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Sharma H, Mossman K, Austin RC. Fatal attractions that trigger inflammation and drive atherosclerotic disease. Eur J Clin Invest 2024; 54:e14169. [PMID: 38287209 DOI: 10.1111/eci.14169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atherosclerosis is the salient, underlying cause of cardiovascular diseases, such as arrhythmia, coronary artery disease, cardiomyopathy, pulmonary embolism and myocardial infarction. In recent years, atherosclerosis pathophysiology has evolved from a lipid-based to an inflammation-centric ideology. METHODS This narrative review is comprised of review and original articles that were found through the PubMed search engine. The following search terms or amalgamation of terms were used: "cardiovascular disease," "atherosclerosis," "inflammation," "GRP78," "Hsp60," "oxidative low-density lipoproteins," "aldehyde dehydrogenase," "β2-glycoprotein," "lipoprotein lipase A," "human cytomegalovirus." "SARS-CoV-2," "chlamydia pneumonia," "autophagy," "thrombosis" and "therapeutics." RESULTS Emerging evidence supports the concept that atherosclerosis is associated with the interaction between cell surface expression of stress response chaperones, including GRP78 and Hsp60, and their respective autoantibodies. Moreover, various other autoantigens and their autoantibodies have displayed a compelling connection with the development of atherosclerosis, including oxidative low-density lipoproteins, aldehyde dehydrogenase, β2-glycoprotein and lipoprotein lipase A. Atherosclerosis progression is also concurrent with viral and bacterial activators of various diseases. This narrative review will focus on the contributions of human cytomegalovirus as well as SARS-CoV-2 and chlamydia pneumonia in atherosclerosis development. Notably, the interaction of an autoantigen with their respective autoantibodies or the presence of a foreign antigen can enhance inflammation development, which leads to atherosclerotic lesion progression. CONCLUSION We will highlight and discuss the complex role of the interaction between autoantigens and autoantibodies, and the presence of foreign antigens in the development of atherosclerotic lesions in relationship to pro-inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitesh Sharma
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, The Research Institute of St. Joe's Hamilton and the Hamilton Centre for Kidney Research, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Karen Mossman
- Department of Medicine, Michael DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research and the McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard C Austin
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, The Research Institute of St. Joe's Hamilton and the Hamilton Centre for Kidney Research, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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2
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Sturek JM, Hannan RT, Upadhye A, Otoupalova E, Faron ET, Atya AAE, Thomas C, Johnson V, Miller A, Garmey JC, Burdick MD, Barker TH, Kadl A, Shim YM, McNamara CA. A protective role for B-1 cells and oxidation-specific epitope IgM in lung fibrosis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.11.589137. [PMID: 38659897 PMCID: PMC11042183 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.11.589137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a morbid fibrotic lung disease with limited treatment options. The pathophysiology of IPF remains poorly understood, and elucidation of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of IPF pathogenesis is key to the development of new therapeutics. B-1 cells are an innate B cell population which play an important role linking innate and adaptive immunity. B-1 cells spontaneously secrete natural IgM and prevent inflammation in several disease states. One class of these IgM recognize oxidation-specific epitopes (OSE), which have been shown to be generated in lung injury and to promote fibrosis. A main B-1 cell reservoir is the pleural space, adjacent to the typical distribution of fibrosis in IPF. In this study, we demonstrate that B-1 cells are recruited to the lung during injury where they secrete IgM to OSE (IgM OSE ). We also show that the pleural B-1 cell reservoir responds to lung injury through regulation of the chemokine receptor CXCR4. Mechanistically we show that the transcription factor Id3 is a novel negative regulator of CXCR4 expression. Using mice with B-cell specific Id3 deficiency, a model of increased B-1b cells, we demonstrate decreased bleomycin-induced fibrosis compared to littermate controls. Furthermore, we show that mice deficient in secretory IgM ( sIgM -/- ) have higher mortality in response to bleomycin-induced lung injury, which is partially mitigated through airway delivery of the IgM OSE E06. Additionally, we provide insight into potential mechanisms of IgM in attenuation of fibrosis through RNA sequencing and pathway analysis, highlighting complement activation and extracellular matrix deposition as key differentially regulated pathways.
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3
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Maffia P, Mauro C, Case A, Kemper C. Canonical and non-canonical roles of complement in atherosclerosis. Nat Rev Cardiol 2024:10.1038/s41569-024-01016-y. [PMID: 38600367 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-024-01016-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death globally, and atherosclerosis is the major contributor to the development and progression of cardiovascular diseases. Immune responses have a central role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, with the complement system being an acknowledged contributor. Chronic activation of liver-derived and serum-circulating canonical complement sustains endothelial inflammation and innate immune cell activation, and deposition of complement activation fragments on inflamed endothelial cells is a hallmark of atherosclerotic plaques. However, increasing evidence indicates that liver-independent, cell-autonomous and non-canonical complement activities are underappreciated contributors to atherosclerosis. Furthermore, complement activation can also have atheroprotective properties. These specific detrimental or beneficial contributions of the complement system to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis are dictated by the location of complement activation and engagement of its canonical versus non-canonical functions in a temporal fashion during atherosclerosis progression. In this Review, we summarize the classical and the emerging non-classical roles of the complement system in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and discuss potential strategies for therapeutic modulation of complement for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Maffia
- School of Infection & Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Africa-Europe Cluster of Research Excellence (CoRE) in Non-Communicable Diseases & Multimorbidity, African Research Universities Alliance (ARUA) & The Guild, Accra, Ghana
| | - Claudio Mauro
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ayden Case
- Heart and Lung Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Complement and Inflammation Research Section, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Claudia Kemper
- Complement and Inflammation Research Section, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA.
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4
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Dennis E, Murach M, Blackburn CM, Marshall M, Root K, Pattarabanjird T, Deroissart J, Erickson LD, Binder CJ, Bekiranov S, McNamara CA. Loss of TET2 increases B-1 cell number and IgM production while limiting CDR3 diversity. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1380641. [PMID: 38601144 PMCID: PMC11004297 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1380641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated a role for Ten-Eleven Translocation-2 (TET2), an epigenetic modulator, in regulating germinal center formation and plasma cell differentiation in B-2 cells, yet the role of TET2 in regulating B-1 cells is largely unknown. Here, B-1 cell subset numbers, IgM production, and gene expression were analyzed in mice with global knockout of TET2 compared to wildtype (WT) controls. Results revealed that TET2-KO mice had elevated numbers of B-1a and B-1b cells in their primary niche, the peritoneal cavity, as well as in the bone marrow (B-1a) and spleen (B-1b). Consistent with this finding, circulating IgM, but not IgG, was elevated in TET2-KO mice compared to WT. Analysis of bulk RNASeq of sort purified peritoneal B-1a and B-1b cells revealed reduced expression of heavy and light chain immunoglobulin genes, predominantly in B-1a cells from TET2-KO mice compared to WT controls. As expected, the expression of IgM transcripts was the most abundant isotype in B-1 cells. Yet, only in B-1a cells there was a significant increase in the proportion of IgM transcripts in TET2-KO mice compared to WT. Analysis of the CDR3 of the BCR revealed an increased abundance of replicated CDR3 sequences in B-1 cells from TET2-KO mice, which was more clearly pronounced in B-1a compared to B-1b cells. V-D-J usage and circos plot analysis of V-J combinations showed enhanced usage of VH11 and VH12 pairings. Taken together, our study is the first to demonstrate that global loss of TET2 increases B-1 cell number and IgM production and reduces CDR3 diversity, which could impact many biological processes and disease states that are regulated by IgM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Dennis
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Maria Murach
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Cassidy M.R. Blackburn
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Melissa Marshall
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Katherine Root
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Tanyaporn Pattarabanjird
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Justine Deroissart
- Department for Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Loren D. Erickson
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Christoph J. Binder
- Department for Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Bekiranov
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Coleen A. McNamara
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
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5
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Wu X, Li Y, Wen M, Xie Y, Zeng K, Liu YN, Chen W, Zhao Y. Nanocatalysts for modulating antitumor immunity: fabrication, mechanisms and applications. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:2643-2692. [PMID: 38314836 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00673e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Immunotherapy harnesses the inherent immune system in the body to generate systemic antitumor immunity, offering a promising modality for defending against cancer. However, tumor immunosuppression and evasion seriously restrict the immune response rates in clinical settings. Catalytic nanomedicines can transform tumoral substances/metabolites into therapeutic products in situ, offering unique advantages in antitumor immunotherapy. Through catalytic reactions, both tumor eradication and immune regulation can be simultaneously achieved, favoring the development of systemic antitumor immunity. In recent years, with advancements in catalytic chemistry and nanotechnology, catalytic nanomedicines based on nanozymes, photocatalysts, sonocatalysts, Fenton catalysts, electrocatalysts, piezocatalysts, thermocatalysts and radiocatalysts have been rapidly developed with vast applications in cancer immunotherapy. This review provides an introduction to the fabrication of catalytic nanomedicines with an emphasis on their structures and engineering strategies. Furthermore, the catalytic substrates and state-of-the-art applications of nanocatalysts in cancer immunotherapy have also been outlined and discussed. The relationships between nanostructures and immune regulating performance of catalytic nanomedicines are highlighted to provide a deep understanding of their working mechanisms in the tumor microenvironment. Finally, the challenges and development trends are revealed, aiming to provide new insights for the future development of nanocatalysts in catalytic immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianbo Wu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China.
| | - Yuqing Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China.
| | - Mei Wen
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China.
| | - Yongting Xie
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China.
| | - Ke Zeng
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China.
| | - You-Nian Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China.
| | - Wansong Chen
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China.
| | - Yanli Zhao
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore.
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Abstract
Prolonged or excessive exposure to oxidized phospholipids (OxPLs) generates chronic inflammation. OxPLs are present in atherosclerotic lesions and can be detected in plasma on apolipoprotein B (apoB)-containing lipoproteins. When initially conceptualized, OxPL-apoB measurement in plasma was expected to reflect the concentration of minimally oxidized LDL, but, surprisingly, it correlated more strongly with plasma lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) levels. Indeed, experimental and clinical studies show that Lp(a) particles carry the largest fraction of OxPLs among apoB-containing lipoproteins. Plasma OxPL-apoB levels provide diagnostic information on the presence and extent of atherosclerosis and improve the prognostication of peripheral artery disease and first and recurrent myocardial infarction and stroke. The addition of OxPL-apoB measurements to traditional cardiovascular risk factors improves risk reclassification, particularly in patients in intermediate risk categories, for whom improving decision-making is most impactful. Moreover, plasma OxPL-apoB levels predict cardiovascular events with similar or greater accuracy than plasma Lp(a) levels, probably because this measurement reflects both the genetics of elevated Lp(a) levels and the generalized or localized oxidation that modifies apoB-containing lipoproteins and leads to inflammation. Plasma OxPL-apoB levels are reduced by Lp(a)-lowering therapy with antisense oligonucleotides and by lipoprotein apheresis, niacin therapy and bariatric surgery. In this Review, we discuss the role of role OxPLs in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis and Lp(a) atherogenicity, and the use of OxPL-apoB measurement for improving prognosis, risk reclassification and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sotirios Tsimikas
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Joseph L Witztum
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Pan F, Shu Q, Xie H, Zhao L, Wu P, Du Y, Lu J, He Y, Wang X, Peng H. Protective effects of triptolide against oxidative stress in retinal pigment epithelium cells via the PI3K/AKT/Nrf2 pathway: a network pharmacological method and experimental validation. Aging (Albany NY) 2024; 16:3955-3972. [PMID: 38393691 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Among aging adults, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), is a prevalent cause of blindness. Nevertheless, its progression may be halted by antioxidation in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). The primary effective constituent of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. F., triptolide (TP), has demonstrated anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, and antioxidant properties. The mechanics of the protective effect of triptolide against the oxidative damage in retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) were assessed in this study. METHODS ARPE-19 cells were pretreated with TP, and then exposed to sodium iodate (SI). First, cell viability was assessed using CCK-8. Subsequently, we measured indicators for cell oxidation including reactive oxygen species (ROS), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and malondialdehyde (MDA). Then, we used network pharmacological analysis and molecular docking to explore the signaling pathway of TP. Last, we used western blot, ELISA, and immunofluorescence assays to clarify the potential mechanistic pathways. RESULTS The network pharmacology data suggested that TP may inhibit AMD by regulating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Experimental results showed that the potential mechanism is that it regulates the PI3K/Akt pathway and promotes Nrf2 phosphorylation and activation, thereby raising the level of antioxidant factors (HO-1, NQO1) and reducing the generation of ROS, which inhibit oxidative damage. CONCLUSION Our findings suggested that the effect of TP on SI-exposed RPE cells principally relies on the regulation of oxidative stress through the PI3K/Akt/Nrf2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuying Pan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Qinxin Shu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Hao Xie
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Long Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Ping Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yong Du
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jing Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yuxia He
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xing Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Hui Peng
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing 400016, China
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8
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Gauvin J, Huynh DN, Dubuc I, Lê C, Tugores R, Flamand N, Flamand L, Lubell WD, Ong H, Marleau S. Pharmacological targeting of the hyper-inflammatory response to SARS-CoV-2-infected K18-hACE2 mice using a cluster of differentiation 36 receptor modulator. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1303342. [PMID: 38384295 PMCID: PMC10879382 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1303342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The scientific and medical community faced an unprecedented global health hazard that led to nearly 7 million deaths attributable to the rapid spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. In spite of the development of efficient vaccines against SARS-CoV-2, many people remain at risk of developing severe symptoms as the virus continues to spread without beneficial patient therapy. The hyper-inflammatory response to SARS-CoV-2 infection progressing to acute respiratory distress syndrome remains an unmet medical need for improving patient care. The viral infection stimulates alveolar macrophages to adopt an inflammatory phenotype regulated, at least in part, by the cluster of differentiation 36 receptor (CD36) to produce unrestrained inflammatory cytokine secretions. We suggest herein that the modulation of the macrophage response using the synthetic CD36 ligand hexarelin offers potential as therapy for halting respiratory failure in SARS-CoV-2-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade Gauvin
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - David N. Huynh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Isabelle Dubuc
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and and Immunology, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Catherine Lê
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Rafaela Tugores
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Nicolas Flamand
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Louis Flamand
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and and Immunology, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - William D. Lubell
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Huy Ong
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Sylvie Marleau
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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Gonzalez AL, Dungan MM, Smart CD, Madhur MS, Doran AC. Inflammation Resolution in the Cardiovascular System: Arterial Hypertension, Atherosclerosis, and Ischemic Heart Disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2024; 40:292-316. [PMID: 37125445 PMCID: PMC11071112 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2023.0284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Chronic inflammation has emerged as a major underlying cause of many prevalent conditions in the Western world, including cardiovascular diseases. Although targeting inflammation has emerged as a promising avenue by which to treat cardiovascular disease, it is also associated with increased risk of infection. Recent Advances: Though previously assumed to be passive, resolution has now been identified as an active process, mediated by unique immunoresolving mediators and mechanisms designed to terminate acute inflammation and promote tissue repair. Recent work has determined that failures of resolution contribute to chronic inflammation and the progression of human disease. Specifically, failure to produce pro-resolving mediators and the impaired clearance of dead cells from inflamed tissue have been identified as major mechanisms by which resolution fails in disease. Critical Issues: Drawing from a rapidly expanding body of experimental and clinical studies, we review here what is known about the role of inflammation resolution in arterial hypertension, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, and ischemic heart disease. For each, we discuss the involvement of specialized pro-resolving mediators and pro-reparative cell types, including T regulatory cells, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, and macrophages. Future Directions: Pro-resolving therapies offer the promise of limiting chronic inflammation without impairing host defense. Therefore, it is imperative to better understand the mechanisms underlying resolution to identify therapeutic targets. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 40, 292-316.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azuah L. Gonzalez
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Matthew M. Dungan
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - C. Duncan Smart
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Meena S. Madhur
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Amanda C. Doran
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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10
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Zhou Y, Wu Q, Guo Y. Deciphering the emerging landscape of HOX genes in cardiovascular biology, atherosclerosis and beyond (Review). Int J Mol Med 2024; 53:17. [PMID: 38131178 PMCID: PMC10781420 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2023.5341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, a dominant driving force underlying multiple cardiovascular events, is an intertwined and chronic inflammatory disease characterized by lipid deposition in the arterial wall, which leads to diverse cardiovascular problems. Despite unprecedented advances in understanding the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and the substantial decline in cardiovascular mortality, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease remains a global public health issue. Understanding the molecular landscape of atherosclerosis is imperative in the field of molecular cardiology. Recently, compelling evidence has shown that an important family of homeobox (HOX) genes endows causality in orchestrating the interplay between various cardiovascular biological processes and atherosclerosis. Despite seemingly scratching the surface, such insight into the realization of biology promises to yield extraordinary breakthroughs in ameliorating atherosclerosis. Primarily recapitulated herein are the contributions of HOX in atherosclerosis, including diverse cardiovascular biology, knowledge gaps, remaining challenges and future directions. A snapshot of other cardiovascular biological processes was also provided, including cardiac/vascular development, cardiomyocyte pyroptosis/apoptosis, cardiac fibroblast proliferation and cardiac hypertrophy, which are responsible for cardiovascular disorders. Further in‑depth investigation of HOX promises to provide a potential yet challenging landscape, albeit largely undetermined to date, for partially pinpointing the molecular mechanisms of atherosclerosis. A plethora of new targeted therapies may ultimately emerge against atherosclerosis, which is rapidly underway. However, translational undertakings are crucially important but increasingly challenging and remain an ongoing and monumental conundrum in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhou
- Medical College, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P.R. China
- Department of Cardiology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou 550002, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou 550002, P.R. China
| | - Yingchu Guo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou 550002, P.R. China
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11
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Ryan CB, Choi JS, Kang B, Herr S, Pereira C, Moraes CT, Al-Ali H, Lee JK. PI3K signaling promotes formation of lipid-laden foamy macrophages at the spinal cord injury site. Neurobiol Dis 2024; 190:106370. [PMID: 38049013 PMCID: PMC10804283 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
After spinal cord injury (SCI), infiltrating macrophages undergo excessive phagocytosis of myelin and cellular debris, forming lipid-laden foamy macrophages. To understand their role in the cellular pathology of SCI, investigation of the foamy macrophage phenotype in vitro revealed a pro-inflammatory profile, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Bioinformatic analysis identified PI3K as a regulator of inflammation in foamy macrophages, and inhibition of this pathway decreased their lipid content, inflammatory cytokines, and ROS production. Macrophage-specific inhibition of PI3K using liposomes significantly decreased foamy macrophages at the injury site after a mid-thoracic contusive SCI in mice. RNA sequencing and in vitro analysis of foamy macrophages revealed increased autophagy and decreased phagocytosis after PI3K inhibition as potential mechanisms for reduced lipid accumulation. Together, our data suggest that the formation of pro-inflammatory foamy macrophages after SCI is due to the activation of PI3K signaling, which increases phagocytosis and decreases autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine B Ryan
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States of America
| | - James S Choi
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States of America
| | - Brian Kang
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States of America
| | - Seth Herr
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States of America
| | - Claudia Pereira
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Carlos T Moraes
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Hassan Al-Ali
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States of America; Department of Medicine Katz Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States of America; Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States of America; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Jae K Lee
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States of America.
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12
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Vaghasiya J, Dalvand A, Sikarwar A, Mangat D, Ragheb M, Kowatsch K, Pandey D, Hosseini SM, Hackett TL, Karimi-Abdolrezaee S, Ravandi A, Pascoe CD, Halayko AJ. Oxidized Phosphatidylcholines Trigger TRPA1 and Ryanodine Receptor-dependent Airway Smooth Muscle Contraction. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2023; 69:649-665. [PMID: 37552547 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2022-0457oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma pathobiology includes oxidative stress that modifies cell membranes and extracellular phospholipids. Oxidized phosphatidylcholines (OxPCs) in lung lavage from allergen-challenged human participants correlate with airway hyperresponsiveness and induce bronchial narrowing in murine thin-cut lung slices. OxPCs activate many signaling pathways, but mechanisms for these responses are unclear. We hypothesize that OxPCs stimulate intracellular free Ca2+ flux to trigger airway smooth muscle contraction. Intracellular Ca2+ flux was assessed in Fura-2-loaded, cultured human airway smooth muscle cells. Oxidized 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (OxPAPC) induced an approximately threefold increase in 20 kD myosin light chain phosphorylation. This correlated with a rapid peak in intracellular cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) (143 nM) and a sustained plateau that included slow oscillations in [Ca2+]i. Sustained [Ca2+]i elevation was ablated in Ca2+-free buffer and by TRPA1 inhibition. Conversely, OxPAPC-induced peak [Ca2+]i was unaffected in Ca2+-free buffer, by TRPA1 inhibition, or by inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor inhibition. Peak [Ca2+]i was ablated by pharmacologic inhibition of ryanodine receptor (RyR) Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Inhibiting the upstream RyR activator cyclic adenosine diphosphate ribose with 8-bromo-cyclic adenosine diphosphate ribose was sufficient to abolish OxPAPC-induced cytoplasmic Ca2+ flux. OxPAPC induced ∼15% bronchial narrowing in thin-cut lung slices that could be prevented by pharmacologic inhibition of either TRPA1 or RyR, which similarly inhibited OxPC-induced myosin light chain phosphorylation in cultured human airway smooth muscle cells. In summary, OxPC mediates airway narrowing by triggering TRPA1 and RyR-mediated mobilization of intracellular and extracellular Ca2+ in airway smooth muscle. These data suggest that OxPC in the airways of allergen-challenged subjects and subjects with asthma may contribute to airway hyperresponsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jignesh Vaghasiya
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology
- Biology of Breathing Group, Children's Research Hospital of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Azadeh Dalvand
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology
- Biology of Breathing Group, Children's Research Hospital of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Anurag Sikarwar
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology
- Biology of Breathing Group, Children's Research Hospital of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Divleen Mangat
- Biology of Breathing Group, Children's Research Hospital of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Mirna Ragheb
- Biology of Breathing Group, Children's Research Hospital of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Katarina Kowatsch
- Biology of Breathing Group, Children's Research Hospital of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Dheerendra Pandey
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology
- Biology of Breathing Group, Children's Research Hospital of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Seyed Mojtaba Hosseini
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology
- Manitoba Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, and
| | - Tillie L Hackett
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; and
| | | | - Amir Ravandi
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology
- Department of Internal Medicine, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Christopher D Pascoe
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology
- Biology of Breathing Group, Children's Research Hospital of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Andrew J Halayko
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology
- Department of Internal Medicine, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Biology of Breathing Group, Children's Research Hospital of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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13
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Jin G, Yao X, Liu D, Zhang J, Zhang X, Yang Y, Bi Y, Zhang H, Dong G, Tang H, Cheng S, Hong F, Si M. Inducible nitric oxide synthase accelerates nonalcoholic fatty liver disease progression by regulating macrophage autophagy. Immun Inflamm Dis 2023; 11:e1114. [PMID: 38156397 PMCID: PMC10750437 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.1114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cells and tissues, such as macrophages, express inducible nitric oxide synthase (INOS) after stimulation by certain factors. INOS helps mediate the macrophage inflammatory reaction, but few studies have explored how INOS affects macrophage function in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). OBJECTIVE This study investigated the role of INOS-mediated macrophage activity in NAFLD. METHODS A high-fat diet was used to establish an NAFLD mouse model. After 12 weeks, blood was collected for immune cell and lipid analyses, and liver tissues were collected for pathological analyses with hematoxylin and eosin and Oil Red O staining. Peritoneal macrophages were extracted in situ, cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium, and stimulated with palmitic acid to mimic in vivo conditions for further assays. Real-time polymerase chain reaction, western blot analysis, and immunofluorescence were used to verify the expression of target genes or proteins. RESULTS In the NAFLD model, INOS expression in macrophages increased, and INOS knockdown significantly decreased the number of macrophages. Pathological examinations confirmed that INOS knockdown slowed NAFLD progression and macrophage infiltration during inflammation. INOS knockdown also enhanced phagocytosis and lipid transport by macrophages, and increased the expression of autophagy-related molecules in macrophages, which improved the autophagy level, promoted apoptotic cell degradation, and maintained intracellular environment homeostasis. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate a correlation between INOS expression and macrophage function in NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiyuan Jin
- Medical Research CenterAffiliated Hospital of Jining Medical UniversityJiningShandong ProvinceChina
- Institute of Immune Precision Diagnosis and Therapy and Translational MedicineAffiliated Hospital of Jining Medical UniversityJiningShandong ProvinceChina
| | - Xiaoying Yao
- Medical Research CenterAffiliated Hospital of Jining Medical UniversityJiningShandong ProvinceChina
- Institute of Immune Precision Diagnosis and Therapy and Translational MedicineAffiliated Hospital of Jining Medical UniversityJiningShandong ProvinceChina
| | - Dong Liu
- Medical Research CenterAffiliated Hospital of Jining Medical UniversityJiningShandong ProvinceChina
- Department of Clinical LaboratoryAffiliated Hospital of Jining Medical UniversityJiningShandong ProvinceChina
| | - Juan Zhang
- Medical Research CenterAffiliated Hospital of Jining Medical UniversityJiningShandong ProvinceChina
- Department of Clinical UltrasonicsAffiliated Hospital of Jining Medical UniversityJiningShandong ProvinceChina
| | - Xiaobei Zhang
- Medical Research CenterAffiliated Hospital of Jining Medical UniversityJiningShandong ProvinceChina
| | - Yonghong Yang
- Medical Research CenterAffiliated Hospital of Jining Medical UniversityJiningShandong ProvinceChina
| | - Yanzhen Bi
- Department of Infectious DiseaseQingdao Municipal HospitalQingdaoShandong ProvinceChina
| | - Hui Zhang
- Institute of Immunology and Molecular MedicineJining Medical UniversityShandongChina
| | - Guanjun Dong
- Institute of Immunology and Molecular MedicineJining Medical UniversityShandongChina
| | - Huixin Tang
- Medical Research CenterAffiliated Hospital of Jining Medical UniversityJiningShandong ProvinceChina
| | - Shumin Cheng
- Department of GastroenterologyPeople's Hospital of Jia XiangJiningShandong ProvinceChina
| | - Feng Hong
- Medical Research CenterAffiliated Hospital of Jining Medical UniversityJiningShandong ProvinceChina
- Institute of Immune Precision Diagnosis and Therapy and Translational MedicineAffiliated Hospital of Jining Medical UniversityJiningShandong ProvinceChina
| | - Meng Si
- School of Foreign LanguagesJining Medical UniversityShandongChina
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14
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Chaudhari M, Zelko I, Lorkiewicz P, Hoetker D, Doelling B, Brittian K, Bhatnagar A, Srivast S, Baba SP. Metabolic Pathways for Removing Reactive Aldehydes are Diminished in Atrophic Muscle During Heart Failure. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3621159. [PMID: 38045249 PMCID: PMC10690332 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3621159/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Background : Muscle wasting is a serious complication in heart failure patients, and oxidative stress is involved in the pathogenesis of muscle wasting. Oxidative stress leads to the formation of toxic lipid peroxidation products, such as 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) and acrolein, which causemuscle wasting. In tissues, these toxic aldehydes are metabolically removed by enzymes such asaldo keto reductases and endogenous nucleophiles, such as glutathione and carnosine. Whether these metabolic pathways could be affected in skeletal muscle during heart failure has never been studied. Methods : Male wild-type C57BL/6J mice were subjected to a pressure overload model of hypertrophy by transaortic constriction (TAC) surgery, and echocardiography was performed after 14 weeks. Different skeletal muscle beds were weighed and analyzed for atrophic and inflammatory markers, Atrogin1 and TRIM63, TNF-α and IL-6 , respectively, by RT‒PCR. Levels of acrolein and HNE-protein adducts, aldehyde-removing enzymes, aldose reductase (AKR1B1) and aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) were measured by Western blotting, and histidyl dipeptides and histidyl dipeptide aldehyde conjugates were analyzed by LC/MS-MS in the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles of sham- and TAC-operated mice. Furthermore, histidyl dipeptide synthesizing enzyme carnosine synthase (CARNS) and amino acid transporters (PEPT2 and TAUT)wasmeasured in the gastrocnemius muscles of the sham and TAC-operated mice. Results : TAC-induced heart failure decreases body weight and gastrocnemius and soleus muscle weights. The expression of the atrophic and inflammatory markers Atrogin1 and TNF-α, respectively, wasincreased (~1.5-2-fold), and the formation of HNE and acrolein-protein adducts was increased in the gastrocnemius muscle of TAC-operated mice. The expression of AKR1B1 remained unchanged, whereas ALDH2 was decreased, in the gastrocnemius muscle of TAC mice. Similarly, in the atrophic gastrocnemius muscle, levels of total histidyl dipeptides (carnosine and anserine) and, in particular,carnosine were decreased. Depletion of histidyl dipeptides diminished the aldehyde removal capacity of the atrophic gastrocnemius muscle. Furthermore, the expression of CARNS and TAUT wasdecreased in the atrophic gastrocnemius muscle. Conclusions : Collectively, these results show that metabolic pathways involved in the removal of lipid peroxidation products and synthesis of histidyl dipeptides are diminished in atrophic skeletal muscle during heart failure, which could contribute to muscle atrophy.
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15
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Krishnan A, Sendra VG, Patel D, Lad A, Greene MK, Smyth P, Gallaher SA, Herron ÚM, Scott CJ, Genead M, Tolentino M. PolySialic acid-nanoparticles inhibit macrophage mediated inflammation through Siglec agonism: a potential treatment for age related macular degeneration. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1237016. [PMID: 38045700 PMCID: PMC10690618 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1237016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a chronic, progressive retinal disease characterized by an inflammatory response mediated by activated macrophages and microglia infiltrating the inner layer of the retina. In this study, we demonstrate that inhibition of macrophages through Siglec binding in the AMD eye can generate therapeutically useful effects. We show that Siglecs-7, -9 and -11 are upregulated in AMD associated M0 and M1 macrophages, and that these can be selectively targeted using polysialic acid (PolySia)-nanoparticles (NPs) to control dampen AMD-associated inflammation. In vitro studies showed that PolySia-NPs bind to macrophages through human Siglecs-7, -9, -11 as well as murine ortholog Siglec-E. Following treatment with PolySia-NPs, we observed that the PolySia-NPs bound and agonized the macrophage Siglecs resulting in a significant decrease in the secretion of IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α and VEGF, and an increased secretion of IL-10. In vivo intravitreal (IVT) injection of PolySia-NPs was found to be well-tolerated and safe making it effective in preventing thinning of the retinal outer nuclear layer (ONL), inhibiting macrophage infiltration, and restoring electrophysiological retinal function in a model of bright light-induced retinal degeneration. In a clinically validated, laser-induced choroidal neovascularization (CNV) model of exudative AMD, PolySia-NPs reduced the size of neovascular lesions with associated reduction in macrophages. The PolySia-NPs described herein are therefore a promising therapeutic strategy for repolarizing pro-inflammatory macrophages to a more anti-inflammatory, non-angiogenic phenotype, which play a key role in the pathophysiology of non-exudative AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Diyan Patel
- Aviceda Therapeutics Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Amit Lad
- Aviceda Therapeutics Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Michelle K. Greene
- Aviceda Therapeutics Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States
- The Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Smyth
- Aviceda Therapeutics Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States
- The Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Samantha A. Gallaher
- The Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Úna M. Herron
- Aviceda Therapeutics Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States
- The Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J. Scott
- Aviceda Therapeutics Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States
- The Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | | | - Michael Tolentino
- Aviceda Therapeutics Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Central Florida School of Medicine, Orlando, FL, United States
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16
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Deng L, Kersten S, Stienstra R. Triacylglycerol uptake and handling by macrophages: From fatty acids to lipoproteins. Prog Lipid Res 2023; 92:101250. [PMID: 37619883 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2023.101250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are essential innate immune cells and form our first line of immune defense. Also known as professional phagocytes, macrophages interact and take up various particles, including lipids. Defective lipid handling can drive excessive lipid accumulation leading to foam cell formation, a key feature of various cardiometabolic conditions such as atherosclerosis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and obesity. At the same time, intracellular lipid storage and foam cell formation can also be viewed as a protective and anti-lipotoxic mechanism against a lipid-rich environment and associated elevated lipid uptake. Traditionally, foam cell formation has primarily been linked to cholesterol uptake via native and modified low-density lipoproteins. However, other lipids, including non-esterified fatty acids and triacylglycerol (TAG)-rich lipoproteins (very low-density lipoproteins and chylomicrons), can also interact with macrophages. Recent studies have identified multiple pathways mediating TAG uptake and processing by macrophages, including endocytosis and receptor/transporter-mediated internalization and transport. This review will present the current knowledge of how macrophages take up different lipids and lipoprotein particles and address how TAG-rich lipoproteins are processed intracellularly. Understanding how macrophages take up and process different lipid species such as TAG is necessary to design future therapeutic interventions to correct excessive lipid accumulation and associated co-morbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Deng
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Sander Kersten
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Rinke Stienstra
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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17
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Witzel R, Block A, Pollmann S, Oetzel L, Fleck F, Bonaterra GA, Kinscherf R, Schwarz A. PACAP regulates VPAC1 expression, inflammatory processes and lipid homeostasis in M1- and M2-macrophages. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1264901. [PMID: 37900572 PMCID: PMC10611464 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1264901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) acts as an anti-atherogenic neuropeptide and plays an important role in cytoprotective, as well as inflammatory processes, and cardiovascular regulation. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the regulatory effects of PACAP and its receptor VPAC1 in relation to inflammatory processes and lipid homeostasis in different macrophage (MΦ) subtypes. Methods To investigate the role of PACAP deficiency in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis under standard chow (SC) or cholesterol-enriched diet (CED) in vivo, PACAP-/- mice were crossbred with ApoE-/- to generate PACAP-/-/ApoE-/- mice. Lumen stenosis in the aortic arch and different MΦ-subtypes were analyzed in atherosclerotic plaques by quantitative immunohistochemistry. Undifferentiated bone marrow-derived cells (BMDC) from 30-weeks-old ApoE-/- and PACAP-/-/ApoE-/- mice were isolated, differentiated into BMDM1- and BMDM2-MΦ, and incubated with oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL). In addition, PMA-differentiated human THP-1 MΦ were further differentiated into M1-/M2-MΦ and subsequently treated with PACAP38, the VPAC1 agonist [(Ala11,22,28)VIP], the antagonist (PG 97-269), and/or oxLDL. Uptake/accumulation of oxLDL was analyzed by oxLDL-DyLight™488 and Bodipy™ 493/503. The mRNA expression was analyzed by qRT-PCR, protein levels by Western blot, and cytokine release by ELISA. Results In vivo, after 30 weeks of SC, PACAP-/-/ApoE-/- mice showed increased lumen stenosis compared with ApoE-/- mice. In atherosclerotic plaques of PACAP-/-/ApoE-/- mice under CED, immunoreactive areas of VPAC1, CD86, and CD163 were increased compared with ApoE-/- mice. In vitro, VPAC1 protein levels were increased in PACAP-/-/ApoE-/- BMDM compared with ApoE-/- BMDM, resulting in increased TNF-α mRNA expression in BMDM1-MΦ and decreased TNF-α release in BMDM2-MΦ. Concerning lipid homeostasis, PACAP deficiency decreased the area of lipid droplets in BMDM1-/M2-MΦ with concomitant increasing adipose differentiation-related protein level. In THP-1 M1-/M2-MΦ, the VPAC1 antagonist increased the uptake of oxLDL, whereas the VPAC1 agonist decreased the oxLDL-induced intracellular triglyceride content. Conclusion Our data suggest that PACAP via VPAC1 signaling plays an important regulatory role in inflammatory processes in atherosclerotic plaques and in lipid homeostasis in different MΦ-subtypes, thereby affecting foam cell formation. Therefore, VPAC1 agonists or PACAP may represent a new class of anti-atherogenic therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Anja Schwarz
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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18
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Xue S, Su Z, Liu D. Immunometabolism and immune response regulate macrophage function in atherosclerosis. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 90:101993. [PMID: 37379970 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.101993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are crucial in the progression of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). In the atherosclerotic lesions, macrophages play a central role in maintaining inflammatory response, promoting plaque development, and facilitating thrombosis. Increasing studies indicate that metabolic reprogramming and immune response mediate macrophage functional changes in all stages of atherosclerosis. In this review article, we explain how metabolic changes in glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, fatty acid synthesis, fatty acid oxidation, and cholesterol metabolism regulate macrophage function in atherosclerosis. We discuss how immune response to oxidized lipids regulate macrophage function in atherosclerosis. Additionally, we explore how abnormal metabolism leads to macrophage mitochondrial dysfunction in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Xue
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003 China.
| | - Zhe Su
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003 China
| | - Dacheng Liu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003 China
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19
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Domingues N, Gaifem J, Matthiesen R, Saraiva DP, Bento L, Marques ARA, Soares MIL, Sampaio J, Klose C, Surma MA, Almeida MS, Rodrigues G, Gonçalves PA, Ferreira J, E Melo RG, Pedro LM, Simons K, Pinho E Melo TMVD, Cabral MG, Jacinto A, Silvestre R, Vaz W, Vieira OV. Cholesteryl hemiazelate identified in CVD patients causes in vitro and in vivo inflammation. J Lipid Res 2023; 64:100419. [PMID: 37482218 PMCID: PMC10450993 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2023.100419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidation of PUFAs in LDLs trapped in the arterial intima plays a critical role in atherosclerosis. Though there have been many studies on the atherogenicity of oxidized derivatives of PUFA-esters of cholesterol, the effects of cholesteryl hemiesters (ChEs), the oxidation end products of these esters, have not been studied. Through lipidomics analyses, we identified and quantified two ChE types in the plasma of CVD patients and identified four ChE types in human endarterectomy specimens. Cholesteryl hemiazelate (ChA), the ChE of azelaic acid (n-nonane-1,9-dioic acid), was the most prevalent ChE identified in both cases. Importantly, human monocytes, monocyte-derived macrophages, and neutrophils exhibit inflammatory features when exposed to subtoxic concentrations of ChA in vitro. ChA increases the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1β and interleukin-6 and modulates the surface-marker profile of monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophage. In vivo, when zebrafish larvae were fed with a ChA-enriched diet, they exhibited neutrophil and macrophage accumulation in the vasculature in a caspase 1- and cathepsin B-dependent manner. ChA also triggered lipid accumulation at the bifurcation sites of the vasculature of the zebrafish larvae and negatively impacted their life expectancy. We conclude that ChA behaves as an endogenous damage-associated molecular pattern with inflammatory and proatherogenic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neuza Domingues
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, (NMS, FCM), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joana Gaifem
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Portugal and ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rune Matthiesen
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, (NMS, FCM), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Diana P Saraiva
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, (NMS, FCM), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Luís Bento
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, (NMS, FCM), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - André R A Marques
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, (NMS, FCM), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria I L Soares
- Department of Chemistry, Coimbra Chemistry Centre, Institute of Molecular Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | | | | | - Manuel S Almeida
- Hospital Santa Cruz, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Carnaxide, Portugal
| | - Gustavo Rodrigues
- Hospital Santa Cruz, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Carnaxide, Portugal
| | | | - Jorge Ferreira
- Hospital Santa Cruz, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Carnaxide, Portugal
| | - Ryan Gouveia E Melo
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitario Lisboa Norte (CHULN), Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Luís Mendes Pedro
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitario Lisboa Norte (CHULN), Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Teresa M V D Pinho E Melo
- Department of Chemistry, Coimbra Chemistry Centre, Institute of Molecular Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - M Guadalupe Cabral
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, (NMS, FCM), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Antonio Jacinto
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, (NMS, FCM), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Silvestre
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Portugal and ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Winchil Vaz
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, (NMS, FCM), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Otília V Vieira
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, (NMS, FCM), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
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20
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Zhang X, Evans TD, Chen S, Sergin I, Stitham J, Jeong SJ, Rodriguez-Velez A, Yeh YS, Park A, Jung IH, Diwan A, Schilling JD, Rom O, Yurdagul A, Epelman S, Cho J, Lodhi IJ, Mittendorfer B, Razani B. Loss of Macrophage mTORC2 Drives Atherosclerosis via FoxO1 and IL-1β Signaling. Circ Res 2023; 133:200-219. [PMID: 37350264 PMCID: PMC10527041 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.122.321542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin) pathway is a complex signaling cascade that regulates cellular growth, proliferation, metabolism, and survival. Although activation of mTOR signaling has been linked to atherosclerosis, its direct role in lesion progression and in plaque macrophages remains poorly understood. We previously demonstrated that mTORC1 (mTOR complex 1) activation promotes atherogenesis through inhibition of autophagy and increased apoptosis in macrophages. METHODS Using macrophage-specific Rictor- and mTOR-deficient mice, we now dissect the distinct functions of mTORC2 pathways in atherogenesis. RESULTS In contrast to the atheroprotective effect seen with blockade of macrophage mTORC1, macrophage-specific mTORC2-deficient mice exhibit an atherogenic phenotype, with larger, more complex lesions and increased cell death. In cultured macrophages, we show that mTORC2 signaling inhibits the FoxO1 (forkhead box protein O1) transcription factor, leading to suppression of proinflammatory pathways, especially the inflammasome/IL (interleukin)-1β response, a key mediator of vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis. In addition, administration of FoxO1 inhibitors efficiently rescued the proinflammatory response caused by mTORC2 deficiency both in vitro and in vivo. Interestingly, collective deletion of macrophage mTOR, which ablates mTORC1- and mTORC2-dependent pathways, leads to minimal change in plaque size or complexity, reflecting the balanced yet opposing roles of these signaling arms. CONCLUSIONS Our data provide the first mechanistic details of macrophage mTOR signaling in atherosclerosis and suggest that therapeutic measures aimed at modulating mTOR need to account for its dichotomous functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Zhang
- Department of Medicine and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA
- Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Trent D. Evans
- Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sunny Chen
- Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ismail Sergin
- Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jeremiah Stitham
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Se-Jin Jeong
- Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Yu-Sheng Yeh
- Department of Medicine and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA
- Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Arick Park
- Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - In-Hyuk Jung
- Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Abhinav Diwan
- Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- John Cochran VA Medical Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Joel D. Schilling
- Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Oren Rom
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology and Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University, Shreveport, LA
| | - Arif Yurdagul
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology and Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University, Shreveport, LA
| | - Slava Epelman
- Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Peter Munk Cardiac Center, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jaehyung Cho
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Irfan J. Lodhi
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Bettina Mittendorfer
- Division of Geriatrics and Nutritional Science, and Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Babak Razani
- Department of Medicine and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA
- Pittsburgh VA Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
- Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- John Cochran VA Medical Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
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21
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Domingues N, Marques ARA, Calado RDA, Ferreira IS, Ramos C, Ramalho J, Soares MIL, Pereira T, Oliveira L, Vicente JR, Wong LH, Simões ICM, Pinho E Melo TMVD, Peden A, Almeida CG, Futter CE, Puertollano R, Vaz WLC, Vieira OV. Oxidized cholesteryl ester induces exocytosis of dysfunctional lysosomes in lipidotic macrophages. Traffic 2023; 24:284-307. [PMID: 37129279 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A key event in atherogenesis is the formation of lipid-loaded macrophages, lipidotic cells, which exhibit irreversible accumulation of undigested modified low-density lipoproteins (LDL) in lysosomes. This event culminates in the loss of cell homeostasis, inflammation, and cell death. Nevertheless, the exact chemical etiology of atherogenesis and the molecular and cellular mechanisms responsible for the impairment of lysosome function in plaque macrophages are still unknown. Here, we demonstrate that macrophages exposed to cholesteryl hemiazelate (ChA), one of the most prevalent products of LDL-derived cholesteryl ester oxidation, exhibit enlarged peripheral dysfunctional lysosomes full of undigested ChA and neutral lipids. Both lysosome area and accumulation of neutral lipids are partially irreversible. Interestingly, the dysfunctional peripheral lysosomes are more prone to fuse with the plasma membrane, secreting their undigested luminal content into the extracellular milieu with potential consequences for the pathology. We further demonstrate that this phenotype is mechanistically linked to the nuclear translocation of the MiT/TFE family of transcription factors. The induction of lysosome biogenesis by ChA appears to partially protect macrophages from lipid-induced cytotoxicity. In sum, our data show that ChA is involved in the etiology of lysosome dysfunction and promotes the exocytosis of these organelles. This latter event is a new mechanism that may be important in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neuza Domingues
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School | Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS|FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - André R A Marques
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School | Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS|FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rita Diogo Almeida Calado
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School | Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS|FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Inês S Ferreira
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School | Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS|FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cristiano Ramos
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School | Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS|FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - José Ramalho
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School | Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS|FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria I L Soares
- CQC and Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Telmo Pereira
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School | Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS|FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Luís Oliveira
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School | Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS|FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - José R Vicente
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School | Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS|FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Louise H Wong
- Department of Cell Biology, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | - Inês C M Simões
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School | Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS|FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Andrew Peden
- Department of Biomedical Science & Center for Membrane Interactions and Dynamics, University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Cláudia Guimas Almeida
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School | Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS|FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Clare E Futter
- Department of Cell Biology, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | - Rosa Puertollano
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Winchil L C Vaz
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School | Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS|FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Otília V Vieira
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School | Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS|FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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22
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Taleb A, Willeit P, Amir S, Perkmann T, Kozma MO, Watzenböck ML, Binder CJ, Witztum JL, Tsimikas S. High immunoglobulin-M levels to oxidation-specific epitopes are associated with lower risk of acute myocardial infarction. J Lipid Res 2023; 64:100391. [PMID: 37211249 PMCID: PMC10275726 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2023.100391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin M (IgM) autoantibodies to oxidation-specific epitopes (OSEs) can be present at birth and protect against atherosclerosis in experimental models. This study sought to determine whether high titers of IgM titers to OSE (IgM OSE) are associated with a lower risk of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in humans. IgM to malondialdehyde (MDA)-LDL, phosphocholine-modified BSA, IgM apolipoprotein B100-immune complexes, and a peptide mimotope of MDA were measured within 24 h of first AMI in 4,559 patients and 4,617 age- and sex-matched controls in the Pakistan Risk of Myocardial Infarction Study. Multivariate-adjusted logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval for AMI. All four IgM OSEs were lower in AMI versus controls (P < 0.001 for all). Males, smokers and individuals with hypertension and diabetes had lower levels of all four IgM OSE than unaffected individuals (P < 0.001 for all). Compared to the lowest quintile, the highest quintiles of IgM MDA-LDL, phosphocholine-modified BSA, IgM apolipoprotein B100-immune complexes, and MDA mimotope P1 had a lower OR of AMI: OR (95% confidence interval) of 0.67 (0.58-0.77), 0.64 (0.56-0.73), 0.70 (0.61-0.80) and 0.72 (0.62-0.82) (P < 0.001 for all), respectively. Upon the addition of IgM OSE to conventional risk factors, the C-statistic improved by 0.0062 (0.0028-0.0095) and net reclassification by 15.5% (11.4-19.6). These findings demonstrate that IgM OSE provides clinically meaningful information and supports the hypothesis that higher levels of IgM OSE may be protective against AMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Taleb
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vascular Medicine Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Peter Willeit
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Shahzada Amir
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Perkmann
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Austria
| | - Maria Ozsvar Kozma
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Austria
| | - Martin L Watzenböck
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Austria
| | - Christoph J Binder
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Austria
| | - Joseph L Witztum
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sotirios Tsimikas
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vascular Medicine Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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23
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Ebrahimian T, Dierick F, Ta V, Kotsiopriftis M, O'Connor Miranda J, Mann KK, Orthwein A, Lehoux S. B cell-specific knockout of AID protects against atherosclerosis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8723. [PMID: 37253865 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35980-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Antigen-naive IgM-producing B cells are atheroprotective, whereas mature B cells producing class-switched antibodies promote atherosclerosis. Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), which mediates class switch recombination (CSR), would thus be expected to foster atherosclerosis. Yet, AID also plays a major role in the establishment of B cell tolerance. We sought to define whether AID affects atherosclerotic plaque formation. We generated Ldlr-/- chimeras transplanted with bone marrow from Aicda-/- or wild-type (WT) mice, fed a HFD for 14 weeks. Decreased B cell maturation in Ldlr-/-Aicda-/- mice was demonstrated by 50% reduction in splenic and aortic BAFFR expression, a key signaling component of B2 cell maturation. This was associated with increased plasma IgM in Ldlr-/-Aicda-/- compared with Ldlr-/-WT animals. Importantly, Ldlr-/-Aicda-/- mice had reduced atherosclerotic lesion area (0.20 ± 0.03mm2) compared with Ldlr-/-WT (0.30 ± 0.04mm2, P < 0.05), although no differences in plaque composition were noted between groups. In addition, immunofluorescence analysis revealed increased splenic B and T cell areas independent of cell number. AID depletion directly inhibits atherosclerotic plaque formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talin Ebrahimian
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, 3755, Cote Ste Catherine, Montreal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada.
| | - France Dierick
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, 3755, Cote Ste Catherine, Montreal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Vincent Ta
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, 3755, Cote Ste Catherine, Montreal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Maria Kotsiopriftis
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, 3755, Cote Ste Catherine, Montreal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada
| | | | - Koren K Mann
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, 3755, Cote Ste Catherine, Montreal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Alexandre Orthwein
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, 3755, Cote Ste Catherine, Montreal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Stephanie Lehoux
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, 3755, Cote Ste Catherine, Montreal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada.
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24
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Cavati G, Pirrotta F, Merlotti D, Ceccarelli E, Calabrese M, Gennari L, Mingiano C. Role of Advanced Glycation End-Products and Oxidative Stress in Type-2-Diabetes-Induced Bone Fragility and Implications on Fracture Risk Stratification. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12040928. [PMID: 37107303 PMCID: PMC10135862 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12040928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) and osteoporosis (OP) are major causes of morbidity and mortality that have arelevant health and economic burden. Recent epidemiological evidence suggests that both of these disorders are often associated with each other and that T2D patients have an increased risk of fracture, making bone an additional target of diabetes. As occurs for other diabetic complications, the increased accumulation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) and oxidative stress represent the major mechanisms explaining bone fragility in T2D. Both of these conditions directly and indirectly (through the promotion of microvascular complications) impair the structural ductility of bone and negatively affect bone turnover, leading to impaired bone quality, rather than decreased bone density. This makes diabetes-induced bone fragility remarkably different from other forms of OP and represents a major challenge for fracture risk stratification, since either the measurement of BMD or the use of common diagnostic algorithms for OP have a poor predictive value. We review and discuss the role of AGEs and oxidative stress on the pathophysiology of bone fragility in T2D, providing some indications on how to improve fracture risk prediction in T2D patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Cavati
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Filippo Pirrotta
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Daniela Merlotti
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Elena Ceccarelli
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Marco Calabrese
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Luigi Gennari
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Christian Mingiano
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
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25
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Gheorghe L, Nemteanu R, Clim A, Botnariu GE, Costache II, Plesa A. Risk Scores for Prediction of Major Cardiovascular Events in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A No Man's Land? Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13040857. [PMID: 37109386 PMCID: PMC10146692 DOI: 10.3390/life13040857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past 100 years, cardiovascular disease (CVD) has become a leading cause of mortality and morbidity in developed countries, and similar trends have occurred for chronic liver disease. Subsequent research also indicated that people with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) had a twofold increased risk of CV events and that this risk was doubled in those with liver fibrosis. However, no validated CVD risk score specific for NAFLD patients has yet been validated, as traditional risk scores tend to underestimate the CV risk in NAFLD patients. From a practical perspective, identifying NAFLD patients and assessing severity of liver fibrosis when concurrent atherosclerotic risk factors are already established may serve as an important criterion in new CV risk scores. The current review aims to assess current risk scores and their utility for the prediction of CV events among patients with NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Gheorghe
- Department of Radiology, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Radiology Clinic, "St. Spiridon" County Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania
| | - Roxana Nemteanu
- Medical I Department, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Saint Spiridon Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania
| | - Andreea Clim
- Medical I Department, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Gina Eosefina Botnariu
- Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Gr. T. Popa", 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Irina Iuliana Costache
- Medical I Department, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Cardiology Clinic, "St. Spiridon" County Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania
| | - Alina Plesa
- Medical I Department, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Saint Spiridon Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania
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26
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Carmo HRP, Yoshinaga MY, Castillo AR, Britto Chaves-Filho A, Bonilha I, Barreto J, Muraro SP, de Souza GF, Davanzo GG, Perroud MW, Lukhna K, Ntsekhe M, Davidson S, Velloso LA, Nadruz W, Carvalho LSF, Sáinz-Jaspeado M, Farias AS, Proença-Módena JL, Moraes-Vieira PM, Karathanasis SK, Yellon D, Miyamoto S, Remaley AT, Sposito AC. Phenotypic changes in low-density lipoprotein particles as markers of adverse clinical outcomes in COVID-19. Mol Genet Metab 2023; 138:107552. [PMID: 36889041 PMCID: PMC9969752 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2023.107552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) plasma concentration decline is a biomarker for acute inflammatory diseases, including coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). Phenotypic changes in LDL during COVID-19 may be equally related to adverse clinical outcomes. METHODS Individuals hospitalized due to COVID-19 (n = 40) were enrolled. Blood samples were collected on days 0, 2, 4, 6, and 30 (D0, D2, D4, D6, and D30). Oxidized LDL (ox-LDL), and lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) activity were measured. In a consecutive series of cases (n = 13), LDL was isolated by gradient ultracentrifugation from D0 and D6 and was quantified by lipidomic analysis. Association between clinical outcomes and LDL phenotypic changes was investigated. RESULTS In the first 30 days, 42.5% of participants died due to Covid-19. The serum ox-LDL increased from D0 to D6 (p < 0.005) and decreased at D30. Moreover, individuals who had an ox-LDL increase from D0 to D6 to over the 90th percentile died. The plasma Lp-PLA2 activity also increased progressively from D0 to D30 (p < 0.005), and the change from D0 to D6 in Lp-PLA2 and ox-LDL were positively correlated (r = 0.65, p < 0.0001). An exploratory untargeted lipidomic analysis uncovered 308 individual lipids in isolated LDL particles. Paired-test analysis from D0 and D6 revealed higher concentrations of 32 lipid species during disease progression, mainly represented by lysophosphatidyl choline and phosphatidylinositol. In addition, 69 lipid species were exclusively modulated in the LDL particles from non-survivors as compared to survivors. CONCLUSIONS Phenotypic changes in LDL particles are associated with disease progression and adverse clinical outcomes in COVID-19 patients and could serve as a potential prognostic biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcos Y Yoshinaga
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | - Stéfanie Primon Muraro
- Laboratory of Emerging Viruses, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Fabiano de Souza
- Laboratory of Emerging Viruses, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Gastão Davanzo
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Kishal Lukhna
- Division of Cardiology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mpiko Ntsekhe
- Division of Cardiology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sean Davidson
- Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Licio A Velloso
- Internal Medicine Department, Unicamp Medical School, SP, Brazil
| | - Wilson Nadruz
- Cardiology Division, Unicamp Medical School, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Alessandro S Farias
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunomodulation, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil; Hub of Global Health (HGH), University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - José Luiz Proença-Módena
- Laboratory of Emerging Viruses, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil; Hub of Global Health (HGH), University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Pedro M Moraes-Vieira
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil; Hub of Global Health (HGH), University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Sotirios K Karathanasis
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Laboratory Translational Vascular Medicine Branch National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Derek Yellon
- Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sayuri Miyamoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Alan T Remaley
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Laboratory Translational Vascular Medicine Branch National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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27
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Achmad H, Almajidi YQ, Adel H, Obaid RF, Romero-Parra RM, Kadhum WR, Almulla AF, Alhachami FR, Gabr GA, Mustafa YF, Mahmoudi R, Hosseini-Fard S. The emerging crosstalk between atherosclerosis-related microRNAs and Bermuda triangle of foam cells: Cholesterol influx, trafficking, and efflux. Cell Signal 2023; 106:110632. [PMID: 36805844 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2023.110632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
In atherosclerosis, the gradual buildup of lipid particles into the sub-endothelium of damaged arteries leads to numerous lipid alterations. The absorption of these modified lipids by monocyte-derived macrophages in the arterial wall leads to cholesterol accumulation and increases the likelihood of foam cell formation and fatty streak, which is an early characteristic of atherosclerosis. Foam cell formation is related to an imbalance in cholesterol influx, trafficking, and efflux. The formation of foam cells is heavily regulated by various mechanisms, among them, the role of epigenetic factors like microRNA alteration in the formation of foam cells has been well studied. Recent studies have focused on the potential interplay between microRNAs and foam cell formation in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis; nevertheless, there is significant space to progress in this attractive field. This review has focused to examine the underlying processes of foam cell formation and microRNA crosstalk to provide a deep insight into therapeutic implications in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harun Achmad
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Hasanuddin University, Indonesia
| | - Yasir Q Almajidi
- Department of Pharmacy, Baghdad College of Medical Sciences, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Hussein Adel
- Al-Farahidi University, College of Dentistry, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Rasha Fadhel Obaid
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, Iraq
| | | | - Wesam R Kadhum
- Department of Pharmacy, Kut University College, Kut 52001, Wasit, Iraq
| | - Abbas F Almulla
- Medical Laboratory Technology Department, College of Medical Technology, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq
| | - Firas Rahi Alhachami
- Radiology Department, College of Health and Medical Technology, Al-Ayen University, Thi-Qar, Iraq
| | - Gamal A Gabr
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia; Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute (AGERI), Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Yasser Fakri Mustafa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Mosul, Mosul 41001, Iraq
| | - Reza Mahmoudi
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Seyedreza Hosseini-Fard
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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28
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Stasevich EM, Zheremyan EA, Kuprash DV, Schwartz AM. Interaction Between Adipocytes and B Lymphocytes in Human Metabolic Diseases. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2023; 88:280-288. [PMID: 37072333 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297923020104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Diseases associated with the disorders of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism are widespread in the modern world. Interaction between the cells of adipose tissue - adipocytes - and immune system cells is an essential factor in pathogenesis of such diseases. Long-term increase in the glucose and fatty acid levels leads to adipocyte hypertrophy and increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and adipokines by these cells. As a result, immune cells acquire a pro-inflammatory phenotype, and new leukocytes are recruited. Inflammation of adipose tissue leads to insulin resistance and stimulates formation of atherosclerotic plaques and development of autoimmunity. New studies show that different groups of B lymphocytes play an essential role in regulation of adipose tissue inflammation. Decrease in the number of B-2 lymphocytes suppresses development of a number of metabolic diseases, whereas decreased numbers of the regulatory B lymphocytes and B-1 lymphocytes are associated with more severe pathology. Recent studies showed that adipocytes influence B lymphocyte activity both directly and by altering activity of other immune cells. These findings provide better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of human pathologies associated with impaired carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina M Stasevich
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Elina A Zheremyan
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Dmitriy V Kuprash
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Anton M Schwartz
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow, 141701, Russia
- Department of Human Biology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
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29
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Albrektsson T, Tengvall P, Amengual L, Coli P, Kotsakis GA, Cochran D. Osteoimmune regulation underlies oral implant osseointegration and its perturbation. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1056914. [PMID: 36761175 PMCID: PMC9902598 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1056914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In the field of biomaterials, an endosseous implant is now recognized as an osteoimmunomodulatory but not bioinert biomaterial. Scientific advances in bone cell biology and in immunology have revealed a close relationship between the bone and immune systems resulting in a field of science called osteoimmunology. These discoveries have allowed for a novel interpretation of osseointegration as representing an osteoimmune reaction rather than a classic bone healing response, in which the activation state of macrophages ((M1-M2 polarization) appears to play a critical role. Through this viewpoint, the immune system is responsible for isolating the implant biomaterial foreign body by forming bone around the oral implant effectively shielding off the implant from the host bone system, i.e. osseointegration becomes a continuous and dynamic host defense reaction. At the same time, this has led to the proposal of a new model of osseointegration, the foreign body equilibrium (FBE). In addition, as an oral wound, the soft tissues are involved with all their innate immune characteristics. When implant integration is viewed as an osteoimmune reaction, this has implications for how marginal bone is regulated. For example, while bacteria are constitutive components of the soft tissue sulcus, if the inflammatory front and immune reaction is at some distance from the marginal bone, an equilibrium is established. If however, this inflammation approaches the marginal bone, an immune osteoclastic reaction occurs and marginal bone is removed. A number of clinical scenarios can be envisioned whereby the osteoimmune equilibrium is disturbed and marginal bone loss occurs, such as complications of aseptic nature and the synergistic activation of pro-inflammatory pathways (implant/wear debris, DAMPs, and PAMPs). Understanding that an implant is a foreign body and that the host reacts osteoimmunologically to shield off the implant allows for a distinction to be drawn between osteoimmunological conditions and peri-implant bone loss. This review will examine dental implant placement as an osteoimmune reaction and its implications for marginal bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Albrektsson
- Department of Biomaterials, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - P. Tengvall
- Department of Biomaterials, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden,*Correspondence: P. Tengvall,
| | - L. Amengual
- Dental Implantology Unit, Hospital Leonardo Guzmán, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - P. Coli
- Edinburgh Dental Specialists, Edinburgh, United Kingdom,Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Dental Material Science, The Sahlgrenska Academy at Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden,Department of Dental Material Science, The Sahlgrenska Academy at Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - G. A. Kotsakis
- Department of Periodontology, University of Texas, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - D. Cochran
- Department of Periodontology, University of Texas, San Antonio, TX, United States
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30
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Lipoprotein(a) in Atherosclerotic Diseases: From Pathophysiology to Diagnosis and Treatment. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28030969. [PMID: 36770634 PMCID: PMC9918959 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28030969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) is a low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol-like particle bound to apolipoprotein(a). Increased Lp(a) levels are an independent, heritable causal risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) as they are largely determined by variations in the Lp(a) gene (LPA) locus encoding apo(a). Lp(a) is the preferential lipoprotein carrier for oxidized phospholipids (OxPL), and its role adversely affects vascular inflammation, atherosclerotic lesions, endothelial function and thrombogenicity, which pathophysiologically leads to cardiovascular (CV) events. Despite this crucial role of Lp(a), its measurement lacks a globally unified method, and, between different laboratories, results need standardization. Standard antilipidemic therapies, such as statins, fibrates and ezetimibe, have a mediocre effect on Lp(a) levels, although it is not yet clear whether such treatments can affect CV events and prognosis. This narrative review aims to summarize knowledge regarding the mechanisms mediating the effect of Lp(a) on inflammation, atherosclerosis and thrombosis and discuss current diagnostic and therapeutic potentials.
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31
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Finney AC, Das S, Kumar D, McKinney MP, Cai B, Yurdagul A, Rom O. The interplay between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1116861. [PMID: 37200978 PMCID: PMC10185914 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1116861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic approaches that lower circulating low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol significantly reduced the burden of cardiovascular disease over the last decades. However, the persistent rise in the obesity epidemic is beginning to reverse this decline. Alongside obesity, the incidence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has substantially increased in the last three decades. Currently, approximately one third of world population is affected by NAFLD. Notably, the presence of NAFLD and particularly its more severe form, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), serves as an independent risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), thus, raising interest in the relationship between these two diseases. Importantly, ASCVD is the major cause of death in patients with NASH independent of traditional risk factors. Nevertheless, the pathophysiology linking NAFLD/NASH with ASCVD remains poorly understood. While dyslipidemia is a common risk factor underlying both diseases, therapies that lower circulating LDL-cholesterol are largely ineffective against NASH. While there are no approved pharmacological therapies for NASH, some of the most advanced drug candidates exacerbate atherogenic dyslipidemia, raising concerns regarding their adverse cardiovascular consequences. In this review, we address current gaps in our understanding of the mechanisms linking NAFLD/NASH and ASCVD, explore strategies to simultaneously model these diseases, evaluate emerging biomarkers that may be useful to diagnose the presence of both diseases, and discuss investigational approaches and ongoing clinical trials that potentially target both diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra C. Finney
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Sandeep Das
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Dhananjay Kumar
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - M. Peyton McKinney
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Bishuang Cai
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, United States
| | - Arif Yurdagul
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
- Correspondence: Arif Yurdagul Oren Rom
| | - Oren Rom
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
- Correspondence: Arif Yurdagul Oren Rom
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32
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Type 2 Diabetes mellitus alters the cargo of (poly)phenol metabolome and the oxidative status in circulating lipoproteins. Redox Biol 2022; 59:102572. [PMID: 36516720 PMCID: PMC9762197 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of diabetes on the worldwide population has tripled in the past 5 decades. While drug-based therapies are valuable strategies to treat and ease the socio-economic burden of diabetes, nutritional strategies offer valuable alternatives to prevent and manage diabetes onset and contribute to the sustainability of health budgets. Whilst, intervention studies have shown that (poly)phenol-rich diets improve fasting glucose levels and other blood parameters, very little is known about the distribution of ingested polyphenols in circulation and the impact of diabetes on its cargo. In this study we investigate the impact of type 2 diabetes on the cargo of plasma (poly)phenols. Our results show that phenolic compounds are heterogeneously distributed in circulation though mainly transported by lipoprotein populations. We also found that diabetes has a marked effect on the phenolic content transported by VLDL resulting in the decrease in the content of flavonoids and consequently a decrease in the antioxidant capacity. In addition to the reduced bioavailability of (poly)phenol metabolites and increase of oxidative status in LDL and HDL populations in diabetes, cell-based assays show that sub-micromolar amounts of microbial (poly)phenol metabolites are able to counteract the pro-inflammatory status in glucose-challenged endothelial cells. Our findings highlight the relevance of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins in the transport and delivery of bioactive plant-based compounds to the endothelium in T2DM supporting the adoption of nutritional guidelines as an alternative strategy to drug-based therapeutic approaches.
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33
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Asante I, Louie S, Yassine HN. Uncovering mechanisms of brain inflammation in Alzheimer's disease with APOE4: Application of single cell-type lipidomics. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2022; 1518:84-105. [PMID: 36200578 PMCID: PMC10092192 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A chronic state of unresolved inflammation in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is intrinsically involved with the remodeling of brain lipids. This review highlights the effect of carrying the apolipoprotein E ε4 allele (APOE4) on various brain cell types in promoting an unresolved inflammatory state. Among its pleotropic effects on brain lipids, we focus on APOE4's activation of Ca2+ -dependent phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) and its effects on arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid signaling cascades in the brain. During the process of neurodegeneration, various brain cell types, such as astrocytes, microglia, and neurons, together with the neurovascular unit, develop distinct inflammatory phenotypes that impact their functions and have characteristic lipidomic fingerprints. We propose that lipidomic phenotyping of single cell-types harvested from brains differing by age, sex, disease severity stage, and dietary and genetic backgrounds can be employed to probe mechanisms of neurodegeneration. A better understanding of the brain cellular inflammatory/lipidomic response promises to guide the development of nutritional and drug interventions for AD dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Asante
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Stan Louie
- School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Hussein N Yassine
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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34
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Oral Administration of Branched-Chain Amino Acids Attenuates Atherosclerosis by Inhibiting the Inflammatory Response and Regulating the Gut Microbiota in ApoE-Deficient Mice. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14235065. [PMID: 36501095 PMCID: PMC9739883 DOI: 10.3390/nu14235065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory disease that serves as a common pathogenic underpinning for various cardiovascular diseases. Although high circulating branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) levels may represent a risk factor for AS, it is unclear whether dietary BCAA supplementation causes elevated levels of circulating BCAAs and hence influences AS, and the related mechanisms are not well understood. Here, ApoE-deficient mice (ApoE-/-) were fed a diet supplemented with or without BCAAs to investigate the effects of BCAAs on AS and determine potential related mechanisms. In this study, compared with the high-fat diet (HFD), high-fat diet supplemented with BCAAs (HFB) reduced the atherosclerotic lesion area and caused a significant decrease in serum cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels. BCAA supplementation suppressed the systemic inflammatory response by reducing macrophage infiltration; lowering serum levels of inflammatory factors, including monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6); and suppressing inflammatory related signaling pathways. Furthermore, BCAA supplementation altered the gut bacterial beta diversity and composition, especially reducing harmful bacteria and increasing probiotic bacteria, along with increasing bile acid (BA) excretion. In addition, the levels of total BAs, primary BAs, 12α-hydroxylated bile acids (12α-OH BAs) and non-12α-hydroxylated bile acids (non-12α-OH BAs) in cecal and colonic contents were increased in the HFB group of mice compared with the HFD group. Overall, these data indicate that dietary BCAA supplementation can attenuate atherosclerosis induced by HFD in ApoE-/- mice through improved dyslipidemia and inflammation, mechanisms involving the intestinal microbiota, and promotion of BA excretion.
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35
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Yang M, Tian S, Lin Z, Fu Z, Li C. Costimulatory and coinhibitory molecules of B7-CD28 family in cardiovascular atherosclerosis: A review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e31667. [PMID: 36397436 PMCID: PMC9666218 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000031667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence supports the active involvement of vascular inflammation in atherosclerosis pathogenesis. Vascular inflammatory events within atherosclerotic plaques are predominated by innate antigen-presenting cells (APCs), including dendritic cells, macrophages, and adaptive immune cells such as T lymphocytes. The interaction between APCs and T cells is essential for the initiation and progression of vascular inflammation during atherosclerosis formation. B7-CD28 family members that provide either costimulatory or coinhibitory signals to T cells are important mediators of the cross-talk between APCs and T cells. The balance of different functional members of the B7-CD28 family shapes T cell responses during inflammation. Recent studies from both mouse and preclinical models have shown that targeting costimulatory molecules on APCs and T cells may be effective in treating vascular inflammatory diseases, especially atherosclerosis. In this review, we summarize recent advances in understanding how APC and T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis by focusing on B7-CD28 family members and provide insight into the immunotherapeutic potential of targeting B7-CD28 family members in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Electrophysiological Center of Cardiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Simeng Tian
- Basic Medicine College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhoujun Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhenkun Fu
- Basic Medicine College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Department of Immunology, Wu Lien-Teh Institute, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Infection and Immunity, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Science, Harbin, China
- * Correspondence: Zhenkun Fu, Basic Medicine College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China (e-mail. ); Chenggang Li, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China (e-mail. )
| | - Chenggang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- * Correspondence: Zhenkun Fu, Basic Medicine College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China (e-mail. ); Chenggang Li, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China (e-mail. )
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36
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Yednock T, Fong DS, Lad EM. C1q and the classical complement cascade in geographic atrophy secondary to age-related macular degeneration. Int J Retina Vitreous 2022; 8:79. [PMID: 36348407 PMCID: PMC9641935 DOI: 10.1186/s40942-022-00431-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Geographic atrophy (GA) secondary to age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a retinal neurodegenerative disorder. Human genetic data support the complement system as a key component of pathogenesis in AMD, which has been further supported by pre-clinical and recent clinical studies. However, the involvement of the different complement pathways (classical, lectin, alternative), and thus the optimal complement inhibition target, has yet to be fully defined. There is evidence that C1q, the initiating molecule of the classical pathway, is a key driver of complement activity in AMD. C1q is expressed locally by infiltrating phagocytic cells and C1q-activating ligands are present at disease onset and continue to accumulate with disease progression. The accumulation of C1q on photoreceptor synapses with age and disease is consistent with its role in synapse elimination and neurodegeneration that has been observed in other neurodegenerative disorders. Furthermore, genetic deletion of C1q, local pharmacologic inhibition within the eye, or genetic deletion of downstream C4 prevents photoreceptor cell damage in mouse models. Hence, targeting the classical pathway in GA could provide a more specific therapeutic approach with potential for favorable efficacy and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ted Yednock
- Annexon Biosciences, 1400 Sierra Point Parkway Building C, 2nd Floor, Brisbane, CA, 94005, USA
| | - Donald S Fong
- Annexon Biosciences, 1400 Sierra Point Parkway Building C, 2nd Floor, Brisbane, CA, 94005, USA.
| | - Eleonora M Lad
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, 2351 Erwin Rd, Durham, NC, 27705, USA
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37
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Istomin N, Härma MA, Akhi R, Nissinen AE, Savolainen MJ, Adeshara K, Lehto M, Groop PH, Koivukangas V, Hukkanen J, Hörkkö S. Total fecal IgA levels increase and natural IgM antibodies decrease after gastric bypass surgery. APMIS 2022; 130:637-646. [PMID: 35959517 PMCID: PMC9805076 DOI: 10.1111/apm.13268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with low-grade inflammation and increased systemic oxidative stress. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery is known to ameliorate the obesity-induced metabolic dysfunctions. We aimed to study the levels of natural antibodies in feces, before and 6 months after RYGB surgery in obese individuals with and without type 2 diabetes (T2D). Sixteen individuals with T2D and 14 non-diabetic (ND) individuals were operated. Total IgA, IgG and IgM antibody levels and specific antibodies to oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL), malondialdehyde-acetaldehyde adducts (MAA adducts), Porphyromonas gingivalis gingipain A hemagglutinin domain (Rgp44) and phosphocholine (PCho) were measured using chemiluminescence immunoassay. Total fecal IgA was elevated, while total IgM and IgG were not affected by the surgery. Fecal natural IgM specific to oxLDL decreased significantly in both T2D and ND individuals, while fecal IgM to Rgp44 and PCho decreased significantly in T2D individuals. A decrease in IgG to MAA-LDL, Rgp44 and PCho was detected. RYGB surgery increases the levels of total fecal IgA and decreases fecal natural IgG and IgM antibodies specific to oxLDL. Natural antibodies and IgA are important in maintaining the normal gut homeostasis and first-line defense against microbes, and their production is markedly altered with RYGB surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Istomin
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Research Unit of Biomedicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Nordlab, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Mari-Anne Härma
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.,Abdominal Center, Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine Research Programs, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ramin Akhi
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Research Unit of Biomedicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Antti E Nissinen
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Research Unit of Biomedicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Markku J Savolainen
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Research Unit of Internal Medicine and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Krishna Adeshara
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.,Abdominal Center, Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine Research Programs, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markku Lehto
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.,Abdominal Center, Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine Research Programs, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Per-Henrik Groop
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.,Abdominal Center, Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine Research Programs, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vesa Koivukangas
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Surgery, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Janne Hukkanen
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Research Unit of Internal Medicine and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Sohvi Hörkkö
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Research Unit of Biomedicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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38
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Ailioaie LM, Ailioaie C, Litscher G. Biomarkers in Systemic Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis, Macrophage Activation Syndrome and Their Importance in COVID Era. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:12757. [PMID: 36361547 PMCID: PMC9655921 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232112757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA) and its complication, macrophage activation syndrome (sJIA-MAS), are rare but sometimes very serious or even critical diseases of childhood that can occasionally be characterized by nonspecific clinical signs and symptoms at onset-such as non-remitting high fever, headache, rash, or arthralgia-and are biologically accompanied by an increase in acute-phase reactants. For a correct positive diagnosis, it is necessary to rule out bacterial or viral infections, neoplasia, and other immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. Delays in diagnosis will result in late initiation of targeted therapy. A set of biomarkers is useful to distinguish sJIA or sJIA-MAS from similar clinical entities, especially when arthritis is absent. Biomarkers should be accessible to many patients, with convenient production and acquisition prices for pediatric medical laboratories, as well as being easy to determine, having high sensitivity and specificity, and correlating with pathophysiological disease pathways. The aim of this review was to identify the newest and most powerful biomarkers and their synergistic interaction for easy and accurate recognition of sJIA and sJIA-MAS, so as to immediately guide clinicians in correct diagnosis and in predicting disease outcomes, the response to treatment, and the risk of relapses. Biomarkers constitute an exciting field of research, especially due to the heterogeneous nature of cytokine storm syndromes (CSSs) in the COVID era. They must be selected with utmost care-a fact supported by the increasingly improved genetic and pathophysiological comprehension of sJIA, but also of CSS-so that new classification systems may soon be developed to define homogeneous groups of patients, although each with a distinct disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Marinela Ailioaie
- Department of Medical Physics, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, 11 Carol I Boulevard, 700506 Iasi, Romania
| | - Constantin Ailioaie
- Department of Medical Physics, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, 11 Carol I Boulevard, 700506 Iasi, Romania
| | - Gerhard Litscher
- Research Unit of Biomedical Engineering in Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Research Unit for Complementary and Integrative Laser Medicine, Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Research Center Graz, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 39, 8036 Graz, Austria
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39
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Alic L, Binder CJ, Papac-Milicevic N. The OSE complotype and its clinical potential. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1010893. [PMID: 36248824 PMCID: PMC9561429 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1010893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular death, aging, and tissue damage trigger inflammation that leads to enzymatic and non-enzymatic lipid peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids present on cellular membranes and lipoproteins. This results in the generation of highly reactive degradation products, such as malondialdehyde (MDA) and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), that covalently modify free amino groups of proteins and lipids in their vicinity. These newly generated neoepitopes represent a unique set of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) associated with oxidative stress termed oxidation-specific epitopes (OSEs). OSEs are enriched on oxidized lipoproteins, microvesicles, and dying cells, and can trigger sterile inflammation. Therefore, prompt recognition and removal of OSEs is required to maintain the homeostatic balance. This is partially achieved by various humoral components of the innate immune system, such as natural IgM antibodies, pentraxins and complement components that not only bind OSEs but in some cases modulate their pro-inflammatory potential. Natural IgM antibodies are potent complement activators, and 30% of them recognize OSEs such as oxidized phosphocholine (OxPC-), 4-HNE-, and MDA-epitopes. Furthermore, OxPC-epitopes can bind the complement-activating pentraxin C-reactive protein, while MDA-epitopes are bound by C1q, C3a, complement factor H (CFH), and complement factor H-related proteins 1, 3, 5 (FHR-1, FHR-3, FHR-5). In addition, CFH and FHR-3 are recruited to 2-(ω-carboxyethyl)pyrrole (CEP), and full-length CFH also possesses the ability to attenuate 4-HNE-induced oxidative stress. Consequently, alterations in the innate humoral defense against OSEs predispose to the development of diseases associated with oxidative stress, as shown for the prototypical OSE, MDA-epitopes. In this mini-review, we focus on the mechanisms of the accumulation of OSEs, the pathophysiological consequences, and the interactions between different OSEs and complement components. Additionally, we will discuss the clinical potential of genetic variants in OSE-recognizing complement proteins – the OSE complotype - in the risk estimation of diseases associated with oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lejla Alic
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Christoph J. Binder
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nikolina Papac-Milicevic
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- *Correspondence: Nikolina Papac-Milicevic,
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Role of alarmins in poststroke inflammation and neuronal repair. Semin Immunopathol 2022:10.1007/s00281-022-00961-5. [PMID: 36161515 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-022-00961-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Severe loss of cerebral blood flow causes hypoxia and glucose deprivation in the brain tissue, resulting in necrotic cell death in the ischemic brain. Several endogenous molecules, called alarmins or damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), are extracellularly released from the dead cells to activate pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in immune cells that infiltrate into ischemic brain tissue following the disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) after stroke onset. The activated immune cells produce various inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, triggering sterile cerebral inflammation in the ischemic brain that causes further neuronal cell death. Poststroke inflammation is resolved within several days after stroke onset, and neurological functions are restored to some extent as neural repair occurs around peri-infarct neurons. Clearance of DAMPs from the injured brain is necessary for the resolution of poststroke inflammation. Neurons and glial cells also express PRRs and receive DAMP signaling. Although the role of PRRs in neural cells in the ischemic brain has not yet been clarified, the signaling pathway is likely to be contribute to stroke pathology and neural repair after ischemic stroke. This review describes the molecular dynamics, signaling pathways, and functions of DAMPs in poststroke inflammation and its resolution.
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Effects of Cancer Cell-Derived Nanovesicle Vaccines Produced by the Oxidative Stress-Induced Expression of DAMP and Spontaneous Release/Filter Extrusion in the Interplay of Cancer Cells and Macrophages. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10081977. [PMID: 36009524 PMCID: PMC9405549 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT)-based cancer vaccines are shown to be more effective modalities for treating cancer in animal models compared to other methods used to generate cancer cell-derived vaccines. The higher efficacy seems to stem from the generation of cell membrane nanovesicles or fragments that carry both cancer cell-specific antigens and high surface content of damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecules induced by oxidative stress. To develop more effective cancer vaccines in this direction, we explored the generation of cancer vaccines by applying different sources of oxidative stress on cancer cell cultures followed by spontaneous release or filter extrusions to produce cancer cell-derived DAMP-expressing nanovesicles. Through an in-vitro test based on the co-culture of cancer cells and macrophages, it was found that the nanovesicle vaccines generated by H2O2 are as effective as those generated by PDT in diminishing cancer cell culture masses, providing a simpler way to manufacture vaccines. In addition, the nanovesicle vaccines produced by filter extrusion are as potent as those produced by spontaneous release, rendering a more stable way for vaccine production.
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Mamillapalli R, Toffoloni N, Habata S, Qunhua H, Atwani R, Stachenfeld N, Taylor HS. Endometriosis promotes atherosclerosis in a murine model. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2022; 227:248.e1-248.e8. [PMID: 35351413 PMCID: PMC9308711 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2022.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiologic studies have demonstrated an association between endometriosis and the subsequent development of cardiovascular disease. The direct effect of endometriosis on the progression of atherosclerotic, if any, has not been previously characterized. Endometriosis leads to systemic inflammation that could have consequences for cardiovascular health. Here, we reported the effects of endometriosis on the development of atherosclerosis in a murine model. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine the contribution of endometriosis in promoting cardiovascular disease in a murine model of endometriosis. STUDY DESIGN Endometriosis was induced in 18 apolipoprotein E-null mice, the standard murine model used to study atherosclerosis. Mice of the same strain were used as controls (n=18) and underwent sham surgery without inducing endometriosis. The formation of endometriotic lesions was confirmed after 25 weeks of induction. Atherosclerotic lesions were subjected to hematoxylin and eosin staining followed by measurement of the aortic root luminal area and wall thickness. The whole aorta was isolated, and Oil Red O staining was performed to quantify the lipid deposits or plaque formation; moreover, biochemical assays were carried out in serum to determine the levels of lipids and inflammatory-related cytokines. RESULTS Apolipoprotein E mice with endometriosis exhibited increased aortic atherosclerosis compared with controls as measured using Oil Red O staining (7.9% vs 3.1%, respectively; P=.0004). Mice with endometriosis showed a significant 50% decrease in the aortic luminal area compared with sham mice (0.85 mm2 vs 1.46 mm2; P=.03) and a significant increase in aortic root wall thickness (0.22 mm vs 0.15 mm; P=.04). There was no difference in the lipoprotein profile (P<.05) between mice with endometriosis and sham mice. The serum levels of inflammatory cytokines interleukin 1 alpha, interleukin 6, interferon gamma, and vascular endothelial growth factor were significantly (P<.05)increased in the endometriosis mice. CONCLUSION Our study used a murine model to determine the effect of endometriosis on atherosclerosis. Inflammation-related cytokines interleukin 1 alpha, interleukin 6, interferon gamma, and vascular endothelial growth factor (angiogenic factor) released by endometriotic lesions may contribute to the increased cardiovascular risks in women with endometriosis. To reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease, early identification and treatment of endometriosis are essential. Future treatments targeting inflammatory cytokines may help reduce the long-term risk of cardiovascular disease in women with endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramanaiah Mamillapalli
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.
| | - Nikoletta Toffoloni
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Shutaro Habata
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Huang Qunhua
- Department of Surgery (Cardiac Surgery), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Rula Atwani
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Nina Stachenfeld
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Hugh S Taylor
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.
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Ebeyer-Masotta M, Eichhorn T, Weiss R, Lauková L, Weber V. Activated Platelets and Platelet-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Mediate COVID-19-Associated Immunothrombosis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:914891. [PMID: 35874830 PMCID: PMC9299085 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.914891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Activated platelets and platelet-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as central players in thromboembolic complications associated with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Platelets bridge hemostatic, inflammatory, and immune responses by their ability to sense pathogens via various pattern recognition receptors, and they respond to infection through a diverse repertoire of mechanisms. Dysregulated platelet activation, however, can lead to immunothrombosis, a simultaneous overactivation of blood coagulation and the innate immune response. Mediators released by activated platelets in response to infection, such as antimicrobial peptides, high mobility group box 1 protein, platelet factor 4 (PF4), and PF4+ extracellular vesicles promote neutrophil activation, resulting in the release of neutrophil extracellular traps and histones. Many of the factors released during platelet and neutrophil activation are positively charged and interact with endogenous heparan sulfate or exogenously administered heparin via electrostatic interactions or via specific binding sites. Here, we review the current state of knowledge regarding the involvement of platelets and platelet-derived EVs in the pathogenesis of immunothrombosis, and we discuss the potential of extracorporeal therapies using adsorbents functionalized with heparin to deplete platelet-derived and neutrophil-derived mediators of immunothrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Ebeyer-Masotta
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Department for Biomedical Research, University for Continuing Education Krems, Krems, Austria
| | - Tanja Eichhorn
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Department for Biomedical Research, University for Continuing Education Krems, Krems, Austria
| | - René Weiss
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Department for Biomedical Research, University for Continuing Education Krems, Krems, Austria
| | - Lucia Lauková
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Department for Biomedical Research, University for Continuing Education Krems, Krems, Austria
| | - Viktoria Weber
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Department for Biomedical Research, University for Continuing Education Krems, Krems, Austria
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Patel N, Mittal N, Choubdar PA, Taub PR. Lipoprotein(a)—When to Screen and How to Treat. CURRENT CARDIOVASCULAR RISK REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12170-022-00698-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Nedunchezhiyan U, Varughese I, Sun AR, Wu X, Crawford R, Prasadam I. Obesity, Inflammation, and Immune System in Osteoarthritis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:907750. [PMID: 35860250 PMCID: PMC9289681 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.907750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity remains the most important risk factor for the incidence and progression of osteoarthritis (OA). The leading cause of OA was believed to be overloading the joints due to excess weight which in turn leads to the destruction of articular cartilage. However, recent studies have proved otherwise, various other factors like adipose deposition, insulin resistance, and especially the improper coordination of innate and adaptive immune responses may lead to the initiation and progression of obesity-associated OA. It is becoming increasingly evident that multiple inflammatory cells are recruited into the synovial joint that serves an important role in pathological changes in the synovial joint. Polarization of macrophages and macrophage-produced mediators are extensively studied and linked to the inflammatory and destructive responses in the OA synovium and cartilage. However, the role of other major innate immune cells such as neutrophils, eosinophils, and dendritic cells in the pathogenesis of OA has not been fully evaluated. Although cells of the adaptive immune system contribute to the pathogenesis of obesity-induced OA is still under exploration, a quantity of literature indicates OA synovium has an enriched population of T cells and B cells compared with healthy control. The interplay between a variety of immune cells and other cells that reside in the articular joints may constitute a vicious cycle, leading to pathological changes of the articular joint in obese individuals. This review addresses obesity and the role of all the immune cells that are involved in OA and summarised animal studies and human trials and knowledge gaps between the studies have been highlighted. The review also touches base on the interventions currently in clinical trials, different stages of the testing, and their shortcomings are also discussed to understand the future direction which could help in understanding the multifactorial aspects of OA where inflammation has a significant function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udhaya Nedunchezhiyan
- Centre for Biomedical Technologies, Faculty of Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Ibin Varughese
- Centre for Biomedical Technologies, Faculty of Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Antonia RuJia Sun
- Centre for Biomedical Technologies, Faculty of Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Xiaoxin Wu
- Centre for Biomedical Technologies, Faculty of Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ross Crawford
- Orthopedic Department, The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Indira Prasadam
- Centre for Biomedical Technologies, Faculty of Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- *Correspondence: Indira Prasadam,
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Li R, Qu J, Li H, Zhang Q. Genome-wide identification and analysis of scavenger receptors and their expression profiling in response to Edwardsiella tarda infection in Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 132:104397. [PMID: 35307477 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The scavenger receptors (SRs) gene family, as one of pattern recognition receptors, participates in the innate immune response in diverse lineages. However, the systematic identification, characteristics and functions of SRs family are lacking in teleost. Here, we identified all 19 SRs family members in Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) based on the genome and transcriptome data. Phylogenetic and Ka/Ks analysis demonstrated that these SRs genes were divided into five classes and all exhibited pronounced purified selection pressures. Whole genome duplication event was found in colec12, scarb2, and lamp1. Gene structure, functional domain and motif distribution analyses indicated that SRs within the different subfamilies are severely conservative. SRs genes showed diverse expression patterns in the embryogenesis and unchanged tissues. The regulations of 14 SRs genes in blood, gill and kidney after E. tarda infection suggested their roles in innate immune response. Meanwhile, ten SRs genes were differentially expressed after E. tarda stimulation in macrophages in vitro. Then we proved that PoSCARA3 could suppress the activity of NF-κB and AP-1 in HEK 293T cells by dual-luciferase assays. In summary, this study provided valuable basis for further functional characterization and immune functions of SRs genes in P. olivaceus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 266003, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Jiangbo Qu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 266003, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Hengshun Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 266003, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Quanqi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 266003, Qingdao, Shandong, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Process, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, 266237, Qingdao, Shandong, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Aquatic Germplasm of Hainan Province, Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, 572000, Sanya, Hainan, China.
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Wen S, Zhou Y, Yim WY, Wang S, Xu L, Shi J, Qiao W, Dong N. Mechanisms and Drug Therapies of Bioprosthetic Heart Valve Calcification. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:909801. [PMID: 35721165 PMCID: PMC9204043 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.909801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Valve replacement is the main therapy for valvular heart disease, in which a diseased valve is replaced by mechanical heart valve (MHV) or bioprosthetic heart valve (BHV). Since the 2000s, BHV surpassed MHV as the leading option of prosthetic valve substitute because of its excellent hemocompatible and hemodynamic properties. However, BHV is apt to structural valve degeneration (SVD), resulting in limited durability. Calcification is the most frequent presentation and the core pathophysiological process of SVD. Understanding the basic mechanisms of BHV calcification is an essential prerequisite to address the limited-durability issues. In this narrative review, we provide a comprehensive summary about the mechanisms of BHV calcification on 1) composition and site of calcifications; 2) material-associated mechanisms; 3) host-associated mechanisms, including immune response and foreign body reaction, oxidative stress, metabolic disorder, and thrombosis. Strategies that target these mechanisms may be explored for novel drug therapy to prevent or delay BHV calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Weihua Qiao
- *Correspondence: Weihua Qiao, ; Nianguo Dong,
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Shishikura D, Octavia Y, Hayat U, Thondapu V, Barlis P. Atherogenesis and Inflammation. Interv Cardiol 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/9781119697367.ch1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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Dzobo KE, Kraaijenhof JM, Stroes ES, Nurmohamed NS, Kroon J. Lipoprotein(a): An underestimated inflammatory mastermind. Atherosclerosis 2022; 349:101-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2022.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Tang Y, Li H, Chen C. Non-coding RNA-Associated Therapeutic Strategies in Atherosclerosis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:889743. [PMID: 35548442 PMCID: PMC9081650 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.889743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis has been the main cause of disability and mortality in the world, resulting in a heavy medical burden for all countries. It is widely known to be a kind of chronic inflammatory disease in the blood walls, of which the key pathogenesis is the accumulation of immunologic cells in the lesion, foam cells formation, and eventually plaque rupture causing ischemia of various organs. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) play a vital role in regulating the physiologic and pathophysiologic processes in cells. More and more studies have revealed that ncRNAs also participated in the development of atherosclerosis and regulated cellular phenotypes such as endothelial dysfunction, leukocyte recruitment, foam cells formation, and vascular smooth muscle cells phenotype-switching and apoptosis. Given the broad functions of ncRNAs in atherogenesis, they have become potential therapeutic targets. Apart from that, ncRNAs have become powerful blueprints to design new drugs. For example, RNA interference drugs were inspired by small interfering RNAs that exist in normal cellular physiologic processes and behave as negative regulators of specific proteins. For instance, inclisiran is a kind of RNAi drug targeting PCKS9 mRNA, which can lower the level of LDL-C and treat atherosclerosis. We introduce some recent research progresses on ncRNAs related to atherosclerotic pathophysiologic process and the current clinical trials of RNA drugs pointed at atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyan Tang
- Division of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, China
| | - Huaping Li
- Division of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Huaping Li
| | - Chen Chen
- Division of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, China
- Chen Chen
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