1
|
Dancis A, Pandey AK, Pain D. Mitochondria function in cytoplasmic FeS protein biogenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Res 2024; 1871:119733. [PMID: 38641180 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2024.119733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Iron‑sulfur (FeS) clusters are cofactors of numerous proteins involved in essential cellular functions including respiration, protein translation, DNA synthesis and repair, ribosome maturation, anti-viral responses, and isopropylmalate isomerase activity. Novel FeS proteins are still being discovered due to the widespread use of cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) and elegant genetic screens targeted at protein discovery. A complex sequence of biochemical reactions mediated by a conserved machinery controls biosynthesis of FeS clusters. In eukaryotes, a remarkable epistasis has been observed: the mitochondrial machinery, termed ISC (Iron-Sulfur Cluster), lies upstream of the cytoplasmic machinery, termed CIA (Cytoplasmic Iron‑sulfur protein Assembly). The basis for this arrangement is the production of a hitherto uncharacterized intermediate, termed X-S or (Fe-S)int, produced in mitochondria by the ISC machinery, exported by the mitochondrial ABC transporter Atm1 (ABCB7 in humans), and then utilized by the CIA machinery for the cytoplasmic/nuclear FeS cluster assembly. Genetic and biochemical findings supporting this sequence of events are herein presented. New structural views of the Atm1 transport phases are reviewed. The key compartmental roles of glutathione in cellular FeS cluster biogenesis are highlighted. Finally, data are presented showing that every one of the ten core components of the mitochondrial ISC machinery and Atm1, when mutated or depleted, displays similar phenotypes: mitochondrial and cytoplasmic FeS clusters are both rendered deficient, consistent with the epistasis noted above.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Dancis
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.
| | - Ashutosh K Pandey
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Debkumar Pain
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sun L, David KT, Wolters JF, Karlen SD, Gonçalves C, Opulente DA, LaBella AL, Groenewald M, Zhou X, Shen XX, Rokas A, Hittinger CT. Functional and Evolutionary Integration of a Fungal Gene With a Bacterial Operon. Mol Biol Evol 2024; 41:msae045. [PMID: 38415839 PMCID: PMC11043216 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msae045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Siderophores are crucial for iron-scavenging in microorganisms. While many yeasts can uptake siderophores produced by other organisms, they are typically unable to synthesize siderophores themselves. In contrast, Wickerhamiella/Starmerella (W/S) clade yeasts gained the capacity to make the siderophore enterobactin following the remarkable horizontal acquisition of a bacterial operon enabling enterobactin synthesis. Yet, how these yeasts absorb the iron bound by enterobactin remains unresolved. Here, we demonstrate that Enb1 is the key enterobactin importer in the W/S-clade species Starmerella bombicola. Through phylogenomic analyses, we show that ENB1 is present in all W/S clade yeast species that retained the enterobactin biosynthetic genes. Conversely, it is absent in species that lost the ent genes, except for Starmerella stellata, making this species the only cheater in the W/S clade that can utilize enterobactin without producing it. Through phylogenetic analyses, we infer that ENB1 is a fungal gene that likely existed in the W/S clade prior to the acquisition of the ent genes and subsequently experienced multiple gene losses and duplications. Through phylogenetic topology tests, we show that ENB1 likely underwent horizontal gene transfer from an ancient W/S clade yeast to the order Saccharomycetales, which includes the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, followed by extensive secondary losses. Taken together, these results suggest that the fungal ENB1 and bacterial ent genes were cooperatively integrated into a functional unit within the W/S clade that enabled adaptation to iron-limited environments. This integrated fungal-bacterial circuit and its dynamic evolution determine the extant distribution of yeast enterobactin producers and cheaters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Sun
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53726, USA
- Laboratory of Genetics, Center for Genomic Science Innovation, Wisconsin Energy Institute, J. F. Crow Institute for the Study of Evolution, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53726, USA
| | - Kyle T David
- Evolutionary Studies Initiative and Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - John F Wolters
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53726, USA
- Laboratory of Genetics, Center for Genomic Science Innovation, Wisconsin Energy Institute, J. F. Crow Institute for the Study of Evolution, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53726, USA
| | - Steven D Karlen
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53726, USA
| | - Carla Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Genetics, Center for Genomic Science Innovation, Wisconsin Energy Institute, J. F. Crow Institute for the Study of Evolution, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53726, USA
- Evolutionary Studies Initiative and Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
- UCIBIO, Department of Life Sciences, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Dana A Opulente
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53726, USA
- Laboratory of Genetics, Center for Genomic Science Innovation, Wisconsin Energy Institute, J. F. Crow Institute for the Study of Evolution, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53726, USA
- Biology Department, Villanova University, Villanova, PA 19085, USA
| | - Abigail Leavitt LaBella
- Evolutionary Studies Initiative and Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| | | | - Xiaofan Zhou
- Evolutionary Studies Initiative and Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xing-Xing Shen
- Evolutionary Studies Initiative and Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology and Centre for Evolutionary & Organismal Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Antonis Rokas
- Evolutionary Studies Initiative and Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Chris Todd Hittinger
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53726, USA
- Laboratory of Genetics, Center for Genomic Science Innovation, Wisconsin Energy Institute, J. F. Crow Institute for the Study of Evolution, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53726, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Clúa J, Montpetit J, Jimenez-Sandoval P, Naumann C, Santiago J, Poirier Y. A CYBDOM protein impacts iron homeostasis and primary root growth under phosphate deficiency in Arabidopsis. Nat Commun 2024; 15:423. [PMID: 38212368 PMCID: PMC10784552 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43911-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Arabidopsis primary root growth response to phosphate (Pi) deficiency is mainly controlled by changes in apoplastic iron (Fe). Upon Pi deficiency, apoplastic Fe deposition in the root apical meristem activates pathways leading to the arrest of meristem maintenance and inhibition of cell elongation. Here, we report that a member of the uncharacterized cytochrome b561 and DOMON domain (CYBDOM) protein family, named CRR, promotes iron reduction in an ascorbate-dependent manner and controls apoplastic iron deposition. Under low Pi, the crr mutant shows an enhanced reduction of primary root growth associated with increased apoplastic Fe in the root meristem and a reduction in meristematic cell division. Conversely, CRR overexpression abolishes apoplastic Fe deposition rendering primary root growth insensitive to low Pi. The crr single mutant and crr hyp1 double mutant, harboring a null allele in another member of the CYDOM family, shows increased tolerance to high-Fe stress upon germination and seedling growth. Conversely, CRR overexpression is associated with increased uptake and translocation of Fe to the shoot and results in plants highly sensitive to Fe excess. Our results identify a ferric reductase implicated in Fe homeostasis and developmental responses to abiotic stress, and reveal a biological role for CYBDOM proteins in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín Clúa
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Biophore Building, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jonatan Montpetit
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Biophore Building, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pedro Jimenez-Sandoval
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Biophore Building, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christin Naumann
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Julia Santiago
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Biophore Building, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yves Poirier
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Biophore Building, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Aza P, Camarero S. Fungal Laccases: Fundamentals, Engineering and Classification Update. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1716. [PMID: 38136587 PMCID: PMC10741624 DOI: 10.3390/biom13121716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Multicopper oxidases (MCOs) share a common catalytic mechanism of activation by oxygen and cupredoxin-like folding, along with some common structural determinants. Laccases constitute the largest group of MCOs, with fungal laccases having the greatest biotechnological applicability due to their superior ability to oxidize a wide range of aromatic compounds and lignin, which is enhanced in the presence of redox mediators. The adaptation of these versatile enzymes to specific application processes can be achieved through the directed evolution of the recombinant enzymes. On the other hand, their substrate versatility and the low sequence homology among laccases make their exact classification difficult. Many of the ever-increasing amounts of MCO entries from fungal genomes are automatically (and often wrongly) annotated as laccases. In a recent comparative genomic study of 52 basidiomycete fungi, MCO classification was revised based on their phylogeny. The enzymes clustered according to common structural motifs and theoretical activities, revealing three novel groups of laccase-like enzymes. This review provides an overview of the structure, catalytic activity, and oxidative mechanism of fungal laccases and how their biotechnological potential as biocatalysts in industry can be greatly enhanced by protein engineering. Finally, recent information on newly identified MCOs with laccase-like activity is included.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Susana Camarero
- Margarita Salas Center for Biological Research, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pijuan J, Moreno DF, Yahya G, Moisa M, Ul Haq I, Krukiewicz K, Mosbah R, Metwally K, Cavalu S. Regulatory and pathogenic mechanisms in response to iron deficiency and excess in fungi. Microb Biotechnol 2023; 16:2053-2071. [PMID: 37804207 PMCID: PMC10616654 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron is an essential element for all eukaryote organisms because of its redox properties, which are important for many biological processes such as DNA synthesis, mitochondrial respiration, oxygen transport, lipid, and carbon metabolism. For this reason, living organisms have developed different strategies and mechanisms to optimally regulate iron acquisition, transport, storage, and uptake in different environmental responses. Moreover, iron plays an essential role during microbial infections. Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been of key importance for decrypting iron homeostasis and regulation mechanisms in eukaryotes. Specifically, the transcription factors Aft1/Aft2 and Yap5 regulate the expression of genes to control iron metabolism in response to its deficiency or excess, adapting to the cell's iron requirements and its availability in the environment. We also review which iron-related virulence factors have the most common fungal human pathogens (Aspergillus fumigatus, Cryptococcus neoformans, and Candida albicans). These factors are essential for adaptation in different host niches during pathogenesis, including different fungal-specific iron-uptake mechanisms. While being necessary for virulence, they provide hope for developing novel antifungal treatments, which are currently scarce and usually toxic for patients. In this review, we provide a compilation of the current knowledge about the metabolic response to iron deficiency and excess in fungi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Pijuan
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Molecular MedicineInstitut de Recerca Sant Joan de DéuBarcelonaSpain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIIIMadridSpain
| | - David F. Moreno
- Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental BiologyYale UniversityNew HavenConnecticutUSA
- Systems Biology InstituteYale UniversityWest HavenConnecticutUSA
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et CellulaireIllkirchFrance
| | - Galal Yahya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of PharmacyZagazig UniversityAl SharqiaEgypt
| | - Mihaela Moisa
- Faculty of Medicine and PharmacyUniversity of OradeaOradeaRomania
| | - Ihtisham Ul Haq
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Polymers TechnologySilesian University of TechnologyGliwicePoland
- Programa de Pós‐graduação em Inovação TecnológicaUniversidade Federal de Minas GeraisBelo HorizonteBrazil
| | - Katarzyna Krukiewicz
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Polymers TechnologySilesian University of TechnologyGliwicePoland
- Centre for Organic and Nanohybrid ElectronicsSilesian University of TechnologyGliwicePoland
| | - Rasha Mosbah
- Infection Control UnitHospitals of Zagazig UniversityZagazigEgypt
| | - Kamel Metwally
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of PharmacyUniversity of TabukTabukSaudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of PharmacyZagazig UniversityZagazigEgypt
| | - Simona Cavalu
- Faculty of Medicine and PharmacyUniversity of OradeaOradeaRomania
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zheng D, Yue D, Shen J, Li D, Song Z, Huang Y, Yong J, Li Y. Berberine inhibits Candida albicans growth by disrupting mitochondrial function through the reduction of iron absorption. J Appl Microbiol 2023; 134:lxad276. [PMID: 37994672 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxad276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
AIMS This study aimed to investigate whether berberine (BBR) can inhibit the iron reduction mechanism of Candida albicans, lowering the iron uptake of the yeast and perhaps having antimicrobial effects. METHODS AND RESULTS We determined that BBR may cause extensive transcriptional remodeling in C. albicans and that iron permease Ftr1 played a crucial role in this process through eukaryotic transcriptome sequencing. Mechanistic research showed that BBR might selectively inhibit the iron reduction pathway to lower the uptake of exogenous iron ions, inhibiting C. albicans from growing and metabolizing. Subsequent research revealed that BBR caused significant mitochondrial dysfunction, which triggered the process of mitochondrial autophagy. Moreover, we discovered that C. albicans redox homeostasis, susceptibility to antifungal drugs, and hyphal growth are all impacted by the suppression of this mechanism by BBR. CONCLUSIONS The iron reduction mechanism in C. albicans is disrupted by BBR, which disrupts mitochondrial function and inhibits fungal growth. These findings highlight the potential promise of BBR in antifungal applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongming Zheng
- College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sichuan 611137, China
| | - Daifan Yue
- College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sichuan 611137, China
| | - Jinyang Shen
- College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sichuan 611137, China
| | - Dongmei Li
- College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sichuan 611137, China
| | - Zhen Song
- College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sichuan 611137, China
| | - Yifu Huang
- College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sichuan 611137, China
| | - Jiangyan Yong
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sichuan 610075, China
| | - Yan Li
- College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sichuan 611137, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Paredes A, Iheacho C, Smith AT. Metal Messengers: Communication in the Bacterial World through Transition-Metal-Sensing Two-Component Systems. Biochemistry 2023; 62:2339-2357. [PMID: 37539997 PMCID: PMC10530140 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.3c00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria survive in highly dynamic and complex environments due, in part, to the presence of systems that allow the rapid control of gene expression in the presence of changing environmental stimuli. The crosstalk between intra- and extracellular bacterial environments is often facilitated by two-component signal transduction systems that are typically composed of a transmembrane histidine kinase and a cytosolic response regulator. Sensor histidine kinases and response regulators work in tandem with their modular domains containing highly conserved structural features to control a diverse array of genes that respond to changing environments. Bacterial two-component systems are widespread and play crucial roles in many important processes, such as motility, virulence, chemotaxis, and even transition metal homeostasis. Transition metals are essential for normal prokaryotic physiological processes, and the presence of these metal ions may also influence pathogenic virulence if their levels are appropriately controlled. To do so, bacteria use transition-metal-sensing two-component systems that bind and respond to rapid fluctuations in extracytosolic concentrations of transition metals. This perspective summarizes the structural and metal-binding features of bacterial transition-metal-sensing two-component systems and places a special emphasis on understanding how these systems are used by pathogens to establish infection in host cells and how these systems may be targeted for future therapeutic developments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Paredes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
| | - Chioma Iheacho
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
| | - Aaron T Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bailão AM, Silva KLPD, Moraes D, Lechner B, Lindner H, Haas H, Soares CMA, Silva-Bailão MG. Iron Starvation Induces Ferricrocin Production and the Reductive Iron Acquisition System in the Chromoblastomycosis Agent Cladophialophora carrionii. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:727. [PMID: 37504717 PMCID: PMC10382037 DOI: 10.3390/jof9070727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron is a micronutrient required by almost all living organisms. Despite being essential, the availability of this metal is low in aerobic environments. Additionally, mammalian hosts evolved strategies to restrict iron from invading microorganisms. In this scenario, the survival of pathogenic fungi depends on high-affinity iron uptake mechanisms. Here, we show that the production of siderophores and the reductive iron acquisition system (RIA) are employed by Cladophialophora carrionii under iron restriction. This black fungus is one of the causative agents of chromoblastomycosis, a neglected subcutaneous tropical disease. Siderophore biosynthesis genes are arranged in clusters and, interestingly, two RIA systems are present in the genome. Orthologs of putative siderophore transporters were identified as well. Iron starvation regulates the expression of genes related to both siderophore production and RIA systems, as well as of two transcription factors that regulate iron homeostasis in fungi. A chrome azurol S assay demonstrated the secretion of hydroxamate-type siderophores, which were further identified via RP-HPLC and mass spectrometry as ferricrocin. An analysis of cell extracts also revealed ferricrocin as an intracellular siderophore. The presence of active high-affinity iron acquisition systems may surely contribute to fungal survival during infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Melo Bailão
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, Brazil
| | | | - Dayane Moraes
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Beatrix Lechner
- Institute of Molecular Biology/Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, 795J+RF Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Herbert Lindner
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry/Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, 795J+RF Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hubertus Haas
- Institute of Molecular Biology/Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, 795J+RF Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Schalamun M, Molin EM, Schmoll M. RGS4 impacts carbohydrate and siderophore metabolism in Trichoderma reesei. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:372. [PMID: 37400774 PMCID: PMC10316542 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09467-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adaptation to complex, rapidly changing environments is crucial for evolutionary success of fungi. The heterotrimeric G-protein pathway belongs to the most important signaling cascades applied for this task. In Trichoderma reesei, enzyme production, growth and secondary metabolism are among the physiological traits influenced by the G-protein pathway in a light dependent manner. RESULTS Here, we investigated the function of the SNX/H-type regulator of G-protein signaling (RGS) protein RGS4 of T. reesei. We show that RGS4 is involved in regulation of cellulase production, growth, asexual development and oxidative stress response in darkness as well as in osmotic stress response in the presence of sodium chloride, particularly in light. Transcriptome analysis revealed regulation of several ribosomal genes, six genes mutated in RutC30 as well as several genes encoding transcription factors and transporters. Importantly, RGS4 positively regulates the siderophore cluster responsible for fusarinine C biosynthesis in light. The respective deletion mutant shows altered growth on nutrient sources related to siderophore production such as ornithine or proline in a BIOLOG phenotype microarray assay. Additionally, growth on storage carbohydrates as well as several intermediates of the D-galactose and D-arabinose catabolic pathway is decreased, predominantly in light. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that RGS4 mainly operates in light and targets plant cell wall degradation, siderophore production and storage compound metabolism in T. reesei.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Schalamun
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Bioresources Unit, Center for Health & Bioresources, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 24, Tulln, 3430 Austria
| | - Eva Maria Molin
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Bioresources Unit, Center for Health & Bioresources, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 24, Tulln, 3430 Austria
| | - Monika Schmoll
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Bioresources Unit, Center for Health & Bioresources, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 24, Tulln, 3430 Austria
- Division of Terrestrial Ecosystem Research, Centre of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, Vienna, 1030 Austria
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Moraes D, Rodrigues JGC, Silva MG, Soares LW, Soares CMDA, Bailão AM, Silva-Bailão MG. Copper acquisition and detoxification machineries are conserved in dimorphic fungi. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2022.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
11
|
Chen C, Zhang Y, Cai J, Qiu Y, Li L, Gao C, Gao Y, Ke M, Wu S, Wei C, Chen J, Xu T, Friml J, Wang J, Li R, Chao D, Zhang B, Chen X, Gao Z. Multi-copper oxidases SKU5 and SKS1 coordinate cell wall formation using apoplastic redox-based reactions in roots. Plant Physiol 2023:kiad207. [PMID: 37010107 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The primary cell wall is a fundamental plant constituent that is flexible but sufficiently rigid to support the plant cell shape. Although many studies have demonstrated that reactive oxygen species (ROS) serve as important signaling messengers to modify the cell wall structure and affect cellular growth, the regulatory mechanism underlying the spatial-temporal regulation of ROS activity for cell wall maintenance remains largely unclear. Here, we demonstrate a role of the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) multi-copper oxidase-like protein skewed 5 (SKU5) and its homolog SKU5-similar 1 (SKS1) in root cell wall formation through modulating ROS homeostasis. Loss of SKU5 and SKS1 function resulted in aberrant division planes, protruding cell walls, ectopic deposition of iron, and NADPH oxidase-dependent ROS overproduction in the root epidermis-cortex and cortex-endodermis junctions. A decrease of ROS level or inhibition of NADPH oxidase activity rescued the cell wall defects of sku5 sks1 double mutants. SKU5 and SKS1 proteins were activated by iron treatment, and iron over-accumulated in the walls between root epidermis and cortex cell layers of sku5 sks1. The glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored motif was crucial for membrane association and functionality of SKU5 and SKS1. Overall, our results identified SKU5 and SKS1 as regulators of ROS at the cell surface for regulation of cell wall structure and root cell growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chaofan Chen
- College of Life Science and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- College of Life Science and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Jianfa Cai
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yuting Qiu
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Lihong Li
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Chengxu Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yiqun Gao
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Meiyu Ke
- College of Life Science and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Shengwei Wu
- College of Life Science and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Chuan Wei
- College of Life Science and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Jiaomei Chen
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Tongda Xu
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Junqi Wang
- Department of Biology, Institute of Plant and Food Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Ruixi Li
- Department of Biology, Institute of Plant and Food Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Daiyin Chao
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Baocai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xu Chen
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Zhen Gao
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Montellà-Manuel S, Pujol-Carrion N, de la Torre-Ruiz MA. Aft1 Nuclear Localization and Transcriptional Response to Iron Starvation Rely upon TORC2/Ypk1 Signaling and Sphingolipid Biosynthesis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24. [PMID: 36768760 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron scarcity provokes a cellular response consisting of the strong expression of high-affinity systems to optimize iron uptake and mobilization. Aft1 is a primary transcription factor involved in iron homeostasis and controls the expression of high-affinity iron uptake genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Aft1 responds to iron deprivation by translocating from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. Here, we demonstrate that the AGC kinase Ypk1, as well as its upstream regulator TOR Complex 2 (TORC2), are required for proper Aft1 nuclear localization following iron deprivation. We exclude a role for TOR Complex 1 (TORC1) and its downstream effector Sch9, suggesting this response is specific for the TORC2 arm of the TOR pathway. Remarkably, we demonstrate that Aft1 nuclear localization and a robust transcriptional response to iron starvation also require biosynthesis of sphingolipids, including complex sphingolipids such as inositol phosphorylceramide (IPC) and upstream precursors, e.g., long-chain bases (LCBs) and ceramides. Furthermore, we observe the deficiency of Aft1 nuclear localization and impaired transcriptional response in the absence of iron when TORC2-Ypk1 is impaired is partially suppressed by exogenous addition of the LCB dihydrosphingosine (DHS). This latter result is consistent with prior studies linking sphingolipid biosynthesis to TORC2-Ypk1 signaling. Taken together, these results reveal a novel role for sphingolipids, controlled by TORC2-Ypk1, for proper localization and activity of Aft1 in response to iron scarcity.
Collapse
|
13
|
Aza P, Molpeceres G, Vind J, Camarero S. Multicopper oxidases with laccase-ferroxidase activity: Classification and study of ferroxidase activity determinants in a member from Heterobasidion annosum s. l. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2023; 21:1041-53. [PMID: 36733701 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2023.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Multi-copper oxidases (MCO) share a common molecular architecture and the use of copper ions as cofactors to reduce O2 to H2O, but show high sequence heterogeneity and functional diversity. Many new emerging MCO genes are wrongly annotated as laccases, the largest group of MCOs, with the widest range of biotechnological applications (particularly those from basidiomycete fungi) due to their ability to oxidise aromatic compounds and lignin. Thus, comprehensive studies for a better classification and structure-function characterisation of MCO families are required. Laccase-ferroxidases (LAC-FOXs) constitute a separate and unexplored group of MCOs with proposed dual features between laccases and ferroxidases. We aim to better define this cluster and the structural determinants underlying putative hybrid activity. We performed a phylogenetic analysis of the LAC-FOXs from basidiomycete fungi, that resulted in two subgroups. This division seemed to correlate with the presence or absence of some of the three acidic residues responsible for ferroxidase activity in Fet3p from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. One of these LAC-FOXs (with only one of these residues) from the fungus Heterobasidion annosum s. l. (HaLF) was synthesised, heterologously expressed and characterised to evaluate its catalytic activity. HaLF oxidised typical laccase substrates (phenols, aryl amines and N-heterocycles), but no Fe (II). The enzyme was subjected to site-directed mutagenesis to determine the key residues that confer ferroxidase activity. The mutated HaLF variant with full restoration of the three acidic residues exhibited efficient ferroxidase activity, while it partially retained the wide-range oxidative activity of the native enzyme associated to laccases sensu stricto.
Collapse
|
14
|
Wu X, Wang Y, Ni Q, Li H, Wu X, Yuan Z, Xiao R, Ren Z, Lu J, Yun J, Wang Z, Li X. GmYSL7 controls iron uptake, allocation, and cellular response of nodules in soybean. J Integr Plant Biol 2023; 65:167-187. [PMID: 36107150 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Iron (Fe) is essential for DNA synthesis, photosynthesis and respiration of plants. The demand for Fe substantially increases during legumes-rhizobia symbiotic nitrogen fixation because of the synthesis of leghemoglobin in the host and Fe-containing proteins in bacteroids. However, the mechanism by which plant controls iron transport to nodules remains largely unknown. Here we demonstrate that GmYSL7 serves as a key regulator controlling Fe uptake from root to nodule and distribution in soybean nodules. GmYSL7 is Fe responsive and GmYSL7 transports iron across the membrane and into the infected cells of nodules. Alterations of GmYSL7 substantially affect iron distribution between root and nodule, resulting in defective growth of nodules and reduced nitrogenase activity. GmYSL7 knockout increases the expression of GmbHLH300, a transcription factor required for Fe response of nodules. Overexpression of GmbHLH300 decreases nodule number, nitrogenase activity and Fe content in nodules. Remarkably, GmbHLH300 directly binds to the promoters of ENOD93 and GmLbs, which regulate nodule number and nitrogenase activity, and represses their transcription. Our data reveal a new role of GmYSL7 in controlling Fe transport from host root to nodule and Fe distribution in nodule cells, and uncover a molecular mechanism by which Fe affects nodule number and nitrogenase activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinying Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic and Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yongliang Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic and Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Qiaohan Ni
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic and Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Haizhen Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic and Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xuesong Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic and Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhanxin Yuan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic and Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Renhao Xiao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic and Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ziyin Ren
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic and Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jingjing Lu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic and Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jinxia Yun
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic and Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhijuan Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic and Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xia Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic and Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Xu ZR, Cai ML, Yang Y, You TT, Ma JF, Wang P, Zhao FJ. The ferroxidases LPR1 and LPR2 control iron translocation in the xylem of Arabidopsis plants. Mol Plant 2022; 15:1962-1975. [PMID: 36348623 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Iron (Fe) deficiency is common in agricultural crops and affects millions of people worldwide. Translocation of Fe in the xylem is a key step for Fe distribution in plants. The mechanism controlling this process remains largely unknown. Here, we report that two Arabidopsis ferroxidases, LPR1 and LPR2, play a crucial and redundant role in controlling Fe translocation in the xylem. LPR1 and LPR2 are mainly localized in the cell walls of xylem vessels and the surrounding cells in roots, leaves, and stems. Knockout of both LPR1 and LPR2 increased the proportion of Fe(II) in the xylem sap, and caused Fe deposition along the vascular bundles especially in the petioles and main veins of leaves, which was alleviated by blocking blue light. The lpr1 lpr2 double mutant displayed constitutive expression of Fe deficiency response genes and overaccumulation of Fe in the roots and mature leaves under Fe-sufficient supply, but Fe deficiency chlorosis in the new leaves and inflorescences under low Fe supply. Moreover, the lpr1 lpr2 double mutant showed lower Fe concentrations in the xylem and phloem saps, and impaired 57Fe translocation along the xylem. In vitro assays showed that Fe(III)-citrate, the main form of Fe in xylem sap, is easily photoreduced to Fe(II)-citrate, which is unstable and prone to adsorption by cell walls. Taken together, these results indicate that LPR1 and LPR2 are required to oxidize Fe(II) and maintain Fe(III)-citrate stability and mobility during xylem translocation against photoreduction. Our study not only uncovers an essential physiological role of LPR1 and LPR2 but also reveals a new mechanism by which plants maintain Fe mobility during long-distance translocation in the xylem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Rui Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Mei-Ling Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ting-Ting You
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jian Feng Ma
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Chuo 2-20-1, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan
| | - Peng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Fang-Jie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Tonmoy MIQ, Ahmed SF, Hami I, Shakil MSK, Verma AK, Hasan M, Reza HA, Bahadur NM, Rahaman MM, Hossain MS. Identification of novel inhibitors of high affinity iron permease (FTR1) through implementing pharmacokinetics index to fight against black fungus: An in silico approach. Infect Genet Evol 2022; 106:105385. [PMID: 36368610 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2022.105385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Mucormycosis is a life-threatening fungal infection, particularly in immunocompromised patients. Mucormycosis has been reported to show resistance to available antifungal drugs and was recently found in COVID-19 as a co-morbidity that demands new classes of drugs. In an attempt to find novel inhibitors against the high-affinity iron permease (FTR1), a novel target having fundamental importance on the pathogenesis of mucormycosis, 11,000 natural compounds were investigated in this study. Virtual screening and molecular docking identified two potent natural compounds [6',7,7,10',10',13'-hexamethylspiro[1,8-dihydropyrano[2,3-g]indole-3,11'-3,13-diazatetracyclo[5.5.2.01,9.03,7]tetradecane]-2,9,14'-trione and 5,7-dihydroxy-3-(2,2,8,8-tetramethylpyrano[2,3-f]chromen-6-yl)chromen-4-one] that effectively bind to the active cavity of FTR1 with a binding affinity of -9.9 kcal/mol. Multiple non-covalent interactions between the compounds and the active residues of this cavity were noticed, which is required for FTR1 inhibition. These compounds were found to have inhibitory nature and meet essential requirements to be drug-like compounds with a considerable absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) profile with no toxicity probabilities. Molecular dynamics simulation confirms the structural compactness and less conformational variation of the drug-protein complexes maintaining structural stability and rigidity. MM-PBSA and post-simulation analysis predict binding stability of these compounds in the active cavity. This study hypothesizing that these compounds could be a potential inhibitor of FTR1 and will broaden the clinical prospects of mucormycosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahafujul Islam Quadery Tonmoy
- Department of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Bangladesh; Computational Biology and Chemistry Lab (CBC), Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Bangladesh
| | - Sk Faisal Ahmed
- Department of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Bangladesh; Computational Biology and Chemistry Lab (CBC), Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Bangladesh
| | - Ithmam Hami
- Department of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Bangladesh
| | - Md Shahriar Kabir Shakil
- Department of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Bangladesh; Computational Biology and Chemistry Lab (CBC), Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Bangladesh
| | - Abhishek Kumar Verma
- Computational Biology and Chemistry Lab (CBC), Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Bangladesh
| | - Mahmudul Hasan
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Hasan Al Reza
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Newaz Mohammed Bahadur
- Computational Biology and Chemistry Lab (CBC), Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Bangladesh; Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Bangladesh
| | - Md Mizanur Rahaman
- Computational Biology and Chemistry Lab (CBC), Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Bangladesh; Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| | - Md Shahadat Hossain
- Department of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Bangladesh; Computational Biology and Chemistry Lab (CBC), Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Bangladesh.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kim DH, Choi HJ, Lee YR, Kim SJ, Lee S, Lee WH. Comprehensive Characterization of Mutant Pichia stipitis Co-Fermenting Cellobiose and Xylose through Genomic and Transcriptomic Analyses. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 32:1485-1495. [PMID: 36317418 PMCID: PMC9720078 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2209.09004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The development of a yeast strain capable of fermenting mixed sugars efficiently is crucial for producing biofuels and value-added materials from cellulosic biomass. Previously, a mutant Pichia stipitis YN14 strain capable of co-fermenting xylose and cellobiose was developed through evolutionary engineering of the wild-type P. stipitis CBS6054 strain, which was incapable of cofermenting xylose and cellobiose. In this study, through genomic and transcriptomic analyses, we sought to investigate the reasons for the improved sugar metabolic performance of the mutant YN14 strain in comparison with the parental CBS6054 strain. Unfortunately, comparative wholegenome sequencing (WGS) showed no mutation in any of the genes involved in the cellobiose metabolism between the two strains. However, comparative RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) revealed that the YN14 strain had 101.2 times and 5.9 times higher expression levels of HXT2.3 and BGL2 genes involved in cellobiose metabolism, and 6.9 times and 75.9 times lower expression levels of COX17 and SOD2.2 genes involved in respiration, respectively, compared with the CBS6054 strain. This may explain how the YN14 strain enhanced cellobiose metabolic performance and shifted the direction of cellobiose metabolic flux from respiration to fermentation in the presence of cellobiose compared with the CBS6054 strain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Hwan Kim
- Department of Bioenergy Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea,Department of Integrative Food, Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Jin Choi
- Department of Bioenergy Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea,Department of Integrative Food, Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Rim Lee
- Interdisciplinary Program of Agriculture and Life Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea,Gwangju Bio/Energy R&D Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Gwangju 61003, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Jung Kim
- Department of Integrative Food, Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangmin Lee
- Gwangju Bio/Energy R&D Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Gwangju 61003, Republic of Korea,
S.M. Lee Phone: +82-62-717-2425 Fax: +82-62-717-2453 E-mail:
| | - Won-Heong Lee
- Department of Bioenergy Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea,Department of Integrative Food, Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea,Interdisciplinary Program of Agriculture and Life Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea,Corresponding authors W.H. Lee Phone: +82-62-530-2046 Fax: +82-62-530-2047 E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Brun A, Smokvarska M, Wei L, Chay S, Curie C, Mari S. MCO1 and MCO3, two putative ascorbate oxidases with ferroxidase activity, new candidates for the regulation of apoplastic iron excess in Arabidopsis. Plant Direct 2022; 6:e463. [PMID: 36405511 PMCID: PMC9669615 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Iron (Fe) is an essential metal ion that plays a major role as a cofactor in many biological processes. The balance between the Fe2+ and Fe3+ forms is central for cellular Fe homeostasis because it regulates its transport, utilization, and storage. Contrary to Fe3+ reduction that is crucial for Fe uptake by roots in deficiency conditions, ferroxidation has been much less studied. In this work, we have focused on the molecular characterization of two members of the MultiCopper Oxidase family (MCO1 and MCO3) that share high identity with the Saccharomyces cerevisiae ferroxidase Fet3. The heterologous expression of MCO1 and MCO3 restored the growth of the yeast fet3fet4 mutant, impaired in high and low affinity Fe uptake and otherwise unable to grow in Fe deficient media, suggesting that MCO1 and MCO3 were functional ferroxidases. The ferroxidase enzymatic activity of MCO3 was further confirmed by the measurement of Fe2+-dependent oxygen consumption, because ferroxidases use oxygen as electron acceptor to generate water molecules. In planta, the expression of MCO1 and MCO3 was induced by increasing Fe concentrations in the medium. Promoter-GUS reporter lines showed that MCO1 and MCO3 were mostly expressed in shoots and histochemical analyses further showed that both promoters were highly active in mesophyll cells. Transient expression of MCO1-RFP and MCO3-RFP in tobacco leaves revealed that both proteins were localized in the apoplast. Moreover, cell plasmolysis experiments showed that MCO1 remained closely associated to the plasma membrane whereas MCO3 filled the entire apoplast compartment. Although the four knock out mutant lines isolated (mco1-1, mco1-2, mco3-1, and mco3-2) did not display any macroscopic phenotype, histochemical staining of Fe with the Perls/DAB procedure revealed that mesophyll cells of all four mutants overaccumulated Fe inside the cells in Fe-rich structures in the chloroplasts, compared with wild-type. These results suggested that the regulation of Fe transport in mesophyll cells had been disturbed in the mutants, in both standard condition and Fe excess. Taken together, our findings strongly suggest that MCO1 and MCO3 participate in the control of Fe transport in the mesophyll cells, most likely by displacing the Fe2+/Fe3+ balance toward Fe3+ in the apoplast and therefore limiting the accumulation of Fe2+, which is more mobile and prone to be transported across the plasma membrane.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Brun
- IPSiM, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut AgroMontpellierFrance
| | - Marija Smokvarska
- IPSiM, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut AgroMontpellierFrance
| | - Lili Wei
- IPSiM, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut AgroMontpellierFrance
| | - Sandrine Chay
- IPSiM, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut AgroMontpellierFrance
| | - Catherine Curie
- IPSiM, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut AgroMontpellierFrance
| | - Stéphane Mari
- IPSiM, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut AgroMontpellierFrance
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Islam MR, Rahman MM, Ahasan MT, Sarkar N, Akash S, Islam M, Islam F, Aktar MN, Saeed M, Harun-Or-Rashid M, Hosain MK, Rahaman MS, Afroz S, Bibi S, Rahman MH, Sweilam SH. The impact of mucormycosis (black fungus) on SARS-CoV-2-infected patients: at a glance. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:69341-69366. [PMID: 35986111 PMCID: PMC9391068 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22204-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of various diseases during the COVID-19 pandemic made health workers more attentive, and one of the new pathogens is the black fungus (mucormycosis). As a result, millions of lives have already been lost. As a result of the mutation, the virus is constantly changing its traits, including the rate of disease transmission, virulence, pathogenesis, and clinical signs. A recent analysis revealed that some COVID-19 patients were also coinfected with a fungal disease called mucormycosis (black fungus). India has already categorized the COVID-19 patient black fungus outbreak as an epidemic. Only a few reports are observed in other countries. The immune system is weakened by COVID-19 medication, rendering it more prone to illnesses like black fungus (mucormycosis). COVID-19, which is caused by a B.1.617 strain of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has been circulating in India since April 2021. Mucormycosis is a rare fungal infection induced by exposure to a fungus called mucormycete. The most typically implicated genera are Mucor rhyzuprhizopusdia and Cunninghamella. Mucormycosis is also known as zygomycosis. The main causes of infection are soil, dumping sites, ancient building walls, and other sources of infection (reservoir words "mucormycosis" and "zygomycosis" are occasionally interchanged). Zygomycota, on the other hand, has been identified as polyphyletic and is not currently included in fungal classification systems; also, zygomycosis includes Entomophthorales, but mucormycosis does not. This current review will be focused on the etiology and virulence factors of COVID-19/mucormycosis coinfections in COVID-19-associated mucormycosis patients, as well as their prevalence, diagnosis, and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md. Rezaul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, 1207 Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Mominur Rahman
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, 1207 Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Tanjimul Ahasan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, 1207 Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Nadia Sarkar
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, 1207 Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shopnil Akash
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, 1207 Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mahfuzul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, 1207 Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Fahadul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, 1207 Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Most. Nazmin Aktar
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, 1207 Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohd Saeed
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Md. Harun-Or-Rashid
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, 1207 Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Kawsar Hosain
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, 1207 Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Saidur Rahaman
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, 1207 Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sadia Afroz
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, 1207 Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shabana Bibi
- Department of Biosciences, Shifa Tameer-E-Millat University, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Yunnan Herbal Laboratory, College of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091 China
| | - Md. Habibur Rahman
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Banani, Dhaka 1213 Bangladesh
- Department of Global Medical Science, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, 26426 Korea
| | - Sherouk Hussein Sweilam
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, 11942 Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Cairo-Suez Road, Badr City, 11829 Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Sun J, Xu S, Du Y, Yu K, Jiang Y, Weng H, Yuan W. Accumulation and Enrichment of Trace Elements by Yeast Cells and Their Applications: A Critical Review. Microorganisms 2022; 10:1746. [PMID: 36144348 PMCID: PMC9504137 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10091746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintaining the homeostasis balance of trace elements is crucial for the health of organisms. Human health is threatened by diseases caused by a lack of trace elements. Saccharomyces cerevisiae has a wide and close relationship with human daily life and industrial applications. It can not only be used as fermentation products and single-cell proteins, but also as a trace elements supplement that is widely used in food, feed, and medicine. Trace-element-enriched yeast, viz., chromium-, iron-, zinc-, and selenium-enriched yeast, as an impactful microelements supplement, is more efficient, more environmentally friendly, and safer than its inorganic and organic counterparts. Over the last few decades, genetic engineering has been developing large-scaled genetic re-design and reconstruction in yeast. It is hoped that engineered yeast will include a higher concentration of trace elements. In this review, we compare the common supplement forms of several key trace elements. The mechanisms of detoxification and transport of trace elements in yeast are also reviewed thoroughly. Moreover, genes involved in the transport and detoxification of trace elements are summarized. A feasible way of metabolic engineering transformation of S. cerevisiae to produce trace-element-enriched yeast is examined. In addition, the economy, safety, and environmental protection of the engineered yeast are explored, and the future research direction of yeast enriched in trace elements is discussed.
Collapse
|
21
|
Baberwal P, Singh A, Adarsh A, Kumar Y. Key molecules of Mucorales for COVID-19-associated mucormycosis: a narrative review. Journal of Bio-X Research 2022; Publish Ahead of Print. [DOI: 10.1097/jbr.0000000000000131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
|
22
|
Chandley P, Subba P, Rohatgi S. COVID-19-Associated Mucormycosis: A Matter of Concern Amid the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:1266. [PMID: 36016154 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10081266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucormycosis is an invasive fungal infection caused by fungi belonging to order Mucorales. Recently, with the increase in COVID-19 infections, mucormycosis infections have become a matter of concern globally, because of the high morbidity and mortality rates associated with them. Due to the association of mucormycosis with COVID-19 disease, it has been termed COVID-19-associated mucormycosis (CAM). In the present review, we focus on mucormycosis incidence, pathophysiology, risk factors, immune dysfunction, interactions of Mucorales with endothelial cells, and the possible role of iron in Mucorales growth. We review the limitations associated with current diagnostic procedures and the requirement for more specific, cost-effective, convenient, and sensitive assays, such as PCR-based assays and monoclonal antibody-based assays for the effective diagnosis of mucormycosis. We discuss the current treatment options involving antifungal drug therapies, adjunctive therapy, surgical treatment, and their limitations. We also review the importance of nutraceuticals-based therapy for the prevention as well as treatment of mucormycosis. Our review also highlights the need to explore the potential of novel immunotherapeutics, which include antibody-based therapy, cytokine-based therapy, and combination/synergistic antifungal therapy, as treatment options for mucormycosis. In summary, this review provides a complete overview of COVID-19-associated mucormycosis, addressing the current research gaps and future developments required in the field.
Collapse
|
23
|
Brault A, Mbuya B, Labbé S. Sib1, Sib2, and Sib3 proteins are required for ferrichrome-mediated cross-feeding interaction between Schizosaccharomyces pombe and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:962853. [PMID: 35928155 PMCID: PMC9344042 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.962853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although Saccharomyces cerevisiae is unable to produce siderophores, this fungal organism can assimilate iron bound to the hydroxamate-type siderophore ferrichrome (Fc) produced and secreted by other microbes. Fc can enter S. cerevisiae cells via Arn1. Unlike S. cerevisiae, Schizosaccharomyces pombe synthesizes and secretes Fc. The sib1+ and sib2+ genes encode, respectively, a Fc synthetase and an ornithine-N5-oxygenase, which are required for Fc production. When both genes were expressed in S. pombe, cross-feeding experiments revealed that S. cerevisiae fet3Δ arn1-4Δ cells expressing Arn1 could grow in the vicinity of S. pombe under low-iron conditions. In contrast, deletion of sib1+ and sib2+ produced a defect in the ability of S. pombe to keep S. cerevisiae cells alive when Fc is used as the sole source of iron. Further analysis identified a gene designated sib3+ that encodes an N5-transacetylase required for Fc production in S. pombe. The sib3Δ mutant strain exhibited a severe growth defect in iron-poor media, and it was unable to promote Fc-dependent growth of S. cerevisiae cells. Microscopic analyses of S. pombe cells expressing a functional Sib3-GFP protein revealed that Sib3 was localized throughout the cells, with a proportion of Sib3 being colocalized with Sib1 and Sib2 within the cytosol. Collectively, these results describe the first example of a one-way cross-feeding interaction, with S. pombe providing Fc that enables S. cerevisiae to grow when Fc is used as the sole source of iron.
Collapse
|
24
|
Araf Y, Moin AT, Timofeev VI, Faruqui NA, Saiara SA, Ahmed N, Parvez MSA, Rahaman TI, Sarkar B, Ullah MA, Hosen MJ, Zheng C. Immunoinformatic Design of a Multivalent Peptide Vaccine Against Mucormycosis: Targeting FTR1 Protein of Major Causative Fungi. Front Immunol 2022; 13:863234. [PMID: 35720422 PMCID: PMC9204303 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.863234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucormycosis is a potentially fatal illness that arises in immunocompromised people due to diabetic ketoacidosis, neutropenia, organ transplantation, and elevated serum levels of accessible iron. The sudden spread of mucormycosis in COVID-19 patients engendered massive concern worldwide. Comorbidities including diabetes, cancer, steroid-based medications, long-term ventilation, and increased ferritin serum concentration in COVID-19 patients trigger favorable fungi growth that in turn effectuate mucormycosis. The necessity of FTR1 gene-encoded ferrous permease for host iron acquisition by fungi has been found in different studies recently. Thus, targeting the transit component could be a potential solution. Unfortunately, no appropriate antifungal vaccine has been constructed as of yet. To date, mucormycosis has been treated with antiviral therapy and surgical treatment only. Thus, in this study, the FTR1 protein has been targeted to design a convenient and novel epitope-based vaccine with the help of immunoinformatics against four different virulent fungal species. Furthermore, the vaccine was constructed using 8 CTL, 2 HTL, and 1 LBL epitopes that were found to be highly antigenic, non-allergenic, non-toxic, and fully conserved among the fungi under consideration. The vaccine has very reassuring stability due to its high pI value of 9.97, conclusive of a basic range. The vaccine was then subjected to molecular docking, molecular dynamics, and immune simulation studies to confirm the biological environment’s safety, efficacy, and stability. The vaccine constructs were found to be safe in addition to being effective. Finally, we used in-silico cloning to develop an effective strategy for vaccine mass production. The designed vaccine will be a potential therapeutic not only to control mucormycosis in COVID-19 patients but also be effective in general mucormycosis events. However, further in vitro, and in vivo testing is needed to confirm the vaccine’s safety and efficacy in controlling fungal infections. If successful, this vaccine could provide a low-cost and effective method of preventing the spread of mucormycosis worldwide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yusha Araf
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh.,Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Research and Development, Community of Biotechnology, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Abu Tayab Moin
- Department of Research and Development, Community of Biotechnology, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Vladimir I Timofeev
- Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography, Federal Scientific Research Centre, Crystallography and Photonics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nairita Ahsan Faruqui
- Department of Research and Development, Community of Biotechnology, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Biotechnology Program, Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, School of Data and Sciences, Brac University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Syeda Afra Saiara
- Department of Research and Development, Community of Biotechnology, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Nafisa Ahmed
- Department of Research and Development, Community of Biotechnology, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Biotechnology Program, Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, School of Data and Sciences, Brac University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Sorwer Alam Parvez
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh.,Department of Drug Discovery Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tanjim Ishraq Rahaman
- Department of Research and Development, Community of Biotechnology, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Life Sciences, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj, Bangladesh
| | - Bishajit Sarkar
- Department of Research and Development, Community of Biotechnology, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Asad Ullah
- Department of Research and Development, Community of Biotechnology, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Jakir Hosen
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Chunfu Zheng
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Garza NM, Zulkifli M, Gohil VM. Elesclomol elevates cellular and mitochondrial iron levels by delivering copper to the iron import machinery. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102139. [PMID: 35714767 PMCID: PMC9270252 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Copper (Cu) and iron (Fe) are redox-active metals that serve as cofactors for many essential cellular enzymes. Disruption in the intracellular homeostasis of these metals results in debilitating and frequently fatal human disorders, such as Menkes disease and Friedreich's ataxia. Recently, we reported that an investigational anticancer drug, elesclomol (ES), can deliver Cu to critical mitochondrial cuproenzymes and has the potential to be repurposed for treatment of Cu deficiency disorders. Here, we sought to determine the specificity of ES and the ES-Cu complex in delivering Cu to cuproenzymes in different intracellular compartments. Using a combination of yeast genetics, subcellular fractionation, and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry-based metal measurements, we showed that ES and ES-Cu treatment results in an increase in cellular and mitochondrial Fe content, along with the expected increase in Cu. Utilizing yeast mutants of Cu and Fe transporters, we demonstrate that ES-based elevation in cellular Fe levels is independent of the major cellular Cu importer, but is dependent on the Fe importer Ftr1 and its partner Fet3, a multicopper-oxidase. As Fet3 is metallated in the Golgi lumen, we sought to uncover the mechanism by which Fet3 receives Cu from ES. Using yeast knockouts of genes involved in Cu delivery to Fet3, we determined that ES can bypass Atx1, a metallochaperone involved in Cu delivery to the Golgi membrane Cu pump, Ccc2, but not Ccc2 itself. Taken together, our study provides a mechanism by which ES distributes Cu in cells and impacts cellular and mitochondrial Fe homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie M Garza
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, MS 3474, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Mohammad Zulkifli
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, MS 3474, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Vishal M Gohil
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, MS 3474, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
López-Lorca VM, Molina-Luzón MJ, Ferrol N. Characterization of the NRAMP Gene Family in the Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus Rhizophagus irregularis. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8060592. [PMID: 35736075 PMCID: PMC9224570 DOI: 10.3390/jof8060592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Transporters of the NRAMP family are ubiquitous metal-transition transporters, playing a key role in metal homeostasis, especially in Mn and Fe homeostasis. In this work, we report the characterization of the NRAMP family members (RiSMF1, RiSMF2, RiSMF3.1 and RiSMF3.2) of the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus Rhizophagus irregularis. Phylogenetic analysis of the NRAMP sequences of different AM fungi showed that they are classified in two groups, which probably diverged early in their evolution. Functional analyses in yeast revealed that RiSMF3.2 encodes a protein mediating Mn and Fe transport from the environment. Gene-expression analyses by RT-qPCR showed that the RiSMF genes are differentially expressed in the extraradical (ERM) and intraradical (IRM) mycelium and differentially regulated by Mn and Fe availability. Mn starvation decreased RiSMF1 transcript levels in the ERM but increased RiSMF3.1 expression in the IRM. In the ERM, RiSMF1 expression was up-regulated by Fe deficiency, suggesting a role for its encoded protein in Fe-deficiency alleviation. Expression of RiSMF3.2 in the ERM was up-regulated at the early stages of Fe toxicity but down-regulated at later stages. These data suggest a role for RiSMF3.2 not only in Fe transport but also as a sensor of high external-Fe concentrations. Both Mn- and Fe-deficient conditions affected ERM development. While Mn deficiency increased hyphal length, Fe deficiency reduced sporulation.
Collapse
|
27
|
Steunou AS, Vigouroux A, Aumont‐Nicaise M, Plancqueel S, Boussac A, Ouchane S, Moréra S. New insights into the mechanism of iron transport through the bacterial Ftr system present in pathogens. FEBS J 2022; 289:6286-6307. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.16476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Soisig Steunou
- Université Paris‐Saclay, CEA CNRS Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC) Gif‐sur‐Yvette France
| | - Armelle Vigouroux
- Université Paris‐Saclay, CEA CNRS Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC) Gif‐sur‐Yvette France
| | - Magali Aumont‐Nicaise
- Université Paris‐Saclay, CEA CNRS Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC) Gif‐sur‐Yvette France
| | - Stéphane Plancqueel
- Université Paris‐Saclay, CEA CNRS Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC) Gif‐sur‐Yvette France
| | - Alain Boussac
- Université Paris‐Saclay, CEA CNRS Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC) Gif‐sur‐Yvette France
| | - Soufian Ouchane
- Université Paris‐Saclay, CEA CNRS Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC) Gif‐sur‐Yvette France
| | - Solange Moréra
- Université Paris‐Saclay, CEA CNRS Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC) Gif‐sur‐Yvette France
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Kaminska J, Soczewka P, Rzepnikowska W, Zoladek T. Yeast as a Model to Find New Drugs and Drug Targets for VPS13-Dependent Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23095106. [PMID: 35563497 PMCID: PMC9104724 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in human VPS13A-D genes result in rare neurological diseases, including chorea-acanthocytosis. The pathogenesis of these diseases is poorly understood, and no effective treatment is available. As VPS13 genes are evolutionarily conserved, the effects of the pathogenic mutations could be studied in model organisms, including yeast, where one VPS13 gene is present. In this review, we summarize advancements obtained using yeast. In recent studies, vps13Δ and vps13-I2749 yeast mutants, which are models of chorea-acanthocytosis, were used to screen for multicopy and chemical suppressors. Two of the suppressors, a fragment of the MYO3 and RCN2 genes, act by downregulating calcineurin activity. In addition, vps13Δ suppression was achieved by using calcineurin inhibitors. The other group of multicopy suppressors were genes: FET4, encoding iron transporter, and CTR1, CTR3 and CCC2, encoding copper transporters. Mechanisms of their suppression rely on causing an increase in the intracellular iron content. Moreover, among the identified chemical suppressors were copper ionophores, which require a functional iron uptake system for activity, and flavonoids, which bind iron. These findings point at areas for further investigation in a higher eukaryotic model of VPS13-related diseases and to new therapeutic targets: calcium signalling and copper and iron homeostasis. Furthermore, the identified drugs are interesting candidates for drug repurposing for these diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Kaminska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (J.K.); (P.S.)
| | - Piotr Soczewka
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (J.K.); (P.S.)
| | - Weronika Rzepnikowska
- Neuromuscular Unit, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Teresa Zoladek
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (J.K.); (P.S.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Ženíšková K, Grechnikova M, Sutak R. Copper Metabolism in Naegleria gruberi and Its Deadly Relative Naegleria fowleri. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:853463. [PMID: 35478954 PMCID: PMC9035749 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.853463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Although copper is an essential nutrient crucial for many biological processes, an excessive concentration can be toxic and lead to cell death. The metabolism of this two-faced metal must be strictly regulated at the cell level. In this study, we investigated copper homeostasis in two related unicellular organisms: nonpathogenic Naegleria gruberi and the “brain-eating amoeba” Naegleria fowleri. We identified and confirmed the function of their specific copper transporters securing the main pathway of copper acquisition. Adjusting to different environments with varying copper levels during the life cycle of these organisms requires various metabolic adaptations. Using comparative proteomic analyses, measuring oxygen consumption, and enzymatic determination of NADH dehydrogenase, we showed that both amoebas respond to copper deprivation by upregulating the components of the branched electron transport chain: the alternative oxidase and alternative NADH dehydrogenase. Interestingly, analysis of iron acquisition indicated that this system is copper-dependent in N. gruberi but not in its pathogenic relative. Importantly, we identified a potential key protein of copper metabolism of N. gruberi, the homolog of human DJ-1 protein, which is known to be linked to Parkinson’s disease. Altogether, our study reveals the mechanisms underlying copper metabolism in the model amoeba N. gruberi and the fatal pathogen N. fowleri and highlights the differences between the two amoebas.
Collapse
|
30
|
Grosjean N, Le Jean M, Armengaud J, Schikora A, Chalot M, Gross EM, Blaudez D. Combined omics approaches reveal distinct responses between light and heavy rare earth elements in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Hazard Mater 2022; 425:127830. [PMID: 34896703 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The rapid development of green energy sources and new medical technologies contributes to the increased exploitation of rare earth elements (REEs). They can be subdivided into light (LREEs) and heavy (HREEs) REEs. Mining, industrial processing, and end-use practices of REEs has led to elevated environmental concentrations and raises concerns about their toxicity to organisms and their impact on ecosystems. REE toxicity has been reported, but its precise underlying molecular effects have not been well described. Here, transcriptomic and proteomic approaches were combined to decipher the molecular responses of the model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae to La (LREE) and Yb (HREE). Differences were observed between the early and late responses to La and Yb. Several crucial pathways were modulated in response to both REEs, such as oxidative-reduction processes, DNA replication, and carbohydrate metabolism. REE-specific responses involving the cell wall and pheromone signalling pathways were identified, and these responses have not been reported for other metals. REE exposure also modified the expression and abundance of several ion transport systems, with strong discrepancies between La and Yb. These findings are valuable for prioritizing key genes and proteins involved in La and Yb detoxification mechanisms that deserve further characterization to better understand REE environmental and human health toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Grosjean
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LIEC, F-54000 Nancy, France; Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LIEC, F-57000 Metz, France
| | - Marie Le Jean
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LIEC, F-57000 Metz, France
| | - Jean Armengaud
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SPI, F-30200 Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France
| | - Adam Schikora
- Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, D-38104 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michel Chalot
- Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, CNRS, Laboratoire Chrono-Environnement, F-25000 Besançon, France; Université de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | | | - Damien Blaudez
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LIEC, F-54000 Nancy, France.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Ramírez-Zavala B, Krüger I, Dunker C, Jacobsen ID, Morschhäuser J. The protein kinase Ire1 has a Hac1-independent essential role in iron uptake and virulence of Candida albicans. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010283. [PMID: 35108336 PMCID: PMC8846550 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinases play central roles in virtually all signaling pathways that enable organisms to adapt to their environment. Microbial pathogens must cope with severely restricted iron availability in mammalian hosts to invade and establish themselves within infected tissues. To uncover protein kinase signaling pathways that are involved in the adaptation of the pathogenic yeast Candida albicans to iron limitation, we generated a comprehensive protein kinase deletion mutant library of a wild-type strain. Screening of this library revealed that the protein kinase Ire1, which has a conserved role in the response of eukaryotic cells to endoplasmic reticulum stress, is essential for growth of C. albicans under iron-limiting conditions. Ire1 was not necessary for the activity of the transcription factor Sef1, which regulates the response of the fungus to iron limitation, and Sef1 target genes that are induced by iron depletion were normally upregulated in ire1Δ mutants. Instead, Ire1 was required for proper localization of the high-affinity iron permease Ftr1 to the cell membrane. Intriguingly, iron limitation did not cause increased endoplasmic reticulum stress, and the transcription factor Hac1, which is activated by Ire1-mediated removal of the non-canonical intron in the HAC1 mRNA, was dispensable for Ftr1 localization to the cell membrane and growth under iron-limiting conditions. Nevertheless, expression of a pre-spliced HAC1 copy in ire1Δ mutants restored Ftr1 localization and rescued the growth defects of the mutants. Both ire1Δ and hac1Δ mutants were avirulent in a mouse model of systemic candidiasis, indicating that an appropriate response to endoplasmic reticulum stress is important for the virulence of C. albicans. However, the specific requirement of Ire1 for the functionality of the high-affinity iron permease Ftr1, a well-established virulence factor, even in the absence of endoplasmic reticulum stress uncovers a novel Hac1-independent essential role of Ire1 in iron acquisition and virulence of C. albicans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ines Krüger
- Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christine Dunker
- Research Group Microbial Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Ilse D. Jacobsen
- Research Group Microbial Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Joachim Morschhäuser
- Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Revel B, Catty P, Ravanel S, Bourguignon J, Alban C. High-affinity iron and calcium transport pathways are involved in U(VI) uptake in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Hazard Mater 2022; 422:126894. [PMID: 34416697 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Uranium (U) is a naturally-occurring radionuclide that is toxic for all living organisms. To date, the mechanisms of U uptake are far from being understood. Here we provide a direct characterization of the transport machineries capable of transporting U, using the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a unicellular eukaryote model. First, we evidenced a metabolism-dependent U transport in yeast. Then, competition experiments with essential metals allowed us to identify calcium, iron and copper entry pathways as potential routes for U uptake. The analysis of various metal transport mutants revealed that mutant affected in calcium (mid1Δ and cch1Δ) and Fe(III) (ftr1Δ) transport, exhibited highly reduced U uptake rates and accumulation, demonstrating the implication of the calcium channel Mid1/Cch1 and the iron permease Ftr1 in U uptake. Finally, expression of the Mid1 gene into the mid1Δ mutant restored U uptake levels of the wild type strain, underscoring the central role of the Mid1/Cch1 calcium channel in U absorption process in yeast. Our results also open up the opportunity for rapid screening of U-transporter candidates by functional expression in yeast, before their validation in more complex higher eukaryote model systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Revel
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, INRAE, CNRS, IRIG, LPCV, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Patrice Catty
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG, LCBM, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Stéphane Ravanel
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, INRAE, CNRS, IRIG, LPCV, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | | | - Claude Alban
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, INRAE, CNRS, IRIG, LPCV, 38000 Grenoble, France.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Banerjee S, Chanakira MN, Hall J, Kerkan A, Dasgupta S, Martin DW. A review on bacterial redox dependent iron transporters and their evolutionary relationship. J Inorg Biochem 2022; 229:111721. [PMID: 35033753 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2022.111721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Iron is an essential yet toxic micronutrient and its transport across biological membranes is tightly regulated in all living organisms. One such iron transporter, the Ftr-type permeases, is found in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. These Ftr-type transporters are required for iron transport, predicted to form α-helical transmembrane structures, and conserve two ArgGluxxGlu (x = any amino acid) motifs. In the yeast Ftr transporter (Ftr1p), a ferroxidase (Fet3p) is required for iron transport in an oxidation coupled transport step. None of the bacterial Ftr-type transporters (EfeU and FetM from E. coli; cFtr from Campylobacter jejuni; FtrC from Brucella, Bordetella, and Burkholderia spp.) contain a ferroxidase protein. Bioinformatics report predicted periplasmic EfeO and FtrB (from the EfeUOB and FtrABCD systems) as novel cupredoxins. The Cu2+ binding and the ferrous oxidation properties of these proteins are uncharacterized and the other two bacterial Ftr-systems are expressed without any ferroxidase/cupredoxin, leading to controversy about the mode of function of these transporters. Here, we review published data on Ftr-type transporters to gain insight into their functional diversity. Based on original bioinformatics data presented here evolutionary relations between these systems are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sambuddha Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA.
| | - Mina N Chanakira
- Department of Chemistry, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
| | - Jonathan Hall
- Department of Chemistry, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
| | - Alexa Kerkan
- Department of Chemistry, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
| | - Saumya Dasgupta
- Department of Chemistry, Amity Institute of Applied Sciences, Amity University Kolkata, WB 700135, India
| | - Daniel W Martin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Jia B, Chang X, Fu Y, Heng W, Ye Z, Liu P, Liu L, Al Shoffe Y, Watkins CB, Zhu L. Metagenomic analysis of rhizosphere microbiome provides insights into occurrence of iron deficiency chlorosis in field of Asian pears. BMC Microbiol 2022; 22:18. [PMID: 34996363 PMCID: PMC8742312 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-021-02432-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fe-deficiency chlorosis (FDC) of Asian pear plants is widespread, but little is known about the association between the microbial communities in the rhizosphere soil and leaf chlorosis. The leaf mineral concentration, leaf subcellular structure, soil physiochemical properties, and bacterial species community and distribution had been analysed to gain insights into the FDC in Asian pear plant. RESULTS The total Fe in leaves with Fe-deficiency was positively correlated with total K, Mg, S, Cu, Zn, Mo and Cl contents, but no differences of available Fe (AFe) were detected between the rhizosphere soil of chlorotic and normal plants. Degraded ribosomes and degraded thylakloid stacks in chloroplast were observed in chlorotic leaves. The annotated microbiome indicated that there were 5 kingdoms, 52 phyla, 94 classes, 206 orders, 404 families, 1,161 genera, and 3,043 species in the rhizosphere soil of chlorotic plants; it was one phylum less and one order, 11 families, 59 genera, and 313 species more than in that of normal plant. Bacterial community and distribution patterns in the rhizosphere soil of chlorotic plants were distinct from those of normal plants and the relative abundance and microbiome diversity were more stable in the rhizosphere soils of normal than in chlorotic plants. Three (Nitrospira defluvii, Gemmatirosa kalamazoonesis, and Sulfuricella denitrificans) of the top five species (N. defluvii, G. kalamazoonesis, S. denitrificans, Candidatus Nitrosoarchaeum koreensis, and Candidatus Koribacter versatilis). were the identical and aerobic in both rhizosphere soils, but their relative abundance decreased by 48, 37, and 22%, respectively, and two of them (G. aurantiaca and Ca. S. usitatus) were substituted by an ammonia-oxidizing soil archaeon, Ca. N. koreensis and a nitrite and nitrate reduction related species, Ca. K. versatilis in that of chlorotic plants, which indicated the adverse soil aeration in the rhizosphere soil of chlorotic plants. A water-impermeable tables was found to reduce the soil aeration, inhibit root growth, and cause some absorption root death from infection by Fusarium solani. CONCLUSIONS It was waterlogging or/and poor drainage of the soil may inhibit Fe uptake not the amounts of AFe in the rhizosphere soil of chlorotic plants that caused FDC in this study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Jia
- School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Chang
- School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Fu
- School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Wei Heng
- School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Zhenfeng Ye
- School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Pu Liu
- School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Li Liu
- School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Yosef Al Shoffe
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | | | - Liwu Zhu
- School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, P.R. China.
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Shahbazi M, Tohidfar M, Azimzadeh Irani M, Moheb Seraj RG. Functional annotation and evaluation of hypothetical proteins in cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2021.102246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
|
36
|
Campos OA, Attar N, Cheng C, Vogelauer M, Mallipeddi NV, Schmollinger S, Matulionis N, Christofk HR, Merchant SS, Kurdistani SK. A pathogenic role for histone H3 copper reductase activity in a yeast model of Friedreich's ataxia. Sci Adv 2021; 7:eabj9889. [PMID: 34919435 PMCID: PMC8682991 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj9889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Disruptions to iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters, essential cofactors for a broad range of proteins, cause widespread cellular defects resulting in human disease. A source of damage to Fe-S clusters is cuprous (Cu1+) ions. Since histone H3 enzymatically produces Cu1+ for copper-dependent functions, we asked whether this activity could become detrimental to Fe-S clusters. Here, we report that histone H3–mediated Cu1+ toxicity is a major determinant of cellular functional pool of Fe-S clusters. Inadequate Fe-S cluster supply, due to diminished assembly as occurs in Friedreich’s ataxia or defective distribution, causes severe metabolic and growth defects in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Decreasing Cu1+ abundance, through attenuation of histone cupric reductase activity or depletion of total cellular copper, restored Fe-S cluster–dependent metabolism and growth. Our findings reveal an interplay between chromatin and mitochondria in Fe-S cluster homeostasis and a potential pathogenic role for histone enzyme activity and Cu1+ in diseases with Fe-S cluster dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oscar A. Campos
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Narsis Attar
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Chen Cheng
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Maria Vogelauer
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Nathan V. Mallipeddi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | | | - Nedas Matulionis
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Heather R. Christofk
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Sabeeha S. Merchant
- QB3-Berkeley, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Departments of Molecular and Cell Biology and Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Siavash K. Kurdistani
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Molimau-Samasoni S, Woolner VH, Foliga ST, Robichon K, Patel V, Andreassend SK, Sheridan JP, Te Kawa T, Gresham D, Miller D, Sinclair DJ, La Flamme AC, Melnik AV, Aron A, Dorrestein PC, Atkinson PH, Keyzers RA, Munkacsi AB. Functional genomics and metabolomics advance the ethnobotany of the Samoan traditional medicine "matalafi". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2100880118. [PMID: 34725148 PMCID: PMC8609454 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2100880118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The leaf homogenate of Psychotria insularum is widely used in Samoan traditional medicine to treat inflammation associated with fever, body aches, swellings, wounds, elephantiasis, incontinence, skin infections, vomiting, respiratory infections, and abdominal distress. However, the bioactive components and underlying mechanisms of action are unknown. We used chemical genomic analyses in the model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker's yeast) to identify and characterize an iron homeostasis mechanism of action in the traditional medicine as an unfractionated entity to emulate its traditional use. Bioactivity-guided fractionation of the homogenate identified two flavonol glycosides, rutin and nicotiflorin, each binding iron in an ion-dependent molecular networking metabolomics analysis. Translating results to mammalian immune cells and traditional application, the iron chelator activity of the P. insularum homogenate or rutin decreased proinflammatory and enhanced anti-inflammatory cytokine responses in immune cells. Together, the synergistic power of combining traditional knowledge with chemical genomics, metabolomics, and bioassay-guided fractionation provided molecular insight into a relatively understudied Samoan traditional medicine and developed methodology to advance ethnobotany.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seeseei Molimau-Samasoni
- Plant and Postharvest Technologies, Scientific Research Organization of Samoa, Apia, Samoa;
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
- Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | - Victoria Helen Woolner
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
- Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | - Su'emalo Talie Foliga
- Division of Environment and Conservation, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Apia, Samoa
| | - Katharina Robichon
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
- Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | - Vimal Patel
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
- Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | - Sarah K Andreassend
- Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | - Jeffrey P Sheridan
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
- Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | - Tama Te Kawa
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
- Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | - David Gresham
- Centre of Genomic and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003
| | - Darach Miller
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University Palo Alto, CA 94305
| | - Daniel J Sinclair
- School of Geography, Environmental and Earth Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | - Anne C La Flamme
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
- Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | - Alexey V Melnik
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Allegra Aron
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Pieter C Dorrestein
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Paul H Atkinson
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
- Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | - Robert A Keyzers
- Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | - Andrew B Munkacsi
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand;
- Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Tabassum T, Araf Y, Moin AT, Rahaman TI, Hosen MJ. COVID-19-associated-mucormycosis: possible role of free iron uptake and immunosuppression. Mol Biol Rep 2021. [PMID: 34709573 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06862-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19-associated-mucormycosis, commonly referred to as the "Black Fungus," is a rare secondary fungal infection in COVID-19 patients prompted by a group of mucor molds. Association of this rare fungal infection with SARS-CoV-2 infection has been declared as an endemic in India, with minor cases in several other countries around the globe. Although the fungal infection is not contagious like the viral infection, the causative fungal agent is omnipresent. Infection displays an overall mortality rate of around 50%, with many other secondary side effects posing a potential threat in exacerbating COVID-19 mortality rates. In this review, we have accessed the role of free iron availability in COVID-19 patients that might correlate to the pathogenesis of the causative fungal agent. Besides, we have analyzed the negative consequences of using immunosuppressive drugs in encouraging this opportunistic fungal infection.
Collapse
|
39
|
Pujol-Carrion N, Gonzalez-Alfonso A, Puig S, de la Torre-Ruiz MA. Both human and soya bean ferritins highly improve the accumulation of bioavailable iron and contribute to extend the chronological life in budding yeast. Microb Biotechnol 2021; 15:1525-1541. [PMID: 34644442 PMCID: PMC9049602 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferritin proteins have an enormous capacity to store iron in cells. In search for the best conditions to accumulate and store bioavailable iron, we made use of a double mutant null for the monothiol glutaredoxins GRX3 and GRX4. The strain grx3grx4 accumulates high iron concentrations in the cytoplasm, making the metal easily available for ferritin chelation. Here, we perform a comparative study between human (L and H) and soya bean ferritins (H1 and H2) function in the eukaryotic system Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We demonstrate that the four human and soya bean ferritin chains are successfully expressed in our model system. Upon coexpression of either both human or soya bean ferritin chains, respiratory conditions along with iron supplementation led us to obtain the maximum yields of iron stored in yeast described to date. Human and soya bean ferritin chains are functional and present equivalent properties as promoters of cell survival in iron overload conditions. The best system revealed that the four human and soya bean ferritins possess a novel function as anti‐ageing proteins in conditions of iron excess. In this respect, both ferritin chains with oxidoreductase capacity (human‐H and soya bean‐H2) bear the highest capacity to extend life suggesting the possibility of an evolutionary conservation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Pujol-Carrion
- Cell Signalling in Yeast Unit, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLleida), University of Lleida, Lleida, 25198, Spain
| | - Alma Gonzalez-Alfonso
- Cell Signalling in Yeast Unit, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLleida), University of Lleida, Lleida, 25198, Spain
| | - Sergi Puig
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Paterna, Valencia, E-46980, Spain
| | - Maria Angeles de la Torre-Ruiz
- Cell Signalling in Yeast Unit, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLleida), University of Lleida, Lleida, 25198, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Rajasekaran S, Peterson PP, Liu Z, Robinson LC, Witt SN. α-Synuclein inhibits Snx3-retromer retrograde trafficking of the conserved membrane-bound proprotein convertase Kex2 in the secretory pathway of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 31:705-717. [PMID: 34570221 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddab284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We tested the ability of alpha-synuclein (α-syn) to inhibit Snx3-retromer mediated retrograde trafficking of Kex2 and Ste13 between late endosomes and the trans-Golgi (TGN) using a Saccharomyces cerevisiae model of Parkinson's disease (PD). Kex2 and Ste13 are a conserved, membrane-bound proprotein convertase and dipeptidyl aminopeptidase, respectively, that process pro-α-factor and pro-killer toxin. Each of these proteins contains a cytosolic tail that binds to sorting nexin Snx3. Using a combination of techniques, including fluorescence microscopy, western blotting and a yeast mating assay, we found that α-syn disrupts Snx3-retromer trafficking of Kex2-GFP and GFP-Ste13 from the late endosome to the TGN, resulting in these two proteins transiting to the vacuole by default. Using three α-syn variants (A53T, A30P, and α-synΔC, which lacks residues 101-140), we further found that A53T and α-synΔC, but not A30P, reduce Snx3-retromer trafficking of Kex2-GFP, which is likely to be due to weaker binding of A30P to membranes. Degradation of Kex2 and Ste13 in the vacuole should result in the secretion of unprocessed, inactive forms of α-factor, which will reduce mating efficiency between MATa and MATα cells. We found that wild-type α-syn but not A30P significantly inhibited the secretion of α-factor. Collectively, our results support a model in which the membrane-binding ability of α-syn is necessary to disrupt Snx3-retromer retrograde recycling of these two conserved endopeptidases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Santhanasabapathy Rajasekaran
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71103 USA
| | - Patricia P Peterson
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70148 USA
| | - Zhengchang Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70148 USA
| | - Lucy C Robinson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71103 USA
| | - Stephan N Witt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71103 USA
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Domnauer M, Zheng F, Li L, Zhang Y, Chang CE, Unruh JR, Conkright-Fincham J, McCroskey S, Florens L, Zhang Y, Seidel C, Fong B, Schilling B, Sharma R, Ramanathan A, Si K, Zhou C. Proteome plasticity in response to persistent environmental change. Mol Cell 2021; 81:3294-3309.e12. [PMID: 34293321 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2021.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Temperature is a variable component of the environment, and all organisms must deal with or adapt to temperature change. Acute temperature change activates cellular stress responses, resulting in refolding or removal of damaged proteins. However, how organisms adapt to long-term temperature change remains largely unexplored. Here we report that budding yeast responds to long-term high temperature challenge by switching from chaperone induction to reduction of temperature-sensitive proteins and re-localizing a portion of its proteome. Surprisingly, we also find that many proteins adopt an alternative conformation. Using Fet3p as an example, we find that the temperature-dependent conformational difference is accompanied by distinct thermostability, subcellular localization, and, importantly, cellular functions. We postulate that, in addition to the known mechanisms of adaptation, conformational plasticity allows some polypeptides to acquire new biophysical properties and functions when environmental change endures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Domnauer
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd., Novato, CA 94945, USA; USC Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, 3715 McClintock Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90191, USA
| | - Fan Zheng
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd., Novato, CA 94945, USA
| | - Liying Li
- UCSF, 1550 Fourth St, RH490 San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Yanxiao Zhang
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Catherine E Chang
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd., Novato, CA 94945, USA
| | - Jay R Unruh
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | | | - Scott McCroskey
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Laurence Florens
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Ying Zhang
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Christopher Seidel
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Benjamin Fong
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd., Novato, CA 94945, USA
| | - Birgit Schilling
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd., Novato, CA 94945, USA; USC Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, 3715 McClintock Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90191, USA
| | - Rishi Sharma
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd., Novato, CA 94945, USA
| | - Arvind Ramanathan
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd., Novato, CA 94945, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine GKVK, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560065, India
| | - Kausik Si
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
| | - Chuankai Zhou
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd., Novato, CA 94945, USA; USC Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, 3715 McClintock Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90191, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Verma N, Narayan OP, Prasad D, Jogawat A, Panwar SL, Dua M, Johri AK. Functional characterization of a high-affinity iron transporter (PiFTR) from the endophytic fungus Piriformospora indica and its role in plant growth and development. Environ Microbiol 2021; 24:689-706. [PMID: 34227231 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Iron (Fe) is a micronutrient required for plant growth and development; however, most Fe forms in soil are not readily available to plants, resulting in low Fe contents in plants and, thereby, causing Fe deficiency in humans. Biofortification through plant-fungal co-cultivation might be a sustainable approach to increase crop Fe contents. Therefore, we aimed to examine the role of a Piriformospora indica Fe transporter on rice Fe uptake under low Fe conditions. A high-affinity Fe transporter (PiFTR) from P. indica was identified and functionally characterized. PiFTR fulfilled all criteria expected of a functional Fe transporter under Fe-limited conditions. Additionally, PiFTR expression was induced when P. indica was grown under low Fe conditions, and PiFTR complemented a yeast mutant lacking Fe transport. A knockdown (KD) P. indica strain was created via RNA interference to understand the physiological role of PiFTR. We observed that the KD-PiFTR-P. indica strain transported a significantly lower amount of Fe to colonized rice (Oryza sativa) than the wild type (WT) P. indica. WT P. indica-colonized rice plants were healthier and performed significantly better than KD-PiFTR-P. indica-colonized rice plants. Our study offers potential avenues for an agronomically sound amelioration of plant growth in low Fe environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Verma
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Om Prakash Narayan
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Durga Prasad
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Abhimanyu Jogawat
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Sneh Lata Panwar
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Meenakshi Dua
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Atul Kumar Johri
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Yang X, Reist L, Chomchai DA, Chen L, Arines FM, Li M. ESCRT, not intralumenal fragments, sorts ubiquitinated vacuole membrane proteins for degradation. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:212199. [PMID: 34047770 PMCID: PMC8167898 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202012104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The lysosome (or vacuole in fungi and plants) is an essential organelle for nutrient sensing and cellular homeostasis. In response to environmental stresses such as starvation, the yeast vacuole can adjust its membrane composition by selectively internalizing membrane proteins into the lumen for degradation. Regarding the selective internalization mechanism, two competing models have been proposed. One model suggests that the ESCRT machinery is responsible for the sorting. In contrast, the ESCRT-independent intralumenal fragment (ILF) pathway proposes that the fragment generated by homotypic vacuole fusion is responsible for the sorting. Here, we applied a microfluidics-based imaging method to capture the complete degradation process in vivo. Combining live-cell imaging with a synchronized ubiquitination system, we demonstrated that ILF cargoes are not degraded through intralumenal fragments. Instead, ESCRTs function on the vacuole membrane to sort them into the lumen for degradation. We further discussed challenges in reconstituting vacuole membrane protein degradation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Yang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Lucas Reist
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Dominic A Chomchai
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Felichi Mae Arines
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Kong L, Price NM. Transcriptomes of an oceanic diatom reveal the initial and final stages of acclimation to copper deficiency. Environ Microbiol 2021; 24:951-966. [PMID: 34029435 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Copper (Cu) concentration is greatly reduced in the open sea so that phytoplankton must adjust their uptake systems and acclimate to sustain growth. Acclimation to low Cu involves changes to the photosynthetic apparatus and specific biochemical reactions that use Cu, but little is known how Cu affects cellular metabolic networks. Here we report results of whole transcriptome analysis of a plastocyanin-containing diatom, Thalassiosira oceanica 1005, during its initial stages of acclimation and after long-term adaptation in Cu-deficient seawater. Gene expression profiles, used to identify Cu-regulated metabolic pathways, show downregulation of anabolic and energy-yielding reactions in Cu-limited cells. These include the light reactions of photosynthesis, carbon fixation, nitrogen assimilation and glycolysis. Reduction of these pathways is consistent with reduced growth requirements for C and N caused by slower rates of photosynthetic electron transport. Upregulation of oxidative stress defence systems persists in adapted cells, suggesting cellular damage by increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) occurs even after acclimation. Copper deficiency also alters fatty acid metabolism, possibly in response to an increase in lipid peroxidation and membrane damage driven by ROS. During the initial stages of Cu-limitation the majority of differentially regulated genes are associated with photosynthetic metabolism, highlighting the chloroplast as the primary target of low Cu availability. The results provide insights into the mechanisms of acclimation and adaptation of T. oceanica to Cu deficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Kong
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Neil M Price
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Stanford FA, Matthies N, Cseresnyés Z, Figge MT, Hassan MIA, Voigt K. Expression Patterns in Reductive Iron Assimilation and Functional Consequences during Phagocytosis of Lichtheimia corymbifera, an Emerging Cause of Mucormycosis. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7040272. [PMID: 33916756 PMCID: PMC8065604 DOI: 10.3390/jof7040272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is an essential micronutrient for most organisms and fungi are no exception. Iron uptake by fungi is facilitated by receptor-mediated internalization of siderophores, heme and reductive iron assimilation (RIA). The RIA employs three protein groups: (i) the ferric reductases (Fre5 proteins), (ii) the multicopper ferroxidases (Fet3) and (iii) the high-affinity iron permeases (Ftr1). Phenotyping under different iron concentrations revealed detrimental effects on spore swelling and hyphal formation under iron depletion, but yeast-like morphology under iron excess. Since access to iron is limited during pathogenesis, pathogens are placed under stress due to nutrient limitations. To combat this, gene duplication and differential gene expression of key iron uptake genes are utilized to acquire iron against the deleterious effects of iron depletion. In the genome of the human pathogenic fungus L. corymbifera, three, four and three copies were identified for FRE5, FTR1 and FET3 genes, respectively. As in other fungi, FET3 and FTR1 are syntenic and co-expressed in L. corymbifera. Expression of FRE5, FTR1 and FET3 genes is highly up-regulated during iron limitation (Fe-), but lower during iron excess (Fe+). Fe- dependent upregulation of gene expression takes place in LcFRE5 II and III, LcFTR1 I and II, as well as LcFET3 I and II suggesting a functional role in pathogenesis. The syntenic LcFTR1 I–LcFET3 I gene pair is co-expressed during germination, whereas LcFTR1 II- LcFET3 II is co-expressed during hyphal proliferation. LcFTR1 I, II and IV were overexpressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae to represent high and moderate expression of intracellular transport of Fe3+, respectively. Challenge of macrophages with the yeast mutants revealed no obvious role for LcFTR1 I, but possible functions of LcFTR1 II and IVs in recognition by macrophages. RIA expression pattern was used for a new model of interaction between L. corymbifera and macrophages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felicia Adelina Stanford
- Jena Microbial Resource Collection, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research, and Infection Biology—Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), 07745 Jena, Germany; (F.A.S.); (N.M.); (M.I.A.H.)
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany;
| | - Nina Matthies
- Jena Microbial Resource Collection, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research, and Infection Biology—Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), 07745 Jena, Germany; (F.A.S.); (N.M.); (M.I.A.H.)
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany;
| | - Zoltán Cseresnyés
- Applied Systems Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research, and Infection Biology—Hans Knöll Institute, 12622 Jena, Germany;
| | - Marc Thilo Figge
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany;
- Applied Systems Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research, and Infection Biology—Hans Knöll Institute, 12622 Jena, Germany;
| | - Mohamed I. Abdelwahab Hassan
- Jena Microbial Resource Collection, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research, and Infection Biology—Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), 07745 Jena, Germany; (F.A.S.); (N.M.); (M.I.A.H.)
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany;
- National Research Centre, Pests & Plant Protection Department, 33rd El Buhouth St., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Kerstin Voigt
- Jena Microbial Resource Collection, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research, and Infection Biology—Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), 07745 Jena, Germany; (F.A.S.); (N.M.); (M.I.A.H.)
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany;
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +49-3641-532-1395
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Robinson JR, Isikhuemhen OS, Anike FN. Fungal-Metal Interactions: A Review of Toxicity and Homeostasis. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:225. [PMID: 33803838 PMCID: PMC8003315 DOI: 10.3390/jof7030225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal nanoparticles used as antifungals have increased the occurrence of fungal-metal interactions. However, there is a lack of knowledge about how these interactions cause genomic and physiological changes, which can produce fungal superbugs. Despite interest in these interactions, there is limited understanding of resistance mechanisms in most fungi studied until now. We highlight the current knowledge of fungal homeostasis of zinc, copper, iron, manganese, and silver to comprehensively examine associated mechanisms of resistance. Such mechanisms have been widely studied in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, but limited reports exist in filamentous fungi, though they are frequently the subject of nanoparticle biosynthesis and targets of antifungal metals. In most cases, microarray analyses uncovered resistance mechanisms as a response to metal exposure. In yeast, metal resistance is mainly due to the down-regulation of metal ion importers, utilization of metallothionein and metallothionein-like structures, and ion sequestration to the vacuole. In contrast, metal resistance in filamentous fungi heavily relies upon cellular ion export. However, there are instances of resistance that utilized vacuole sequestration, ion metallothionein, and chelator binding, deleting a metal ion importer, and ion storage in hyphal cell walls. In general, resistance to zinc, copper, iron, and manganese is extensively reported in yeast and partially known in filamentous fungi; and silver resistance lacks comprehensive understanding in both.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Omoanghe S. Isikhuemhen
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Design, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, 1601 East Market Street, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA; (J.R.R.); (F.N.A.)
| | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Soczewka P, Tribouillard-Tanvier D, di Rago JP, Zoladek T, Kaminska J. Targeting Copper Homeostasis Improves Functioning of vps13Δ Yeast Mutant Cells, a Model of VPS13-Related Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2248. [PMID: 33668157 PMCID: PMC7956333 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ion homeostasis is crucial for organism functioning, and its alterations may cause diseases. For example, copper insufficiency and overload are associated with Menkes and Wilson's diseases, respectively, and iron imbalance is observed in Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. To better understand human diseases, Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast are used as a model organism. In our studies, we used the vps13Δ yeast strain as a model of rare neurological diseases caused by mutations in VPS13A-D genes. In this work, we show that overexpression of genes encoding copper transporters, CTR1, CTR3, and CCC2, or the addition of copper salt to the medium, improved functioning of the vps13Δ mutant. We show that their mechanism of action, at least partially, depends on increasing iron content in the cells by the copper-dependent iron uptake system. Finally, we present that treatment with copper ionophores, disulfiram, elesclomol, and sodium pyrithione, also resulted in alleviation of the defects observed in vps13Δ cells. Our study points at copper and iron homeostasis as a potential therapeutic target for further investigation in higher eukaryotic models of VPS13-related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Soczewka
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Déborah Tribouillard-Tanvier
- IBGC, UMR 5095, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; (D.T.-T.); (J.-P.d.R.)
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), F-33077 Bordeaux, France
| | - Jean-Paul di Rago
- IBGC, UMR 5095, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; (D.T.-T.); (J.-P.d.R.)
| | - Teresa Zoladek
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Joanna Kaminska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland;
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Kim JH, Rodriguez R. Glucose regulation of the paralogous glucose sensing receptors Rgt2 and Snf3 of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2021; 1865:129881. [PMID: 33617932 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2021.129881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae senses extracellular glucose levels through the two paralogous glucose sensing receptors Rgt2 and Snf3, which appear to sense high and low levels of glucose, respectively. METHODS Western blotting and qRT-PCR were used to determine expression levels of the glucose sensing receptors. RESULTS Rgt2 and Snf3 are expressed at different levels in response to different glucose concentrations. SNF3 expression is repressed by high glucose, whereas Rgt2 is turned over in response to glucose starvation. As a result, Rgt2 is predominant in cells grown on high glucose, whereas Snf3 is more abundant of the two paralogs in cells grown on low glucose. When expressed from a constitutive promoter, however, Snf3 behaves like Rgt2, being able to transduce the high glucose signal that induces HXT1 expression. Of note, constitutively active Rgt2 does not undergo glucose starvation-induced endocytic downregulation, whereas signaling defective Rgt2 is constitutively targeted for vacuolar degradation. These results suggest that glucose protects Rgt2 from endocytic degradation and reveal a previously unknown function of glucose as a signaling molecule that regulates the stability of its receptor. CONCLUSION Expression of Rgt2 and Snf3 is regulated by different mechanisms: Rgt2 expression is highly regulated at the level of protein stability; Snf3 expression is mainly regulated at the level of transcription. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The difference in the roles of Rgt2 and Snf3 in glucose sensing is a consequence of their cell surface abundance rather than a result of the two paralogous proteins having different functions.
Collapse
|
49
|
Pujol-Carrion N, Pavón-Vergés M, Arroyo J, de la Torre-Ruiz MA. The MAPK Slt2/Mpk1 plays a role in iron homeostasis through direct regulation of the transcription factor Aft1. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Res 2021; 1868:118974. [PMID: 33549702 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2021.118974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Iron is an essential element for life. Cells develop mechanisms to tightly regulate its homeostasis, in order to avoid abnormal accumulation and the consequent cell toxicity. In budding yeast, the high affinity iron regulon is under the control of the transcription factor Aft1. We present evidence demonstrating that the MAPK Slt2 of the cell wall integrity pathway (CWI), phosphorylates and negatively regulates Aft1 activity upon the iron depletion signal, both in fermentative or respiratory conditions. The lack of Slt2 provokes Aft1 dysfunction leading to a shorter chronological life span. The signal of iron scarcity is not transmitted to Slt2 through other signalling pathways such as TOR1, PKA, SNF1 or TOR2/YPK1. The observation that Slt2 physically binds Aft1 rather suggests a direct regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Pujol-Carrion
- Cell Signalling in Yeast Unit, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLleida), University of Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Mónica Pavón-Vergés
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University Complutense de Madrid, IRYCIS, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Arroyo
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University Complutense de Madrid, IRYCIS, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Angeles de la Torre-Ruiz
- Cell Signalling in Yeast Unit, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLleida), University of Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Adhikari BN, Callicott KA, Cotty PJ. Conservation and Loss of a Putative Iron Utilization Gene Cluster among Genotypes of Aspergillus flavus. Microorganisms 2021; 9:137. [PMID: 33435439 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9010137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is an essential component for growth and development. Despite relative abundance in the environment, bioavailability of iron is limited due to oxidation by atmospheric oxygen into insoluble ferric iron. Filamentous fungi have developed diverse pathways to uptake and use iron. In the current study, a putative iron utilization gene cluster (IUC) in Aspergillus flavus was identified and characterized. Gene analyses indicate A. flavus may use reductive as well as siderophore-mediated iron uptake and utilization pathways. The ferroxidation and iron permeation process, in which iron transport depends on the coupling of these two activities, mediates the reductive pathway. The IUC identified in this work includes six genes and is located in a highly polymorphic region of the genome. Diversity among A. flavus genotypes is manifested in the structure of the IUC, which ranged from complete deletion to a region disabled by multiple indels. Molecular profiling of A. flavus populations suggests lineage-specific loss of IUC. The observed variation among A. flavus genotypes in iron utilization and the lineage-specific loss of the iron utilization genes in several A. flavus clonal lineages provide insight on evolution of iron acquisition and utilization within Aspergillus section Flavi. The potential divergence in capacity to acquire iron should be taken into account when selecting A. flavus active ingredients for biocontrol in niches where climate change may alter iron availability.
Collapse
|