tang W. Effect of crystal growth kinetics on the formation of liquid inclusions in tetramethylpyrazine crystals. CrystEngComm 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ce01965k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Inclusion of mother liquids inside the pharmaceutical crystals poses a great challenge and threat to the product quality and purification efficiency. Herein we demonstrate how growth kinetics tune the formation of liquid inclusion and its occluded mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoguo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- People's Republic of China
| | - Nuoyang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- People's Republic of China
| | - Baohong Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuxiang Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- People's Republic of China
| | - Junbo Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- People's Republic of China
| | - Weiwei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- People's Republic of China
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He J, Deng Y, Zhu F, Zhong T, Luo N, Lei L, Cheng L, Hu T. The Efficacy and Safety of a Herbal Toothpaste in Reducing Gingivitis: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel Allocation Clinical Trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2019; 2019:3764936. [PMID: 30854006 PMCID: PMC6378009 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3764936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
AIM To examine the efficacy and safety of the toothpaste containing Rhizoma Chuanxiong and Rhizoma Imperatae extracts in reducing gingivitis. METHOD A double-blind clinical trial was conducted, in which 120 volunteers were randomly assigned to the test group (N = 60) or the control group (N = 60). Tetramethylpyrazine, senkyunolide A, ferulic acid, and ligustilide are the main effective components of Rhizoma Chuanxiong and Rhizoma Imperatae contains the main components of cylindrin, carotene, 5-hydroxytryptamine, potassium, and calcium. The control group used placebo toothpaste containing neither Rhizoma Chuanxiong extract nor Rhizoma Imperatae extract. Plaque, gingivitis, and bleeding were assessed at the baseline, prior to the supragingival scaling, and at 4, 8, and 12 weeks. RESULTS During the trial, both test and control groups showed a decreasing trend compared to the baseline. At the end of 12 weeks, with respect to Gingival Index (GI), Bleeding Index (BI), and Bleeding on Probing percentage (BOP%) scores, there were significant differences between test and control groups (GI, P<0.001, BI, P<0.001, and BOP%, P<0.001, resp.). After 4 weeks of usage, there were no statistically significant differences in all of GI, BI, and BOP% scores between the two groups. However, the decrease became statistically significant at next two intervals (GI, P<0.001, BI, P<0.001, and BOP%, P<0.001, resp.) in the efficiency of GI, BI, and BOP% which was 8.04%, 11.02%, and 37.16%, respectively. There were no treatment-related adverse events reported. CONCLUSION The toothpaste containing Rhizoma Chuanxiong and Rhizoma Imperatae extracts was well tolerated and significantly reduced gingivitis and bleeding after usage for 12 weeks. There was better improvement at molars, and the more serious the baseline status was, the better the efficacy was.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng He
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yalan Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fangzhi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ting Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Nanyu Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Lee B, Shim I, Lee H, Hahm DH. Tetramethylpyrazine reverses anxiety-like behaviors in a rat model of post-traumatic stress disorder. Korean J Physiol Pharmacol 2018; 22:525-538. [PMID: 30181699 PMCID: PMC6115350 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2018.22.5.525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a trauma-induced psychiatric disorder characterized by impaired fear extermination, hyperarousal, and anxiety that may involve the release of monoamines in the fear circuit. The reported pharmacological properties of tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) include anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-atherosclerotic, and neuropsychiatric activities. However, the anxiolytic-like effects of TMP and its mechanism of action in PTSD are unclear. This study measured several anxiety-related behavioral responses to examine the effects of TMP on symptoms of anxiety in rats after single prolonged stress (SPS) exposure by reversing the serotonin (5-HT) and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis dysfunction. Rats were given TMP (10, 20, or 40 mg/kg, i.p.) for 14 days after SPS exposure. Administration of TMP significantly reduced grooming behavior, increased the time spent and number of visits to the open arm in the elevated plus maze test, and significantly increased the number of central zone crossings in the open field test. TMP administration significantly reduced the freezing response to contextual fear conditioning and significantly restored the neurochemical abnormalities and the SPS-induced decrease in 5-HT tissue levels in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. The increased 5-HT concentration during TMP treatment might be partially attribute to the tryptophan and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid mRNA level expression in the hippocampus of rats with PTSD. These findings support a role for reducing the altered serotonergic transmission in rats with PTSD. TMP simultaneously attenuated the HPA axis dysfunction. Therefore, TMP may be useful for developing an agent for treating psychiatric disorders, such those observed in patients with PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bombi Lee
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea.,Center for Converging Humanities, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Insop Shim
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Hyejung Lee
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Dae-Hyun Hahm
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
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Zhang C, Shen M, Teng F, Li P, Gao F, Tu J, Luo L, Yeh CK, Zhang D. Ultrasound-Enhanced Protective Effect of Tetramethylpyrazine via the ROS/HIF-1A Signaling Pathway in an in Vitro Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury Model. Ultrasound Med Biol 2018; 44:1786-1798. [PMID: 29793852 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species-induced oxidative stress is an important pathophysiological process during cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. It has been reported that the protective effect of tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) against cerebral I/R injury can be significantly improved by its combination with ultrasound exposure. However, the molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways underlying the synergistic protective effect remain unclear. In the present work, the damage induced by I/R injury was modeled by glutamate-induced toxicity to pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells. The ultrasound-enhanced protective effect of TMP was systemically investigated by measuring variations in cell viability, cell migration and levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species, the oxidative stress-related protein glutathione, apoptosis-related proteins (caspase-8, -9 and -3), as well as expression of related genes (hypoxia-inducible factor-1a, p53, murine double minute2). The results suggest that the ultrasound-enhanced protective effect of TMP against cerebral I/R injury might act via the reactive oxygen species/hypoxia-inducible factor-1a signaling pathway, and an appropriate ultrasound intensity should be selected to achieve an optimal synergistic neuroprotective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunbing Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Meihong Shen
- Second Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Fengmeng Teng
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Pengfei Li
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Juan Tu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics (MOE), Department of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructure, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Linjiao Luo
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics (MOE), Department of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructure, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chih-Kuang Yeh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Dong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics (MOE), Department of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructure, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
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10
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Hu X, Cheng N, Zhao J, Piao X, Yan Y, Zhang Q, Zhou K, Zhang Y, Feng N. Percutaneous absorption and brain distribution facilitation of borneol on tetramethylpyrazine in a microemulsion-based transdermal therapeutic system. Asian J Pharm Sci 2018; 14:305-312. [PMID: 32104460 PMCID: PMC7042483 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we show that the percutaneous absorption and brain distribution of tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) is enhanced when combined with borneol (BN) in a microemulsion-based transdermal therapeutic system (ME-TTS). The formulation of the TMP and BN microemulsion (TEM-BN-ME) was optimized in skin permeation studies in vitro following a uniform experimental design. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were used for the in vivo pharmacokinetic and tissue distribution studies of TMP-BN-ME-TTS. In the pharmacokinetic study, the TMP-BN-ME-TTS treated rats had significantly higher (P < 0.05) Cmax and AUC of TMP than the TMP-ME-TTS treated rats, indicating that BN improves the rate and extent of TMP percutaneous absorption. In the tissue distribution study, the AUC of TMP in brain was significantly higher in the TMP-BN-ME-TTS group (P < 0.05), indicating that BN facilitates the distribution of TMP in brain. In summary, BN enhanced the percutaneous absorption and brain distribution of TMP in a microemulsion-based transdermal therapeutic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoge Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ning Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jihui Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xianghua Piao
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yulu Yan
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Qibo Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Kuan Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yongtai Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Nianping Feng
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
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Chen Z, Zhang C, Gao F, Fu Q, Fu C, He Y, Zhang J. A systematic review on the rhizome of Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort. (Chuanxiong). Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 119:309-25. [PMID: 29486278 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Chuanxiong Rhizome (called Chuanxiong, CX in Chinese), the dried rhizome of Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort, is an extremely common traditional edible-medicinal herb. As a widely used ethnomedicine in Asia including China, Japan and Korea, CX possesses ideal therapeutic effect on cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, and is also used as a major ingredient in soups for regular consumption to benefit health. Based on the traditional perception, amounts of investigations on different aspects have been done for CX in the past decades. However, no literature systematic review about these achievements have been compiled. Herein, the aim of this review is to present the up-to-date information on the ethnobotany, ethnopharmacological uses, phytochemicals, pharmacological activities, toxicology of this plant to identify their therapeutic potential and directs future research opportunities. So far, about 174 compounds has been isolated and identified from CX, in which phthalides and alkaloids would be the main bioactive ingredients for its pharmacological properties, such as anti-cerebral ischemia, anti-myocardial ischemia, blood vessel protection, anti-thrombotic, anti-hypertensive, anti-atherosclerosis, anti-spasmodic, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-oxidant, and anti-asthma effects. Even so, due to the incomplete standardized planting, unstable herbal quality, and outdated preparation techniques, the industrial progress of CX is still less developed.
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Bayram A, Kaya A, Akay E, Hıra İ, Özcan İ. The protective role of tetramethylpyrazine against cisplatin-induced ototoxicity. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2017; 94:1-7. [PMID: 28166996 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Revised: 01/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the present study was to investigate the protective effect of tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) on cisplatin-induced ototoxicity in rats. METHODS Forty healthy, female, 24-week-old, Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 40) were randomly assigned to four groups as follows: group one (n = 10) received intraperitoneal (i.p.) physiological saline at daily doses of 3 mg/kg for seven days; group two (n = 10) received a single dose of i.p. 15 mg/kg cisplatin; group three (n = 10) received i.p. 140 mg/kg TMP daily for seven days plus a single dose of i.p. 15 mg/kg cisplatin on the fourth day; group four (n = 10) received i.p. 140 mg/kg TMP daily for seven days. Auditory brainstem response (ABR) and distortion product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE) measurements were obtained from the animals (40 rats, 80 ears) under general anesthesia before and after drug administration. The temporal bulla of animals were bilaterally removed for immunohistopathological examination. RESULTS In group two, DPOAE and ABR values were significantly deteriorated after drug administration, whereas there was no statistically significant difference between the pre- and posttreatment DPOAE and ABR values for all frequencies for groups one, three and four. The mean scores for external ciliated cells (ECCs), stria vascularis (SV) and spiral ganglion (SG) injuries in hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, and also caspase-3 immunoreactivity were significantly higher in group two than in the other groups. CONCLUSION In the present study, the protective effect of TMP on cisplatin ototoxicity was demonstrated through studies of electrophysiology and immunohistopathology. Co-administration of TMP may have potential protective effects against cisplatin-induced ototoxicity.
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Michel HE, Tadros MG, Esmat A, Khalifa AE, Abdel-Tawab AM. Tetramethylpyrazine Ameliorates Rotenone-Induced Parkinson's Disease in Rats: Involvement of Its Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Apoptotic Actions. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 54:4866-78. [PMID: 27514753 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0028-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a slowly progressive neurodegenerative movement disorder. Apoptosis, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress are the current hypothesized mechanisms for PD pathogenesis. Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP), the major bioactive component of Ligusticum wallichii Franchat (ChuanXiong), Family Apiaceae, reportedly has anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. This study investigated the role of 'TMP' in preventing rotenone-induced neurobiological and behavioral sequelae. A preliminary dose-response study was conducted where rats received TMP (10, 20, and 40 mg/kg, i.p.) concomitantly with rotenone (2 mg/kg, s.c.) for 4 weeks. Catalepsy, locomotor activity, striatal dopamine content, and tyrosine hydroxylase "TH" and α-synuclein immunoreactivity were evaluated. The selected TMP dose (20 mg/kg) was used for western blot analysis of Bax, Bcl2, and DJ-1, immunohistochemical detection of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-кB), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression, in addition to biochemical analysis of caspase-3 activity, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) levels. Results showed that TMP (20 mg/kg) significantly improved midbrain and striatal TH expression and striatal dopamine content as well as the motor deficits, compared to rotenone-treated group. These results were correlated with reduction in caspase-3 activity and α-synuclein expression, along with improvement of midbrain and striatal Bax/Bcl2 ratio compared to rotenone-treated group. TMP also attenuated rotenone-induced upregulation of Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. Furthermore, TMP downregulated rotenone-induced neuroinflammation markers: NF-кB, iNOS, COX2, and GFAP expression in both the midbrain and striatum. Taken together, the current study suggests that TMP is entitled to, at least partially, preventing PD neurobiological and behavioral deficits by virtue of its anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant actions.
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Huang JH, Cao Y, Zeng L, Wang G, Cao M, Lu HB, Hu JZ. Tetramethylpyrazine enhances functional recovery after contusion spinal cord injury by modulation of MicroRNA-21, FasL, PDCD4 and PTEN expression. Brain Res 2016; 1648:35-45. [PMID: 27431939 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Our previous study showed Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) has protective effects against SCI. In this study, we aimed to uncover the mechanism underlying the protective effects of TMP in SCI. SCI was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats with a modified weight-drop device. One group was subjected to SCI in combination with TMP administration at a dose of 200mg/kgd, for 3 days. Concurrently, another group received SCI in combination with an equal volume of 0.9% saline. Locomotor functional recovery was assessed during the 4 weeks post-injury by performing the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) rating procedure. Lesion size and spared tissue were measured by cresyl violet staining. MicroRNA-21 (miR-21) expression was determined by real-time PCR and in situ hybridization. FasL, PDCD4, and PTEN are direct targets of miR-21 in many diseases and cell types; their levels were analyzed by western blot. Immunohistochemistry was performed to observe the expression of PDCD4 and PTEN. Cell apoptosis was assessed by TUNEL staining and DNA laddering. TMP treatment after contusion SCI significantly improved functional recovery, decreased lesion size, and increased tissue sparing and miR-21 levels; expression of FasL, PDCD4, and PTEN was decreased. TMP treatment also reduced apoptosis after SCI. Thus, TMP administration improved functional recovery and reduced cell apoptosis. Its protective effect may partly based on increasing the expression of miR-21 and decreasing the expression of FasL, PDCD4, and PTEN. These could serve as new exploratory targets for SCI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Hu Huang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, PR China; Department of orthopaedics, Fujian Provincial Hospital, 350001, PR China
| | - Yong Cao
- Department of Spine Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, PR China
| | - Lei Zeng
- Department of Spine Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, PR China
| | - Guan Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, PR China
| | - Min Cao
- Department of Spine Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, PR China
| | - Hong-Bin Lu
- Department of Sports Medicine, Research Center of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, PR China.
| | - Jian-Zhong Hu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, PR China.
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Zhang Q, Yang H, An J, Zhang R, Chen B, Hao DJ. Therapeutic Effects of Traditional Chinese Medicine on Spinal Cord Injury: A Promising Supplementary Treatment in Future. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2016; 2016:8958721. [PMID: 27118982 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8958721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Objective. Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating neurological disorder caused by trauma. Pathophysiological events occurring after SCI include acute, subacute, and chronic phases, while complex mechanisms are comprised. As an abundant source of natural drugs, Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) attracts much attention in SCI treatment recently. Hence, this review provides an overview of pathophysiology of SCI and TCM application in its therapy. Methods. Information was collected from articles published in peer-reviewed journals via electronic search (PubMed, SciFinder, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and CNKI), as well as from master's dissertations, doctoral dissertations, and Chinese Pharmacopoeia. Results. Both active ingredients and herbs could exert prevention and treatment against SCI, which is linked to antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, or antiapoptosis effects. The detailed information of six active natural ingredients (i.e., curcumin, resveratrol, epigallocatechin gallate, ligustrazine, quercitrin, and puerarin) and five commonly used herbs (i.e., Danshen, Ginkgo, Ginseng, Notoginseng, and Astragali Radix) was elucidated and summarized. Conclusions. As an important supplementary treatment, TCM may provide benefits in repair of injured spinal cord. With a general consensus that future clinical approaches will be diversified and a combination of multiple strategies, TCM is likely to attract greater attention in SCI treatment.
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Lin JB, Zheng CJ, Zhang X, Chen J, Liao WJ, Wan Q. Effects of Tetramethylpyrazine on Functional Recovery and Neuronal Dendritic Plasticity after Experimental Stroke. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2015; 2015:394926. [PMID: 26379744 PMCID: PMC4563062 DOI: 10.1155/2015/394926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The 2,3,5,6-tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) has been widely used in the treatment of ischemic stroke by Chinese doctors. Here, we report the effects of TMP on functional recovery and dendritic plasticity after ischemic stroke. A classical model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was established in this study. The rats were assigned into 3 groups: sham group (sham operated rats treated with saline), model group (MCAO rats treated with saline) and TMP group (MCAO rats treated with 20 mg/kg/d TMP). The neurological function test of animals was evaluated using the modified neurological severity score (mNSS) at 3 d, 7 d, and 14 d after MCAO. Animals were euthanized for immunohistochemical labeling to measure MAP-2 levels in the peri-infarct area. Golgi-Cox staining was performed to test effect of TMP on dendritic plasticity at 14 d after MCAO. TMP significantly improved neurological function at 7 d and 14 d after ischemia, increased MAP-2 level at 14 d after ischemia, and enhanced spine density of basilar dendrites. TMP failed to affect the spine density of apical dendrites and the total dendritic length. Data analyses indicate that there was significant negative correlation between mNSS and plasticity measured at 14 d after MCAO. Thus, enhanced dendritic plasticity contributes to TMP-elicited functional recovery after ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Bin Lin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Chan-Juan Zheng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Brain Department, Hubei Xinhua Hospital, Wuhan 430015, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Juan Chen
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Wei-Jing Liao
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Qi Wan
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
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Guan D, Su Y, Li Y, Wu C, Meng Y, Peng X, Cui Y. Tetramethylpyrazine inhibits CoCl2
-induced neurotoxicity through enhancement of Nrf2/GCLc/GSH and suppression of HIF1α/NOX2/ROS pathways. J Neurochem 2015; 134:551-65. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dongsheng Guan
- Department of the Second Clinical Medical College; Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Zhengzhou China
| | - Yufei Su
- Department of Emergency; Children's Hospital of Xi'an; Xi'an China
| | - Yingxia Li
- Department of the Second Clinical Medical College; Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Zhengzhou China
| | - Chuanjie Wu
- Department of Neurology; The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou China
| | - Yi Meng
- Department of the Second Clinical Medical College; Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Zhengzhou China
| | - Xin Peng
- Department of the Second Clinical Medical College; Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Zhengzhou China
| | - Yinglin Cui
- Department of the Second Clinical Medical College; Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Zhengzhou China
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Gao HJ, Liu PF, Li PW, Huang ZY, Yu FB, Lei T, Chen Y, Cheng Y, Mu QC, Huang HY. Ligustrazine monomer against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Neural Regen Res 2015; 10:832-40. [PMID: 26109963 PMCID: PMC4468780 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.156991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ligustrazine (2,3,5,6-tetramethylpyrazine) is a major active ingredient of the Szechwan lovage rhizome and is extensively used in treatment of ischemic cerebrovascular disease. The mechanism of action of ligustrazine use against ischemic cerebrovascular diseases remains unclear at present. This study summarizes its protective effect, the optimum time window of administration, and the most effective mode of administration for clinical treatment of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. We examine the effects of ligustrazine on suppressing excitatory amino acid release, promoting migration, differentiation and proliferation of endogenous neural stem cells. We also looked at its effects on angiogenesis and how it inhibits thrombosis, the inflammatory response, and apoptosis after cerebral ischemia. We consider that ligustrazine gives noticeable protection from cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. The time window of ligustrazine administration is limited. The protective effect and time window of a series of derivative monomers of ligustrazine such as 2-[(1,1-dimethylethyl)oxidoimino]methyl]-3,5,6-trimethylpyrazine, CXC137 and CXC195 after cerebral ischemia were better than ligustrazine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Jun Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China ; Department of Neurosurgery, Hongqi Hospital of Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Peng-Fei Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Pei-Wen Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Zhuo-Yan Huang
- Clinical Medical College of Beihua University, Jilin, Jilin Province, China
| | - Feng-Bo Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Ting Lei
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yong Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Ye Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Qing-Chun Mu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hongqi Hospital of Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Hai-Yan Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
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Tan F, Fu W, Cheng N, Meng DI, Gu Y. Ligustrazine reduces blood-brain barrier permeability in a rat model of focal cerebral ischemia and reperfusion. Exp Ther Med 2015; 9:1757-1762. [PMID: 26136889 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2015.2365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Ligustrazine, also known as 2,3,5,6-tetramethylpyrazine (TMP), one of the major active compounds of Ligusticum wallichii Franchat., has been shown to reduce neuroinflammation and protect neurons during cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. However, whether it reduces blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability during ischemic stroke is unclear. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role that TMP plays in protecting the BBB integrity in ischemia/reperfusion injury and to investigate the relevant mechanisms involved. Rats received an intraperitoneal injection of 20 mg/kg TMP 15 min before the onset of ischemia, which was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion. Infarct volume, neurological score, brain edema, BBB permeability and tight junction protein impairment were observed. The results showed that TMP reduced the neurological score and levels of brain infarction and edema. In addition, TMP significantly decreased BBB permeability and prevented the impairment of occludin and claudin-5, two tight junction protein components of the BBB, in rat brains with ischemia/reperfusion injury. In addition, the expression and activity of matrix metalloproteinases, enzymes responsible for the degradation of the extracellular matrix and tight junctions, were reduced in the rat brains by TMP treatment. These results combined suggest that TMP reduces BBB permeability as well as neuronal damage in focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Tan
- Department of Neurology, Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, P.R. China
| | - Wenjun Fu
- College of Basic Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, P.R. China
| | - Nanfang Cheng
- Department of Neurology, Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, P.R. China
| | - D I Meng
- Department of Neurology, Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, P.R. China
| | - Yong Gu
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guandong 510515, P.R. China
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Jiang B, Huang C, Chen XF, Tong LJ, Zhang W. Tetramethylpyrazine Produces Antidepressant-Like Effects in Mice Through Promotion of BDNF Signaling Pathway. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 18:pyv010. [PMID: 25618406 PMCID: PMC4571627 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyv010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current antidepressants are clinically effective only after several weeks of administration. Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) is an identified component of Ligusticum wallichii with neuroprotective effects. Here, we investigated the antidepressant effects of TMP in mice models of depression. METHODS Antidepressant effects of TMP were first detected in the forced swim test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST), and further assessed in the chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) model. Changes in the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling pathway and in hippocampal neurogenesis after CSDS and TMP treatment were then investigated. A tryptophan hydroxylase inhibitor and BDNF signaling inhibitors were also used to determine the mechanisms of TMP. RESULTS TMP exhibited potent antidepressant effects in the FST and TST without affecting locomotor activity. TMP also prevented the CSDS-induced symptoms. Moreover, TMP completely restored the CSDS-induced decrease of BDNF signaling pathway and hippocampal neurogenesis. Furthermore, a blockade of the BDNF signaling pathway prevented the antidepressant effects of TMP, while TMP produced no influence on the monoaminergic system. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, these data provide the first evidence that TMP has antidepressant effects, and this was mediated by promoting the BDNF signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Jiang
- *These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Chao Huang
- *These authors contributed equally to this work
| | | | | | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy College, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China (Drs Jiang, Huang, Chen, Tong, and Zhang)
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Tsai HL, Chang SJ. Key proteins of activating cell death can be predicted through a kainic acid-induced excitotoxic stress. Biomed Res Int 2015; 2015:478975. [PMID: 25695085 DOI: 10.1155/2015/478975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a major neurological disorder characterized by spontaneous seizures accompanied by neurophysiological changes. Repeated seizures can damage the brain as neuronal death occurs. A better understanding of the mechanisms of brain cell death could facilitate the discovery of novel treatments for neurological disorders such as epilepsy. In this study, a model of kainic acid- (KA-) induced neuronal death was established to investigate the early protein markers associated with apoptotic cell death due to excitotoxic damage in the rat cortex. The results indicated that KA induces both apoptotic and necrotic cell death in the cortex. Incubation with high concentrations (5 and 500 μM, >75%) and low concentrations (0.5 pM: 95% and 50 nM: 8%) of KA for 180 min led to necrotic and apoptotic cell death, respectively. Moreover, proteomic analysis using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry demonstrated that antiapoptotic proteins, including heat shock protein 70, 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase, tubulin-B-5, and pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 component subunit beta, were significantly higher in apoptosis than in necrosis induced by KA. Our findings provide direct evidence that several proteins are associated with apoptotic and necrotic cell death in excitotoxicity model. The results indicate that these proteins can be apoptotic biomarkers from the early stages of cell death.
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Cui C, Liu D, Qin X. Attenuation of Streptomycin Ototoxicity by Tetramethylpyrazine in Guinea Pig Cochlea. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2015; 152:904-11. [PMID: 25605693 DOI: 10.1177/0194599814565594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Objective Tetramethylpyrazine has been suggested to have a therapeutic effect on impaired hearing that is induced by aminoglycoside antibiotics. However, its effectiveness on streptomycin ototoxicity and its cellular mechanisms are relatively unknown. Here we investigate the protective effect of tetramethylpyrazine on streptomycin-induced ototoxicity in guinea pig cochlea. Study Design Prospective randomized laboratory study. Setting Hearing Research Laboratory of China Medical University. Subjects and Methods Adult guinea pigs were randomized to 4 groups. Hearing sensitivity of guinea pigs was tested by auditory brainstem response measurements before streptomycin exposure and again 10 days later. The cochlear tissues were prepared for electron microscopy and immunohistochemical staining of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70). The effect of tetramethylpyrazine on streptomycin-induced activation of caspase-3 was evaluated by Western blotting. Results Co-therapy with tetramethylpyrazine reduced a profound streptomycin-induced auditory threshold shift compared with streptomycin treatment alone ( P = .0002 or P = .00008). Tetramethylpyrazine also attenuated the structural disruption in streptomycin-treated outer hair cells and marginal cells of vascular stria by transmission electronic microscopy and scanning electronic microscopy, respectively. Moreover, tetramethylpyrazine decreased the streptomycin-stimulated expressions of HSP70 and caspase-3. The correlation analysis demonstrated that HSP70 expression had a positive correlation with auditory brainstem response thresholds (|R| = 0.6-0.9, P = .0073 or P = .0169). Conclusions Our data suggest that the protective effect of tetramethylpyrazine on hearing function is associated with the reduction of stress response and inhibition of apoptosis. Tetramethylpyrazine may have therapeutic potential for patients with ototoxicity diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Cui
- Hearing Research Laboratory, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
- Department of Physiology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Dajun Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xin Qin
- Department of Physiology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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Xu DP, Zhang K, Zhang ZJ, Sun YW, Guo BJ, Wang YQ, Hoi PM, Han YF, Lee SMY. A novel tetramethylpyrazine bis-nitrone (TN-2) protects against 6-hydroxyldopamine-induced neurotoxicity via modulation of the NF-κB and the PKCα/PI3-K/Akt pathways. Neurochem Int 2014; 78:76-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 08/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Xu D, Duan H, Zhang Z, Cui W, Wang L, Sun Y, Lang M, Hoi PM, Han Y, Wang Y, Lee SM. The novel tetramethylpyrazine bis-nitrone (TN-2) protects against MPTP/MPP+-induced neurotoxicity via inhibition of mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2014; 9:245-58. [PMID: 24233519 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-013-9514-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis plays an important role in the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease (PD). Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetra- hydropyridine (MPTP), the most widely used neurotoxin to simulate PD, is converted to 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+)) in vivo. MPP(+) induces excessive intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis via sequentially opening mitochondria permeability transition pore (mPTP) to release cytochrome c from mitochondria into cytoplasm and activate pro-apoptotic caspase proteins. We have previously synthesized 2,5-[[(1,1-dimethylethyl)oxidoimino]methyl]-3,6-trimethylpyrazine (TN-2), a novel derivative of the Chinese herb medicine tetramethylpyrazine (TMP). TN-2 is armed with two powerful free radical-scavenging nitrone moieties. TN-2 significantly reversed the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and the decrease in dopamine level in the striatum induced by MPTP in mice. TN-2 ameliorated the MPTP-induced decrease of brain superoxide dismutase activity and glutathione concentration and increase of brain malondialdehyde. In addition, TN-2 inhibited MPP(+)-induced neuronal damage/apoptosis in primary cerebellum granular neurons (CGNs) and SH-SY5Y cells. TN-2 decreased excessive intracellular ROS, prevented the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, blocked the release of mitochondrial cytochrome c and inhibited the activation of caspase-3 and caspase-9. Moreover, TN-2 treatment increased the mRNA expression of mitochondrial biogenesis factors peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ coactivator-1 (PGC- 1α and β) and mitochondrial transcription factor A (Tfam) in SH-SY5Y cells and CGNs. These results suggest that TN-2 protects dopaminergic neurons against MPTP/MPP(+)-induced neurotoxicity via the inhibition of mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis and possibly via the activation of mitochondrial biogenesis, indicating that TN-2 is a potential new treatment for PD.
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Zhang C, Teng F, Tu J, Zhang D. Ultrasound-enhanced protective effect of tetramethylpyrazine against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113673. [PMID: 25409029 PMCID: PMC4237497 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In traditional Chinese medicine, Ligusticum wallichii (Chuan Xiong) and its bioactive ingredient, tetramethylpyrazine (TMP), have been used to treat cardiovascular diseases and to relieve various neurological symptoms, such as those associated with ischemic injury. In the present study, we investigated whether ultrasound (US) exposure could enhance the protective effect of TMP against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Glutamate-induced toxicity to pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells was used to model I/R injury. TMP was paired with US to examine whether this combination could alleviate glutamate-induced cytotoxicity. The administration of TMP effectively protected cells against glutamate-induced apoptosis, which could be further enhanced by US-mediated sonoporation. The anti-apoptotic effect of TMP was associated with the inhibition of oxidative stress and a change in the levels of apoptosis-related proteins, Bcl-2 and Bax. Furthermore, TMP reduced the expression of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-8, which likely also contributes to its cytoprotective effects. Taken together, our findings suggest that ultrasound-enhanced TMP treatment might be a promising therapeutic strategy for ischemic stroke. Further study is required to optimize ultrasound treatment parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunbing Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu Province of TCM, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
- Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Fengmeng Teng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu Province of TCM, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Juan Tu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics (MOE), Institute of Acoustics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (DZ); (JT)
| | - Dong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics (MOE), Institute of Acoustics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (DZ); (JT)
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Kim M, Kim SO, Lee M, Lee JH, Jung WS, Moon SK, Kim YS, Cho KH, Ko CN, Lee EH. Tetramethylpyrazine, a natural alkaloid, attenuates pro-inflammatory mediators induced by amyloid β and interferon-γ in rat brain microglia. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 740:504-11. [PMID: 24975095 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation has been consistently reported as a pathological hallmark of Alzheimer׳s disease and other neurodegenerative diseases. Microglial cells are activated by diverse pathological stimuli and play key roles in development of neuroinflammation. Amyloid β peptide (Aβ), the major constituent of amyloid plaques in Alzheimer׳s brain, is known to activate cultured microglial cells to produce increased amounts of proinflammatory and neurotoxic factors. Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) is the main bioactive alkaloid isolated from Ligusticum chuanxiong. TMP has multiple pharmacological activities, including anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer effects. Neuroprotective potential of TMP has been demonstrated in animal models of neuropathologies. However, the efficacy of this compound for controlling Aβ-related neuropathology has not been explored yet. We examined the efficacy of TMP in the repression of inflammatory response in cultured microglial cells stimulated with Aβ25-35 in the presence of interferon (IFN)-γ. TMP significantly inhibited the Aβ25-35 and IFN-γ-stimulated productions of nitric oxide, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and intracellular reactive oxygen species from primary microglial cells. TMP also effectively reduced Aβ25-35 and IFN-γ-elicited NF-κB activation. In organotypic hippocampal slice cultures (OHSCs), TMP significantly blocked Aβ25-35-induced reactive oxygen species generation and phosphorylation of Akt. Furthermore, TMP also inhibited Aβ1-42-induced TNF-α and IL-1β production in primary microglial cells and neuronal death in OHSCs. These results suggest that TMP provide a possible therapeutic approach for alleviating the inflammatory progression of Alzheimer׳s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia Kim
- Department of Cardiovascular & Neurologic Diseases (Stroke Center), Hospital of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Ok Kim
- College of Oriental Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Daegu 706-060, Republic of Korea
| | - Moonsung Lee
- Department of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 446-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon H Lee
- Myunggok Eye Research Institute, Konyang University College of Medicine, Nonsan 320-711, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Sang Jung
- Department of Cardiovascular & Neurologic Diseases (Stroke Center), Hospital of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Kwan Moon
- Department of Cardiovascular & Neurologic Diseases (Stroke Center), Hospital of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Suk Kim
- Department of Cardiovascular & Neurologic Diseases (Stroke Center), Hospital of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Ho Cho
- Department of Cardiovascular & Neurologic Diseases (Stroke Center), Hospital of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Nam Ko
- Department of Cardiovascular & Neurologic Diseases (Stroke Center), Hospital of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunjoo H Lee
- Department of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 446-701, Republic of Korea.
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Bai XY, Zhang P, Yang Q, Liu XC, Wang J, Tong YL, Xiong SJ, Liu LH, Wang L, He GW. Suxiao jiuxin pill induces potent relaxation and inhibition on contraction in human artery and the mechanism. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2014; 2014:956924. [PMID: 24808920 DOI: 10.1155/2014/956924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Suxiao Jiuxin Pill, a compound Chinese traditional medicine with main components of tetramethylpyrazine and borneol, is widely used for antiangina treatment in China but its pharmacological effect on human blood vessels is unknown. We investigated the effect and possible mechanism of SJP in the human internal mammary artery (IMA, n = 78) taken from patients undergoing coronary surgery. SJP caused full relaxation in KCl- (99.4 ± 10.5%, n = 6) and U46619- (99.9 ± 5.6%, n = 6) contracted IMA. Pretreatment of IMA with plasma concentrations of SJP (1 mg/mL), calculated from the plasma concentration of its major component borneol, significantly depressed the maximal contraction to KCl (from 35.8 ± 6.0 mN to 12.6 ± 5.6 mN, P = 0.03) and U46619 (from 19.4 ± 2.9 mN to 5.7 ± 2.4 mN, P = 0.007) while SJP at 10 mg/mL abolished the subsequent contraction. Endothelium denudation and inhibition of eNOS significantly altered the SJP-induced relaxation without changes of eNOS expression. We conclude that SJP has a potent inhibitory effect on the vasoconstriction mediated by a variety of vasoconstrictors in human arteries. The vasorelaxation involves both endothelium-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Thus, the effect of SJP on human arteries demonstrated in this study may prove to be particularly important in vasorelaxing therapy in cardiovascular disease.
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Lu C, Zhang J, Shi X, Miao S, Bi L, Zhang S, Yang Q, Zhou X, Zhang M, Xie Y, Miao Q, Wang S. Neuroprotective effects of tetramethylpyrazine against dopaminergic neuron injury in a rat model of Parkinson's disease induced by MPTP. Int J Biol Sci 2014; 10:350-7. [PMID: 24719552 PMCID: PMC3979987 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.8366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most prevalent progressive neurodegenerative disease. Although several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the pathogenesis of PD, apoptotic cell death and oxidative stress are the most prevalent mechanisms. Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) is a biological component that has been extracted from Ligusticum wallichii Franchat (ChuanXiong), which exhibits anti-apoptotic and antioxidant roles. In the current study, we aimed to investigate the possible protective effect of TMP against dopaminergic neuron injury in a rat model of Parkinson's disease induced by MPTP and to elucidate probable molecular mechanisms. The results showed that TMP could notably prevent MPTP-induced dopaminergic neurons damage, reflected by improvement of motor deficits, enhancement of TH expression and the content of dopamine and its metabolite, DOPAC. We observed MPTP-induced activation of mitochondrial apoptotic death pathway, evidenced by up-regulation of Bax, down-regulation of Bcl-2, release of cytochrome c and cleavage of caspase 3, which was significantly inhibited by TMP. Moreover, TMP could prevent MPTP-increased TBARS level and MPTP-decreased GSH level, indicating the antioxidant role of TMP in PD model. And the antioxidant role of TMP attributes to the prevention of MPTP-induced reduction of Nrf2 and GCLc expression. In conclusion, in MPTP-induced PD model, TMP prevents the down-regulation of Nrf2 and GCLc, maintaining redox balance and inhibiting apoptosis, leading to the attenuation of dopaminergic neuron damage. The effectiveness of TMP in treating PD potentially leads to interesting therapeutic perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Lu
- 1. Institute of Materia, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- 2. Department of Hand Surgery, 401 Military Hospital, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xiaopeng Shi
- 3. Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Shan Miao
- 1. Institute of Materia, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Linlin Bi
- 1. Institute of Materia, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Song Zhang
- 4. Department of Pharmacy, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Qian Yang
- 1. Institute of Materia, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Xuanxuan Zhou
- 1. Institute of Materia, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- 1. Institute of Materia, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Yanhua Xie
- 1. Institute of Materia, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Qing Miao
- 1. Institute of Materia, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Siwang Wang
- 1. Institute of Materia, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
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Wu W, Yu X, Luo XP, Yang SH, Zheng D. Tetramethylpyrazine protects against scopolamine-induced memory impairments in rats by reversing the cAMP/PKA/CREB pathway. Behav Brain Res 2013; 253:212-6. [PMID: 23916742 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.07.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Tetramethylpyrazine is used in the treatment of many neurological diseases because of its neuroprotective effect. Here, we demonstrate that administration of tetramethylpyrazine effectively reverses memory deficits induced by scopolamine. Moreover, tetramethylpyrazine preserves postsynaptic protein synthesis and restores cAMP/PKA/CREB pathway signaling deficits. Our study not only explores the actions of tetramethylpyrazine on synapses, but also provides novel evidence for the possible therapeutic use of tetramethylpyrazine in dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, PR China
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Xiao X, Liu Y, Qi C, Qiu F, Chen X, Zhang J, Yang P. Neuroprotection and enhanced neurogenesis by tetramethylpyrazine in adult rat brain after focal ischemia. Neurol Res 2013; 32:547-55. [DOI: 10.1179/174313209x414533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Śmiałowska M, Gołembiowska K, Kajta M, Zięba B, Dziubina A, Domin H. Selective mGluR1 antagonist EMQMCM inhibits the kainate-induced excitotoxicity in primary neuronal cultures and in the rat hippocampus. Neurotox Res 2012; 21:379-92. [PMID: 22144346 PMCID: PMC3296950 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-011-9293-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Revised: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Abundant evidence suggests that indirect inhibitory modulation of glutamatergic transmission, via metabotropic glutamatergic receptors (mGluR), may induce neuroprotection. The present study was designed to determine whether the selective antagonist of mGluR1 (3-ethyl-2-methyl-quinolin-6-yl)-(4-methoxy-cyclohexyl)-methanone methanesulfonate (EMQMCM), showed neuroprotection against the kainate (KA)-induced excitotoxicity in vitro and in vivo. In in vitro studies on mouse primary cortical and hippocampal neuronal cultures, incubation with KA (150 μM) induced strong degeneration [measured as lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) efflux] and apoptosis (measured as caspase-3 activity). EMQMCM (0.1-100 μM) added 30 min to 6 h after KA, significantly attenuated the KA-induced LDH release and prevented the increase in caspase-3 activity in the cultures. Those effects were dose- and time-dependent. In in vivo studies KA (2.5 nmol/1 μl) was unilaterally injected into the rat dorsal CA1 hippocampal region. Degeneration was calculated by counting surviving neurons in the CA pyramidal layer using stereological methods. It was found that EMQMCM (5-10 nmol/1 μl) injected into the dorsal hippocampus 30 min, 1 h, or 3 h (the higher dose only) after KA significantly prevented the KA-induced neuronal degeneration. In vivo microdialysis studies in rat hippocampus showed that EMQMCM (100 μM) significantly increased γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and decreased glutamate release. When perfused simultaneously with KA, EMQMCM substantially increased GABA release and prevented the KA-induced glutamate release. The obtained results indicate that the mGluR1 antagonist, EMQMCM, may exert neuroprotection against excitotoxicity after delayed treatment (30 min to 6 h). The role of enhanced GABAergic transmission in the neuroprotection is postulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Śmiałowska
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland.
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Abstract
CONTEXT Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort (LC; Umbelliferae) is an effective medical plant, which has been extensively applied for many years to treat various diseases with other Chinese herbal medicines. Although a considerable amount of scientific research was reported on LC in the last decade, it is currently scattered across various publications. The present review comprises the chemical and pharmacological research on LC in the last decade. OBJECTIVE The objective of this review is to bring together most of the scientific research available on LC and evaluate its effects and mechanisms. METHODS The information for 82 cases included in this review was compiled using major databases such as Medline, Elsevier, Springer, Pubmed, and Scholar. RESULTS The compounds contained in LC can be divided into five kinds, essential oil (EO), alkaloids, phenolic acids, phthalide lactones, and other constituents. A great deal of pharmacological research has been done, which mainly focuses on cardiovascular and cerebrovascular effects, antioxidation, neuroprotection, antifibrosis, antinociception, antiinflammation, and antineoplastic activity. CONCLUSION A large number of pharmacological and chemical studies during the last 10 years have demonstrated the vast medicinal potential of LC. It is still very clear that LC is a plant with widespread use now and also with extraordinary potential for the future. The documents strongly support the view that LC has beneficial therapeutic properties and indicates its potential as an effective adaptogenic herbal remedy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Ran
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
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Fan L, Wang K, Shi Z, Die J, Wang C, Dang X. Tetramethylpyrazine protects spinal cord and reduces inflammation in a rat model of spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury. J Vasc Surg 2011; 54:192-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2010.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2010] [Revised: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/04/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Or TC, Yang CL, Law AH, Li JC, Lau AS. Isolation and identification of anti-inflammatory constituents from Ligusticum chuanxiong and their underlying mechanisms of action on microglia. Neuropharmacology 2011; 60:823-31. [PMID: 21146552 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2010.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2010] [Revised: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is the third most common cause of death worldwide. Recent findings showed that the severity of cerebrovascular diseases including ischemic stroke correlates with inflammation mediated responses in the neural cells. During ischemia, inflammatory mediators including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and nitric oxide are produced by microglia, which play a central role in the pathogenesis of the disease. Ligusticum chuanxiong (LCX) is a commonly used traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for empiric treatment of cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases for many centuries. By applying a bioactivity-guided fractionation scheme, two compounds with inhibition on neuroinflammation were isolated from LCX. Using chromatographic and spectrometric methods, they were identified to be senkyunolide A and Z-ligustilide. They could inhibit the production of proinflammatory mediators in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated murine BV-2 microglial cells and human peripheral blood monocyte derived macrophages. In addition, both compounds protected Neuro-2a cells from neuroinflammatory toxicity induced by the conditioned culture media produced by LPS-stimulated BV-2 cells. The underlying mechanisms of action of senkyunolide A were further delineated. Its inhibitory effects were shown to be independent of the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) and translocation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). However, senkyunolide A could increase the degradation of TNF-α mRNA and reduce its half life by 43%. In conclusion, bioactivity-guided fractionation is an effective way of isolating bioactive compounds from medicinal herbs. In addition, senkyunolide A and Z-ligustilide isolated from LCX may be considered as potential complementary drug candidates for treating inflammatory processes associated with cerebrovascular diseases.
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Tian Y, Liu Y, Chen X, Zhang H, Shi Q, Zhang J, Yang P. Tetramethylpyrazine promotes proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells from rat brain in hypoxic condition via mitogen-activated protein kinases pathway in vitro. Neurosci Lett 2010; 474:26-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.02.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2009] [Revised: 12/15/2009] [Accepted: 02/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Li WM, Liu HT, Li XY, Wu JY, Xu G, Teng YZ, Ding ST, Yu C. The effect of tetramethylpyrazine on hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative damage in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2009; 106:45-52. [PMID: 19821832 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2009.00470.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Tetramethylpyrazine has been widely used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis and hypertension. The underlying mechanism of cardioprotective effects, however, remains to be elucidated. Here, using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), we have assessed the protective effect of tetramethylpyrazine on H(2)O(2)-induced oxidative damage. After pre-incubation with tetramethylpyrazine (50, 100 and 150 microg/ml) for 24 hr., viability loss in H(2)O(2)-induced HUVECs (76.5% of the control level, p < 0.05, at 400 microM of H(2)O(2) for 12 hr.) was restored in a concentration-dependent manner, and the maximal recovery (88.7% of the control level, p < 0.05) was achieved with tetramethylpyrazine at 150 microg/ml. The production of reactive oxygen species was suppressed by measuring fluorescent intensity of 2',7'-dichorofluorescein (83.1% of the H(2)O(2)-treated group, p < 0.05, at 150 microg/ml of tetramethylpyrazine). Tetramethylpyrazine also increased activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase (144.1% and 118.3% of the H(2)O(2)-treated group, respectively, p < 0.05, at 150 microg/ml of tetramethylpyrazine). In addition, tetramethylpyrazine reduced levels of malonaldehyde, intracellular nitric oxide and nitric oxide synthase (83.8%, 91.2% and 78.7% of the H(2)O(2)-treated group, respectively, p < 0.05, at 150 microg/ml of tetramethylpyrazine). Furthermore, pre-incubation of tetramethylpyrazine with HUVECs for 24 hr. resulted in reduction of apoptosis and removal of cell cycle arrest in the S phase (56.6% and 59.7% of the H(2)O(2)-treated group, respectively, p < 0.01, at 150 microg/ml of tetramethylpyrazine). Altogether, these results suggest that tetramethylpyrazine has a protective effect on H(2)O(2)-induced oxidative damage in HUVECs due to its antioxidant and antiapoptotic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ming Li
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Abstract
Given the advantages of being stable in the ambient environment, being permeable to the blood-brain and/or blood-eye barriers and being convenient for administration, naturopathic compounds have growingly become promising therapeutic candidates for neural protection. Extracted from one of the most common Chinese herbal medicines, tetramethylpyrazine (TMP), also designated as ligustrazine, has been suggested to be neuroprotective in the central nervous system as well as the peripheral nerve network. Although the detailed molecular mechanisms of its efficacy for neural protection are understood limitedly, accumulating evidence suggests that antioxidative stress, antagonism for calcium, and suppression of pro-inflammatory factors contribute significantly to its neuroprotection. In animal studies, systemic administration of TMP (subcutaneous injection, 50 mg/kg) significantly blocked neuronal degeneration in hippocampus as well as the other vulnerable regions in brains of Sprague-Dawley rats following kainate-induced prolonged seizures. Results from us and others also demonstrated potent neuroprotective efficacy of TMP for retinal cells and robust benefits for brain in Alzheimer's disease or other brain injury. These results suggest a promising prospect for TMP to be used as a treatment of specific neurodegenerative diseases. Given the assessment of the distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity information that is already available on most neuroprotective naturopathic compounds such as TMP, preclinical data to justify bringing such therapeutic compounds to clinical trials in humans is feasible.[This corrects the article on p. in vol. .].
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Tan Z. Neural protection by naturopathic compounds-an example of tetramethylpyrazine from retina to brain. J Ocul Biol Dis Infor 2009; 2:57-64. [PMID: 19672463 PMCID: PMC2723671 DOI: 10.1007/s12177-009-9024-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2009] [Accepted: 06/02/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Given the advantages of being stable in the ambient environment, being permeable to the blood–brain and/or blood–eye barriers and being convenient for administration, naturopathic compounds have growingly become promising therapeutic candidates for neural protection. Extracted from one of the most common Chinese herbal medicines, tetramethylpyrazine (TMP), also designated as ligustrazine, has been suggested to be neuroprotective in the central nervous system as well as the peripheral nerve network. Although the detailed molecular mechanisms of its efficacy for neural protection are understood limitedly, accumulating evidence suggests that antioxidative stress, antagonism for calcium, and suppression of pro-inflammatory factors contribute significantly to its neuroprotection. In animal studies, systemic administration of TMP (subcutaneous injection, 50 mg/kg) significantly blocked neuronal degeneration in hippocampus as well as the other vulnerable regions in brains of Sprague–Dawley rats following kainate-induced prolonged seizures. Results from us and others also demonstrated potent neuroprotective efficacy of TMP for retinal cells and robust benefits for brain in Alzheimer’s disease or other brain injury. These results suggest a promising prospect for TMP to be used as a treatment of specific neurodegenerative diseases. Given the assessment of the distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity information that is already available on most neuroprotective naturopathic compounds such as TMP, it would not take much preclinical data to justify bringing such therapeutic compounds to clinical trials in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqun Tan
- Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, ZOT 4275, 100 Irvine Hall, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
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Feng J, Li F, Zhao Y, Feng Y, Abe Y. Brain pharmacokinetics of tetramethylpyrazine after intranasal and intravenous administration in awake rats. Int J Pharm 2009; 375:55-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2009.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2008] [Revised: 03/13/2009] [Accepted: 03/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Smiałowska M, Domin H, Zieba B, Koźniewska E, Michalik R, Piotrowski P, Kajta M. Neuroprotective effects of neuropeptide Y-Y2 and Y5 receptor agonists in vitro and in vivo. Neuropeptides 2009; 43:235-49. [PMID: 19318226 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2009.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2008] [Revised: 02/12/2009] [Accepted: 02/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
It is generally assumed that neurodegeneration is connected with glutamatergic hyperactivity, and that neuropeptide Y (NPY) inhibits glutamate release. Some earlier studies indicated that NPY may have neuroprotective effect; however, the results obtained so far are still divergent, and the role of different Y receptors remains unclear. Therefore in the presented study we investigated the neuroprotective potential of NPY and its Y2, Y5 or Y1 receptor (R) ligands against the kainate (KA)-induced excitotoxicity in neuronal cultures in vitro, as well as in vivo after intrahippocampal KA injection and also in an ischemic middle cerebral artery occlusion model after intraventricular injection of Y2R agonist. NPY compounds were applicated 30 min, 1, 3 or 6 h after the start of the exposure to KA, or 30 min after the onset of ischemia. Our results indicate the neuroprotective activity of NPY and its Y2R and Y5R ligands against the kainate-induced excitotoxicity in primary cortical and hippocampal cultures. Importantly, NPY was effective when given as late as 6 h, while Y2R or Y5R agonists 3 h, after starting the exposure to KA. In in vitro studies those protective effects were inhibited by the respective receptor antagonists. Neuroprotection was also observed in vivo after intrahippocampal injection of Y2R and Y5R agonists 30 min or 1 h after KA. No protection was found either in vitro or in vivo after the Y1R agonist. The Y2R agonist also showed neuroprotective activity in the ischemic model. The obtained results indicate that neuropeptide Y produces neuroprotective effect via Y2 and Y5 receptors, and that the compounds may be effective after delayed application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Smiałowska
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland.
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Lin YL, Wang GJ, Huang CL, Lee YC, Liao WC, Lai WL, Lin YJ, Huang NK. Ligusticum chuanxiong as a potential neuroprotectant for preventing serum deprivation-induced apoptosis in rat pheochromocytoma cells: functional roles of mitogen-activated protein kinases. J Ethnopharmacol 2009; 122:417-423. [PMID: 19429305 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2009.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2008] [Revised: 12/17/2008] [Accepted: 02/02/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ligusticum chuanxiong (LC) as a common component in many traditional Chinese medicinal formulas and decoctions has been used to treat different central nervous diseases, suggesting a neuroprotective function. AIM OF THE STUDY To investigate the functional roles of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in mediating the neuroprotection of LC. MATERIALS AND METHODS Different extractions of LC were applied with or without MAPK inhibitor to test their protection against serum deprivation-induced apoptosis in rat neuronal-like pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells as revealed by an MTT assay or Hoechst staining. Western blot was used to identify the activations of MAPKs. RESULTS The most effective butanol extraction (LC-BuOH) was used in the following experiments. LC-BuOH reversed serum deprivation-induced decreased phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and increased phosphorylation of c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38, the family of MAPKs. A PKA inhibitor, blocked the protection of LC-BuOH and partially blocked LC-BuOH-induced alterations in MAPKs, suggesting that the LC-BuOH regulates MAPKs through both PKA-dependent and -independent pathways. Although PD 98059, an inhibitor of MEK which activates ERK, blocked LC-BuOH-induced ERK phosphorylation, it did not block the protection of LC-BuOH. CONCLUSIONS LC-BuOH mediates protection by suppressing JNK/p38 instead of activating ERK activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Lian Lin
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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Chao HM, Lin DE, Chang Y, Hsu WM, Lee SM, Lee FL, Chi CW, Pan WHT, Liu TY, Lui WY, Ho LT, Kuo CD, Chan CC, Chao FP. Ferulic acid, but not tetramethylpyrazine, significantly attenuates retinal ischemia/reperfusion-induced alterations by acting as a hydroxyl radical scavenger. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2008; 24:461-72. [PMID: 18788996 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2008.0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Ischemia plays an important role in glaucomatous optic neuropathy and retinal vascular occlusive disorders, which renders investigation vital. METHODS Retinal ischemia was induced by raising intraocular pressure to 120 mmHg. Its mechanism and management was evaluated by measuring (*)OH levels, electroretinogram (ERG) b-wave amplitudes, immunohisto-chemistry, and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Ischemia for 45, 60, and 75 min caused significant and time-dependent increased (*)OH levels, which might contribute to retinal ischemic injures. Specifically, 60 min of ischemia plus reperfusion, causing moderate oxidative stress, resulted in retinal changes that were characterized by decreased ERG b-wave amplitudes, loss of choline acetyltransferase immunolabeled amacrine cell bodies/neuronal processes, downregulated Thy-1 m-RNA levels (indexing retinal ganglion cells; RGCs), and reduced thickness of the Thy-1 immunolabeled RGC and inner plexiform layers. Of clinical importance, this is the first study to show that ischemic detrimental effects are significantly blunted when 0.5 nmol of ferulic acid, one active ingredient of Ligusticum walliichi (Chuanxiong), was applied 24 h before retinal ischemia. Further, but not to a significant level, 0.5 nmole of tetramethylpyrazine, another Chuanxiong-active component, showed such an ameliorating trend. Moreover, the 60-min ischemia-induced significant increase in (*)OH production was significantly attenuated by FA. CONCLUSIONS FA is able to protect against retinal ischemia and possibly glaucoma by, at least in part, acting as a (*)OH scavenger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Ming Chao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
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Sun Y, Jiang J, Zhang Z, Yu P, Wang L, Xu C, Liu W, Wang Y. Antioxidative and thrombolytic TMP nitrone for treatment of ischemic stroke. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:8868-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.08.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2008] [Revised: 08/26/2008] [Accepted: 08/27/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Wong KL, Wu KC, Wu RSC, Chou YH, Cheng TH, Hong HJ. Tetramethylpyrazine inhibits angiotensin II-increased NAD(P)H oxidase activity and subsequent proliferation in rat aortic smooth muscle cells. Am J Chin Med 2008; 35:1021-35. [PMID: 18186588 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x0700548x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) is the major component extracted from the Chinese herb, Chuanxiong, which is widely used in China for the treatment of cardiovascular problems. The aims of this study were to examine whether TMP may alter angiotenisn II (Ang II)-induced proliferation and to identify the putative underlying signaling pathways in rat aortic smooth muscle cells. Cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells were preincubated with TMP and then stimulated with Ang II, [3H]-thymidine incorporation and the ET-1 expression was examined. Ang II increased DNA synthesis which was inhibited by TMP (1-100 microM). TMP inhibited the Ang II-induced ET-1 mRNA levels and ET-1 secretion. TMP also inhibited Ang II-increased NAD(P)H oxidase activity, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and the ERK phosphorylation. Furthermore, TMP and antioxidants such as Trolox and diphenylene iodonium decreased Ang II-induced ERK phosphorylation, and activator protein-1 reporter activity. In summary, we demonstrate for the first time that TMP inhibits Ang II-induced proliferation and ET-1, partially by interfering with the ERK pathway via attenuation of Ang II-increased NAD(P)H oxidase and ROS generation. Thus, this study delivers important new insight in the molecular pathways that may contribute to the proposed beneficial effects of TMP in cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kar-Lok Wong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Management and Critical Care Medicine, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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Fu YS, Lin YY, Chou SC, Tsai TH, Kao LS, Hsu SY, Cheng FC, Shih YH, Cheng H, Fu YY, Wang JY. Tetramethylpyrazine inhibits activities of glioma cells and glutamate neuro-excitotoxicity: potential therapeutic application for treatment of gliomas. Neuro Oncol 2008; 10:139-52. [PMID: 18314418 DOI: 10.1215/15228517-2007-051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We tested the herbal extract 2,3,5,6-tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) for possible therapeutic efficacy against a glioma cell line and against gliomas transplanted into rat brains. In the cultured glioma cells, 50 muM TMP significantly inhibited glutamate-induced increase in intracellular calcium. Significant cell damage (30%) and proliferation suppression (10%), however, occurred only at higher concentrations (200-400 microM). Gliomaneuronal co-culturing resulted in significant neuronal damage and higher proliferation of the glioma cells (140%) compared with single cultures. Low concentrations of TMP (< or =200 microM) attenuated the neuronal damage, suppressed glioma migration, and decreased glioma proliferation in the neuronal-glioma co-culture. Gliomas transplanted into the frontal cortical area exhibited high proliferation, with untreated rats dying 10-23 days later. TMP treatment inhibited tumor growth and significantly extended survival time. The results indicate that TMP can suppress glioma activity, including growth, and protect neurons against glioma-induced excitotoxicity, suggesting that TMP may have therapeutic potential in the treatment of malignant gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Show Fu
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, 155 Sec. 2 Li-Nung Street, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Yang Z, Zhang Q, Ge J, Tan Z. Protective effects of tetramethylpyrazine on rat retinal cell cultures. Neurochem Int 2007; 52:1176-87. [PMID: 18261827 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2007.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2007] [Revised: 12/07/2007] [Accepted: 12/16/2007] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The retinal degeneration characterized with death of retinal ganglion cells is a pathological hallmark and the final common pathway of various optic neuropathies. Thus, there is an urgent need for identifying potential therapeutic compounds for retinal protection. Tetramethylpyrazine has been suggested to be neuroprotective for central neurons by acting as an antioxidant and a calcium antagonist. In this study, we tested the effects of tetramethylpyrazine on the viability of both neuronal and non-neuronal cells in mixed rat retinal cell cultures during a long-term cultivation or following hydrogen peroxide treatments. Cellular and biochemical analyses demonstrated that 50 microM tetramethylpyrazine significantly preserved neuronal morphology and survival in retinal cell cultures following 4-week in vitro cultivation as well as lethal exposures to hydrogen peroxide (10 microM or 50 microM for 24h). Hydrogen peroxide treatments induced remarkable increases in lipid peroxidation and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation paralleled by the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, microtubule-associated protein-2 (MAP-2) in neuronal soma and rattin peptide in cultured cells. Addition of tetramethylpyrazine in the cultures efficiently attenuated the signs of oxidative stress and retained abundance of MAP-2 and rattin in association with cell survival. In addition, siRNA-mediated downregulation of MAP-2 or rattin significantly increased the vulnerability of retinal neurons or the number of degenerating cells in the cultures, respectively, whereas exogenous humanin peptide, an analog of rattin, promoted cell survival in cultures under hydrogen peroxide attacks. These results suggest that tetramethylpyrazine protect retinal cells through multiple pathways and might be a potential therapeutic candidate for retinal protection in certain optic neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhikuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, 54 Xianlie Road, Guangzhou 510060, China
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Yan R, Ko NL, Li SL, Tam YK, Lin G. Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of ligustilide, a major bioactive component in Rhizoma Chuanxiong, in the rat. Drug Metab Dispos 2007; 36:400-8. [PMID: 18039808 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.107.017707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ligustilide is the most abundant bioactive ingredient in Rhizoma Chuanxiong, a Chinese medicinal herb commonly used for the treatment of cardiovascular ailments. The present study reported, for the first time, the pharmacokinetics of ligustilide, administered in its pure form and in an herbal extract, in rats. After i.v. administration of pure ligustilide, it was distributed extensively (V(d), 3.76 +/- 1.23 l/kg) and eliminated rapidly (t(1/2), 0.31 +/- 0.12 h). The i.v. clearance (CL) of ligustilide after Chuanxiong extract administration was significantly higher than that dosed in its pure form [CL, 20.35 +/- 3.05 versus 9.14 +/- 1.27 l/h/kg, p < 0.01; area under the curve (AUC), 0.79 +/- 0.10 versus 1.81 +/- 0.24 mg x h/l, p < 0.01], suggesting significant interaction between ligustilide and components present in the extract. Dose-dependent pharmacokinetics was observed after i.p. administration, and a significantly higher dose-normalized AUC (1.77 +/- 0.23 mg x h/l) at 52 mg/kg was obtained than that at 26 mg/kg (0.93 +/- 0.07 mg x h/l, p < 0.05). Oral bioavailability of ligustilide was low (2.6%), which was partly because of extensive first-pass metabolism in the liver. Seven metabolites of ligustilide were identified, and three of them were unequivocally characterized as butylidenephthalide, senkyunolide I, and senkyunolide H. These three compounds also occurred naturally in the herb and were reported to be bioactive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Yan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, SAR
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48
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Lin YL, Lee YC, Huang CL, Lai WL, Lin YR, Huang NK. Ligusticum chuanxiong prevents rat pheochromocytoma cells from serum deprivation-induced apoptosis through a protein kinase A-dependent pathway. J Ethnopharmacol 2007; 109:428-34. [PMID: 16973320 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2006.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2006] [Revised: 07/11/2006] [Accepted: 08/11/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Ligusticum chuanxiong (LC) is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine used to treat various cardiovascular diseases. In this study, the butanol extract of LC was found to protect neuronal-like pheochromocytoma cells from serum deprivation-induced apoptosis. Both a serine/threonine kinase inhibitor and a specific protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor blocked the protective effect of LC. A transcription inhibitor (actinomycin D) and a protein synthesis inhibitor (cyclohexamide) also attenuated the protective effect of LC, suggesting the requirement of gene expression for the protection of LC. On the other hand, LC increased both the formation of cyclic-AMP and the phosphorylation of the cyclic-AMP response element-binding protein (CREB), a downstream target of PKA and a nuclear transcription factor known for neuroprotective mechanism. Furthermore, LC-induced CREB phosphorylation and protective effect could be blocked by a PKA inhibitor and overexpression of the dominant negative CREB, respectively. Taken together, the protective mechanism of LC in antagonizing serum deprivation-induced PC12 cell apoptosis might be mediated through a PKA/CREB-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Lian Lin
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, No. 155-1, Li-Nung Street, Section 2, Shipai, Peitou, Taipei 112, Taiwan
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Yan R, Lin G, Ko NL, Tam YK. Low Oral Bioavailability and Pharmacokinetics of Senkyunolide A, a Major Bioactive Component in Rhizoma Chuanxiong, in the Rat. Ther Drug Monit 2007; 29:49-56. [PMID: 17304150 DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0b013e31802c5862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics of senkyunolide A, one of the major bioactive ingredients in the traditional Chinese medicinal herb Rhizoma Chuanxiong, which is commonly used for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, was studied in rats. After intravenous (IV) administration, senkyunolide A was extensively distributed (Vd/F: 6.74 +/- 0.73 L/kg) and rapidly eliminated from the plasma (CL/F: 7.20 +/- 0.48 L/h per kilogram and t1/2: 0.65 +/- 0.06 hr). Hepatic metabolism was suggested as the major route of senkyunolide A elimination as indicated by the results of in vitro S9 fraction study. After intraperitoneal (IP) administration, senkyunolide A exhibited dose-independent pharmacokinetics. The absorption after IP administration was rapid (Tmax: 0.04 +/- 0.01 hours), and the bioavailability was 75%. After oral administration, senkyunolide A was also absorbed rapidly (Tmax: 0.21 +/- 0.08 hours); however, its oral bioavailability was low (approximately 8%). The contributing factors were determined to be instability in the gastrointestinal tract (accounting for 67% of the loss) and hepatic first-pass metabolism (accounting for another 25%). Pharmacokinetics of senkyunolide A were unaltered when Chuanxiong extract was administered, which suggests that components in the extract have insignificant effects on senkyunolide A pharmacokinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Yan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
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Kao TK, Ou YC, Kuo JS, Chen WY, Liao SL, Wu CW, Chen CJ, Ling NN, Zhang YH, Peng WH. Neuroprotection by tetramethylpyrazine against ischemic brain injury in rats. Neurochem Int 2006; 48:166-76. [PMID: 16316708 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2005.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2005] [Revised: 10/03/2005] [Accepted: 10/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In traditional Chinese medicine, Ligusticum wallichii Franchat (Chuan Xiong) and its active ingredient tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) have been used to treat cardiovascular diseases and to relieve various neurological symptoms such as ischemic deficits. However, scientific evidence related to their effectiveness or precise modes of neuroprotective action is largely unclear. In the current study, we elicited the neuroprotective mechanisms of TMP after focal cerebral ischemic/reperfusion (I/R) by common carotid arteries and middle cerebral artery occlusion model in rats. TMP was administrated 60 min before occlusion via intraperitoneal injection. TMP concentration-dependently exhibited significant neuroprotective effect against ischemic deficits by reduction of behavioral disturbance. Neuronal loss and brain infarction in the ischemic side of rats were markedly lowered by treatment with TMP. Cerebral I/R-induced internucleosomal DNA fragmentation, caspase-8, caspase-9, and caspase-3 activation, and cytochrome c release were reduced by TMP treatment. Western blot analysis revealed the down-regulation of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL and the up-regulation of Bax and Bad by cerebral I/R insult. Among them, only the alteration in Bcl-xL expression was reversed by TMP treatment. Moreover, the activation of microglia and/or recruitment of inflammatory cells within the ischemic side and the consequent production of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) were suppressed by TMP pre-treatment. Our findings suggest that TMP might provide neuroprotection against ischemic brain injury, in part, through suppression of inflammatory reaction, reduction of neuronal apoptosis, and prevention of neuronal loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Kuei Kao
- Department of Nursing, Tajen Institute of Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
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