Global stroke statistics 2022

Vagus nerve stimulation in cerebral stroke: biological mechanisms, therapeutic modalities, clinical applications, and future directions

Stroke is a major disorder of the central nervous system that poses a serious threat to human life and quality of life. Many stroke victims are left with long-term neurological dysfunction, which adversely affects the well-being of the individual and the broader socioeconomic impact. Currently, post-stroke brain dysfunction is a major and difficult area of treatment. Vagus nerve stimulation is a Food and Drug Administration-approved exploratory treatment option for autism, refractory depression, epilepsy, and Alzheimer's disease. It is expected to be a novel therapeutic technique for the treatment of stroke owing to its association with multiple mechanisms such as altering neurotransmitters and the plasticity of central neurons. In animal models of acute ischemic stroke, vagus nerve stimulation has been shown to reduce infarct size, reduce post-stroke neurological damage, and improve learning and memory capacity in rats with stroke by reducing the inflammatory response, regulating blood-brain barrier permeability, and promoting angiogenesis and neurogenesis. At present, vagus nerve stimulation includes both invasive and non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation. Clinical studies have found that invasive vagus nerve stimulation combined with rehabilitation therapy is effective in improving upper limb motor and cognitive abilities in stroke patients. Further clinical studies have shown that non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation, including ear/cervical vagus nerve stimulation, can stimulate vagal projections to the central nervous system similarly to invasive vagus nerve stimulation and can have the same effect. In this paper, we first describe the multiple effects of vagus nerve stimulation in stroke, and then discuss in depth its neuroprotective mechanisms in ischemic stroke. We go on to outline the results of the current major clinical applications of invasive and non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation. Finally, we provide a more comprehensive evaluation of the advantages and disadvantages of different types of vagus nerve stimulation in the treatment of cerebral ischemia and provide an outlook on the developmental trends. We believe that vagus nerve stimulation, as an effective treatment for stroke, will be widely used in clinical practice to promote the recovery of stroke patients and reduce the incidence of disability.

Quality of life and quality-adjusted life years after stroke in Sierra Leone

BACKGROUND

Stroke is a leading cause of mortality and negatively affects health-related quality of life (HRQoL). HRQoL after stroke is understudied in Africa and there are no reports of quality-adjusted life years after stroke (QALYs) in African countries. We determined the impact of stroke on HRQoL after stroke in Sierra Leone. We calculated QALYs at 1 year post-stroke and determined sociodemographic and clinical variables associated with HRQoL and QALYs in this population.

METHODS

A prospective stroke register was established at the two-principal adult tertiary government hospitals in Freetown, Sierra Leone. Participants were followed up at 7, 90 days, and 1 year post-stroke to capture all-cause mortality and EQ-5D-3L data. QALYs were calculated at the patient level using EQ-5D-3L utility values and survival data from the register, following the area under the curve method. Utilities were based on the UK and Zimbabwe (as a sensitivity analysis) EQ-5D value sets, as there is no Sierra Leonean or West African value set. Explanatory models were developed based on previous literature to assess variables associated with HRQoL and QALYs at 1 year after stroke. To address missing values, Multiple Imputation by Chained Equations (MICE), with linear and logistic regression models for continuous and binary variables, respectively, were used.

RESULTS

EQ-5D-3L data were available for 373/460 (81.1%), 360/367 (98.1%), and 299/308 (97.1%) participants at 7, 90 days, and 1 year after stroke. For stroke survivors, median EQ-5D-3L utility increased from 0.20 (95% CI: -0.16 to 0.59) at 7 days post-stroke to 0.76 (0.47 to 1.0) at 90 days and remained stable at 1 year 0.76 (0.49 to 1.0). Mean QALYs at 1 year after stroke were 0.28 (SD: 0.35) and closely associated with stroke severity. Older age, lower educational attainment, patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage and undetermined stroke types all had lower QALYs and lower HRQoL, while being the primary breadwinner was associated with higher HRQoL. Sensitivity analysis with the Zimbabwe value set did not significantly change regression results but did influence the absolute values with Zimbabwe utility values being higher, with fewer utility values less than 0.

CONCLUSION

We generated QALYs after stroke for the first time in an African country. QALYs were significantly lower than studies from outside Africa, partially explained by the high mortality rate in our cohort. Further research is needed to develop appropriate value sets for West African countries and to examine QALYs lost due to stroke over longer time periods.

DATA AVAILABILITY

The Stroke in Sierra Leone anonymized dataset is available on request to researchers, see data access section.

Integrated analysis of single cell-RNA sequencing and Mendelian randomization identifies lactate dehydrogenase B as a target of melatonin in ischemic stroke

AIMS

Despite the success of single-cell RNA sequencing in identifying cellular heterogeneity in ischemic stroke, clarifying the mechanisms underlying these associations of differently expressed genes remains challenging. Several studies that integrate gene expression and gene expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) with genome wide-association study (GWAS) data to determine their causal role have been proposed.

METHODS

Here, we combined Mendelian randomization (MR) framework and single cell (sc) RNA sequencing to study how differently expressed genes (DEGs) mediating the effect of gene expression on ischemic stroke. The hub gene was further validated in the in vitro model.

RESULTS

We identified 2339 DEGs in 10 cell clusters. Among these DEGs, 58 genes were associated with the risk of ischemic stroke. After external validation with eQTL dataset, lactate dehydrogenase B (LDHB) is identified to be positively associated with ischemic stroke. The expression of LDHB has also been validated in sc RNA-seq with dominant expression in microglia and astrocytes, and melatonin is able to reduce the LDHB expression and activity in vitro ischemic models.

CONCLUSION

Our study identifies LDHB as a novel biomarker for ischemic stroke via combining the sc RNA-seq and MR analysis.

Automatic assessment of DWI-ASPECTS for acute ischemic stroke based on deep learning

BACKGROUND

Alberta Stroke Program Early Computed Tomography Score (ASPECTS) is a standardized semi-quantitative method for early ischemic changes in acute ischemic stroke.

PURPOSE

However, ASPECTS is still affected by expert experience and inconsistent results between readers in clinical. This study aims to propose an automatic ASPECTS scoring model based on diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) mode to help clinicians make accurate treatment plans.

METHODS

Eighty-two patients with stroke were included in the study. First, we designed a new deep learning network for segmenting ASPECTS scoring brain regions. The network is improved based on U-net, which integrates multiple modules. Second, we proposed using hybrid classifiers to classify brain regions. For brain regions with larger areas, we used brain grayscale comparison algorithm to train machine learning classifiers, while using hybrid feature training for brain regions with smaller areas.

RESULTS

The average DICE coefficient of the segmented hindbrain area can reach 0.864. With the proposed hybrid classifier, our method performs significantly on both region-level ASPECTS and dichotomous ASPECTS. The sensitivity and accuracy on the test set are 95.51% and 93.43%, respectively. For dichotomous ASPECTS, the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) between our automated ASPECTS score and the expert reading was 0.87.

CONCLUSIONS

This study proposed an automated model for ASPECTS scoring of patients with acute ischemic stroke based on DWI images. Experimental results show that the method of segmentation first and then classification is feasible. Our method has the potential to assist physicians in the Alberta Stroke Program with early CT scoring and clinical stroke diagnosis.

Gamma oscillations induced by 40-Hz visual-auditory stimulation for the treatment of acute-phase limb motor rehabilitation after stroke: study protocol for a prospective randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND

The incidence of hemiparetic limb dysfunction reaches 85% in stroke patients, emerging as a critical factor influencing their daily lives. However, the effectiveness of current rehabilitation treatments is considerably limited, particularly in patients with upper extremity impairment. This study aims to conduct a prospective clinical trial to validate the safety and effectiveness of gamma oscillations induced by 40-Hz visual-auditory stimulation in treating post-stroke upper limb dysfunction and to explore the relevant mechanisms.

METHODS

This trial is a prospective, randomized controlled, double-blind study. All enrolled patients were randomly assigned to two groups. The experimental group received intervention through 40-Hz visual-auditory stimulation, while the control group underwent intervention with randomly matched visual-auditory stimulation frequencies. The primary efficacy endpoint is the change in motor function. Secondary efficacy endpoints include motor-evoked potentials, cerebral hemodynamic changes, neural network connectivity, and alterations in synaptic-related genes. Safety evaluation included major adverse events, all-cause mortality, and photosensitive epilepsy. Assessments will be conducted at baseline, after a 14-day treatment period, and during subsequent follow-up visits (at 3 and 6 months) post-treatment. The differences between the two groups will be compared.

DISCUSSION

This study will evaluate the safety and efficacy of gamma oscillations induced by 40-Hz visual-auditory stimulation in treating patients with upper extremity dysfunction after an acute cerebral stroke. Concurrently, we will explore potential mechanisms, including changes in synaptic-related genes and neural network connectivity. This trial is expected to provide evidence for the effectiveness of this new technique in treating upper extremity dysfunction after a stroke and improving patients' quality of life.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

The study protocol has been registered with the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR) under registration number ChiCTR2300076579 on October 12, 2023.

Addressing disparities in the global epidemiology of stroke

Stroke is the second leading cause of death and the third leading cause of disability worldwide. Though the burden of stroke worldwide seems to have declined in the past three decades, much of this effect reflects decreases in high-income countries (HICs). By contrast, the burden of stroke has grown rapidly in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), where epidemiological, socioeconomic and demographic shifts have increased the incidence of stroke and other non-communicable diseases. Furthermore, even in HICs, disparities in stroke epidemiology exist along racial, ethnic, socioeconomic and geographical lines. In this Review, we highlight the under-acknowledged disparities in the burden of stroke. We emphasize the shifting global landscape of stroke risk factors, critical gaps in stroke service delivery, and the need for a more granular analysis of the burden of stroke within and between LMICs and HICs to guide context-appropriate capacity-building. Finally, we review strategies for addressing key inequalities in stroke epidemiology, including improvements in epidemiological surveillance and context-specific research efforts in under-resourced regions, development of the global workforce of stroke care providers, expansion of access to preventive and treatment services through mobile and telehealth platforms, and scaling up of evidence-based strategies and policies that target local, national, regional and global stroke disparities.

Better functional recovery after acute stroke in older patients managed in a new dedicated post-stroke geriatric unit compared to usual management

OBJECTIVES

A Stroke care Pathway dedicated to the ELders (SPEL) for patients with acute stroke was created in 2013 at the hospitals Pitié-Salpêtrière-Charles Foix (Paris, France). It is characterized by a stroke unit dedicated to emergency stroke care, and a post stroke geriatric unit (PSGU) including rehabilitation and management of geriatric syndromes. The aim of the study was to compare the functional recovery of patients transferred to PSGU versus other rehabilitation care in patients over 70 years of age after stroke.

DESIGN

A cohort observational study over a 4-year period.

SETTING

Hospitals Pitié-Salpêtrière and Charles Foix (Paris, France).

PARTICIPANTS

We studied patients over 70 years admitted to the participating stroke unit for acute stroke consecutively hospitalized from January 1, 2013, to January 1, 2017.

INTERVENTION

Patients transferred in the PSGU were compared to those admitted in other rehabilitation units.

MEASUREMENTS

The primary outcome was 3-month functional recovery after stroke. The secondary outcomes were the hospital length of stay and the returning home rate. A multivariable logistic regression was applied to adjust for confounding variables (age, sex, NIHSS score and Charlson's comorbidity score).

RESULTS

Among the 262 patients included in the study, those in the PGSU were significantly older, had a higher Charlson's comorbidity score and a higher initial NIHSS severity score. As compared to the other patients, functional recovery at 3 months was better in the PSGU (Rankin's score decreased by 0.80 points versus 0.41 points, p = 0.01). The average total length of stay was reduced by 16 days in the patients referred to the PSGU (p = 0.002). There was no significant difference in the returning home rate between the two groups (p = 0.88).

CONCLUSION

The SPEL which includes a post-stroke geriatric unit (PSGU) has been associated with improved recovery and had a positive impact in the management of older post-stroke patients.

Activation of cerebral Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate (Rac) 1 promotes post-ischemic stroke functional recovery in aged mice

Brain functional impairment after stroke is common; however, the molecular mechanisms of post-stroke recovery remain unclear. It is well-recognized that age is the most important independent predictor of poor outcomes after stroke as older patients show poorer functional outcomes following stroke. Mounting evidence suggests that axonal regeneration and angiogenesis, the major forms of brain plasticity responsible for post-stroke recovery, diminished with advanced age. Previous studies suggest that Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate (Rac) 1 enhances stroke recovery as activation of Rac1 improved behavior recovery in a young mice stroke model. Here, we investigated the role of Rac1 signaling in long-term functional recovery and brain plasticity in an aged (male, 18 to 22 months old C57BL/6J) brain after ischemic stroke. We found that as mice aged, Rac1 expression declined in the brain. Delayed overexpression of Rac1, using lentivirus encoding Rac1 injected day 1 after ischemic stroke, promoted cognitive (assessed using novel object recognition test) and sensorimotor (assessed using adhesive removal tests) recovery on days 14-28. This was accompanied by the increase of neurite and proliferative endothelial cells in the peri-infarct zone assessed by immunostaining. In a reverse approach, pharmacological inhibition of Rac1 by intraperitoneal injection of Rac1 inhibitor NSC23766 for 14 successive days after ischemic stroke worsened the outcome with the reduction of neurite and proliferative endothelial cells. Furthermore, Rac1 inhibition reduced the activation of p21-activated kinase 1, the protein level of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and increased the protein level of glial fibrillary acidic protein in the ischemic brain on day 28 after stroke. Our work provided insight into the mechanisms behind the diminished plasticity after cerebral ischemia in aged brains and identified Rac1 as a potential therapeutic target for improving functional recovery in the older adults after stroke.

Efficacy of botulinum toxin A combined with extracorporeal shockwave therapy in post-stroke spasticity: a systematic review

Objectives

In recent years, there has been an increase in the number of randomized clinical trials of BTX-A combined with ESWT for the treatment of post-stroke spasticity. This has made it possible to observe the benefits of combination therapy in clinical practice. Therefore, this paper reviews the effectiveness of BTX-A in combination with ESWT for the treatment of post-stroke spasticity.

Methods

By October 2023, a systematic review was conducted in the databases PubMed, Cochrane, Embase, Medline, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wan Fang Database, China Biology Medicine disc and China Science and Technology Journal Database were systematically searched. We included randomized controlled trials that reported outcome metrics such as MAS, FMA, and MBI score. Studies were excluded if MAS was not reported. The quality of the included studies was assessed by the Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias, and the AMSTAR quality rating scale was selected for self-assessment.

Results

A total of 70 articles were included in the initial search, and six were ultimately included. The results of the included studies showed that the combination therapy was effective in reducing MAS scores and improving FMA and MBI scores in patients with spasticity compared to the control group. Combination therapy has also been shown to improve joint mobility and reduce pain in spastic limbs.

Conclusion

Cumulative evidence from clinical randomized controlled trial studies suggests that the combination therapy is effective in reducing lower limb spasticity and improving mobility after stroke. However, more clinical trials are still needed to corroborate the evidence regarding the efficacy of BTX-A combined with shockwave therapy.

Systematic Review Registration

The system review can be searched in the PROSPERO database (CRD42023476654).

Global stroke statistics 2023: Availability of reperfusion services around the world

BACKGROUND

Disparities in the availability of reperfusion services for acute ischemic stroke are considerable globally and require urgent attention. Contemporary data on the availability of reperfusion services in different countries are used to provide the necessary evidence to prioritize where access to acute stroke treatment is needed.

AIMS

To provide a snapshot of published literature on the provision of reperfusion services globally, including when facilitated by telemedicine or mobile stroke unit services.

METHODS

We searched PubMed to identify original articles, published up to January 2023 for the most recent, representative, and relevant patient-level data for each country. Keywords included thrombolysis, endovascular thrombectomy and telemedicine. We also screened reference lists of review articles, citation history of articles, and the gray literature. The information is provided as a narrative summary.

RESULTS

Of 11,222 potentially eligible articles retrieved, 148 were included for review following de-duplications and full-text review. Data were also obtained from national stroke clinical registry reports, Registry of Stroke Care Quality (RES-Q) and PRE-hospital Stroke Treatment Organization (PRESTO) repositories, and other national sources. Overall, we found evidence of the provision of intravenous thrombolysis services in 70 countries (63% high-income countries (HICs)) and endovascular thrombectomy services in 33 countries (68% HICs), corresponding to far less than half of the countries in the world. Recent data (from 2019 or later) were lacking for 35 of 67 countries with known year of data (52%). We found published data on 74 different stroke telemedicine programs (93% in HICs) and 14 active mobile stroke unit pre-hospital ambulance services (80% in HICs) around the world.

CONCLUSION

Despite remarkable advancements in reperfusion therapies for stroke, it is evident from available patient-level data that their availability remains unevenly distributed globally. Contemporary published data on availability of reperfusion services remain scarce, even in HICs, thereby making it difficult to reliably ascertain current gaps in the provision of this vital acute stroke treatment around the world.

The impact of frailty on short-term prognosis in discharged adult stroke patients: A multicenter prospective cohort study

BACKGROUND

Frailty is commonly observed in stroke patients and it is associated with adverse outcomes. However, there remains a gap in longitudinal studies investigating the causal relationship between baseline frailty and short-term prognosis in discharged adult stroke patients.

OBJECTIVE

To examine the causal impact of frailty on non-elective readmission and major adverse cardiac and cerebral events, and investigate its associations with cognitive impairment and post-stroke disability.

DESIGN

A multicenter prospective cohort study.

SETTING

Two tertiary hospitals in Central and Northwest China.

PARTICIPANTS

667 adult stroke patients in stroke units were included from January 2022 to June 2022.

METHODS

Baseline frailty was assessed by the Frailty Scale. Custom-designed questions were utilized to assess non-elective readmission and major adverse cardiac and cerebral events as primary outcomes. Cognitive impairment, assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination Scale (MMSE), and post-stroke disability, measured with the Modified Rankin Scale (mRS), were considered secondary outcomes at a 3-month follow-up. The impact of baseline frailty on non-elective readmission and major adverse cardiac and cerebral events was examined using bivariate and multiple Cox regression analyses. Furthermore, associations between baseline frailty and cognitive impairment, or post-stroke disability, were investigated through generalized linear models.

RESULTS

A total of 5 participants died, 12 had major adverse cardiac and cerebral events, and 57 had non-selective readmission among 667 adult stroke patients. Frailty was an independent risk factor for non-selective readmission (hazard ratio [HR]: 2.71, 95 % confidence interval [CI]: 1.59, 4.62) and major adverse cardiac and cerebral events (HR: 3.77, 95 % CI: 1.07, 13.22) for stroke patients. Baseline frailty was correlated with cognitive impairment (regression coefficient [β]: -2.68, 95 % CI: -3.78, -1.58) adjusting for socio-demographic and clinical factors and follow-up interval. However, the relationship between frailty and cognitive impairment did not reach statistical significance when further adjusting for baseline MMSE (β: -0.39, 95 % CI: -1.43, 0.64). Moreover, baseline frailty was associated with post-stroke disability (β: 0.36, 95 % CI: 0.08, 0.65) adjusting for socio-demographic and clinical variables, follow-up interval, and baseline mRS.

CONCLUSIONS

The finding highlights the importance of assessing baseline frailty in discharged adult stroke patients, as it is significantly associated with non-elective readmission, major adverse cardiac and cerebral events, and post-stroke disability at 3 months. These results highlight the crucial role of screening and evaluating frailty status in improving short-term prognosis for adult stroke patients. Interventions should be developed to address baseline frailty and mitigate the short-term prognosis of stroke.

TWEETABLE ABSTRACT

Baseline frailty predicts non-elective readmission, major adverse cardiac and cerebral events, and post-stroke disability in adult stroke patients. @haiyanhexyyy.

Variation in brain connectivity during motor imagery and motor execution in stroke patients based on electroencephalography

Objective

The objective of this study was to analyze the changes in connectivity between motor imagery (MI) and motor execution (ME) in the premotor area (PMA) and primary motor cortex (MA) of the brain, aiming to explore suitable forms of treatment and potential therapeutic targets.

Methods

Twenty-three inpatients with stroke were selected, and 21 right-handed healthy individuals were recruited. EEG signal during hand MI and ME (synergy and isolated movements) was recorded. Correlations between functional brain areas during MI and ME were compared.

Results

PMA and MA were significantly and positively correlated during hand MI in all participants. The power spectral density (PSD) values of PMA EEG signals were greater than those of MA during MI and ME in both groups. The functional connectivity correlation was higher in the stroke group than in healthy people during MI, especially during left-handed MI. During ME, functional connectivity correlation in the brain was more enhanced during synergy movements than during isolated movements. The regions with abnormal functional connectivity were in the 18th lead of the left PMA area.

Conclusion

Left-handed MI may be crucial in MI therapy, and the 18th lead may serve as a target for non-invasive neuromodulation to promote further recovery of limb function in patients with stroke. This may provide support for the EEG theory of neuromodulation therapy for hemiplegic patients.

Hippocampal-derived extracellular vesicle synergistically deliver active adenosine hippocampus targeting to promote cognitive recovery after stroke

Ischemic stroke is a neurological disease that leads to brain damage and severe cognitive impairment. In this study, extracellular vesicles(Ev) derived from mouse hippocampal cells (HT22) were used as carriers, and adenosine (Ad) was encapsulated to construct Ev-Ad to target the damaged hippocampus. The results showed that, Ev-Ad had significant antioxidant effect and inhibited apoptosis. In vivo, Ev-Ad reduced cell death and reversed inflammation in hippocampus of ischemic mice, and improved long-term memory and learning impairment by regulating the expression of the A1 receptor and the A2A receptor in the CA1 region. Thus, the developmental approach based on natural carriers that encapsulating Ad not only successfully restored nerves after ischemic stroke, but also improved cognitive impairment in the later stage of ischemic stroke convalescence. The development and design of therapeutic drugs provides a new concept and method for the treatment of cognitive impairment in the convalescent phase after ischemic stroke.

Cholinergic signaling of muscarinic receptors directly involves in the neuroprotection of muscone by inducing Ca2+ antagonism and maintaining mitochondrial function

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Musk, a traditional Chinese medicine, is broadly used in inducing resuscitation and refreshing the mind, activating blood and alleviating pain. It is commonly used for the treatment of ischemic stroke, and muscone is its core medicinal component.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The aim of this study was to explore whether muscone ameliorates neuronal damage through cholinergic signaling of muscarinic receptors.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The effects of muscone were tested in a rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) as well as injured neurons induced by oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) in PC12 cells. Cell counting kit 8 (CCK8) assay was used to measure the cell viability, and the production of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and adenosine-triphosphate (ATP) were examined by kit. 2',7'-Dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA), tetramethylrhodamine ethyl ester (TMRE) and Fluo-4 acetoxymethyl ester (Fluo-4 AM) staining were used to demonstrate effect of muscone on the reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, mitochondria membrane potential (MMP) and intracellular Ca2+ measurement in cells respectively, in which all of those staining was visualized by laser confocal microscope. For in vivo experiments, rats' cerebral blood flow was measured using laser Doppler blood flowmetry to evaluate the MCAO model, and a modified neurological severity score (mNSS) was used to assess the recovery of neurological function. Calculate infarct rate was measured by 2,3,5-Triphenyl Tetrazolium Chloride (TTC) staining. Except DCFH-DA and Fluo-4 AM staining, 5,5',6,6'-tetrachloro-1,1',3,3'-tetraethyl benzimidazolylcarbocyanine iodide (JC-1) staining was used to observe intracellular Ca2+ measurement in brain cells. Protein levels in cells and tissues were detected by Western blot.

RESULTS

Pretreatment with muscone significantly improved the cell viability, lactic acid production, mitochondrial membrane potential collapse and function, Ca2+ overload, ROS generation, and cell apoptosis in OGD PC12 cells. Muscone also regulated PI3K, ERK and AKT signal pathways by activating cholinergic signaling of muscarinic receptors in PC12 cells induced with OGD. More importantly, the blocking of cholinergic signaling of muscarinic receptors by atropine significantly reduces the neuroprotective effects of muscone, including the cell viability, Ca2+ efflux, and mitochondrial repair. Furthermore, muscone was found to effectively alleviate mitochondrial dysfunction and elevated levels of ROS induced by the MCAO in the brain tissue. Notably, this beneficial effect of muscone was attenuated by atropine but not by (+)-Sparteine.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study indicates that muscone exerts its neuroprotective effects by activating muscarinic receptors of cholinergic signaling, thus providing a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of OGD-induced nerve injury in stroke. The findings suggest that these treatments may hold potential benefits for stroke patients.

Dynamic changes and lifetime effect of functional disability profiles for stroke patients: real-world evidence from South Korea

PURPOSE

This work aimed to investigate the long-term dynamic changes of functional disabilities and estimate lifetime outcomes of different functional disabilities after a stroke, using real-world data from a nationally representative South Korean cohort.

METHODS

Patients aged 18 and above with ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes were identified from the Korea Health Panel (KHP) data (2008-2018). Functional disabilities were repeatedly measured for patients aged 55 and over for the prevalence of disabilities associated with activities of daily living (ADL), and kernel smoothing means were estimated for each item. The lifetime survival function of stroke patients in Korea was adopted from another study utilizing the National Health Insurance Service of Korea's national sample cohort. By multiplying the disability-free proportion with the survival function throughout life, disability-free life expectancy (DFLE) for each ADL item was estimated. The loss-of-DFLE was calculated by subtracting the DFLE from age-, sex-, and calendar year-matched referents simulated from Korean life tables.

RESULTS

The KHP dataset included 466 stroke patients. The overall functional disability needs increased over time after stroke diagnosis. DFLE was lowest for bathing (10.1 years for ischemic stroke and 12.8 years for hemorrhagic stroke), followed by those for dressing and washing. Loss-of-DFLE was highest for bathing for ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes (7.2 and 10.7 years, respectively), indicating that this task required the most assistance for stroke patients compared with the other tasks. DFLEs were slightly lower than the quality-adjusted life expectancy of stroke patients.

CONCLUSION

Our findings provide valuable insights for resource allocation and policy decisions in long-term stroke care, potentially enhancing the quality of life for stroke survivors and caregivers.

Muscle weakness is more strongly associated with functional outcomes in patients with stroke than sarcopenia or muscle wasting: an observational study

BACKGROUND

Stroke-related sarcopenia is an important prognosis factor and an intervention target for improving outcomes in patients with stroke.

AIM

This study aimed to identify the association between sarcopenia, possible sarcopenia, muscle weakness, muscle mass and calf circumference, and the functional outcomes 3 months after stroke.

METHODS

In this single-centre prospective observational study, muscle strength, muscle mass, and calf circumference were measured in patients with acute stroke at hospital discharge. Diagnosis of sarcopenia, possible sarcopenia, muscle weakness, low muscle mass, and low calf circumference were defined according to the 2019 Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia criteria. The primary outcome measure was the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score at 3 months, with an mRS score of 3 or higher indicating a poor outcome. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to examine independent associations between each assessment and functional outcomes.

RESULTS

A total of 247 patients (median age: 73 years) were included in this study. The prevalence of sarcopenia was 28% (n = 70), and in the adjusted model, sarcopenia (aOR = 2.60, 95% CI 1.07-6.31, p = 0.034), muscle weakness (aOR = 3.40, 95% CI 1.36-8.52, p = 0.009), and low muscle mass (aOR = 2.61, 95% CI 1.04-6.52) were significantly associated with poor functional outcome. Nevertheless, other evaluations did not demonstrate an independent association with the outcome.

CONCLUSION

Sarcopenia, muscle weakness, and low muscle mass were found to be independently associated with functional outcomes 3 months after stroke, and muscle weakness exhibited the strongest association with outcomes among them.

30-day in-hospital stroke case fatality and significant risk factors in sub-Saharan-Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Existing studies investigating 30-day in-hospital stroke case fatality rates in sub-Saharan Africa have produced varying results, underscoring the significance of obtaining precise and reliable estimations for this indicator. Consequently, this study aimed to conduct a systematic review and update of the current scientific evidence regarding 30-day in-hospital stroke case fatality and associated risk factors in sub-Saharan Africa. Medline/PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), APA PsycNet (encompassing PsycINFO and PsychArticle), Google Scholar, and Africa Journal Online (AJOL) were systematically searched to identify potentially relevant articles. Two independent assessors extracted the data from the eligible studies using a pre-tested and standardized excel spreadsheet. Outcomes were 30-day in-hospital stroke case fatality and associated risk factors. Data was pooled using random effects model. Ninety-three (93) studies involving 42,057 participants were included. The overall stroke case fatality rate was 27% [25%-29%]. Subgroup analysis revealed 24% [21%-28%], 25% [21%-28%], 29% [25%-32%] and 31% [20%-43%] stroke case fatality rates in East Africa, Southern Africa, West Africa, and Central Africa respectively. Stroke severity, stroke type, untyped stroke, and post-stroke complications were identified as risk factors. The most prevalent risk factors were low (<8) Glasgow Coma Scale score, high (≥10) National Institute Health Stroke Scale score, aspiration pneumonia, hemorrhagic stroke, brain edema/intra-cranial pressure, hyperglycemia, untyped stroke (stroke diagnosis not confirmed by neuroimaging), recurrent stroke and fever. The findings indicate that one in every four in-hospital people with stroke in sub-Saharan Africa dies within 30 days of admission. Importantly, the identified risk factors are mostly modifiable and preventable, highlighting the need for context-driven health policies, clinical guidelines, and treatments targeting these factors.

Effects of butylphthalide on cerebral vascular circulation, coagulation function, and neurological function in patients with acute severe ischemic stroke following intravenous thrombolysis: a preliminary study

OBJECTIVE

To analyze the effects of Butylphthalide on cerebral vascular circulation, coagulation function, and neurological function in patients with acute severe ischemic stroke following intravenous thrombolysis.

METHODS

Clinical efficacy, cerebral vascular circulation indicators [anterior cerebral artery (ACA), middle cerebral artery (MCA), vertebral artery (VA) blood flow velocity], coagulation function indicators [prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), thrombin time (TT), fibrinogen (FIB)], neurological function indicators [Activities of Daily Living (ADL) score.

RESULTS

The total effective rate of treatment in the control group was 76.47%, while in the observation group, it was 96.08%, with the observation group showing a significantly higher total effective rate than the control group (p < 0.05). Before treatment, there was no significant difference in ACA, MCA, and VA blood flow velocity between the two groups (p > 0.05). However, after treatment, the ACA, MCA, and VA blood flow velocity in the observation group were significantly higher than those in the control group (p < 0.05). Before treatment, there was no significant difference in PT, APTT, TT, and FIB levels between the two groups (p > 0.05).

CONCLUSION

In patients with acute severe ischemic stroke undergoing intravenous thrombolysis, the addition of Butylphthalide to the treatment regimen yields favorable clinical outcomes. Compared to Alteplase alone, the addition of Butylphthalide further improves cerebral vascular circulation and coagulation function, promoting the recovery and reconstruction of neurological function in patients. Importantly, the addition of Butylphthalide does not increase the risk of adverse reactions, making it a safe and ideal option for clinical application.

CircSKA3 is Associated With the Risk of Extracranial Artery Stenosis and Plaque Instability Among Ischemic Stroke Patients

Circular RNA circSKA3 (spindle and kinetochore-related complex subunit 3) has been identified as a prognostic factor in ischemic stroke. The objective of this study was to investigate the association of circSKA3 with the risk of extracranial artery stenosis (ECAS) and plaque instability in patients with ischemic stroke. We constructed a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network regulated by circSKA3 based on differentially expressed circRNAs and mRNAs between five patients and five controls. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis was performed on the 65 mRNAs within the network, revealing their primary involvement in inflammatory biological processes. A total of 284 ischemic stroke patients who underwent various imaging examinations were included for further analyses. Each 1 standard deviation increase in the log-transformed blood circSKA3 level was associated with a 56.3% increased risk of ECAS (P = 0.005) and a 142.1% increased risk of plaque instability (P = 0.005). Patients in the top tertile of circSKA3 had a 2.418-fold (P < 0.05) risk of ECAS compared to the reference group (P for trend = 0.02). CircSKA3 demonstrated a significant but limited ability to discriminate the presence of ECAS (AUC = 0.594, P = 0.015) and unstable carotid plaques (AUC = 0.647, P = 0.034). CircSKA3 improved the reclassification power for ECAS (NRI: 9.86%, P = 0.012; IDI: 2.97%, P = 0.007) and plaque instability (NRI: 36.73%, P = 0.008; IDI: 7.05%, P = 0.04) beyond conventional risk factors. CircSKA3 played an important role in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke by influencing inflammatory biological processes. Increased circSKA3 was positively associated with the risk of ECAS and plaque instability among ischemic stroke patients.

Incidence and case fatality of stroke in Korea, 2011-2020

OBJECTIVES

Stroke remains the second leading cause of death in Korea. This study was designed to estimate the crude, age-adjusted and age-specific incidence rates, as well as the case fatality rate of stroke, in Korea from 2011 to 2020.

METHODS

We utilized data from the National Health Insurance Services from January 1, 2002 to December 31, 2020, to calculate incidence rates and 30-day and 1-year case fatality rates of stroke. Additionally, we determined sex and age-specific incidence rates and computed age-standardized incidence rates by direct standardization to the 2005 population.

RESULTS

The crude incidence rate of stroke hovered around 200 (per 100,000 person-years) from 2011 to 2015, then surged to 218.4 in 2019, before marginally declining to 208.0 in 2020. Conversely, the age-standardized incidence rate consistently decreased by 25% between 2011 and 2020. When stratified by sex, the crude incidence rate increased between 2011 and 2019 for both sexes, followed by a decrease in 2020. Age-standardized incidence rates displayed a downward trend throughout the study period for both sexes. Across all age groups, the 30-day and 1-year case fatality rates of stroke consistently decreased from 2011 to 2019, only to increase in 2020.

CONCLUSIONS

Despite a decrease in the age-standardized incidence rate, the total number of stroke events in Korea continues to rise due to the rapidly aging population. Moreover, 2020 witnessed a decrease in incidence but an increase in case fatality rates.

Pharyngeal Cavity Electrical Stimulation-Assisted Swallowing for Post-stroke Dysphagia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Studies

Stroke is the leading cause of death and disability among adults. The incidence of stroke per 100, 000 patient-years was 2875. As many as 37% to 78% of patients with acute strokes suffer dysphagia. Dysphagia can easily lead to inhalation pneumonia, dehydration, malnutrition, and other serious complications, affecting the quality of life of stroke patients and increasing their mortality. Effective prevention and treatment of post-stroke dysphagia are of great significance to improving the prognosis and quality of life of patients. Some studies have shown that Pharyngeal cavity electrical stimulation-assisted swallowing (PCES-assisted swallowing) has a positive effect on patients with post-stroke dysphagia. This study will evaluate the effects of PCES-assisted swallowing on post-stroke dysphagia, including swallowing function, withdrawal rate of nasal feeding tubes, duration of hospitalization, and so on. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of PCES-assisted swallowing in the treatment of post-stroke dysphagia were searched in eight databases, including Cochrane Library, Embase, PubMed, Web of Science, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, VIP Information Resource System, CNKI, and Wanfang Medical Science. The retrieval time was from the database establishment to June 2022. Rayyan was used to screen the retrieved literature risk of bias for included studies and was calculated using ROB2.0. The RevMan 5.3 software was used for the meta-analysis with the standard mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI). The model type was a random effect model, The risk ratio (RR) was used as the effect size for the two categorical variables. The swallowing function scores, withdrawal rate of nasal feeding tubes, and Length of stay (LOS) of the intervention and control groups were extracted, and the results of the meta-analysis were presented using a forest plot. Six studies from 2010 to 2018 with a total of 341 people were included in the meta-analysis. All studies reported quantitative outcome measures for the severity of dysphagia, and some reported the withdrawal rate of nasal feeding tubes, LOS, and penetration-aspiration-scale (PAS). The overall swallowing function of the PCES group was better than that of the control group (SMD = - 0.20, 95%CI - 0.38 to - 0.03, P = 0.02). In terms of the severity of dysphagia, there was a statistically significant difference in the Dysphagia Severity Rating scale (DSRS) between the Pharyngeal cavity electrical stimulation (PCES) group and the control group (SMD = - 0.24, 95%CI - 0.48 to 0, P = 0.05). The PCES group nasal feeding withdrawal rate of nasal feeding tubes was higher than the control group (RR = 2.88, 95% CI 1.15 to 7.26, P = 0.02). There was no significant difference in the LOS between the PCES group and the control group (SMD = - 0.19, 95%CI - 0.44 to 0.07, P = 0.15). This systematic review and meta-analysis provide reasonably reliable evidence that PCES-assisted swallowing can improve nasogastric feeding swallowing function and the withdrawal rate of nasal feeding tubes in patients with post-stroke dysphagia. However, the evidence for reducing oral feeding, aspiration, and length of hospitalization stay is lacking, and further studies are needed.

A mirror therapy system using virtual reality and an actuated exoskeleton for the recovery of hand motor impairments: a study of acceptability, usability, and embodiment

Hand motor impairments are one of the main causes of disabilities worldwide. Rehabilitation procedures like mirror therapy are given crucial importance. In the traditional setup, the patient moves the healthy hand in front of a mirror; the view of the mirrored motion tricks the brain into thinking that the impaired hand is moving as well, stimulating the recovery of the lost hand functionalities. We propose an innovative mirror therapy system that leverages and couples cutting-edge technologies. Virtual reality recreates an immersive and effective mirroring effect; a soft hand exoskeleton accompanies the virtual visual perception by physically inducing the mirrored motion to the real hand. Three working modes of our system have been tested with 21 healthy users. The system is ranked as acceptable by the system usability scale; it does not provoke adverse events or sickness in the users, according to the simulator sickness questionnaire; the three execution modes are also compared w.r.t. the sense of embodiment, evaluated through another customized questionnaire. The achieved results show the potential of our system as a clinical tool and reveal its social and economic impact.

Pressure-support compared with pressure-controlled ventilation mitigates lung and brain injury in experimental acute ischemic stroke in rats

BACKGROUND

We aimed to evaluate the pulmonary and cerebral effects of low-tidal volume ventilation in pressure-support (PSV) and pressure-controlled (PCV) modes at two PEEP levels in acute ischemic stroke (AIS).

METHODS

In this randomized experimental study, AIS was induced by thermocoagulation in 30 healthy male Wistar rats. After 24 h, AIS animals were randomly assigned to PSV or PCV with VT = 6 mL/kg and PEEP = 2 cmH2O (PSV-PEEP2 and PCV-PEEP2) or PEEP = 5 cmH2O (PSV-PEEP5 and PCV-PEEP5) for 2 h. Lung mechanics, arterial blood gases, and echocardiography were evaluated before and after the experiment. Lungs and brain tissue were removed for histologic and molecular biology analysis. The primary endpoint was diffuse alveolar damage (DAD) score; secondary endpoints included brain histology and brain and lung molecular biology markers.

RESULTS

In lungs, DAD was lower with PSV-PEEP5 than PCV-PEEP5 (p < 0.001); interleukin (IL)-1β was lower with PSV-PEEP2 than PCV-PEEP2 (p = 0.016) and PSV-PEEP5 than PCV-PEEP5 (p = 0.046); zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) was lower in PCV-PEEP5 than PCV-PEEP2 (p = 0.042). In brain, necrosis, hemorrhage, neuropil edema, and CD45 + microglia were lower in PSV than PCV animals at PEEP = 2 cmH2O (p = 0.036, p = 0.025, p = 0.018, p = 0.011, respectively) and PEEP = 5 cmH2O (p = 0.003, p = 0.003, p = 0.007, p = 0.003, respectively); IL-1β was lower while ZO-1 was higher in PSV-PEEP2 than PCV-PEEP2 (p = 0.009, p = 0.007, respectively), suggesting blood-brain barrier integrity. Claudin-5 was higher in PSV-PEEP2 than PSV-PEEP5 (p = 0.036).

CONCLUSION

In experimental AIS, PSV compared with PCV reduced lung and brain injury. Lung ZO-1 reduced in PCV with PEEP = 2 versus PEEP = 5 cmH2O, while brain claudin-5 increased in PSV with PEEP = 2 versus PEEP = 5 cmH2O.

Knowledge and Awareness of Stroke among the Elderly Population: Analysis of Data from a Sample of Older Adults in a Developing Country

Background and Objectives: Stroke prevention has traditionally concentrated on research to improve knowledge and awareness of the disease in the general population. Since stroke incidents increase with age, there is a need to focus on the elderly, a high-risk group for developing the disease. This study aimed to examine the level of stroke awareness and knowledge, their predictors, and their source of information. Materials and Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study targeted Lebanese senior citizens aged 65 years and above. A total of 513 participants enrolled in the study through a self-administered survey distributed using a snowball sampling technique. Results: Most participants had appropriate baseline knowledge (more than 75% correct answers) of stroke, including risk factors, alarming signs, and preventive measures. Better knowledge of disease risks was significantly associated with having a university degree (ORa = 1.609; p = 0.029). Participants who had previous ischemic attacks showed significantly lower knowledge of the alarming signs (ORa = 0.467; p = 0.036) and prevention measures (ORa = 0.427; p = 0.029). Those suffering from depression had better knowledge of stroke alarming signs (ORa = 2.060.; p = 0.050). Seeking information from pharmacists, physicians, or the internet was not significantly associated with better knowledge of stroke risks, alarming signs, and preventive measures. Conclusions: The present study showed that seniors had fair knowledge of stroke, despite gaps in stroke prevention measures. Healthcare providers could play a leading role in improving public health by educating seniors to enhance awareness about prevention measures, detecting alarming signs, and acting fast to save a life.

Telerehabilitation for Stroke: A Personalized Multi-Domain Approach in a Pilot Study

Stroke, a leading cause of long-term disability worldwide, manifests as motor, speech language, and cognitive impairments, necessitating customized rehabilitation strategies. In this context, telerehabilitation (TR) strategies have emerged as promising solutions. In a multi-center longitudinal pilot study, we explored the effects of a multi-domain TR program, comprising physiotherapy, speech therapy, and neuropsychological treatments. In total, 84 stroke survivors (74 analyzed) received 20 tailored sessions per domain, addressing individual impairments and customized to their specific needs. Positive correlations were found between initial motor function, cognitive status, independence in activities of daily living (ADLs), and motor function improvement after TR. A lower initial health-related quality of life (HRQoL) perception hindered progress, but improved ADL independence and overall health status, and reduced depression correlated with a better QoL. Furthermore, post-treatment improvements were observed in the entire sample in terms of fine motor skills, upper-limb functionality, balance, independence, and cognitive impairment. This multi-modal approach shows promise in enhancing stroke rehabilitation and highlights the potential of TR in addressing the complex needs of stroke survivors through a comprehensive support and interdisciplinary collaboration, personalized for each individual's needs.

Feasibility, safety, and efficacy of task-oriented mirrored robotic training on upper-limb functions and activities of daily living in subacute poststroke patients: a pilot study

BACKGROUND

Robotic training with high repetitions facilitates upper-limb movements but provides fewer benefits for activities of daily living. Integrating activities of daily living training tasks and mirror therapy into a robot may enhance the functional gains of robotic training.

AIM

The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of the task-oriented mirrored upper-limb robotic training on the upper-limb functions and activities of daily living of subacute poststroke patients.

DESIGN

This study is a single-blinded, active-controlled pilot study.

SETTING

The study was carried out at rehabilitation outpatient clinic and ward.

POPULATION

A total of 32 subacute poststroke patients were enrolled in the study.

METHODS

The enrolled patients were allocated into two groups in a ratio of 1:1. The experimental group received 4 weeks of task-oriented mirrored upper-limb robotic training, consisting of five sessions of 30-minute duration, along with 30 minutes of conventional training. The control group only received 60 minutes of conventional training. The outcome measures were the Fugl-Meyer Assessment Scale for Upper Extremity, Modified Barthel Index, Stroke Self-Efficacy Scale, System Usability Scale, and Quebec User Evaluation with Assistive Technology.

RESULTS

All patients completed the full training sessions without significant adverse events related to robotic training. The task-oriented mirrored upper-limb robotic training led to increased Fugl-Meyer Assessment Scale for Upper Extremity (difference: 10.38 points, P<0.001) and Modified Barthel Index (difference: 18.38 points, P<0.001) scores, both of which exceeded the minimal clinically important difference. Intergroup analysis showed significantly higher improvements in the Fugl-Meyer Assessment Scale for Upper Extremity total scores, shoulder, wrist, and hand scores; and Modified Barthel Index scores in the experimental group than in conventional training (all P<0.05). Both groups showed significant improvements in Stroke Self-Efficacy Scale scores after the intervention (both P<0.001), but without a statistically significant intergroup difference (P>0.05). Participants in the experimental group scored an average usability perception score of 74.74 (good) and an average satisfaction score of four or more out of five.

CONCLUSIONS

In general, task-oriented mirrored upper-limb robotic training appears feasible and safe for subacute poststroke rehabilitation, facilitating the recovery of upper-limb functions and activities of daily living.

CLINICAL REHABILITATION IMPACT

Task-oriented mirrored upper-limb robotic training shows promise for future clinical rehabilitation and clinical trials involving subacute poststroke patients.

Pragmatic solutions to reduce the global burden of stroke: a World Stroke Organization-Lancet Neurology Commission

Stroke is the second leading cause of death worldwide. The burden of disability after a stroke is also large, and is increasing at a faster pace in low-income and middle-income countries than in high-income countries. Alarmingly, the incidence of stroke is increasing in young and middle-aged people (ie, age <55 years) globally. Should these trends continue, Sustainable Development Goal 3.4 (reducing the burden of stroke as part of the general target to reduce the burden of non-communicable diseases by a third by 2030) will not be met.

In this Commission, we forecast the burden of stroke from 2020 to 2050. We project that stroke mortality will increase by 50%—from 6·6 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 6·0 million–7·1 million) in 2020, to 9·7 million (8·0 million–11·6 million) in 2050—with disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) growing over the same period from 144·8 million (133·9 million–156·9 million) in 2020, to 189·3 million (161·8 million–224·9 million) in 2050. These projections prompted us to do a situational analysis across the four pillars of the stroke quadrangle: surveillance, prevention, acute care, and rehabilitation. We have also identified the barriers to, and facilitators for, the achievement of these four pillars. Disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) The sum of the years of life lost as a result of premature mortality from a disease and the years lived with a disability associated with prevalent cases of the disease in a population. One DALY represents the loss of the equivalent of one year of full health

On the basis of our assessment, we have identified and prioritised several recommendations. For each of the four pillars (surveillance, prevention, acute care, and rehabilitation), we propose pragmatic solutions for the implementation of evidence-based interventions to reduce the global burden of stroke. The estimated direct (ie, treatment and rehabilitation) and indirect (considering productivity loss) costs of stroke globally are in excess of US$891 billion annually. The pragmatic solutions we put forwards for urgent implementation should help to mitigate these losses, reduce the global burden of stroke, and contribute to achievement of Sustainable Development Goal 3.4, the WHO Intersectoral Global Action Plan on epilepsy and other neurological disorders (2022–2031), and the WHO Global Action Plan for prevention and control of non-communicable diseases.

Reduction of the global burden of stroke, particularly in low-income and middle-income countries, by implementing primary and secondary stroke prevention strategies and evidence-based acute care and rehabilitation services is urgently required. Measures to facilitate this goal include: the establishment of a framework to monitor and assess the burden of stroke (and its risk factors) and stroke services at a national level; the implementation of integrated population-level and individual-level prevention strategies for people at any increased risk of cerebrovascular disease, with emphasis on early detection and control of hypertension; planning and delivery of acute stroke care services, including the establishment of stroke units with access to reperfusion therapies for ischaemic stroke and workforce training and capacity building (and monitoring of quality indicators for these services nationally, regionally, and globally); the promotion of interdisciplinary stroke care services, training for caregivers, and capacity building for community health workers and other health-care providers working in stroke rehabilitation; and the creation of a stroke advocacy and implementation ecosystem that includes all relevant communities, organisations, and stakeholders.

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Assessing the causal effect of genetically predicted metabolites and metabolic pathways on stroke

BACKGROUND

Stroke is a common neurological disorder that disproportionately affects middle-aged and elderly individuals, leading to significant disability and mortality. Recently, human blood metabolites have been discovered to be useful in unraveling the underlying biological mechanisms of neurological disorders. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the causal relationship between human blood metabolites and susceptibility to stroke.

METHODS

Summary data from genome-wide association studies (GWASs) of serum metabolites and stroke and its subtypes were obtained separately. A total of 486 serum metabolites were used as the exposure. Simultaneously, 11 different stroke phenotypes were set as the outcomes, including any stroke (AS), any ischemic stroke (AIS), large artery stroke (LAS), cardioembolic stroke (CES), small vessel stroke (SVS), lacunar stroke (LS), white matter hyperintensities (WMH), intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), transient ischemic attack (TIA), and brain microbleeds (BMB). A two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) study was conducted to investigate the causal effects of serum metabolites on stroke and its subtypes. The inverse variance-weighted MR analyses were conducted as causal estimates, accompanied by a series of sensitivity analyses to evaluate the robustness of the results. Furthermore, a reverse MR analysis was conducted to assess the potential for reverse causation. Additionally, metabolic pathway analysis was performed using the web-based MetOrigin.

RESULTS

After correcting for the false discovery rate (FDR), MR analysis results revealed remarkable causative associations with 25 metabolites. Further sensitivity analyses confirmed that only four causative associations involving three specific metabolites passed all sensitivity tests, namely ADpSGEGDFXAEGGGVR* for AS (OR: 1.599, 95% CI 1.283-1.993, p = 2.92 × 10-5) and AIS (OR: 1.776, 95% CI 1.380-2.285, p = 8.05 × 10-6), 1-linoleoylglycerophosph-oethanolamine* for LAS (OR: 0.198, 95% CI 0.091-0.428, p = 3.92 × 10-5), and gamma-glutamylmethionine* for SAH (OR: 3.251, 95% CI 1.876-5.635, p = 2.66 × 10-5), thereby demonstrating a high degree of stability. Moreover, eight causative associations involving seven other metabolites passed both sensitivity tests and were considered robust. The association result of one metabolite (glutamate for LAS) was considered non-robust. As for the remaining metabolites, we speculate that they may potentially possess underlying causal relationships. Notably, no common metabolites emerged from the reverse MR analysis. Moreover, after FDR correction, metabolic pathway analysis identified 40 significant pathways across 11 stroke phenotypes.

CONCLUSIONS

The identified metabolites and their associated metabolic pathways are promising circulating metabolic biomarkers, holding potential for their application in stroke screening and preventive strategies within clinical settings.

Built Environments to Support Rehabilitation for People With Stroke From the Hospital to the Home (B-Sure): Protocol for a Mixed Method Participatory Co-Design Study

BACKGROUND

A global trend is to move rehabilitation closer to people's neighborhoods and homes. Still, little attention has been given to how the built environment outside the hospital setting might impact rehabilitation and recovery for stroke survivors.

OBJECTIVE

The overarching objective of this project is to develop conceptual models of built environments that support stroke rehabilitation and recovery outside the hospital setting. Specifically, the project will explore factors and characteristics of the built environment that support people with stroke and their families and identify innovative built environments that can be designed for local health care. The project will examine facilitators and obstacles for implementing built environmental solutions and evaluate the potential benefits, feasibility, and acceptability.

METHODS

The project uses a mixed methods design approach with 3 phases. In phase 1, factors and characteristics of the built environment for rehabilitation will be identified. Based on the results from phase 1, phase 2 will involve co-designing prototypes of environments to support the rehabilitation process for people with stroke. Finally, the prototypes will be evaluated in phase 3. Qualitative and quantitative methods will include a literature review, a concept mapping (CM) study, stakeholder interviews, prototype development, and testing. The project will use multidimensional scaling, hierarchical cluster analysis, descriptive statistics for quantitative data, and content analysis for qualitative data. Location analysis will rely on the location-allocation model for network problems, and the rule-based analysis will be based on geographic information systems data.

RESULTS

As of the submission of this protocol, ethical approval for the CM study and the interview study has been obtained. Data collection is planned to start in September 2023 and the workshops later in the same year. The scoping review is ongoing from January 2023. The CM study is ongoing and will be finalized in the spring of 2024. We expect to finish the data analysis in the second half of 2024. The project is a 3-year project and will continue until December 2025.

CONCLUSIONS

We aim to determine how new environments could better support a person's control over their day, environment, goals, and ultimately control over their recovery and rehabilitation activities. This "taking charge" approach would have the greatest chance of transferring the care closer to the patient's home. By co-designing with multiple stakeholders, we aim to create solutions with the potential for rapid implementation. The project's outcomes may target other people with frail health after a hospital stay or older persons in Sweden and anywhere else. The impact and social benefits include collaboration between important stakeholders to explore how new environments can support the transition to local health care, co-design, and test of new conceptual models of environments that can promote health and well-being for people post stroke.

INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID)

DERR1-10.2196/52489.

A comparison of random survival forest and Cox regression for prediction of mortality in patients with hemorrhagic stroke

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate RSF and Cox models for mortality prediction of hemorrhagic stroke (HS) patients in intensive care unit (ICU).

METHODS

In the training set, the optimal models were selected using five-fold cross-validation and grid search method. In the test set, the bootstrap method was used to validate. The area under the curve(AUC) was used for discrimination, Brier Score (BS) was used for calibration, positive predictive value(PPV), negative predictive value(NPV), and F1 score were combined to compare.

RESULTS

A total of 2,990 HS patients were included. For predicting the 7-day mortality, the mean AUCs for RSF and Cox regression were 0.875 and 0.761, while the mean BS were 0.083 and 0.108. For predicting the 28-day mortality, the mean AUCs for RSF and Cox regression were 0.794 and 0.649, while the mean BS were 0.129 and 0.174. The mean AUCs of RSF and Cox versus conventional scores for predicting patients' 7-day mortality were 0.875 (RSF), 0.761 (COX), 0.736 (SAPS II), 0.723 (OASIS), 0.632 (SIRS), and 0.596 (SOFA), respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

RSF provided a better clinical reference than Cox. Creatine, temperature, anion gap and sodium were important variables in both models.

Fracture Risk Increases After Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack and Is Associated With Reduced Quality of Life

BACKGROUND

Fractures are a serious consequence following stroke, but it is unclear how these events influence health-related quality of life (HRQoL). We aimed to compare annualized rates of fractures before and after stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA), identify associated factors, and examine the relationship with HRQoL after stroke/TIA.

METHODS

Retrospective cohort study using data from the Australian Stroke Clinical Registry (2009-2013) linked with hospital administrative and mortality data. Rates of fractures were assessed in the 1-year period before and after stroke/TIA. Negative binomial regression, with censoring at death, was used to identify factors associated with fractures after stroke/TIA. Respondents provided HRQoL data once between 90 and 180 days after stroke/TIA using the EuroQoL 5-dimensional 3-level instrument. Adjusted logistic regression was used to assess differences in HRQoL at 90 to 180 days by previous fracture.

RESULTS

Among 13 594 adult survivors of stroke/TIA (49.7% aged ≥75 years, 45.5% female, 47.9% unable to walk on admission), 618 fractures occurred in the year before stroke/TIA (45 fractures per 1000 person-years) compared with 888 fractures in the year after stroke/TIA (74 fractures per 1000 person-years). This represented a relative increase of 63% (95% CI, 47%-80%). Factors associated with poststroke fractures included being female (incidence rate ratio [IRR], 1.34 [95% CI, 1.05-1.72]), increased age (per 10-year increase, IRR, 1.35 [95% CI, 1.21-1.50]), history of prior fracture(s; IRR, 2.56 [95% CI, 1.77-3.70]), and higher Charlson Comorbidity Scores (per 1-point increase, IRR, 1.18 [95% CI, 1.10-1.27]). Receipt of stroke unit care was associated with fewer poststroke fractures (IRR, 0.67 [95% CI, 0.49-0.93]). HRQoL at 90 to 180 days was worse among patients with prior fracture across the domains of mobility, self-care, usual activities, and pain/discomfort.

CONCLUSIONS

Fracture risk increases substantially after stroke/TIA, and a history of these events is associated with poorer HRQoL at 90 to 180 days after stroke/TIA.

Stroke related knowledge, prevention practices and associated factors among stroke patients in Taizhou, China

Stroke is characterized by high morbidity, high mortality and high disability rate, which is a major health problem worldwide. However, most community-based studies report a lack of public knowledge related to stroke. The aim of this study is to investigate stroke-related knowledge and prevention practices among stroke patients in Taizhou, China. A face-to-face survey was conducted and questionnaires were completed by 156 S patients from June 27 to August 30, 2022. A generalized linear model was applied to explore the factors influencing prevention practices. Among the total participants, 36.5% and 40.4% of them had good knowledge of the stroke-related warning signs and risk factors, respectively. Participants who had good stroke prevention practices accounted for 57.7%. The higher score of stroke-related knowledge among inpatients, the better their prevention practices (B = 0.16, 95 %CI: 0.05 ∼ 0.28). In addition, those with age ≥ 60 (B = 1.20, 95 %CI: 0.42 ∼ 1.97), females (B = 0.93, 95 %CI: 0.24 ∼ 1.61), having physical activities (B = 1.01, 95 %CI: 0.33 ∼ 1.68), or without underlying diseases (B = -1.67, 95 %CI:-2.42 ∼ -0.92) were also related with prevention practices. In general, this survey indicated that the stroke-related knowledge and prevention practices of participants were not good enough. Stroke related knowledge, age, sex, physical activity, and underlying disease were significant factors related to stroke prevention practices. These findings suggest the need to focus on stroke health education for stroke patients.

A systematic review on intracranial aneurysm and hemorrhage detection using machine learning and deep learning techniques

The risk of discovering an intracranial aneurysm during the initial screening and follow-up screening are reported as around 11%, and 7% respectively (Zuurbie et al., 2023) to these mass effects, unruptured aneurysms frequently generate symptoms, however, the real hazard occurs when an aneurysm ruptures and results in a cerebral hemorrhage known as a subarachnoid hemorrhage. The objective is to study the multiple kinds of hemorrhage and aneurysm detection problems and develop machine and deep learning models to recognise them. Due to its early stage, subarachnoid hemorrhage, the most typical symptom after aneurysm rupture, is an important medical condition. It frequently results in severe neurological emergencies or even death. Although most aneurysms are asymptomatic and won't burst, because of their unpredictable growth, even small aneurysms are susceptible. A timely diagnosis is essential to prevent early mortality because a large percentage of hemorrhage cases present can be fatal. Physiological/imaging markers and the degree of the subarachnoid hemorrhage can be used as indicators for potential early treatments in hemorrhage. The hemodynamic pathomechanisms and microcellular environment should remain a priority for academics and medical professionals. There is still disagreement about how and when to care for aneurysms that have not ruptured despite studies reporting on the risk of rupture and outcomes. We are optimistic that with the progress in our understanding of the pathophysiology of hemorrhages and aneurysms and the advancement of artificial intelligence has made it feasible to conduct analyses with a high degree of precision, effectiveness and reliability.

Stroke vs. Preeclampsia: Dangerous Liaisons of Hypertension and Pregnancy

Stroke during pregnancy and preeclampsia are two distinct but interrelated medical conditions, sharing a common denominator-blood control failure. Along with cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and hypercoagulability, hypertension is undoubtedly a major risk factor associated with stroke. Even though men have higher age-specific stroke rates, women are facing higher life-long stroke risk, primarily due to longer life expectancy. Sex hormones, especially estrogen and testosterone, seem to play a key link in the chain of blood pressure control differences between the genders. Women affected with stroke are more susceptible to experience some atypical stroke manifestations, which might eventually lead to delayed diagnosis establishment, and result in higher morbidity and mortality rates in the population of women. Preeclampsia is a part of hypertensive disorder of pregnancy spectrum, and it is common knowledge that women with a positive history of preeclampsia are at increased stroke risk during their lifetime. Preeclampsia and stroke display similar pathophysiological patterns, including hypertension, endothelial dysfunction, dyslipidemia, hypercoagulability, and cerebral vasomotor reactivity abnormalities. High-risk pregnancies carrying the burden of hypertensive disorder of pregnancy have up to a six-fold higher chance of suffering from stroke. Resemblance shared between placental and cerebral vascular changes, adaptations, and sophisticated auto-regulatory mechanisms are not merely coincidental, but they reflect distinctive and complex cardiovascular performances occurring in the maternal circulatory system during pregnancy. Placental and cerebral malperfusion appears to be in the midline of both of these conditions; placental malperfusion eventually leads to preeclampsia, and cerebral to stoke. Suboptimal performances of the cardiovascular system are proposed as a primary cause of uteroplacental malperfusion. Placental dysfunction is therefore designated as a secondary condition, initiated by the primary disturbances of the cardiovascular system, rather than an immunological disorder associated with abnormal trophoblast invasion. In most cases, with properly and timely applied measures of prevention, stroke is predictable, and preeclampsia is a controllable condition. Understanding the differences between preeclampsia and stroke in pregnancy is vital for healthcare providers to enhance their clinical decision-making strategies, improve patient care, and promote positive maternal and pregnancy outcomes. Management approaches for preeclampsia and stroke require a multidisciplinary approach involving obstetricians, neurologists, and other healthcare professionals.

Prevalence and risk factors of stroke in high-altitude areas: a systematic review and meta-analysis

OBJECTIVE

The primary objective of this study is to investigate the prevalence and risk factors of stroke in high-altitude areas through a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis.

DESIGN

This study adopts a systematic review and meta-analysis design.

DATA SOURCES

A thorough search was conducted on databases including PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane Library, MEDLINE and SCOPUS, covering the period up to June 2023.

ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA

Studies reporting the prevalence of stroke in high-altitude areas and exploring related risk factors were included, regardless of whether they involved clinical samples or the general population. Studies with incomplete, outdated or duplicate data were excluded.

DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS

We performed eligibility screening, data extraction and quality evaluation of the retrieved articles. Meta-analysis was employed to estimate the prevalence and risk factors of stroke in high-altitude areas. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used to assess the risk of bias.

RESULTS

A total of 17 studies encompassing 8 566 042 participants from four continents were included, with altitudes ranging from 1500 m to nearly 5000 m. The pooled prevalence of stroke in high-altitude areas was found to be 0.5% (95% CI 0.3%-7%). Notably, the prevalence was higher in clinical samples (1.2%; 0.4%-2.5%) compared with the general population (0.3%; 95% CI 0.1%-0.6%). When considering geographic regions, the aggregated data indicated that stroke prevalence in the Eurasia plate was 0.3% (0.2%-0.4%), while in the American region, it was 0.8% (0.4%-1.3%). Age (OR, 14.891), gender (OR, 1.289), hypertension (OR, 3.158) and obesity (OR, 1.502) were identified as significant risk factors for stroke in high-altitude areas.

CONCLUSIONS

The findings of this study provide insights into the pooled prevalence of stroke in high-altitude areas, highlighting variations based on geographic regions and sampling type. Moreover, age, gender, hypertension and obesity were found to be associated with the occurrence of stroke.

PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER

CRD42022381541.

Serum retinol-binding protein 4 in stroke patients: correlation with T helper 17/regulatory T cell imbalance and 3-year cognitive function decline

Objective

Retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) promotes atherosclerotic progression and neuronal loss, whereas its association with cognitive impairment in stroke is unclear. Hence, this prospective study aimed to explore the association of serum RBP4 with the T helper (Th)17/regulatory T (Treg) cell ratio and its correlation with cognitive impairment in stroke patients.

Methods

Peripheral blood samples from 265 stroke patients and 50 healthy controls (HCs) were collected at enrollment for serum RBP4 (by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and Th17 and Treg cells (by flow cytometry) determination. Additionally, stroke patients underwent routine follow-ups, and their Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores were assessed at baseline and in years 1, 2, and 3 after enrollment.

Results

Serum RBP4 was elevated in stroke patients compared to HCs (p < 0.001), with a good ability to differentiate stroke patients from HCs (area under the curve: 0.815). Serum RBP4 was positively associated with Th17 cells (p < 0.001) and the Th17/Treg cell ratio (p < 0.001) and negatively associated with Treg cells (p = 0.003) in stroke patients, whereas it was only positively associated with the Th17/Treg cell ratio (p = 0.027) but not with Th17 (p = 0.075) or Treg (p = 0.130) cells in HCs. Furthermore, increased serum RBP4 was associated with a lower MMSE score (p < 0.001) and a lower incidence of cognition impairment (p = 0.005) at enrollment in stroke patients, as were Th17 cells and the Th17/Treg cell ratio (all p < 0.050). The 1-, 2-, and 3-year MMSE scores in stroke patients were 25.9 ± 2.0, 25.3 ± 2.3, and 24.9 ± 2.3, respectively. More importantly, serum RBP4 was negatively correlated with 1-, 2-, and 3-year MMSE scores (all p < 0.001) and positively associated with 1-year (p = 0.013), 2-year (p = 0.007), and 3-year (p = 0.001) MMSE score declines in stroke patients.

Conclusion

Serum RBP4 is positively associated with a Th17/Treg cell imbalance and, more importantly, it is indicative of cognitive function decline within 3 years in stroke patients. Thus, early and timely interventions and physical rehabilitation are more necessary in stroke patients with high serum RBP4.

Optimization of Nutrition after Brain Injury: Mechanistic and Therapeutic Considerations

Emerging science continues to establish the detrimental effects of malnutrition in acute neurological diseases such as traumatic brain injury, stroke, status epilepticus and anoxic brain injury. The primary pathological pathways responsible for secondary brain injury include neuroinflammation, catabolism, immune suppression and metabolic failure, and these are exacerbated by malnutrition. Given this, there is growing interest in novel nutritional interventions to promote neurological recovery after acute brain injury. In this review, we will describe how malnutrition impacts the biomolecular mechanisms of secondary brain injury in acute neurological disorders, and how nutritional status can be optimized in both pediatric and adult populations. We will further highlight emerging therapeutic approaches, including specialized diets that aim to resolve neuroinflammation, immunodeficiency and metabolic crisis, by providing pre-clinical and clinical evidence that their use promotes neurologic recovery. Using nutrition as a targeted treatment is appealing for several reasons that will be discussed. Given the high mortality and both short- and long-term morbidity associated with acute brain injuries, novel translational and clinical approaches are needed.

Periodontal treatment and subsequent clinical outcomes and medical care costs: A retrospective cohort study

INTRODUCTION

Periodontitis is a common oral disease associated with coronary artery disease (CAD), cerebrovascular disease (CBVD) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). We studied if periodontitis treatment improves clinical outcomes and reduces medical care costs in patients with CAD, CBVD or T2D.

METHODS

We used clinic records and claims data from a health care system to identify patients with periodontitis and CAD, CBVD or T2D, and to assess periodontal treatments, hospitalizations, medical costs (total, inpatient, outpatient, pharmacy), glycated hemoglobin, cardiovascular events, and death following concurrent disease diagnoses. We compared clinical outcomes according to receipt of periodontal treatment and/or maintenance care in the follow-up period, and care costs according to treatment status within one year following concurrent disease diagnoses, while adjusting for covariates. The data were analyzed in 2019-21.

RESULTS

We identified 9,503 individuals, 4,057 of whom were in the CAD cohort; 3,247 in the CBVD cohort; and 4,879 in the T2D cohort. Patients who were selected and elected to receive treatment and maintenance care were less likely to be hospitalized than untreated individuals (CAD: OR = 0.71 (95% CI: 0.55, 0.92); CBVD: OR = 0.73 (0.56, 0.94); T2D: OR = 0.80 (0.64, 0.99)). Selection to treatment and/or maintenance care was not significantly associated with cardiovascular events, mortality, or glycated hemoglobin change. Total care costs did not differ significantly between treated and untreated groups over 4 years. Treated patients experienced lower inpatient costs but higher pharmacy costs.

CONCLUSIONS

Patients with periodontitis and CAD, CBVD or T2D who were selected and elected to undergo periodontal treatment or maintenance care had lower rates of hospitalizations, but did not differ significantly from untreated individuals in terms of clinical outcomes or total medical care costs.

Improving multidisciplinary hospital care for acute cerebral circulation disorders in Kazakhstan

Background

According to the World Stroke Organization, there was a significant increase in stroke cases, stroke deaths, and the DALY rate in low- and middle-income countries in 2022. The number of stroke cases rose by 70.0%, stroke deaths reached 86.0%, and the DALY rate reached 89.0%. Among cerebrovascular diseases, ischemic stroke accounts for 62.0% of all strokes, with more than 7.6 million cases reported annually.Kazakhstan, with a population of 19,832,737, is the largest country in Central Asia in terms of territory. In Kazakhstan, the incidence of cerebrovascular disease has risen from 258.4 cases per 100,000 population in 2015 to 433.7 cases per 100,000 population in 2020. Official statistics indicate that the average inpatient mortality rate from stroke in the country is 16.2%, and the average time for patients to be delivered to the hospital after an ambulance call is 40 min (83.2%).Our study findings reveal that in the regions of Kazakhstan, the main contributors to the high morbidity and mortality rates in stroke are a shortage of doctors, inadequate primary healthcare, insufficient follow-up and treatment, and delayed hospitalization. Consequently, this study has helped fill knowledge gaps regarding the epidemiological situation in these regions and underscores the need for training doctors in managing high-risk patients, establishing multidisciplinary home visit teams, and establishing "Stroke Schools" to enhance public awareness of early stroke signs and the fundamentals of a healthy lifestyle. Future research endeavors should consider these study results as valuable contributions towards addressing the existing problems.

Aim

To study the prevalence and mortality of acute cerebral circulation impairment in the population within multidisciplinary hospitals in the cities of Nur-Sultan and Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan, for the period of 2018-2020.This retrospective study was conducted in two stages. In the first stage, an analysis of morbidity, prevalence, and mortality was conducted for the population of Nur-Sultan and Almaty cities, as well as for the overall population of Kazakhstan. This analysis was based on data from the "Electronic Register of Discharged Patients" (IS ERDB) and the annual collection "Health of the Population of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Activities of Health Organizations in 2015-2020". In the second stage, we examined the care provided to patients with acute impaired cerebral circulation in a multidisciplinary hospital in these two cities. The analysis was based on data regarding the sex and age composition of treated patients in hospitals across the Republic of Kazakhstan, categorized according to the ICD-10 code "Acute Impaired Cerebral Circulation" (I60-I64). We investigated the methods of patients' delivery to medical organizations, types of hospitalization, and outcomes of treated patients. The sample of patients was selected using data from the "Electronic Register of Dispensary Patients" of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan, along with the statistical collection "Health of the Population of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Activities of Healthcare Organizations". Between January 1, 2018, and December 31, 2020, a total of 5965 patients were diagnosed with a cerebrovascular event and admitted to a general hospital in Nur-Sultan city, while 13,498 patients were diagnosed and admitted in Almaty city.

The Epidemic Characteristics of Stroke Death from 2012 to 2021 in Chongqing, China

INTRODUCTION

Stroke has become a major disease that threatens the global population's health and is a major public health problem that needs to be solved in China. Therefore, it is essential to analyze the trend of the mortality of stroke and its epidemic characteristic of stroke death.

METHODS

Death cases of stroke were reported to the national death registry system by the medical staff of all medical institutions, and the population data every year were obtained from District or County's Statistic Bureau in Chongqing. They were analyzed to calculate the mortality, age-standardized mortality rate by Chinese standardization population (ASMRC), age-specific mortality, proportion, and annual percent of change (APC) according to the ICD-10 code. ASMRC was based on the standard population of the 6th census in China, 2010. The stroke mortality of each subgroup was compared using the χ2 test. Trend analysis was presented by APC.

RESULTS

The crude mortality of stroke increased from 96.29 per 100,000 in 2012 to 115.93 per 100,000 significantly, with the APC of 2.02% (t = 2.82, p = 0.022) in Chongqing. ASMRC of stroke was 56.47 per 100,000 in 2012 and 54.70 per 100,000 in 2021, and its trend change was stable (APC = -0.01, t = 0.07, p = 0.947). The crude mortality of stroke in males was higher than that in females every year (p < 0.05). The death proportion of intracerebral hemorrhage dwindled from 60.53% in 2012 to 49.88% in 2021, whereas the death proportion of ischemic stroke increased from 20.92% in 2012 to 39.96% in 2021. The average age of stroke death was delayed from 73.43 years old in 2012 to 76.52 years old in 2021 significantly (t = 18.12, p < 0.001). The percentage of stroke death at home increased from 75.23% in 2012 to 79.23% in 2021, while the percentage of stroke death at hospitals decreased from 17.89% in 2012 to 15.89% in 2021.

CONCLUSION

The crude mortality of stroke surged, and intracerebral hemorrhage was the main death cause of all subtypes. The mortality of stroke in males and rural residents was higher than that in females and urban residents. Most stroke deaths occurred at home. Male and rural residents were crucial populations for stroke prevention and control. There should be improved medical resources in rural areas and enhanced capability of stroke diagnosis and treatment.

Association between genetic predisposition and disease burden of stroke in China: a genetic epidemiological study

Background

Stroke ranks second worldwide and first in China as a leading cause of death and disability. It has a polygenic architecture and is influenced by environmental and lifestyle factors. However, it remains unknown as to whether and how much the genetic predisposition of stroke is associated with disease burden.

Methods

Allele frequency from the whole genome sequencing data in the Chinese Millionome Database of 141,418 individuals and trait-specific polygenic risk score models were applied to estimate the provincial genetic predisposition to stroke, stroke-related risk factors and stroke-related drug response. Disease burden including mortality, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), years of life lost(YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs) and prevalence in China was collected from the Global Burden Disease study. The association between stroke genetic predisposition and the epidemiological burden was assessed and then quantified in both regression-based models and machine learning-based models at a provincial resolution.

Findings

Among the 30 administrative divisions in China, the genetic predisposition of stroke was characterized by a north-higher-than-south gradient (p < 0.0001). Genetic predisposition to stroke, blood pressure, body mass index, and alcohol use were strongly intercorrelated (rho >0.6; p < 0.05 after Bonferroni correction for each comparison). Genetic risk imposed an independent effect of approximately 1-6% on mortality, DALYs and YLLs.

Interpretation

The distribution pattern of stroke genetic predisposition is different at a macroscopic level, and it subtly but significantly impacts the epidemiological burden. Further research is warranted to identify the detailed aetiology and potential translation into public health measures.

Funding

Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission (Z191100006619106), CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences (CAMS-I2M, 2023-I2M-1-001), the National High Level Hospital Clinical Research Funding (2022-GSP-GG-17), National Natural Science Foundation of China (32000398, 32171441 to X.J.), Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province, China (2017A030306026 to X.J.), and National Key R&D Program of China (2022YFC2502402).

A Light-Weight Artificial Neural Network for Recognition of Activities of Daily Living

Human activity recognition (HAR) is essential for the development of robots to assist humans in daily activities. HAR is required to be accurate, fast and suitable for low-cost wearable devices to ensure portable and safe assistance. Current computational methods can achieve accurate recognition results but tend to be computationally expensive, making them unsuitable for the development of wearable robots in terms of speed and processing power. This paper proposes a light-weight architecture for recognition of activities using five inertial measurement units and four goniometers attached to the lower limb. First, a systematic extraction of time-domain features from wearable sensor data is performed. Second, a small high-speed artificial neural network and line search method for cost function optimization are used for activity recognition. The proposed method is systematically validated using a large dataset composed of wearable sensor data from seven activities (sitting, standing, walking, stair ascent/descent, ramp ascent/descent) associated with eight healthy subjects. The accuracy and speed results are compared against methods commonly used for activity recognition including deep neural networks, convolutional neural networks, long short-term memory and convolutional-long short-term memory hybrid networks. The experiments demonstrate that the light-weight architecture can achieve a high recognition accuracy of 98.60%, 93.10% and 84.77% for seen data from seen subjects, unseen data from seen subjects and unseen data from unseen subjects, respectively, and an inference time of 85 μs. The results show that the proposed approach can perform accurate and fast activity recognition with a reduced computational complexity suitable for the development of portable assistive devices.

Common Signaling Pathways Involved in Alzheimer's Disease and Stroke: Two Faces of the Same Coin

Alzheimer's disease (AD) and stroke are two interrelated neurodegenerative disorders which are the leading cause of death and affect the neurons in the brain and central nervous system. Although amyloid-β aggregation, tau hyperphosphorylation, and inflammation are the hallmarks of AD, the exact cause and origin of AD are still undefined. Recent enormous fundamental discoveries suggest that the amyloid hypothesis of AD has not been proven and anti-amyloid therapies that remove amyloid deposition have not yet slowed cognitive decline. However, stroke, mainly ischemic stroke (IS), is caused by an interruption in the cerebral blood flow. Significant features of both disorders are the disruption of neuronal circuitry at different levels of cellular signaling, leading to the death of neurons and glial cells in the brain. Therefore, it is necessary to find out the common molecular mechanisms of these two diseases to understand their etiological connections. Here, we summarized the most common signaling cascades including autotoxicity, ApoE4, insulin signaling, inflammation, mTOR-autophagy, notch signaling, and microbiota-gut-brain axis, present in both AD and IS. These targeted signaling pathways reveal a better understanding of AD and IS and could provide a distinguished platform to develop improved therapeutics for these diseases.

Virtual and Augmented Reality in Post-stroke Rehabilitation: A Narrative Review

Virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) are noble adjunctive technologies currently being studied for the neuro-rehabilitation of post-stroke patients, potentially enhancing conventional therapy. We explored the literature to find if VR/AR improves neuroplasticity in stroke rehabilitation for a better quality of life. This modality can lay the foundation for telerehabilitation services in remote areas. We analyzed four databases, namely Cochrane Library, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Science Direct, by searching the following keywords: ("Stroke Rehabilitation" [Majr]) AND ("Augmented Reality" [Majr]), Virtual Augmented Reality in Stroke Rehabilitation. All the available open articles were reviewed and outlined. The studies conclude that VR/AR can help in early rehabilitation and yield better results in post-stroke patients in adjunct to conventional therapy. However, due to the limited research on this subject, we cannot conclude that this information is absolute. Moreover, VR/AR was seldom customized according to the needs of stroke survivors, which would have given us the full extent of its application. Around the world, stroke survivors are being studied to verify the accessibility and practicality of these innovative technologies. Observations conclude that further exploration of the extent of the implementations and efficacy of VR and AR, combined with conventional rehabilitation, is fundamental.

Mobile App Interventions for Parkinson's Disease, Multiple Sclerosis and Stroke: A Systematic Literature Review

Central nervous system diseases (CNSDs) lead to significant disability worldwide. Mobile app interventions have recently shown the potential to facilitate monitoring and medical management of patients with CNSDs. In this direction, the characteristics of the mobile apps used in research studies and their level of clinical effectiveness need to be explored in order to advance the multidisciplinary research required in the field of mobile app interventions for CNSDs. A systematic review of mobile app interventions for three major CNSDs, i.e., Parkinson's disease (PD), multiple sclerosis (MS), and stroke, which impose significant burden on people and health care systems around the globe, is presented. A literature search in the bibliographic databases of PubMed and Scopus was performed. Identified studies were assessed in terms of quality, and synthesized according to target disease, mobile app characteristics, study design and outcomes. Overall, 21 studies were included in the review. A total of 3 studies targeted PD (14%), 4 studies targeted MS (19%), and 14 studies targeted stroke (67%). Most studies presented a weak-to-moderate methodological quality. Study samples were small, with 15 studies (71%) including less than 50 participants, and only 4 studies (19%) reporting a study duration of 6 months or more. The majority of the mobile apps focused on exercise and physical rehabilitation. In total, 16 studies (76%) reported positive outcomes related to physical activity and motor function, cognition, quality of life, and education, whereas 5 studies (24%) clearly reported no difference compared to usual care. Mobile app interventions are promising to improve outcomes concerning patient's physical activity, motor ability, cognition, quality of life and education for patients with PD, MS, and Stroke. However, rigorous studies are required to demonstrate robust evidence of their clinical effectiveness.

Increasing burden of stroke in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence, incidence, mortality, and case fatality

BACKGROUND

The epidemiology of stroke is evolving in China as the population undergoes demographic, lifestyle, and economic transitions. An updated review is pertinent to providing feedback on current, and in planning future, prevention and management strategies.

AIMS

To identify high-quality epidemiological studies for quantifying the prevalence, incidence, mortality, and case fatality for stroke in China.

METHODS

A search was undertaken across a range of bibliographic databases on 30 November 2021 without time limitation. Assessments were made of the risk of bias of the included studies. The outcomes were synthesized using a random-effects model. Subgroup analysis and meta-regression models were used to define the source of heterogeneity.

RESULTS

Of 9407 identified records, 26 population-based studies were included. Due to significant heterogeneity across the studies, the original range for crude rates of indices was wide. The pooled annual prevalence was 1329.5/100,000 (95% confidence interval (CI) 713.6-2131.9, p < 0.001), incidence 442.1/100,000 (327.6-573.8, p < 0.001), mortality 154.1/100,000 (52.6-308.8, I² = 100%, p < 0.001), and case fatality 35.8% (26.1% to 46.1%, I² = 97%, p < 0.001). The prevalence and incidence of stroke have increased, but stroke-related case fatality has declined in China over recent decades. There are significant regional and rural-urban differences in incidence rates.

CONCLUSION

Despite improved public health policies and healthcare delivery, the burden of stroke remains high in China. Further coordinated efforts are required in prevention and community care to offset the likelihood of further expansion in the absolute number of stroke cases in this large population.

Explainable machine learning for long-term outcome prediction in two-center stroke patients after intravenous thrombolysis

Objective

Neurological outcome prediction in patients with ischemic stroke is very critical in treatment strategy and post-stroke management. Machine learning techniques with high accuracy are increasingly being developed in the medical field. We studied the application of machine learning models to predict long-term neurological outcomes in patients with after intravenous thrombolysis.

Methods

A retrospective cohort study was performed to review all stroke patients with intravenous thrombolysis. Patients with modified Rankin Score (mRs) less than two at three months post-thrombolysis were considered as good outcome. The clinical features between stroke patients with good and with poor outcomes were compared using three different machine learning models (Random Forest, Support Vector Machine and Logistic Regression) to identify which performed best. Two datasets from the other stroke center were included accordingly for external verification and performed with explainable AI models.

Results

Of the 488 patients enrolled in this study, and 374 (76.6%) patients had favorable outcomes. Patients with higher mRs at 3 months had increased systolic pressure, blood glucose, cholesterol (TC), and 7-day National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score compared to those with lower mRs. The predictability and the areas under the curves (AUC) for the random forest model was relatively higher than support vector machine and LR models. These findings were further validated in the external dataset and similar results were obtained. The explainable AI model identified the risk factors as well.

Conclusion

Explainable AI model is able to identify NIHSS_Day7 is independently efficient in predicting neurological outcomes in patients with ischemic stroke after intravenous thrombolysis.