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Bedini A, Boutin JA, Legros C, Zlotos DP, Spadoni G. Industrial and academic approaches to the search for alternative melatonin receptor ligands: An historical survey. J Pineal Res 2024; 76:e12953. [PMID: 38682544 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
The search for melatonin receptor agonists formed the main part of melatonin medicinal chemistry programs for the last three decades. In this short review, we summarize the two main aspects of these programs: the development of all the necessary tools to characterize the newly synthesized ligands at the two melatonin receptors MT1 and MT2, and the medicinal chemist's approaches to find chemically diverse ligands at these receptors. Both strategies are described. It turns out that the main source of tools were industrial laboratories, while the medicinal chemistry was mainly carried out in academia. Such complete accounts are interesting, as they delineate the spirits in which the teams were working demonstrating their strength and innovative character. Most of the programs were focused on nonselective agonists and few of them reached the market. In contrast, discovery of MT1-selective agonists and melatonergic antagonists with proven in vivo activity and MT1 or MT2-selectivity is still in its infancy, despite the considerable interest that subtype selective compounds may bring in the domain, as the physiological respective roles of the two subtypes of melatonin receptors, is still poorly understood. Poly-pharmacology applications and multitarget ligands have also been considered.
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MESH Headings
- Ligands
- Humans
- Animals
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT2/metabolism
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT2/agonists
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT1/metabolism
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT1/agonists
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Melatonin/metabolism
- Receptors, Melatonin/agonists
- Melatonin/metabolism
- History, 20th Century
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalida Bedini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Jean A Boutin
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrine Endocrine and Germinal Differentiation and Communication (NorDiC), Univ Rouen Normandie, Inserm, NorDiC, Rouen, France
| | | | - Darius P Zlotos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, The German University in Cairo, New Cairo City, Egypt
| | - Gilberto Spadoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
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2
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Okamoto HH, Cecon E, Nureki O, Rivara S, Jockers R. Melatonin receptor structure and signaling. J Pineal Res 2024; 76:e12952. [PMID: 38587234 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Melatonin (5-methoxy-N-acetyltryptamine) binds with high affinity and specificity to membrane receptors. Several receptor subtypes exist in different species, of which the mammalian MT1 and MT2 receptors are the best-characterized. They are members of the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily, preferentially coupling to Gi/o proteins but also to other G proteins in a cell-context-depending manner. In this review, experts on melatonin receptors will summarize the current state of the field. We briefly report on the discovery and classification of melatonin receptors, then focus on the molecular structure of human MT1 and MT2 receptors and highlight the importance of molecular simulations to identify new ligands and to understand the structural dynamics of these receptors. We then describe the state-of-the-art of the intracellular signaling pathways activated by melatonin receptors and their complexes. Brief statements on the molecular toolbox available for melatonin receptor studies and future perspectives will round-up this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki H Okamoto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Erika Cecon
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Osamu Nureki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Silvia Rivara
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Ralf Jockers
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
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3
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Lee DY, Jung I, Park SY, Yu JH, Seo JA, Kim KJ, Kim NH, Yoo HJ, Kim SG, Choi KM, Baik SH, Kim NH. Attention to Innate Circadian Rhythm and the Impact of Its Disruption on Diabetes. Diabetes Metab J 2024; 48:37-52. [PMID: 38173377 PMCID: PMC10850272 DOI: 10.4093/dmj.2023.0193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Novel strategies are required to reduce the risk of developing diabetes and/or clinical outcomes and complications of diabetes. In this regard, the role of the circadian system may be a potential candidate for the prevention of diabetes. We reviewed evidence from animal, clinical, and epidemiological studies linking the circadian system to various aspects of the pathophysiology and clinical outcomes of diabetes. The circadian clock governs genetic, metabolic, hormonal, and behavioral signals in anticipation of cyclic 24-hour events through interactions between a "central clock" in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and "peripheral clocks" in the whole body. Currently, circadian rhythmicity in humans can be subjectively or objectively assessed by measuring melatonin and glucocorticoid levels, core body temperature, peripheral blood, oral mucosa, hair follicles, rest-activity cycles, sleep diaries, and circadian chronotypes. In this review, we summarized various circadian misalignments, such as altered light-dark, sleep-wake, rest-activity, fasting-feeding, shift work, evening chronotype, and social jetlag, as well as mutations in clock genes that could contribute to the development of diabetes and poor glycemic status in patients with diabetes. Targeting critical components of the circadian system could deliver potential candidates for the treatment and prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Young Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Inha Jung
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - So Young Park
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Hee Yu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji A Seo
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyeong Jin Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Nam Hoon Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Jin Yoo
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sin Gon Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung Mook Choi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sei Hyun Baik
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Nan Hee Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- BK21 FOUR R&E Center for Learning Health Systems, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
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4
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Feng Y, Jiang X, Liu W, Lu H. The location, physiology, pathology of hippocampus Melatonin MT 2 receptor and MT 2-selective modulators. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 262:115888. [PMID: 37866336 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin, a neurohormone secreted by the pineal gland and regulated by the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus, is synthesized and directly released into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of the third ventricle (3rdv), where it undergoes rapid absorption by surrounding tissues to exert its physiological function. The hippocampus, a vital structure in the limbic system adjacent to the ventricles, plays a pivotal role in emotional response and memory formation. Melatonin MT1 and MT2 receptors are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that primarily mediate melatonin's receptor-dependent effects. In comparison to the MT1 receptor, the widely expressed MT2 receptor is crucial for mediating melatonin's biological functions within the hippocampus. Specifically, MT2 receptor is implicated in hippocampal synaptic plasticity and memory processes, as well as neurogenesis and axogenesis. Numerous studies have demonstrated the involvement of MT2 receptors in the pathophysiology and pharmacology of Alzheimer's disease, depression, and epilepsy. This review focuses on the anatomical localization of MT2 receptor in the hippocampus, their physiological function in this region, and their signal transduction and pharmacological roles in neurological disorders. Additionally, we conducted a comprehensive review of MT2 receptor ligands used in psychopharmacology and other MT2-selective ligands over recent years. Ultimately, we provide an outlook on future research for selective MT2 receptor drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueqin Feng
- Department of Ultrasound, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Xiaowen Jiang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Wenwu Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Hongyuan Lu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China.
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González-Flores D, López-Pingarrón L, Castaño MY, Gómez MÁ, Rodríguez AB, García JJ, Garrido M. Melatonin as a Coadjuvant in the Treatment of Patients with Fibromyalgia. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1964. [PMID: 37509603 PMCID: PMC10377739 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11071964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is a chronic widespread pain syndrome that is accompanied by fatigue, sleep disturbances, anxiety, depression, lack of concentration, and neurocognitive impairment. As the currently available drugs are not completely successful against these symptoms and frequently have several side effects, many scientists have taken on the task of looking for nonpharmacological remedies. Many of the FMS-related symptoms have been suggested to be associated with an altered pattern of endogenous melatonin. Melatonin is involved in the regulation of several physiological processes, including circadian rhythms, pain, mood, and oxidative as well as immunomodulatory balance. Preliminary clinical studies have propounded that the administration of different doses of melatonin to patients with FMS can reduce pain levels and ameliorate mood and sleep disturbances. Moreover, the total antioxidant capacity, 6-sulfatoxymelatonin and urinary cortisol levels, and other biological parameters improve after the ingestion of melatonin. Recent investigations have proposed a pathophysiological relationship between mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and FMS by looking at certain proteins involved in mitochondrial homeostasis according to the etiopathogenesis of this syndrome. These improvements exert positive effects on the quality of life of FMS patients, suggesting that the use of melatonin as a coadjuvant may be a successful strategy for the management of this syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- David González-Flores
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Zoology, Science Faculty, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
- Neuroimmunophysiology and Chrononutrition Research Group, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Laura López-Pingarrón
- Oxidative Stress and Aging Research Group, Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, Legal and Forensic Medicine, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - María Yolanda Castaño
- Neuroimmunophysiology and Chrononutrition Research Group, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
- Department of Nursing, Merida University Center, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Gómez
- Neuroimmunophysiology and Chrononutrition Research Group, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Science Faculty, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Ana B Rodríguez
- Neuroimmunophysiology and Chrononutrition Research Group, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Science Faculty, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Joaquín J García
- Oxidative Stress and Aging Research Group, Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, Legal and Forensic Medicine, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - María Garrido
- Neuroimmunophysiology and Chrononutrition Research Group, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Science Faculty, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
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Cruz-Sanabria F, Carmassi C, Bruno S, Bazzani A, Carli M, Scarselli M, Faraguna U. Melatonin as a Chronobiotic with Sleep-promoting Properties. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:951-987. [PMID: 35176989 PMCID: PMC10227911 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x20666220217152617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of exogenous melatonin (exo-MEL) as a sleep-promoting drug has been under extensive debate due to the lack of consistency of its described effects. In this study, we conduct a systematic and comprehensive review of the literature on the chronobiotic, sleep-inducing, and overall sleep-promoting properties of exo-MEL. To this aim, we first describe the possible pharmacological mechanisms involved in the sleep-promoting properties and then report the corresponding effects of exo-MEL administration on clinical outcomes in: a) healthy subjects, b) circadian rhythm sleep disorders, c) primary insomnia. Timing of administration and doses of exo-MEL received particular attention in this work. The exo-MEL pharmacological effects are hereby interpreted in view of changes in the physiological properties and rhythmicity of endogenous melatonin. Finally, we discuss some translational implications for the personalized use of exo-MEL in the clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francy Cruz-Sanabria
- Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, Pisa - Italy
| | - Claudia Carmassi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa - Italy
| | - Simone Bruno
- Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, Pisa - Italy
| | - Andrea Bazzani
- Institute of Management, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa – Italy
| | - Marco Carli
- Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, Pisa - Italy
| | - Marco Scarselli
- Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, Pisa - Italy
| | - Ugo Faraguna
- Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, Pisa - Italy
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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7
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Kim RE, Mabunga DF, Kim HJ, Han SH, Kim HY, Shin CY, Kwon KJ. Novel Therapeutics for Treating Sleep Disorders: New Perspectives on Maydis stigma. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314612. [PMID: 36498940 PMCID: PMC9740493 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep is a restorative period that plays a crucial role in the physiological functioning of the body, including that of the immune system, memory processing, and cognition. Sleep disturbances can be caused by various physical, mental, and social problems. Recently, there has been growing interest in sleep. Maydis stigma (MS, corn silk) is a female maize flower that is traditionally used as a medicinal plant to treat many diseases, including hypertension, edema, and diabetes. It is also used as a functional food in tea and other supplements. β-Sitosterol (BS) is a phytosterol and a natural micronutrient in higher plants, and it has a similar structure to cholesterol. It is a major component of MS and has anti-inflammatory, antidepressive, and sedative effects. However, the potential effects of MS on sleep regulation remain unclear. Here, we investigated the effects of MS on sleep in mice. The effects of MS on sleep induction were determined using pentobarbital-induced sleep and caffeine-induced sleep disruption mouse models. MS extracts decreased sleep latency and increased sleep duration in both the pentobarbital-induced sleep induction and caffeine-induced sleep disruption models compared to the positive control, valerian root extract. The butanol fraction of MS extracts decreased sleep latency time and increased sleep duration. In addition, β-sitosterol enhances sleep latency and sleep duration. Both MS extract and β-sitosterol increased alpha activity in the EEG analysis. We measured the mRNA expression of melatonin receptors 1 and 2 (MT1/2) using qRT-PCR. The mRNA expression of melatonin receptors 1 and 2 was increased by MS extract and β-sitosterol treatment in rat primary cultured neurons and the brain. In addition, MS extract increased the expression of clock genes including per1/2, cry1/2, and Bmal1 in the brain. MS extract and β-sitosterol increased the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and αCaMKII. Our results demonstrate for the first time that MS has a sleep-promoting effect via melatonin receptor expression, which may provide new scientific evidence for its use as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment and prevention of sleep disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryeong-Eun Kim
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Darine Froy Mabunga
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jin Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Sahmyook University, 815 Hwarangro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01795, Republic of Korea
| | - Seol-Heui Han
- Department of Neurology, Konkuk Hospital Medical Center, 120-1 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05030, Republic of Korea
| | - Hahn Young Kim
- Department of Neurology, Konkuk Hospital Medical Center, 120-1 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05030, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Young Shin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Ja Kwon
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
- Department of Neurology, Konkuk Hospital Medical Center, 120-1 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05030, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-454-5630; Fax: +82-2030-7899
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Posa L, De Gregorio D, Lopez-Canul M, He Q, Darcq E, Rullo L, Pearl-Dowler L, Luongo L, Candeletti S, Romualdi P, Kieffer BL, Gobbi G. Supraspinal melatonin MT 2 receptor agonism alleviates pain via a neural circuit that recruits mu opioid receptors. J Pineal Res 2022; 73:e12825. [PMID: 35996205 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin, through its G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) (MTNR1B gene) MT2 , is implicated in analgesia, but the relationship between MT2 receptors and the opioid system remains elusive. In a model of rodent neuropathic pain (spared nerve injured [SNI]), the selective melatonin MT2 agonist UCM924 reversed the allodynia (a pain response to a non-noxious stimulus), and this effect was nullified by the pharmacological blockade or genetic inactivation of the mu opioid receptor (MOR), but not the delta opioid receptor (DOR). Indeed, SNI MOR, but not DOR knockout mice, did not respond to the antiallodynic effects of the UCM924. Similarly, the nonselective opioid antagonist naloxone and the selective MOR antagonist D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Orn-Thr-Pen-Thr-NH2 (CTOP) blocked the effects of UCM924 in SNI rats, but not the DOR antagonist naltrindole (NTI). Electrophysiological recordings in the rostral-ventromedial medulla (RVM) revealed that the typical reduction of the firing activity of pronociceptive ON-cells, and the enhancement of the firing of the antinociceptive OFF-cells, induced by the microinjection of the MT2 agonist UCM924 into the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG) were blocked by MOR, but not DOR, antagonism. Immunohistochemistry studies showed that MT2 receptors are expressed in both excitatory (CaMKIIα+ ) and inhibitory (GAD65+ ) neuronal cell bodies in the vlPAG (~2.16% total), but not RVM. Only 0.20% of vlPAG neurons coexpressed MOR and MT2 receptors. Finally, UCM924 treatment induced an increase in the enkephalin precursor gene (PENK) in the PAG of SNI mice. Collectively, the melatonin MT2 receptor agonism requires MORs to exert its antiallodynic effects, mostly through an interneuronal circuit involving MOR and MT2 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Posa
- Neurobiological Psychiatry Unit, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University Health Center, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Danilo De Gregorio
- Neurobiological Psychiatry Unit, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University Health Center, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Division of Neuroscience, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Italy, Milano
| | - Martha Lopez-Canul
- Neurobiological Psychiatry Unit, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University Health Center, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Qianzi He
- Neurobiological Psychiatry Unit, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University Health Center, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Emmanuel Darcq
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Douglas Hospital Research Center, McGill University, Quebec, Montreal, Canada
| | - Laura Rullo
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Leora Pearl-Dowler
- Neurobiological Psychiatry Unit, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University Health Center, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Livio Luongo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Sanzio Candeletti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Patrizia Romualdi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Brigitte Lina Kieffer
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Douglas Hospital Research Center, McGill University, Quebec, Montreal, Canada
| | - Gabriella Gobbi
- Neurobiological Psychiatry Unit, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University Health Center, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- McGill University, Health Center (MUHC), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Tobeiha M, Jafari A, Fadaei S, Mirazimi SMA, Dashti F, Amiri A, Khan H, Asemi Z, Reiter RJ, Hamblin MR, Mirzaei H. Evidence for the Benefits of Melatonin in Cardiovascular Disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:888319. [PMID: 35795371 PMCID: PMC9251346 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.888319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The pineal gland is a neuroendocrine gland which produces melatonin, a neuroendocrine hormone with critical physiological roles in the circadian rhythm and sleep-wake cycle. Melatonin has been shown to possess anti-oxidant activity and neuroprotective properties. Numerous studies have shown that melatonin has significant functions in cardiovascular disease, and may have anti-aging properties. The ability of melatonin to decrease primary hypertension needs to be more extensively evaluated. Melatonin has shown significant benefits in reducing cardiac pathology, and preventing the death of cardiac muscle in response to ischemia-reperfusion in rodent species. Moreover, melatonin may also prevent the hypertrophy of the heart muscle under some circumstances, which in turn would lessen the development of heart failure. Several currently used conventional drugs show cardiotoxicity as an adverse effect. Recent rodent studies have shown that melatonin acts as an anti-oxidant and is effective in suppressing heart damage mediated by pharmacologic drugs. Therefore, melatonin has been shown to have cardioprotective activity in multiple animal and human studies. Herein, we summarize the most established benefits of melatonin in the cardiovascular system with a focus on the molecular mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Tobeiha
- School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Ameneh Jafari
- Advanced Therapy Medicinal Product (ATMP) Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
- Proteomics Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Fadaei
- Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Ali Mirazimi
- School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Dashti
- School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Atefeh Amiri
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Zatollah Asemi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Russel J. Reiter
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, UT Health. Long School of Medicine, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Michael R. Hamblin
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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Paribello P, Manchia M, Bosia M, Pinna F, Carpiniello B, Comai S. Melatonin and aggressive behavior: A systematic review of the literature on preclinical and clinical evidence. J Pineal Res 2022; 72:e12794. [PMID: 35192237 PMCID: PMC9285357 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The melatonin system and circadian disruption have well-established links with aggressive behaviors; however, the biological underpinnings have not been thoroughly investigated. Here, we aimed at examining the current knowledge regarding the neurobiological and psychopharmacological involvement of the melatonin system in aggressive/violent behaviors. To this end, we performed a systematic review on Embase and Pubmed/MEDLINE of preclinical and clinical evidence linking the melatonin system, melatonin, and melatoninergic drugs with aggressive/violent behaviors. Two blinded raters performed an independent screening of the relevant literature. Overall, this review included 38 papers distributed between clinical and preclinical models. Eleven papers specifically addressed the existing evidence in rodent models, five in fish models, and 21 in humans. The data indicate that depending on the species, model, and timing of administration, melatonin may exert a complex influence on aggressive/violent behaviors. Particularly, the apparent contrasting findings on the link between the melatonin system and aggression/violence (with either increased, no, or decreased effect) shown in preclinical models underscore the need for further research to develop more accurate and fruitful translational models. Likewise, the significant heterogeneity found in the results of clinical studies does not allow yet to draw any firm conclusion on the efficacy of melatonin or melatonergic drugs on aggressive/violent behaviors. However, findings in children and in traits associated with aggressive/violent behavior, including irritability and anger, are emerging and deserve empirical attention given the low toxicity of melatonin and melatonergic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Paribello
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Medical Sciences and Public HealthUniversity of CagliariCagliariItaly
- Unit of Clinical PsychiatryUniversity Hospital Agency of CagliariCagliariItaly
| | - Mirko Manchia
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Medical Sciences and Public HealthUniversity of CagliariCagliariItaly
- Unit of Clinical PsychiatryUniversity Hospital Agency of CagliariCagliariItaly
- Department of PharmacologyDalhousie UniversityHalifaxNova ScotiaCanada
| | - Marta Bosia
- Division of NeuroscienceSan Raffaele Scientific InstituteMilanItaly
- School of MedicineVita Salute San Raffaele UniversityMilanItaly
| | - Federica Pinna
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Medical Sciences and Public HealthUniversity of CagliariCagliariItaly
- Unit of Clinical PsychiatryUniversity Hospital Agency of CagliariCagliariItaly
| | - Bernardo Carpiniello
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Medical Sciences and Public HealthUniversity of CagliariCagliariItaly
- Unit of Clinical PsychiatryUniversity Hospital Agency of CagliariCagliariItaly
| | - Stefano Comai
- Division of NeuroscienceSan Raffaele Scientific InstituteMilanItaly
- Department of PsychiatryMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological SciencesUniversity of PaduaPaduaItaly
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of PaduaPaduaItaly
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11
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Pfeffer M, von Gall C, Wicht H, Korf HW. The Role of the Melatoninergic System in Circadian and Seasonal Rhythms—Insights From Different Mouse Strains. Front Physiol 2022; 13:883637. [PMID: 35492605 PMCID: PMC9039042 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.883637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The melatoninergic system comprises the neurohormone melatonin and its molecular targets. The major source of melatonin is the pineal organ where melatonin is rhythmically produced during darkness. In mammals, melatonin biosynthesis is controlled by the central circadian rhythm generator in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and photoreceptors in the retina. Melatonin elicits its function principally through two specific receptors called MT1 and MT2. MT1 is highly expressed in the SCN and the hypophysial pars tuberalis (PT), an important interface for control of seasonal functions. The expression of the MT2 is more widespread. The role of the melatoninergic system in the control of seasonal functions, such as reproduction, has been known for more than 4 decades, but investigations on its impact on the circadian system under normal (entrained) conditions started 2 decades later by comparing mouse strains with a fully functional melatoninergic system with mouse strains which either produce insufficient amounts of melatonin or lack the melatonin receptors MT1 and MT2. These studies revealed that an intact melatoninergic system is not required for the generation or maintenance of rhythmic behavior under physiological entrained conditions. As shown by jet lag experiments, the melatoninergic system facilitated faster re-entrainment of locomotor activity accompanied by a more rapid adaptation of the molecular clock work in the SCN. This action depended on MT2. Further studies indicated that the endogenous melatoninergic system stabilizes the locomotor activity under entrained conditions. Notably, these effects of the endogenous melatoninergic system are subtle, suggesting that other signals such as corticosterone or temperature contribute to the synchronization of locomotor activity. Outdoor experiments lasting for a whole year indicate a seasonal plasticity of the chronotype which depends on the melatoninergic system. The comparison between mice with an intact or a compromised melatoninergic system also points toward an impact of this system on sleep, memory and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Pfeffer
- Institute of Anatomy II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- *Correspondence: Martina Pfeffer,
| | - Charlotte von Gall
- Institute of Anatomy II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Helmut Wicht
- Dr. Senckenbergische Anatomie II, Fachbereich Medizin der Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Horst-Werner Korf
- Institute of Anatomy I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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12
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Sumaya I, Dubocovich M. Melatonin-Mediated Attenuation of Fluphenazine-Induced Hypokinesia in C57BL/6 Mice is Dependent on the Light/Dark Phase. Behav Brain Res 2022; 425:113827. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.113827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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13
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Stenger S, Grasshoff H, Hundt JE, Lange T. Potential effects of shift work on skin autoimmune diseases. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1000951. [PMID: 36865523 PMCID: PMC9972893 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1000951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Shift work is associated with systemic chronic inflammation, impaired host and tumor defense and dysregulated immune responses to harmless antigens such as allergens or auto-antigens. Thus, shift workers are at higher risk to develop a systemic autoimmune disease and circadian disruption with sleep impairment seem to be the key underlying mechanisms. Presumably, disturbances of the sleep-wake cycle also drive skin-specific autoimmune diseases, but epidemiological and experimental evidence so far is scarce. This review summarizes the effects of shift work, circadian misalignment, poor sleep, and the effect of potential hormonal mediators such as stress mediators or melatonin on skin barrier functions and on innate and adaptive skin immunity. Human studies as well as animal models were considered. We will also address advantages and potential pitfalls in animal models of shift work, and possible confounders that could drive skin autoimmune diseases in shift workers such as adverse lifestyle habits and psychosocial influences. Finally, we will outline feasible countermeasures that may reduce the risk of systemic and skin autoimmunity in shift workers, as well as treatment options and highlight outstanding questions that should be addressed in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Stenger
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Hanna Grasshoff
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jennifer Elisabeth Hundt
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Center for Research on Inflammation of the Skin, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Tanja Lange
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Center for Research on Inflammation of the Skin, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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14
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Nikolaev G, Robeva R, Konakchieva R. Membrane Melatonin Receptors Activated Cell Signaling in Physiology and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010471. [PMID: 35008896 PMCID: PMC8745360 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The pineal hormone melatonin has attracted great scientific interest since its discovery in 1958. Despite the enormous number of basic and clinical studies the exact role of melatonin in respect to human physiology remains elusive. In humans, two high-affinity receptors for melatonin, MT1 and MT2, belonging to the family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have been cloned and identified. The two receptor types activate Gi proteins and MT2 couples additionally to Gq proteins to modulate intracellular events. The individual effects of MT1 and MT2 receptor activation in a variety of cells are complemented by their ability to form homo- and heterodimers, the functional relevance of which is yet to be confirmed. Recently, several melatonin receptor genetic polymorphisms were discovered and implicated in pathology-for instance in type 2 diabetes, autoimmune disease, and cancer. The circadian patterns of melatonin secretion, its pleiotropic effects depending on cell type and condition, and the already demonstrated cross-talks of melatonin receptors with other signal transduction pathways further contribute to the perplexity of research on the role of the pineal hormone in humans. In this review we try to summarize the current knowledge on the membrane melatonin receptor activated cell signaling in physiology and pathology and their relevance to certain disease conditions including cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgi Nikolaev
- Faculty of Biology, Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, 1504 Sofia, Bulgaria;
- Correspondence:
| | - Ralitsa Robeva
- Department of Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Rossitza Konakchieva
- Faculty of Biology, Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, 1504 Sofia, Bulgaria;
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15
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Healy KL, Morris AR, Liu AC. Circadian Synchrony: Sleep, Nutrition, and Physical Activity. Front Netw Physiol 2021; 1:732243. [PMID: 35156088 PMCID: PMC8830366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The circadian clock in mammals regulates the sleep/wake cycle and many associated behavioral and physiological processes. The cellular clock mechanism involves a transcriptional negative feedback loop that gives rise to circadian rhythms in gene expression with an approximately 24-h periodicity. To maintain system robustness, clocks throughout the body must be synchronized and their functions coordinated. In mammals, the master clock is located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus. The SCN is entrained to the light/dark cycle through photic signal transduction and subsequent induction of core clock gene expression. The SCN in turn relays the time-of-day information to clocks in peripheral tissues. While the SCN is highly responsive to photic cues, peripheral clocks are more sensitive to non-photic resetting cues such as nutrients, body temperature, and neuroendocrine hormones. For example, feeding/fasting and physical activity can entrain peripheral clocks through signaling pathways and subsequent regulation of core clock genes and proteins. As such, timing of food intake and physical activity matters. In an ideal world, the sleep/wake and feeding/fasting cycles are synchronized to the light/dark cycle. However, asynchronous environmental cues, such as those experienced by shift workers and frequent travelers, often lead to misalignment between the master and peripheral clocks. Emerging evidence suggests that the resulting circadian disruption is associated with various diseases and chronic conditions that cause further circadian desynchrony and accelerate disease progression. In this review, we discuss how sleep, nutrition, and physical activity synchronize circadian clocks and how chronomedicine may offer novel strategies for disease intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andrew C. Liu
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
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16
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Healy KL, Morris AR, Liu AC. Circadian Synchrony: Sleep, Nutrition, and Physical Activity. Front Netw Physiol 2021; 1:732243. [PMID: 35156088 PMCID: PMC8830366 DOI: 10.3389/fnetp.2021.732243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
The circadian clock in mammals regulates the sleep/wake cycle and many associated behavioral and physiological processes. The cellular clock mechanism involves a transcriptional negative feedback loop that gives rise to circadian rhythms in gene expression with an approximately 24-h periodicity. To maintain system robustness, clocks throughout the body must be synchronized and their functions coordinated. In mammals, the master clock is located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus. The SCN is entrained to the light/dark cycle through photic signal transduction and subsequent induction of core clock gene expression. The SCN in turn relays the time-of-day information to clocks in peripheral tissues. While the SCN is highly responsive to photic cues, peripheral clocks are more sensitive to non-photic resetting cues such as nutrients, body temperature, and neuroendocrine hormones. For example, feeding/fasting and physical activity can entrain peripheral clocks through signaling pathways and subsequent regulation of core clock genes and proteins. As such, timing of food intake and physical activity matters. In an ideal world, the sleep/wake and feeding/fasting cycles are synchronized to the light/dark cycle. However, asynchronous environmental cues, such as those experienced by shift workers and frequent travelers, often lead to misalignment between the master and peripheral clocks. Emerging evidence suggests that the resulting circadian disruption is associated with various diseases and chronic conditions that cause further circadian desynchrony and accelerate disease progression. In this review, we discuss how sleep, nutrition, and physical activity synchronize circadian clocks and how chronomedicine may offer novel strategies for disease intervention.
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17
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Abstract
In mammals, the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) constitute the main circadian clock, receiving input from the retina which allows synchronization of endogenous biological rhythms with the daily light/dark cycle. Over the year, the SCN encodes photoperiodic variations through duration of melatonin secretion, with abundant nocturnal levels in winter and lower levels in summer. Thus, light information is critical to regulate seasonal reproduction in many species and is part of the central photoperiodic integration. Since intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) are vital for circadian photoentrainment and other nonvisual functions, we studied the contribution of ipRGCs in photoperiod integration in C3H retinal degeneration 1 (rd1) mice. We assessed locomotor activity and melatonin secretion in mice exposed to short or long photoperiods. Our results showed that rd1 mice are still responsive to photoperiod variations in term of locomotor activity, melatonin secretion, and regulation of the reproductive axis. In addition, retinas of animals exposed to short photoperiod exhibit higher melanopsin labeling intensity compared with the long photoperiod condition, suggesting seasonal-dependent changes within this photoreceptive system. These results show that ipRGCs in rd1 mice can still measure photoperiod and suggest a key role of melanopsin cells in photoperiod integration and the regulation of seasonal physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastien Leclercq
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives CNRS UPR3212, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - David Hicks
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives CNRS UPR3212, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Virginie Laurent
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives CNRS UPR3212, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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18
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Wang X, Wang Z, Cao J, Dong Y, Chen Y. Melatonin Alleviates Acute Sleep Deprivation-Induced Memory Loss in Mice by Suppressing Hippocampal Ferroptosis. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:708645. [PMID: 34335271 PMCID: PMC8322577 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.708645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Memory decline caused by insufficient sleep is a critical public health issues and currently lacks effective treatments. This study objective was to explore alleviative effect of melatonin on sleep deprivation (SD)-induced deficiencies in learning and memory. Materials and Methods: A continuous 72 h SD mouse model, with or without melatonin or Fer-1 supplementation were established. The changes of cognitive function, iron homeostasis, lipid peroxidation and intracellular signal pathways in mice were detected by Morris water maze, antioxidant assay, immunohistochemistry, western blot, RT-PCR and Prussian blue staining. In vitro, we treated HT-22 cells with ferroptosis inducer (Erastin) to further explore the specific mechanism of melatonin in ferroptosis. Results: Mice subjected to SD had significantly elevated latency and path length to reach hidden platform, as well as a decrease in number of entries and time spent in the target zone when the hidden platform was removed (p < 0.05). Nevertheless, supplementation with ferroptosis inhibitor (Fer-1) mitigated the memory impairment associated with SD. Further evaluation revealed an up-regulation of intracellular iron accumulation, transferrin receptor 1 and divalent metal transporter 1 expression and ROS and MDA production, and a down-regulation of ferroportin and antioxidant enzyme (GPX4 and SOD) expression in SD mice. SD decreased expression of MT2 receptor rather than of MT1, and inhibited ERK/Nrf2 signaling activation in the hippocampus (p < 0.05). In contrast, the aforementioned SD-inductions were reversed by supplementation using 20 and 40 mg/kg melatonin in SD mice. In vitro, melatonin pretreatment reversed Erastin-induced ferroptosis, abnormalities in iron transporter protein and antioxidant enzyme expression and suppression of ERK/Nrf2 signaling in HT-22 cells, however this protective effect of melatonin was blocked by MT2-, ERK- and Nrf2-specific antagonists (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Our finding suggested SD may induce ferroptosis, in turn leading to cognitive deficits. Melatonin alleviated memory loss and hippocampal ferroptosis caused by acute SD through binding to the MT2 receptor to activate ERK/Nrf2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xintong Wang
- Neurobiology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zixu Wang
- Neurobiology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Cao
- Neurobiology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yulan Dong
- Neurobiology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yaoxing Chen
- Neurobiology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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19
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Lorsung E, Karthikeyan R, Cao R. Biological Timing and Neurodevelopmental Disorders: A Role for Circadian Dysfunction in Autism Spectrum Disorders. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:642745. [PMID: 33776640 PMCID: PMC7994532 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.642745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are a spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by impaired social interaction and communication, as well as stereotyped and repetitive behaviors. ASDs affect nearly 2% of the United States child population and the worldwide prevalence has dramatically increased in recent years. The etiology is not clear but ASD is thought to be caused by a combination of intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Circadian rhythms are the ∼24 h rhythms driven by the endogenous biological clock, and they are found in a variety of physiological processes. Growing evidence from basic and clinical studies suggest that the dysfunction of the circadian timing system may be associated with ASD and its pathogenesis. Here we review the findings that link circadian dysfunctions to ASD in both experimental and clinical studies. We first introduce the organization of the circadian system and ASD. Next, we review physiological indicators of circadian rhythms that are found disrupted in ASD individuals, including sleep-wake cycles, melatonin, cortisol, and serotonin. Finally, we review evidence in epidemiology, human genetics, and biochemistry that indicates underlying associations between circadian regulation and the pathogenesis of ASD. In conclusion, we propose that understanding the functional importance of the circadian clock in normal and aberrant neurodevelopmental processes may provide a novel perspective to tackle ASD, and clinical treatments for ASD individuals should comprise an integrative approach considering the dynamics of daily rhythms in physical, mental, and social processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan Lorsung
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN, United States
| | - Ramanujam Karthikeyan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN, United States
| | - Ruifeng Cao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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20
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Abstract
In mammals, including humans, the neurohormone melatonin is mainly secreted from the pineal gland at night and acts on two high-affinity G protein-coupled receptors, the melatonin MT1 and MT2 receptors. Major functions of melatonin receptors in the brain are the regulation of circadian rhythms and sleep. Correspondingly, the main indications of the currently available drugs for these receptors indicate this as targets. Yet these drugs may not only improve circadian rhythm- and sleep-related disorders but may also be beneficial for complex diseases like major depression, Alzheimer's disease, autism, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders. Here, we will focus on the hypothalamic functions of melatonin receptors by updating our knowledge on their hypothalamic expression pattern at normal, aged, and disease states, by discussing their capacity to regulate circadian rhythms and sleep and by presenting the clinical applications of the melatonin receptor-targeting drugs ramelteon, tasimelteon, and agomelatine or of prolonged-release melatonin formulations. Finally, we speculate about future trends in the field of melatonin receptor drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuro Oishi
- Institut Cochin, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | | | - Ralf Jockers
- Institut Cochin, Université de Paris, Paris, France.
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21
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Tchio C, Baba K, Piccione G, Tosini G. Removal of melatonin receptor type 1 signalling induces dyslipidaemia and hormonal changes in mice subjected to environmental circadian disruption. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab 2021; 4:e00171. [PMID: 33532613 PMCID: PMC7831213 DOI: 10.1002/edm2.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Melatonin is a hormone secreted by the pineal gland in a circadian rhythmic manner with peak synthesis at night. Melatonin signalling was suggested to play a critical role in metabolism during the circadian disruption. Methods Melatonin-proficient (C3H-f+/+ or WT) and melatonin receptor type 1 knockout (MT1 KO) male and female mice were phase-advanced (6 hours) once a week for 6 weeks. Every week, we measured weight, food intake and basal glucose levels. At the end of the experiment, we sacrificed the animals and measured the blood's plasma for lipids profile (total lipids, phospholipids, triglycerides and total cholesterol), metabolic hormones profiles (ghrelin, leptin, insulin, glucagon, glucagon-like-peptide and resistin) and the body composition. Results Environmental circadian disruption (ECD) did not produce any significant effects in C3H-f+/+, while it increased lipids profile in MT1 KO with the significant increase observed in total lipids and triglycerides. For metabolic hormones profile, ECD decreased plasma ghrelin and increased plasma insulin in MT1 KO females. Under control condition, MT1 KO females have significantly different body weight, fat mass, total lipids and total cholesterol than the control C3H-f+/+ females. Conclusion Our data show that melatonin-proficient mice are not affected by ECD. When the MT1 receptors are removed, ECD induced dyslipidaemia in males and females with females experiencing the most adverse effect. Overall, our data demonstrate that MT1 signalling is an essential modulator of lipid and metabolic homeostasis during ECD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Tchio
- Circadian Rhythms and Sleep Disorders ProgramNeuroscience InstituteAtlantaGAUSA
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyMorehouse School of MedicineNeuroscience InstituteAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Kenkichi Baba
- Circadian Rhythms and Sleep Disorders ProgramNeuroscience InstituteAtlantaGAUSA
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyMorehouse School of MedicineNeuroscience InstituteAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Giuseppe Piccione
- Dipartimento di Medicine VeterinariaUniversita di MessinaMessinaItaly
| | - Gianluca Tosini
- Circadian Rhythms and Sleep Disorders ProgramNeuroscience InstituteAtlantaGAUSA
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyMorehouse School of MedicineNeuroscience InstituteAtlantaGAUSA
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22
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Pourhanifeh MH, Mehrzadi S, Hosseinzadeh A. Melatonin and regulation of miRNAs: novel targeted therapy for cancerous and noncancerous disease. Epigenomics 2020; 13:65-81. [PMID: 33350862 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2020-0241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
miRNAs, small noncoding RNAs with crucial diagnostic and prognostic capabilities, play essential therapeutic roles in different human diseases. These biomarkers are involved in several biological mechanisms and are responsible for the regulation of multiple genes expressions in cells. miRNA-based therapy has shown a very bright future in the case of clinical interventions. Melatonin, the main product of the pineal gland, is a multifunctional neurohormone with numerous therapeutic potentials in human diseases. Melatonin is able to regulate miRNAs in different pathologies such as malignant and nonmalignant diseases, which can be considered as a novel kind of targeted therapy. Herein, this review discusses possible therapeutic utility of melatonin for the regulation of miRNAs in various pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saeed Mehrzadi
- Razi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azam Hosseinzadeh
- Razi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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23
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Posa L, Lopez-Canul M, Rullo L, De Gregorio D, Dominguez-Lopez S, Kaba Aboud M, Caputi FF, Candeletti S, Romualdi P, Gobbi G. Nociceptive responses in melatonin MT 2 receptor knockout mice compared to MT 1 and double MT 1 /MT 2 receptor knockout mice. J Pineal Res 2020; 69:e12671. [PMID: 32430930 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin, a neurohormone that binds to two G protein-coupled receptors MT1 and MT2, is involved in pain regulation, but the distinct role of each receptor has yet to be defined. We characterized the nociceptive responses of mice with genetic inactivation of melatonin MT1 (MT1 -/- ), or MT2 (MT2 -/- ), or both MT1 /MT2 (MT1 -/- /MT2 -/- ) receptors in the hot plate test (HPT), and the formalin test (FT). In HPT and FT, MT1 -/- display no differences compared to their wild-type littermates (CTL), whereas both MT2 -/- and MT1 -/- /MT2 -/- mice showed a reduced thermal sensitivity and a decreased tonic nocifensive behavior during phase 2 of the FT in the light phase. The MT2 partial agonist UCM924 induced an antinociceptive effect in MT1 -/- but not in MT2 -/- and MT1 -/- /MT2 -/- mice. Also, the competitive opioid antagonist naloxone had no effects in CTL, whereas it induced a decrease of nociceptive thresholds in MT2 -/- mice. Our results show that the genetic inactivation of melatonin MT2 , but not MT1 receptors, produces a distinct effect on nociceptive threshold, suggesting that the melatonin MT2 receptor subtype is selectively involved in the regulation of pain responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Posa
- Neurobiological Psychiatry Unit, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University Health Center, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Martha Lopez-Canul
- Neurobiological Psychiatry Unit, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University Health Center, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Laura Rullo
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Danilo De Gregorio
- Neurobiological Psychiatry Unit, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University Health Center, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sergio Dominguez-Lopez
- Neurobiological Psychiatry Unit, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University Health Center, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Matthew Kaba Aboud
- Neurobiological Psychiatry Unit, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University Health Center, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Francesca Felicia Caputi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sanzio Candeletti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Patrizia Romualdi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gabriella Gobbi
- Neurobiological Psychiatry Unit, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University Health Center, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Comai S, De Gregorio D, Posa L, Ochoa-Sanchez R, Bedini A, Gobbi G. Dysfunction of serotonergic activity and emotional responses across the light-dark cycle in mice lacking melatonin MT 2 receptors. J Pineal Res 2020; 69:e12653. [PMID: 32239546 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin (MLT) levels fluctuate according to the external light/dark cycle in both diurnal and nocturnal mammals. We previously demonstrated that melatonin MT2 receptor knockout (MT2 -/- ) mice show a decreased nonrapid eye movement sleep over 24 hours and increased wakefulness during the inactive (light) phase. Here, we investigated the role of MT2 receptors in physiological light/dark cycle fluctuations in the activity of dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) serotonin (5-HT) neurons and anxiety- and depression-like behavior. We found that the 5-HT burst-firing activity was tonically reduced across the whole 24 hours in MT2 -/- mice compared with MT2 +/+ mice. Importantly, the physiological changes in the spontaneous firing activity of DRN 5-HT neurons during the light/dark cycle were nullified in MT2 -/- mice, with a higher DRN 5-HT neural firing activity during the light phase in MT2 -/- than in MT2 +/+ mice. The role of MT2 receptors over DRN 5-HT neurons was confirmed by acute pharmacological studies in which the selective MT2 receptors agonist UCM1014 dose dependently inhibited DRN 5-HT activity, mostly during the dark phase. Compared with MT2 +/+ , MT2 -/- mice displayed an anxiety-like phenotype in the novelty-suppressed feeding and in the light/dark box tests; while anxiety levels in the light/dark box test were lower during the dark than during the light phase in MT2 +/+ mice, the opposite was seen in MT2 -/- mice. No differences between MT2 +/+ and MT2 -/- mice were observed for depression-like behavior in the forced swim and in the sucrose preference tests. These results suggest that MT2 receptor genetic inactivation impacts 5-HT neurotransmission and interferes with anxiety levels by perturbing the physiologic light/dark pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Comai
- Neurobiological Psychiatry Unit, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University and McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute and Vita-Salute University, Milan, Italy
| | - Danilo De Gregorio
- Neurobiological Psychiatry Unit, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University and McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Luca Posa
- Neurobiological Psychiatry Unit, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University and McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Rafael Ochoa-Sanchez
- Neurobiological Psychiatry Unit, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University and McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Annalida Bedini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Gabriella Gobbi
- Neurobiological Psychiatry Unit, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University and McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Deng AY, Ménard A. Conserved mammalian modularity of quantitative trait loci revealed human functional orthologs in blood pressure control. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235756. [PMID: 32702059 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have routinely detected human quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for complex traits. Viewing that most GWAS single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are found in non-coding regions unrelated to the physiology of a polygenic trait of interest, a vital question to answer is whether or not any of these SNPs can functionally alter the phenotype with which it is associated. The study of blood pressure (BP) is a case in point. Conserved mechanisms in controlling BP by modularity is now unifying differing mammalian orders in that understanding mechanisms in rodents is tantamount to revealing the same in humans, while overcoming experimental limitations imposed by human studies. As a proof of principle, we used BP QTLs from Dahl salt-sensitive rats (DSS) as substitutes to capture distinct human functional orthologs. 3 DSS BP QTLs are located into distinct genome regions and correspond to several human GWAS genes. Each of the QTLs independently exerted a major impact on BP in vivo. BP was functionally changed by normotensive alleles from each of these QTLs, and yet, the human GWAS SNPs do not exist in the rat. They cannot be responsible for physiological alterations in BP caused by these QTLs. These SNPs are genome emblems for QTLs nearby, rather than being QTLs per se, since they only emerged during primate evolution after BP-regulating mechanisms have been established. We then identified specific mutated coding domains that are conserved between rodents and humans and that may implicate different steps of a common pathway or separate pathways.
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Parvataneni T, Srinivas S, Shah K, Patel RS. Perspective on Melatonin Use for Sleep Problems in Autism and Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review of Randomized Clinical Trials. Cureus 2020; 12:e8335. [PMID: 32617211 PMCID: PMC7325410 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.8335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Melatonin is a hormone produced by the pineal gland and is available over the counter for treating sleep problems in the pediatric population. We conducted a systematic review of randomized clinical trials (RCTs) on MEDLINE and included six studies that met our inclusion criteria. RCTs were conducted in patients from two to 18 years of age with a diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM)-IV diagnosis of autism spectrum disease (ASD) and/or attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in both short-term and long-term RCTs ranging from eight-week to 52-week studies. The mean difference in the children’s sleep disorder showed statistically significant improvement in sleep duration and sleep latency onset compared to the placebo. Overall, a high response rate was observed in the melatonin group compared to the placebo in treating sleep problems in children. Melatonin is a well-tolerated and safe medication in the dose range of 2-10 mg/day in the child and adolescent population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarun Parvataneni
- Psychiatry, Siddavanahalli Nijalingappa Medical College and HSK Hospital and Research Centre, Bagalkot, IND
| | - Sushma Srinivas
- Psychiatry, A.J. Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Mangalore, IND
| | - Kaushal Shah
- Psychiatry, Griffin Memorial Hospital, Norman, USA
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Pinato L, Galina Spilla CS, Markus RP, da Silveira Cruz-Machado S. Dysregulation of Circadian Rhythms in Autism Spectrum Disorders. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:4379-4393. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666191102170450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background:
The alterations in neurological and neuroendocrine functions observed in the autism
spectrum disorder (ASD) involves environmentally dependent dysregulation of neurodevelopment, in interaction
with multiple coding gene defects. Disturbed sleep-wake patterns, as well as abnormal melatonin and glucocorticoid
secretion, show the relevance of an underlying impairment of the circadian timing system to the behavioral
phenotype of ASD. Thus, understanding the mechanisms involved in the circadian dysregulation in ASD could
help to identify early biomarkers to improve the diagnosis and therapeutics as well as providing a significant
impact on the lifelong prognosis.
Objective:
In this review, we discuss the organization of the circadian timing system and explore the connection
between neuroanatomic, molecular, and neuroendocrine responses of ASD and its clinical manifestations. Here
we propose interconnections between circadian dysregulation, inflammatory baseline and behavioral changes in
ASD. Taking into account, the high relevancy of melatonin in orchestrating both circadian timing and the maintenance
of physiological immune quiescence, we raise the hypothesis that melatonin or analogs should be considered
as a pharmacological approach to suppress inflammation and circadian misalignment in ASD patients.
Strategy:
This review provides a comprehensive update on the state-of-art of studies related to inflammatory
states and ASD with a special focus on the relationship with melatonin and clock genes. The hypothesis raised
above was analyzed according to the published data.
Conclusion:
Current evidence supports the existence of associations between ASD to circadian dysregulation,
behavior problems, increased inflammatory levels of cytokines, sleep disorders, as well as reduced circadian
neuroendocrine responses. Indeed, major effects may be related to a low melatonin rhythm. We propose that
maintaining the proper rhythm of the circadian timing system may be helpful to improve the health and to cope
with several behavioral changes observed in ASD subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Pinato
- Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 17525-900, Marilia, SP, Brazil
| | - Caio Sergio Galina Spilla
- Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 17525-900, Marilia, SP, Brazil
| | - Regina Pekelmann Markus
- Laboratory of Chronopharmacology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo (USP), 05508-090, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Sanseray da Silveira Cruz-Machado
- Laboratory of Chronopharmacology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo (USP), 05508-090, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Kennaway
- Robinson Research Institute, Adelaide School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Abstract
Circadian rhythms are observed in most physiologic functions across a variety of species and are controlled by a master pacemaker in the brain called the suprachiasmatic nucleus. The complex nature of the circadian system and the impact of circadian disruption on sleep, health, and well-being support the need to assess internal circadian timing in the clinical setting. The ability to assess circadian rhythms and the degree of circadian disruption can help in categorizing subtypes or even new circadian rhythm disorders and aid in the clinical management of the these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn J Reid
- Department of Neurology, Center for Circadian and Sleep Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 710 North Lakeshore Drive, Abbott Hall Room 522, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Kennaway
- Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide Health and Medical Research Building, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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31
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Jilg A, Bechstein P, Saade A, Dick M, Li TX, Tosini G, Rami A, Zemmar A, Stehle JH. Melatonin modulates daytime-dependent synaptic plasticity and learning efficiency. J Pineal Res 2019; 66:e12553. [PMID: 30618149 PMCID: PMC6405292 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mechanisms of hippocampus-related memory formation are time-of-day-dependent. While the circadian system and clock genes are related to timing of hippocampal mnemonic processes (acquisition, consolidation, and retrieval of long-term memory [LTM]) and long-term potentiation (LTP), little is known about temporal gating mechanisms. Here, the role of the neurohormone melatonin as a circadian time cue for hippocampal signaling and memory formation was investigated in C3H/He wildtype (WT) and melatonin receptor-knockout ( MT 1 / 2 - / - ) mice. Immunohistochemical and immunoblot analyses revealed the presence of melatonin receptors on mouse hippocampal neurons. Temporal patterns of time-of-day-dependent clock gene protein levels were profoundly altered in MT 1 / 2 - / - mice compared to WT animals. On the behavioral level, WT mice displayed better spatial learning efficiency during daytime as compared to nighttime. In contrast, high error scores were observed in MT 1 / 2 - / - mice during both, daytime and nighttime acquisition. Day-night difference in LTP, as observed in WT mice, was absent in MT 1 / 2 - / - mice and in WT animals, in which the sympathetic innervation of the pineal gland was surgically removed to erase rhythmic melatonin synthesis. In addition, treatment of melatonin-deficient C57BL/6 mice with melatonin at nighttime significantly improved their working memory performance at daytime. These results illustrate that melatonin shapes time-of-day-dependent learning efficiency in parallel to consolidating expression patterns of clock genes in the mouse hippocampus. Our data suggest that melatonin imprints a time cue on mouse hippocampal signaling and gene expression to foster better learning during daytime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje Jilg
- Juha Hernesniemi International Neurosurgery Center, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Henan University, Zhengzhou 450003, China
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Anatomy, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Philipp Bechstein
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Anatomy, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Anastasia Saade
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Anatomy, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Moritz Dick
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Anatomy, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Tian Xiao Li
- Juha Hernesniemi International Neurosurgery Center, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Henan University, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Gianluca Tosini
- Morehouse School of Medicine, Pharmacology & Toxicology, 720 Westview Drive SW, Atlanta, GA 30310-1495, USA
| | - Abdelhaq Rami
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Anatomy, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ajmal Zemmar
- Juha Hernesniemi International Neurosurgery Center, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Henan University, Zhengzhou 450003, China
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Biology and Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jörg H. Stehle
- Juha Hernesniemi International Neurosurgery Center, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Henan University, Zhengzhou 450003, China
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Anatomy, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany
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Abstract
The pathophysiological function of the G-protein coupled melatonin MT1 and MT2 receptors has not yet been well-clarified. Recent advancements using selective MT1/ MT2 receptor ligands and MT1/MT2 receptor knockout mice have suggested that the activation of the MT1 receptors are mainly implicated in the regulation of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, whereas the MT2 receptors selectively increase non-REM (NREM) sleep. Studies in mutant mice show that MT1 knockout mice have an increase in NREM sleep and a decrease in REM sleep, while MT2 knockout mice a decrease in NREM sleep. The localization of MT1 receptors is also distinct from MT2 receptors; for example, MT2 receptors are located in the reticular thalamus (NREM area), while the MT1 receptors in the Locus Coeruleus and lateral hypothalamus (REM areas). Altogether, these findings suggest that these two receptors not only have a very specialized function in sleep, but that they may also modulate opposing effects. These data also suggest that mixed MT1-MT2 receptors ligands are not clinically recommended given their opposite roles in physiological functions, confirmed by the modest effects of melatonin or MT1/MT2 non-selective agonists when used in both preclinical and clinical studies as hypnotic drugs. In sum, MT1 and MT2 receptors have specific roles in the modulation of sleep, and consequently, selective ligands with agonist, antagonist, or partial agonist properties could have therapeutic potential for sleep; while the MT2 agonists or partial agonists might be indicated for NREM-related sleep and/or anxiety disorders, the MT1 agonists or partial agonists might be so for REM-related sleep disorders. Furthermore, MT1 but not MT2 receptors seem involved in the regulation of the circadian rhythm. Future research will help further develop MT1 and/or MT2 receptors as targets for neuropsychopharmacology drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Gobbi
- Neurobiological Psychiatry Unit, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Stefano Comai
- Neurobiological Psychiatry Unit, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute and Vita Salute University, Milan, Italy
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Maruani A, Dumas G, Beggiato A, Traut N, Peyre H, Cohen-Freoua A, Amsellem F, Elmaleh M, Germanaud D, Launay JM, Bourgeron T, Toro R, Delorme R. Morning Plasma Melatonin Differences in Autism: Beyond the Impact of Pineal Gland Volume. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:11. [PMID: 30787884 PMCID: PMC6372551 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
While low plasma melatonin, a neuro-hormone synthesized in the pineal gland, has been frequently associated with autism, our understanding of the mechanisms behind it have remained unclear. In this exploratory study, we hypothesized that low melatonin levels in ASD could be linked to a decrease of the pineal gland volume (PGV). PGV estimates with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with a voxel-based volumetric measurement method and early morning plasma melatonin levels were evaluated for 215 participants, including 78 individuals with ASD, 90 unaffected relatives, and 47 controls. We first found that both early morning melatonin level and PGV were lower in patients compared to controls. We secondly built a linear model and observed that plasma melatonin was correlated to the group of the participant, but also to the PGV. To further understand the relationship between PGV and melatonin, we generated a normative model of the PGV relationship with melatonin level based on control participant data. We found an effect of PGV on normalized melatonin levels in ASD. Melatonin deficit appeared however more related to the group of the subject. Thus, melatonin variations in ASD could be mainly driven by melatonin pathway dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maruani
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, France.,Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Dumas
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Anita Beggiato
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, France.,Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Traut
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Hugo Peyre
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Alicia Cohen-Freoua
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Frédérique Amsellem
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, France.,Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Monique Elmaleh
- Pediatric Radiology Department, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, France
| | - David Germanaud
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Robert Debré Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France.,Neuropaediatric Team, UNIACT, NeuroSpin, CEA-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jean-Marie Launay
- Biochemistry Department, INSERM U942, Lariboisière Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris EA 3621, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Bourgeron
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Roberto Toro
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Richard Delorme
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, France.,Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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34
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Miglis MG, Barwick F. Sleep disorders in patients with postural tachycardia syndrome: A review of the literature and guide for clinicians. Auton Neurosci 2018; 215:62-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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35
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Cecon E, Oishi A, Jockers R. Melatonin receptors: molecular pharmacology and signalling in the context of system bias. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 175:3263-3280. [PMID: 28707298 PMCID: PMC6057902 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Melatonin, N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine, an evolutionally old molecule, is produced by the pineal gland in vertebrates, and it binds with high affinity to melatonin receptors, which are members of the GPCR family. Among the multiple effects attributed to melatonin, we will focus here on those that are dependent on the activation of the two mammalian MT1 and MT2 melatonin receptors. We briefly summarize the latest developments on synthetic melatonin receptor ligands, including multi-target-directed ligands, and the characterization of signalling-biased ligands. We discuss signalling pathways activated by melatonin receptors that appear to be highly cell- and tissue-dependent, emphasizing the impact of system bias on the functional outcome. Different proteins have been demonstrated to interact with melatonin receptors, and thus, we postulate that part of this system bias has its molecular basis in differences of the expression of receptor-associated proteins including heterodimerization partners. Finally, bias at the level of the receptor, by the expression of genetic receptor variants, will be discussed to show how a modified receptor function can have an effect on the risk for common diseases like type 2 diabetes in humans. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on Recent Developments in Research of Melatonin and its Potential Therapeutic Applications. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v175.16/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Cecon
- Institut CochinInserm, U1016ParisFrance
- CNRS UMR 8104ParisFrance
- Univ. Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris CitéParisFrance
| | - Atsuro Oishi
- Institut CochinInserm, U1016ParisFrance
- CNRS UMR 8104ParisFrance
- Univ. Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris CitéParisFrance
| | - Ralf Jockers
- Institut CochinInserm, U1016ParisFrance
- CNRS UMR 8104ParisFrance
- Univ. Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris CitéParisFrance
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36
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Clough SJ, Hudson RL, Dubocovich ML. Food-induced reinforcement is abrogated by the genetic deletion of the MT 1 or MT 2 melatonin receptor in C3H/HeN mice. Behav Brain Res 2018; 343:28-35. [PMID: 29374562 PMCID: PMC5842708 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Palatable food is known for its ability to enhance reinforcing responses. Studies have suggested a circadian variation in both drug and natural reinforcement, with each following its own time course. The goal of this study was to determine the role of the MT1 and MT2 melatonin receptors in palatable snack food-induced reinforcement, as measured by the conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm during the light and dark phases. C3H/HeN wild-type mice were trained for snack food-induced CPP at either ZT 6 - 8 (ZT: Zeitgeber time; ZT 0 = lights on), when endogenous melatonin levels are low, or ZT 19 - 21, when melatonin levels are high. These time points also correspond to the high and low points for expression of the circadian gene Period1, respectively. The amount of snack food (chow, Cheetos®, Froot Loops® and Oreos®) consumed was of similar magnitude at both times, however only C3H/HeN mice conditioned to snack food at ZT 6 - 8 developed a place preference. C3H/HeN mice with a genetic deletion of either the MT1 (MT1KO) or MT2 (MT2KO) receptor tested at ZT 6 - 8 did not develop a place preference for snack food. Although the MT2KO mice showed a similar amount of snack food consumed when compared to wild-type mice, the MT1KO mice consumed significantly less than either genotype. We conclude that in our mouse model snack food-induced CPP is dependent on time of day and the presence of the MT1 or MT2 receptors, suggesting a role for melatonin and its receptors in snack food-induced reinforcement.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Conditioning, Psychological/physiology
- Feeding Behavior/physiology
- Feeding Behavior/psychology
- Food
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Photoperiod
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT1/deficiency
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT1/genetics
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT2/deficiency
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT2/genetics
- Reinforcement, Psychology
- Spatial Behavior/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon J Clough
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, United States
| | - Randall L Hudson
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, United States
| | - Margarita L Dubocovich
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, United States.
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Sung JY, Bae JH, Lee JH, Kim YN, Kim DK. The Melatonin Signaling Pathway in a Long-Term Memory In Vitro Study. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23040737. [PMID: 29570621 PMCID: PMC6017053 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23040737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The activation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) response element-binding protein (CREB) via phosphorylation in the hippocampus is an important signaling mechanism for enhancing memory processing. Although melatonin is known to increase CREB expression in various animal models, the signaling mechanism between melatonin and CREB has been unknown in vitro. Thus, we confirmed the signaling pathway between the melatonin receptor 1 (MT1) and CREB using melatonin in HT-22 cells. Melatonin increased MT1 and gradually induced signals associated with long-term memory processing through phosphorylation of Raf, ERK, p90RSK, CREB, and BDNF expression. We also confirmed that the calcium, JNK, and AKT pathways were not involved in this signaling pathway by melatonin in HT-22 cells. Furthermore, we investigated whether melatonin regulated the expressions of CREB-BDNF associated with long-term memory processing in aged HT-22 cells. In conclusion, melatonin mediated the MT1-ERK-p90RSK-CREB-BDNF signaling pathway in the in vitro long-term memory processing model and increased the levels of p-CREB and BDNF expression in melatonin-treated cells compared to untreated HT-22 cells in the cellular aged state. Therefore, this paper suggests that melatonin induces CREB signaling pathways associated with long-term memory processing in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Young Sung
- Department of Medical Genetics, Hanvit Institutute for Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Korea.
| | - Ji-Hyun Bae
- Department of Medical Genetics, Hanvit Institutute for Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Korea.
| | - Jong-Ha Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Korea.
| | - Yoon-Nyun Kim
- Dongsan Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu 42931, Korea.
| | - Dae-Kwang Kim
- Department of Medical Genetics, Hanvit Institutute for Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Korea.
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Pfeffer M, Korf HW, Wicht H. Synchronizing effects of melatonin on diurnal and circadian rhythms. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2018; 258:215-221. [PMID: 28533170 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, the rhythmic secretion of melatonin from the pineal gland is driven by the circadian clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus. The robust nightly peak of melatonin secretion is an output signal of the circadian clock and is supposed to deliver the circadian message to the whole of the organism. Since the circadian system regulates many behavioral and physiological processes, its disruption by external (shift-work, jet-lag) or internal desynchronization (blindness, aging) causes many different health problems. Externally applied melatonin is used in humans as a chronobiotic drug to treat desynchronization and circadian disorders, and the success of these treatments does, at first glance, underline the supposed pivotal role of melatonin in the synchronization of the circadian system. On the other hand, pinealectomy in experimental animals and humans does not abolish their rhythms of rest and activity. Furthermore, mice with deficient melatoninergic systems neither display overt defects in their rhythmic behavior nor do they show obvious signs of disease susceptibility, let alone premature mortality. During the last years, our laboratory has investigated several mouse stains with intact or compromised internal melatonin signaling systems in order to better understand the physiological role of the melatoninergic system. These and other investigations which will be reviewed in the present contribution confirm the synchronizing effect of endogenous melatonin and the melatoninergic system. However, these effects are subtle. Thus melatonin does not appear as the master of internal synchronization, but as one component in a cocktail of synchronizing agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Pfeffer
- Dr. Senckenbergische Anatomie II, Fachbereich Medizin, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Dr. Senckenbergisches Chronomedizinisches Institut, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Horst-Werner Korf
- Dr. Senckenbergische Anatomie II, Fachbereich Medizin, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Dr. Senckenbergisches Chronomedizinisches Institut, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Helmut Wicht
- Dr. Senckenbergische Anatomie II, Fachbereich Medizin, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Oishi A, Cecon E, Jockers R. Melatonin Receptor Signaling: Impact of Receptor Oligomerization on Receptor Function. International Review of Cell and Molecular Biology 2018; 338:59-77. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Marques TC, da Silva Santos EC, Diesel TO, Leme LO, Martins CF, Dode M, Alves BG, Costa F, de Oliveira EB, Gambarini ML. Melatonin reduces apoptotic cells, SOD2 and HSPB1 and improves the in vitro production and quality of bovine blastocysts. Reprod Domest Anim 2017; 53:226-236. [PMID: 29205523 DOI: 10.1111/rda.13097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Effects of adding different concentrations of melatonin (10-7 , 10-9 and 10-11 M) to maturation (Experiment 1; Control, IVM + 10-7 , IVM + 10-9 , IVM + 10-11 ) and culture media (Experiment 2; Control, IVC + 10-7 , IVC + 10-9 , IVC + 10-11 ) were evaluated on in vitro bovine embryonic development. The optimal concentration of melatonin (10-9 M) from Experiments 1-2 was tested in both maturation and/or culture media of Experiment 3 (Control, IVM + 10-9 , IVC + 10-9 , IVM/IVC + 10-9 ). In Experiment 1, maturated oocytes from Control and IVM + 10-9 treatments showed increased glutathione content, mitochondrial membrane potential and percentage of Grade I blastocysts (40.6% and 43%, respectively). In Experiment 2, an increase in the percentage of Grade I blastocysts was detected in IVC + 10-7 (43.5%; 56.7%) and IVC + 10-9 (47.4%; 57.4%). Moreover, a lower number and percentage of apoptotic cells in blastocysts were observed in the IVC + 10-9 group compared to Control (3.8 ± 0.6; 3.6% versus 6.1 ± 0.6; 5.3%). In Experiment 3, the IVC + 10-9 treatment increased percentage of Grade I blastocysts with a lower number of apoptotic cells compared to IVM/IVC + 10-9 group (52.6%; 3.0 ± 0.5 versus 46.0%; 5.4 ± 1.0). The IVC + 10-9 treatment also had a higher mRNA expression of antioxidant gene (SOD2) compared to the Control, as well as the heat shock protein (HSPB1) compared to the IVM + 10-9 . Reactive oxygen species production was greater in the IVM/IVC + 10-9 treatment group. In conclusion, the 10-9 M concentration of melatonin and the in vitro production phase in which it is used directly affected embryonic development and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Marques
- Center for Studies and Research in Animal Reproductive Biology, College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - E C da Silva Santos
- Center for Studies and Research in Animal Reproductive Biology, College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - T O Diesel
- Center for Studies and Research in Animal Reproductive Biology, College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - L O Leme
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - C F Martins
- Center of Animal Production Systems, Embrapa Cerrados, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Man Dode
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - B G Alves
- Laboratory of Manipulation of Oocytes and Preantral Follicles, Faculty of Veterinary, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Fph Costa
- Center for Studies and Research in Animal Reproductive Biology, College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - E B de Oliveira
- Center for Studies and Research in Animal Reproductive Biology, College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - M L Gambarini
- Center for Studies and Research in Animal Reproductive Biology, College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
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Abstract
Tryptophan, an essential amino acid through a series of enzymatic reactions gives rise to various metabolites, viz. serotonin and melatonin, that regulate distinct biological functions. We show here that tryptophan metabolism in the pineal gland favors bone mass accrual through production of melatonin, a pineal-derived neurohormone. Pineal gland-specific deletion of Tph1, the enzyme that catalyzes the first step in the melatonin biosynthesis lead to a decrease in melatonin levels and a low bone mass due to an isolated decrease in bone formation while bone resorption parameters remained unaffected. Skeletal analysis of the mice deficient in MT1 or MT2 melatonin receptors showed a low bone mass in MT2-/- mice while MT1-/- mice had a normal bone mass compared to the WT mice. This low bone mass in the MT2-/- mice was due to an isolated decrease in osteoblast numbers and bone formation. In vitro assays of the osteoblast cultures derived from the MT1-/- and MT2-/- mice showed a cell intrinsic defect in the proliferation, differentiation and mineralization abilities of MT2-/- osteoblasts compared to WT counterparts, and the mutant cells did not respond to melatonin addition. Finally, we demonstrate that daily oral administration of melatonin can increase bone accrual during growth and can cure ovariectomy-induced structural and functional degeneration of bone by specifically increasing bone formation. By identifying pineal-derived melatonin as a regulator of bone mass through MT2 receptors, this study expands the role played by tryptophan derivatives in the regulation of bone mass and underscores its therapeutic relevance in postmenopausal osteoporosis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bone and Bones/metabolism
- Bone and Bones/pathology
- Calcification, Physiologic/drug effects
- Female
- Humans
- Melatonin/metabolism
- Melatonin/pharmacology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Organ Size/drug effects
- Osteoblasts/metabolism
- Osteoblasts/pathology
- Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal/drug therapy
- Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal/genetics
- Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal/metabolism
- Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal/pathology
- Pineal Gland/metabolism
- Pineal Gland/pathology
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT1/genetics
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT1/metabolism
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT2/genetics
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT2/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunal Sharan
- Systems Biology of BoneDepartment of Mouse and Zebrafish GeneticsWellcome Trust Sanger InstituteCambridgeUK
- Present address:
Department of Molecular NutritionCSIR‐Central Food Technological Research InstituteMysoreIndia
| | - Kirsty Lewis
- Systems Biology of BoneDepartment of Mouse and Zebrafish GeneticsWellcome Trust Sanger InstituteCambridgeUK
| | | | - Vijay K. Yadav
- Systems Biology of BoneDepartment of Mouse and Zebrafish GeneticsWellcome Trust Sanger InstituteCambridgeUK
- Metabolic Research LaboratoryNational Institute of ImmunologyNew DelhiIndia
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Ng KY, Leong MK, Liang H, Paxinos G. Melatonin receptors: distribution in mammalian brain and their respective putative functions. Brain Struct Funct 2017; 222:2921-39. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-017-1439-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Tordjman S, Chokron S, Delorme R, Charrier A, Bellissant E, Jaafari N, Fougerou C. Melatonin: Pharmacology, Functions and Therapeutic Benefits. Curr Neuropharmacol 2017; 15:434-443. [PMID: 28503116 PMCID: PMC5405617 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x14666161228122115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 399] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 11/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melatonin synchronizes central but also peripheral oscillators (fetal adrenal gland, pancreas, liver, kidney, heart, lung, fat, gut, etc.), allowing temporal organization of biological functions through circadian rhythms (24-hour cycles) in relation to periodic environmental changes and therefore adaptation of the individual to his/her internal and external environment. Measures of melatonin are considered the best peripheral indices of human circadian timing based on an internal 24-hour clock. METHODS First, the pharmacology of melatonin (biosynthesis and circadian rhythms, pharmacokinetics and mechanisms of action) is described, allowing a better understanding of the short and long term effects of melatonin following its immediate or prolonged release. Then, research related to the physiological effects of melatonin is reviewed. RESULTS The physiological effects of melatonin are various and include detoxification of free radicals and antioxidant actions, bone formation and protection, reproduction, and cardiovascular, immune or body mass regulation. Also, protective and therapeutic effects of melatonin are reported, especially with regard to brain or gastrointestinal protection, psychiatric disorders, cardiovascular diseases and oncostatic effects. CONCLUSION This review highlights the high number and diversity of major melatonin effects and opens important perspectives for measuring melatonin as a biomarker (biomarker of early identification of certain disorders and also biomarker of their follow-up) and using melatonin with clinical preventive and therapeutic applications in newborns, children and adults based on its physiological regulatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Tordjman
- Hospital-University Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Guillaume Régnier Hospital, Rennes 1 University, Rennes 35000, France
- Laboratory of Psychology of Perception, CNRS UMR 8158, Paris 75270, France
| | - Sylvie Chokron
- Laboratory of Psychology of Perception, CNRS UMR 8158, Paris 75270, France
| | - Richard Delorme
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris 7 University, Paris 75019, France
| | - Annaëlle Charrier
- Hospital-University Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Guillaume Régnier Hospital, Rennes 1 University, Rennes 35000, France
| | - Eric Bellissant
- Inserm CIC 1414 Clinical Investigation Centre, University Hospital, Rennes 1 University, Rennes 35033, France
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, Rennes 1 University, Rennes 35033, France
| | - Nemat Jaafari
- Unité de recherche clinique Pierre Deniker du Centre Hospitalier Henri Laborit, INSERM CIC-P 1402, Poitiers 86022, France
- INSERM U 1084 Laboratoire expérimental et clinique en Neurosciences, University of Poitiers, Poitiers 86022, France
| | - Claire Fougerou
- Inserm CIC 1414 Clinical Investigation Centre, University Hospital, Rennes 1 University, Rennes 35033, France
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, Rennes 1 University, Rennes 35033, France
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Liu J, Clough SJ, Dubocovich ML. Role of the MT1and MT2melatonin receptors in mediating depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors in C3H/HeN mice. Genes, Brain and Behavior 2017; 16:546-553. [DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; University at Buffalo (SUNY); Buffalo NY USA
| | - S. J. Clough
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; University at Buffalo (SUNY); Buffalo NY USA
| | - M. L. Dubocovich
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; University at Buffalo (SUNY); Buffalo NY USA
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Fredrich M, Hampel M, Seidel K, Christ E, Korf HW. Impact of melatonin receptor-signaling on Zeitgeber time-dependent changes in cell proliferation and apoptosis in the adult murine hippocampus. Hippocampus 2017; 27:495-506. [DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Fredrich
- Dr. Senckenbergisches Chronomedizinisches Institut; Goethe-Universität; Theodor-Stern-Kai 7 Frankfurt/M Germany
| | - Mareike Hampel
- Dr. Senckenbergisches Chronomedizinisches Institut; Goethe-Universität; Theodor-Stern-Kai 7 Frankfurt/M Germany
| | - Kay Seidel
- Dr. Senckenbergische Anatomie, Institut für Anatomie II; Goethe-Universität; Theodor-Stern-Kai 7 Frankfurt/M Germany
| | - Elmar Christ
- Dr. Senckenbergische Anatomie, Institut für Anatomie II; Goethe-Universität; Theodor-Stern-Kai 7 Frankfurt/M Germany
| | - Horst-Werner Korf
- Dr. Senckenbergische Anatomie, Institut für Anatomie II; Goethe-Universität; Theodor-Stern-Kai 7 Frankfurt/M Germany
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Jockers R, Delagrange P, Dubocovich ML, Markus RP, Renault N, Tosini G, Cecon E, Zlotos DP. Update on melatonin receptors: IUPHAR Review 20. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 173:2702-25. [PMID: 27314810 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Melatonin receptors are seven transmembrane-spanning proteins belonging to the GPCR superfamily. In mammals, two melatonin receptor subtypes exist - MT1 and MT2 - encoded by the MTNR1A and MTNR1B genes respectively. The current review provides an update on melatonin receptors by the corresponding subcommittee of the International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. We will highlight recent developments of melatonin receptor ligands, including radioligands, and give an update on the latest phenotyping results of melatonin receptor knockout mice. The current status and perspectives of the structure of melatonin receptor will be summarized. The physiological importance of melatonin receptor dimers and biologically important and type 2 diabetes-associated genetic variants of melatonin receptors will be discussed. The role of melatonin receptors in physiology and disease will be further exemplified by their functions in the immune system and the CNS. Finally, antioxidant and free radical scavenger properties of melatonin and its relation to melatonin receptors will be critically addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Jockers
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France.,University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | | | - Margarita L Dubocovich
- Department Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Science, University at Buffalo (SUNY), Buffalo, USA
| | - Regina P Markus
- Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Gianluca Tosini
- Neuroscience Institute and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Erika Cecon
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France.,University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Darius P Zlotos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The German University in Cairo, New Cairo City, Cairo, Egypt
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47
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Tao J, Zhai Y, Park H, Han J, Dong J, Xie M, Gu T, Lewi K, Ji F, Jia W. Circadian Rhythm Regulates Development of Enamel in Mouse Mandibular First Molar. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159946. [PMID: 27494172 PMCID: PMC4975438 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhythmic incremental growth lines and the presence of melatonin receptors were discovered in tooth enamel, suggesting possible role of circadian rhythm. We therefore hypothesized that circadian rhythm may regulate enamel formation through melatonin receptors. To test this hypothesis, we examined expression of melatonin receptors (MTs) and amelogenin (AMELX), a maker of enamel formation, during tooth germ development in mouse. Using qRT-PCR and immunocytochemistry, we found that mRNA and protein levels of both MTs and AMELX in normal mandibular first molar tooth germs increased gradually after birth, peaked at 3 or 4 day postnatal, and then decreased. Expression of MTs and AMELX by immunocytochemistry was significantly delayed in neonatal mice raised in all-dark or all-light environment as well as the enamel development. Furthermore, development of tooth enamel was also delayed showing significant immature histology in those animals, especially for newborn mice raised in all daylight condition. Interestingly, disruption in circadian rhythm in pregnant mice also resulted in delayed enamel development in their babies. Treatment with melatonin receptor antagonist 4P-PDOT in pregnant mice caused underexpression of MTs and AMELX associated with long-lasting deficiency in baby enamel tissue. Electromicroscopic evidence demonstrated increased necrosis and poor enamel mineralization in ameloblasts. The above results suggest that circadian rhythm is important for normal enamel development at both pre- and postnatal stages. Melatonin receptors were partly responsible for the regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Tao
- Department of General Dentistry, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Zhai
- Department of General Dentistry, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Hyun Park
- Department of General Dentistry, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Junli Han
- Department of General Dentistry, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianhui Dong
- Department of General Dentistry, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Xie
- Department of Prosthodontics, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting Gu
- Department of Oral Pathology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Keidren Lewi
- Department of Medicine, Windsor University School of Medicine, St. Kitts & Nevis
| | - Fang Ji
- Department of Orthodontics, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (FJ); (WJ)
| | - William Jia
- Brain Research Centre, Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail: (FJ); (WJ)
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48
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Abstract
This mini-review article presents the remarkable progress that has been made in the past decade in our understanding of the neural circuitry underlying the regulation of sleep-wake states and circadian control of behaviors. Following a brief introduction to sleep architecture and physiology, the authors describe the neural circuitry and neurotransmitters that regulate sleep and cortical arousal (i.e., wakefulness). They next examine how sleep and wakefulness are regulated by mutual inhibition between sleep-and arousal-promoting circuitry and how this interaction functions analogously to an electronic “flip-flop” switch that ensures behavioral state stability. The authors then discuss the role of circadian and homeostatic processes in the consolidation of sleep, including the physiologic basis of homeostatic sleep drive (i.e., wake-dependent increase in sleep propensity) and the role of the SCN in the circadian regulation of sleep-wake cycles. Finally, they describe the hypothalamic circuitry for the integration of photic and nonphotic environmental time cues and how this integration allows organisms to sculpt patterns of rest-activity and sleep-wake cycles that are optimally adaptive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M Fuller
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Room 814, 77 Louis Pasteur Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Hirai K, Kita M, Ohta H, Nishikawa H, Fujiwara Y, Ohkawa S, Miyamoto M. Ramelteon (TAK-375) Accelerates Reentrainment of Circadian Rhythm after a Phase Advance of the Light-Dark Cycle in Rats. J Biol Rhythms 2016; 20:27-37. [PMID: 15654068 DOI: 10.1177/0748730404269890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In vivo pharmacological effects of ramelteon (TAK-375), a novel, highly MT1/MT2-selective receptor agonist, were studied in rats to determine ramelteon’s ability to reentrain the circadian rhythm after an abrupt phase advance. Experiments were also conducted to assess the potential cognitive side effects of ramelteon and its potential to become a drug of abuse. After an abrupt 8-h phase shift, ramelteon (0.1 and 1 mg/kg, p.o.) and melatonin (10 mg/kg, p.o.) accelerated reentrainment of running wheel activity rhythm to the new lightdark cycle. Ramelteon (3-30 mg/kg, p.o.) and melatonin (10-100 mg/kg, p.o.) did not affect learning or memory in rats tested by the water maze task and the delayed match to position task, although diazepam and triazolam impaired both of the tasks. Neither ramelteon (3-30 mg/kg, p.o.) nor melatonin (10-100mg/kg, p.o.) demonstrated a rewarding property in the conditioned place-preference test, implying that MT1/MT2 receptor agonists have no abuse potential. In contrast, benzodiazepines and morphine showed rewarding properties in this test. The authors’ results suggest that ramelteon may be useful for treatment of circadian rhythm sleep disorders without adverse effects typically associated with benzodiazepine use, such as learning and memory impairment, and drug dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Hirai
- Pharmacology Research Laboratories I, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., Osaka, Japan
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Tuomi T, Nagorny CLF, Singh P, Bennet H, Yu Q, Alenkvist I, Isomaa B, Östman B, Söderström J, Pesonen AK, Martikainen S, Räikkönen K, Forsén T, Hakaste L, Almgren P, Storm P, Asplund O, Shcherbina L, Fex M, Fadista J, Tengholm A, Wierup N, Groop L, Mulder H. Increased Melatonin Signaling Is a Risk Factor for Type 2 Diabetes. Cell Metab 2016; 23:1067-77. [PMID: 27185156 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2016.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a global pandemic. Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified >100 genetic variants associated with the disease, including a common variant in the melatonin receptor 1 b gene (MTNR1B). Here, we demonstrate increased MTNR1B expression in human islets from risk G-allele carriers, which likely leads to a reduction in insulin release, increasing T2D risk. Accordingly, in insulin-secreting cells, melatonin reduced cAMP levels, and MTNR1B overexpression exaggerated the inhibition of insulin release exerted by melatonin. Conversely, mice with a disruption of the receptor secreted more insulin. Melatonin treatment in a human recall-by-genotype study reduced insulin secretion and raised glucose levels more extensively in risk G-allele carriers. Thus, our data support a model where enhanced melatonin signaling in islets reduces insulin secretion, leading to hyperglycemia and greater future risk of T2D. The findings also imply that melatonin physiologically serves to inhibit nocturnal insulin release.
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