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Chisty ZA, Li DD, Haile M, Houston H, DaSilva J, Overton R, Schuh AJ, Haynie J, Clemente J, Branch AG, Arons MM, Tsang CA, Pellegrini GJ, Bugrysheva J, Ilutsik J, Mohelsky R, Comer P, Hundia SB, Oh H, Stuckey MJ, Bohannon CD, Rasheed MAU, Epperson M, Thornburg NJ, McDonald LC, Brown AC, Kutty PK. Immune response kinetics to SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 vaccination among nursing home residents-Georgia, October 2020-July 2022. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0301367. [PMID: 38625908 PMCID: PMC11020945 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the immune response kinetics to SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 vaccination is important in nursing home (NH) residents, a high-risk population. METHODS An observational longitudinal evaluation of 37 consenting vaccinated NH residents with/without SARS-CoV-2 infection from October 2020 to July 2022 was conducted to characterize the immune response to spike protein due to infection and/or mRNA COVID-19 vaccine. Antibodies (IgG) to SARS-CoV-2 full-length spike, nucleocapsid, and receptor binding domain protein antigens were measured, and surrogate virus neutralization capacity was assessed using Meso Scale Discovery immunoassays. The participant's spike exposure status varied depending on the acquisition of infection or receipt of a vaccine dose. Longitudinal linear mixed effects modeling was used to describe trajectories based on the participant's last infection or vaccination; the primary series mRNA COVID-19 vaccine was considered two spike exposures. Mean antibody titer values from participants who developed an infection post receipt of mRNA COVID-19 vaccine were compared with those who did not. In a subset of participants (n = 15), memory B cell (MBC) S-specific IgG (%S IgG) responses were assessed using an ELISPOT assay. RESULTS The median age of the 37 participants at enrollment was 70.5 years; 30 (81%) had prior SARS-CoV-2 infection, and 76% received Pfizer-BioNTech and 24% Moderna homologous vaccines. After an observed augmented effect with each spike exposure, a decline in the immune response, including %S IgG MBCs, was observed over time; the percent decline decreased with increasing spike exposures. Participants who developed an infection at least two weeks post-receipt of a vaccine were observed to have lower humoral antibody levels than those who did not develop an infection post-receipt. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that understanding the durability of immune responses in this vulnerable NH population can help inform public health policy regarding the timing of booster vaccinations as new variants display immune escape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeshan A. Chisty
- COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Deana D. Li
- COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Melia Haile
- COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Hollis Houston
- COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Juliana DaSilva
- COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Rahsaan Overton
- COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Amy J. Schuh
- COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jenn Haynie
- COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Goldbelt C6, LLC, Chesapeake, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Jacob Clemente
- COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Alicia G. Branch
- COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Melissa M. Arons
- COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Clarisse A. Tsang
- COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Gerald J. Pellegrini
- COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Julia Bugrysheva
- COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Justina Ilutsik
- COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Goldbelt C6, LLC, Chesapeake, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Romy Mohelsky
- COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Patricia Comer
- A.G. Rhodes Wesley Woods Heath and Rehab, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | | | - Hyungseok Oh
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Matthew J. Stuckey
- COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Caitlin D. Bohannon
- Coronavirus and Other Respiratory Viruses Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Mohammed Ata Ur Rasheed
- Coronavirus and Other Respiratory Viruses Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Monica Epperson
- Coronavirus and Other Respiratory Viruses Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Natalie J. Thornburg
- Coronavirus and Other Respiratory Viruses Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - L. Clifford McDonald
- COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Allison C. Brown
- COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Preeta K. Kutty
- COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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Acuña-Castillo C, Vidal M, Vallejos-Vidal E, Luraschi R, Barrera-Avalos C, Inostroza-Molina A, Molina-Cabrera S, Valdes D, Schafer C, Maisey K, Imarai M, Vera R, Vargas S, Rojo LE, Leiva-Salcedo E, Escobar A, Reyes-Cerpa S, Gaete A, Palma-Vejares R, Travisany D, Torres C, Reyes-López FE, Sandino AM. A retrospective study suggests 55 days of persistence of SARS-CoV-2 during the first wave of the pandemic in Santiago de Chile. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24419. [PMID: 38601544 PMCID: PMC11004068 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Background As the COVID-19 pandemic persists, infections continue to surge globally. Presently, the most effective strategies to curb the disease and prevent outbreaks involve fostering immunity, promptly identifying positive cases, and ensuring their timely isolation. Notably, there are instances where the SARS-CoV-2 virus remains infectious even after patients have completed their quarantine. Objective Understanding viral persistence post-quarantine is crucial as it could account for localized infection outbreaks. Therefore, studying and documenting such instances is vital for shaping future public health policies. Design This study delves into a unique case of SARS-CoV-2 persistence in a 60-year-old female healthcare worker with a medical history of hypertension and hypothyroidism. The research spans 55 days, marking the duration between her initial and subsequent diagnosis during Chile's first COVID-19 wave, with the analysis conducted using RT-qPCR. Results Genomic sequencing-based phylogenetic analysis revealed that the SARS-CoV-2 detected in both Nasopharyngeal swab samples (NPSs) was consistent with the 20B clade of the Nextstrain classification, even after a 55-day interval. Conclusion This research underscores the need for heightened vigilance concerning cases of viral persistence. Such instances, albeit rare, might be pivotal in understanding sporadic infection outbreaks that occur post-quarantine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Acuña-Castillo
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mabel Vidal
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Arquitectura y Diseño, Universidad San Sebastián, Concepción, Chile
| | - Eva Vallejos-Vidal
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Nanociencia y Nanotecnología CEDENNA, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Chile
- Núcleo de Investigaciones Aplicadas en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Agronomía, Universidad De Las Américas, La Florida, Santiago, Chile
| | - Roberto Luraschi
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | | | | | - Daniel Valdes
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Schafer
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Kevin Maisey
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mónica Imarai
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Vera
- Hospital de Urgencia Asistencia Pública (HUAP), Santiago, Chile
| | - Sergio Vargas
- Hospital de Urgencia Asistencia Pública (HUAP), Santiago, Chile
| | - Leonel E. Rojo
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Alejandro Escobar
- Laboratorio Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Odontológicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sebastián Reyes-Cerpa
- Centro de Genómica y Bioinformática, Facultad de Ciencias, Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
- Escuela de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis Gaete
- Laboratorio de Bioinformática y Expresión Génica, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de Los Alimentos, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Fondap Center for Genome Regulation, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ricardo Palma-Vejares
- Centro de Modelamiento Matemático UMI-CNRS 2807, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Dante Travisany
- Fondap Center for Genome Regulation, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Modelamiento Matemático UMI-CNRS 2807, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Inria Chile Research Center, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Torres
- Department of Neurobiology Drexel University, Philadelphia, United States
| | | | - Ana María Sandino
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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3
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Farahmand B, Sadat Larijani M, Fotouhi F, Biglari A, Sorouri R, Bagheri Amiri F, Eslamifar A, Jalali T, Salehi-Vaziri M, Banifazl M, Dahmardeh S, Eshratkhah Mohammadnejad A, Bavand A, Tavakoli M, Verez-Bencomo V, Mostafavi E, Noori Daloii H, Ashrafian F, Saberpour M, Ramezani A. Evaluation of PastoCovac plus vaccine as a booster dose on vaccinated individuals with inactivated COVID-19 vaccine. Heliyon 2023; 9:e20555. [PMID: 37810803 PMCID: PMC10551543 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 pandemic has been managed through global vaccination programs. However, the antibody waning in various types of vaccines came to notice. Hereby, PastoCovac Plus as a protein subunit vaccine was investigated in immunized health care workers by COVAXIN (BBV152). The booster vaccine was recommended at least three months post the second dose of COVAXIN. Sera collection was done before and after each injection. SARS-CoV-2 PCR test was done monthly to detect any asymptomatic and symptomatic vaccine breakthrough. 47.9 and 24.3% of the participants were seronegative for anti-N and anti-S antibodies three months after the second dose of COVAXIN, respectively. On average, fold-rises of 70, 93, 8 and mean-rises of 23.32, 892.4, 5.59 were recorded regarding neutralizing antibody, quantitative and semi-quantitative anti-Spike antibody, respectively. Anti-Spike and neutralizing antibodies seroconversion was seen 59.3% and 45.7%, respectively. The vaccine breakthrough assessment showed that all the isolated samples belonged to SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant. PastoCovac Plus boosting is strongly recommended in combination with inactivated vaccine platforms against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behrokh Farahmand
- Department of Influenza and Other Rrespiratory Viruses, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Fatemeh Fotouhi
- Department of Influenza and Other Rrespiratory Viruses, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Biglari
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rahim Sorouri
- IPI Directorate, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Bagheri Amiri
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Eslamifar
- Clinical Research Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tahmineh Jalali
- COVID-19 National Reference Laboratory, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Banifazl
- Iranian Society for Support of Patients with Infectious Disease, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sarah Dahmardeh
- Vaccination Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Anahita Bavand
- Clinical Research Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Tavakoli
- COVID-19 National Reference Laboratory, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Ehsan Mostafavi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Noori Daloii
- Health and Safety Department, Production and Research Complex, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ashrafian
- Clinical Research Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Saberpour
- Department of Influenza and Other Rrespiratory Viruses, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amitis Ramezani
- Clinical Research Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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4
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Bosserman RE, Farnsworth CW, O’Neil CA, Cass C, Park D, Ballman C, Wallace MA, Struttmann E, Stewart H, Arter O, Peacock K, Fraser VJ, Budge PJ, Olsen MA, Burnham CAD, Babcock HM, Kwon JH. Seroprevalence of severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibodies among healthcare personnel in the Midwestern United States, September 2020-April 2021. Antimicrob Steward Healthc Epidemiol 2023; 3:e133. [PMID: 37592963 PMCID: PMC10428156 DOI: 10.1017/ash.2022.375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Objective To determine the prevalence of severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) IgG nucleocapsid (N) antibodies among healthcare personnel (HCP) with no prior history of COVID-19 and to identify factors associated with seropositivity. Design Prospective cohort study. Setting An academic, tertiary-care hospital in St. Louis, Missouri. Participants The study included 400 HCP aged ≥18 years who potentially worked with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients and had no known history of COVID-19; 309 of these HCP also completed a follow-up visit 70-160 days after enrollment. Enrollment visits took place between September and December 2020. Follow-up visits took place between December 2020 and April 2021. Methods At each study visit, participants underwent SARS-CoV-2 IgG N-antibody testing using the Abbott SARS-CoV-2 IgG assay and completed a survey providing information about demographics, job characteristics, comorbidities, symptoms, and potential SARS-CoV-2 exposures. Results Participants were predominately women (64%) and white (79%), with median age of 34.5 years (interquartile range [IQR], 30-45). Among the 400 HCP, 18 (4.5%) were seropositive for IgG N-antibodies at enrollment. Also, 34 (11.0%) of 309 were seropositive at follow-up. HCP who reported having a household contact with COVID-19 had greater likelihood of seropositivity at both enrollment and at follow-up. Conclusions In this cohort of HCP during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, ∼1 in 20 had serological evidence of prior, undocumented SARS-CoV-2 infection at enrollment. Having a household contact with COVID-19 was associated with seropositivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E. Bosserman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Christopher W. Farnsworth
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Caroline A. O’Neil
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Candice Cass
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Daniel Park
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Claire Ballman
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Meghan A. Wallace
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Emily Struttmann
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Henry Stewart
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Olivia Arter
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Kate Peacock
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Victoria J. Fraser
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Philip J. Budge
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Margaret A. Olsen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Carey-Ann D. Burnham
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Hilary M. Babcock
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Jennie H. Kwon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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5
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Soriano-Arandes A, Brett A, Buonsenso D, Emilsson L, de la Fuente Garcia I, Gkentzi D, Helve O, Kepp KP, Mossberg M, Muka T, Munro A, Papan C, Perramon-Malavez A, Schaltz-Buchholzer F, Smeesters PR, Zimmermann P. Policies on children and schools during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in Western Europe. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1175444. [PMID: 37564427 PMCID: PMC10411527 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1175444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
During the pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), mitigation policies for children have been a topic of considerable uncertainty and debate. Although some children have co-morbidities which increase their risk for severe coronavirus disease (COVID-19), and complications such as multisystem inflammatory syndrome and long COVID, most children only get mild COVID-19. On the other hand, consistent evidence shows that mass mitigation measures had enormous adverse impacts on children. A central question can thus be posed: What amount of mitigation should children bear, in response to a disease that is disproportionally affecting older people? In this review, we analyze the distinct child versus adult epidemiology, policies, mitigation trade-offs and outcomes in children in Western Europe. The highly heterogenous European policies applied to children compared to adults did not lead to significant measurable differences in outcomes. Remarkably, the relative epidemiological importance of transmission from school-age children to other age groups remains uncertain, with current evidence suggesting that schools often follow, rather than lead, community transmission. Important learning points for future pandemics are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoni Soriano-Arandes
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunodeficiencies Unit, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Brett
- Infectious Diseases Unit and Emergency Service, Hospital Pediátrico, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Danilo Buonsenso
- Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Louise Emilsson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
- Department of General Practice, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Isabel de la Fuente Garcia
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, National Pediatric Center, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Despoina Gkentzi
- Department of Paediatrics, Patras Medical School, Patras, Greece
| | - Otto Helve
- Department of Health Security, Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Pediatric Research Center, Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kasper P. Kepp
- Section of Biophysical and Biomedicinal Chemistry, DTU Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Maria Mossberg
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Taulant Muka
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Epistudia, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alasdair Munro
- NIHR Southampton Clinical Research Facility and Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Cihan Papan
- Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Aida Perramon-Malavez
- Computational Biology and Complex Systems (BIOCOM-SC) Group, Department of Physics, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC·BarcelonaTech), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Pierre R. Smeesters
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Brussels, Academic Children’s Hospital Queen Fabiola, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Molecular Bacteriology Laboratory, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Petra Zimmermann
- Department of Community Health, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Department of Paediatrics, Fribourg Hospital, Fribourg, Switzerland
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6
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Bogogiannidou Z, Koureas M, Mouchtouri VA, Dadouli K, Kyritsi MA, Vontas A, Anagnostopoulos L, Mina P, Matziri A, Vachtsioli E, Papagiannakis A, Archontakis Z, Leotsinidis M, Theodoridou K, Manios G, Gikas A, Speletas M, Hadjichristodoulou C. Does tourism affect the long term course of COVID-19 pandemic in a country of destination? Evidence from a popular Greek island in 2020 where control measures were implemented. Front Epidemiol 2023; 3:1149706. [PMID: 38516333 PMCID: PMC10955759 DOI: 10.3389/fepid.2023.1149706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Greece opened its points of entry on July 1, 2020, with specific guidelines for travellers arriving by sea, air or land. The aim of this article is to examine the effect of tourism on the long term course of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic during the pre-vaccination era (June to December 2020) on the popular Greek island of Crete. To achieve this, a cross-sectional serosurvey, repeated at monthly intervals, was conducted to compare the seroprevalence in Crete with seroprevalence in the mainland of Greece. Crete welcomed nearly 2,000,000 travellers during the 2020 summer season. Left-over serum samples were collected and obtained from public and private laboratories located in Greece, including the island of Crete. These samples were tested for the presence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies. A total of 55,938 samples were collected, 3,785 of which originated from Crete. In Crete, the seroprevalence ranged between 0% (June 2020) and 2.58% (December 2020), while the corresponding seroprevalence in Greece was 0.19% and 10.75%, respectively. We identified 4.16 times lower seropositivity in Crete (2.58%) in comparison with the mainland of Greece (10.75%) during December 2020. Moreover, the monthly infection fatality rate (IFR) in Crete was calculated at 0.09%, compared with 0.21% in mainland Greece for December 2020. The island of Crete presented more than four times lower seroprevalence than the mainland of Greece, despite being a highly attractive tourist destination. This evidence supports the idea that tourism may not have affected the long term course of the COVID-19 pandemic in Greece. However, due to contradicting results from previous studies, further investigation is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zacharoula Bogogiannidou
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Michalis Koureas
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Varvara A Mouchtouri
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Katerina Dadouli
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Maria A Kyritsi
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Alexandros Vontas
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Lemonia Anagnostopoulos
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Paraskevi Mina
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Alexia Matziri
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Evangelia Vachtsioli
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | | | | | - Michael Leotsinidis
- Laboratory of Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Kalliopi Theodoridou
- Department of Microbiology, Andreas Sygros Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - George Manios
- Department of Computer Science and Biomedical Informatics, University of Thessaly, Lamia, Greece
| | - Achilleas Gikas
- Internal Medicine Department, Infectious Diseases Unit, University Hospital of Heraklion, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Matthaios Speletas
- Department of Immunology and Histocompatibility, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
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7
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Richter E, Liebl D, Schulte B, Lehmann N, Fuhrmann C, Jöckel KH, Ioannidis JPA, Streeck H. Analysis of fatality impact and seroprevalence surveys in a community sustaining a SARS-CoV-2 superspreading event. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5440. [PMID: 37012282 PMCID: PMC10069345 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32441-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an ongoing debate on the COVID-19 infection fatality rate (IFR) and the impact of COVID-19 on overall population mortality. Here, we addressed these issues in a community in Germany with a major superspreader event analyzing deaths over time and auditing death certificates in the community.18 deaths that occurred within the first six months of the pandemic had a positive test for SARS-CoV-2. Six out of 18 deaths had non-COVID-19 related causes of death (COD). Individuals with COVID-19 COD typically died of respiratory failure (75%) and tended to have fewer reported comorbidities (p = 0.029). Duration between first confirmed infection and death was negatively associated with COVID-19 being COD (p = 0.04). Repeated seroprevalence essays in a cross-sectional epidemiological study showed modest increases in seroprevalence over time, and substantial seroreversion (30%). IFR estimates accordingly varied depending on COVID-19 death attribution. Careful ascertainment of COVID-19 deaths is important in understanding the impact of the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Richter
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
| | - Dominik Liebl
- Institute of Finance and Statistics and Hausdorff Center for Mathematics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Bianca Schulte
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
| | - Nils Lehmann
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry und Epidemiology (IMIBE), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Christine Fuhrmann
- Clinical Study Core Unit, Study Center Bonn (SZB), Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Jöckel
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry und Epidemiology (IMIBE), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - John P A Ioannidis
- Departments of Medicine, of Epidemiology and Population Health, of Biomedical Data Science, and of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
| | - Hendrik Streeck
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany.
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Zainab Shahid, Alicia L Patrick, Michelle L Wallander, Erin E Donahue, Sally J Trufan, Antoinette R Tan, Jimmy J Hwang, Earle F Burgess, Brittany Ragon, Nilanjan Ghosh, Michael R Grunwald, Peter M Voorhees, Edward A Copelan, Derek Raghavan. COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake Trends in SARS-CoV-2 Previously Infected Cancer Patients. Vaccine X 2023:100289. [PMID: 37020982 PMCID: PMC10060025 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2023.100289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Cancer patients are at high risk of developing severe illness from SARS-CoV-2 infection, but risk is lowered with receipt of COVID-19 vaccine. COVID-19 vaccination uptake among previously infected cancer patients may be influenced by an assumption of natural immunity, predicted weak immune response, or concerns about vaccine safety. The objective of this study was to evaluate COVID-19 vaccine uptake trends in cancer patients previously infected with SARS-CoV-2. Materials and Methods Medical records of 579 sequential cancer patients undergoing active treatment at Levine Cancer Institute who tested positive for COVID-19 between January 2020 and January 2021 were evaluated. Patients who died prior to vaccine eligibility were excluded from the analysis. Demographic, clinical, and COVID-19 related characteristics were analyzed to identify prognostic factors for COVID-19 vaccine uptake as this information could be important for health policy design for future pandemics. Results Eighty-one patients died prior to the availability of COVID-19 vaccines. The acceptance rate of COVID-19 vaccination among 498 previously infected cancer patients was 54.6%. Of the patients with known vaccination dates, 76.8% received their first vaccine by April 17th, 2021. As of November 30, 2021, 23.7.% of eligible patients were boosted. In univariate models, older age, female sex, higher income, solid tumor cancer type, and hormone therapy were significantly associated with higher vaccine uptake, while Hispanic/Latino ethnicity was significantly associated with lower vaccine uptake. In a multivariable model, age (OR 1.18, 95% CI 1.10-1.28; p<0.001), female sex (OR 1.80, 95% CI 1.22-2.66; p=0.003), and higher income (OR 1.11, 95% CI 1.01-1.22; p=0.032), were predictive of COVID-19 vaccine uptake. Conclusions Overall, vaccine uptake was low among our cohort of previously infected cancer patients. Older age, female sex, and higher income were the only variables associated with COVID-19 vaccine uptake within this vulnerable patient population.
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9
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Faizo AA, Bawazir AA, Almashjary MN, Hassan AM, Qashqari FS, Barefah AS, El-Kafrawy SA, Alandijany TA, Azhar EI. Lack of Evidence on Association between Iron Deficiency and COVID-19 Vaccine-Induced Neutralizing Humoral Immunity. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11. [PMID: 36851205 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron is a crucial micronutrient for immunity induction in response to infections and vaccinations. This study aimed to investigate the effect of iron deficiency on COVID-19-vaccine-induced humoral immunity. We investigated the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines (BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, and ChAdOx nCov-2019) in iron-deficient individuals (n = 63) and provide a side-by-side comparison to healthy controls (n = 67). The presence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) and anti-nucleocapsid (NP) IgG were assessed using in-house S- and NP-based ELISA followed by serum neutralization test (SNT). High concordance between S-based ELISA and SNT results was observed. The prevalence of neutralizing antibodies was 95.24% (60/63) in the study group and 95.52% (64/67) in the controls with no significant difference. The presence/absence of past infection, period since vaccination, vaccine type, and being iron-deficient or having iron-deficiency anemia did not exert any significant effect on the prevalence or titer of anti-SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies. NP-based ELISA identified individuals unaware of exposure to SARS-CoV-2. Moreover, absence of anti-NP IgG was noted in participants who were previously diagnosed with COVID-19 suggesting the unpredictability of after-infection immunity. To sum up, this study demonstrated an initial lack of evidence on the association between iron deficiency and the effectiveness of COVID-19-vaccine-induced neutralizing humoral immunity. Similar studies with larger sample size remain necessary to obtain comprehensive conclusions about the effect or lack of effect of iron on COVID-19-vaccine effectiveness.
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10
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Pagen DME, van Bilsen CJA, Brinkhues S, Moonen CPB, Van Herck M, Konings K, den Heijer CDJ, Mujakovic S, ter Waarbeek HLG, Bouwmeester-Vincken N, Vaes AW, Spruit MA, Hoebe CJPA, Dukers-Muijrers NHTM. Design and recruitment of a large-scale cohort study on prevalence, risk factors and impact evaluation of post-COVID-19 condition and its wider long-term social, mental, and physical health impact: The PRIME post-COVID study. Front Public Health 2022; 10:1032955. [PMID: 36589958 PMCID: PMC9799054 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1032955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Persistent symptoms, described as long COVID or post-COVID-19 condition, pose a potential public health problem. Here, the design and recruitment of the PRIME post-COVID study is described. PRIME post-COVID is a large-scale population-based observational study that aims to improve understanding of the occurrence, risk factors, social, physical, mental, emotional, and socioeconomic impact of post-COVID-19 condition. Methods An observational open cohort study was set up, with retrospective and prospective assessments on various health-conditions and health-factors (medical, demographic, social, and behavioral) based on a public health COVID-19 test and by self-report (using online questionnaires in Dutch language). Invited for participation were, as recorded in a public health registry, adults (18 years and older) who were tested for COVID-19 and had a valid Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) positive or negative test result, and email address. In November 2021, 61,655 individuals were invited by email to participate, these included all eligible adults who tested PCR positive between 1 June 2020 and 1 November 2021, and a sample of adults who tested negative (2:1), comparable in distribution of age, sex, municipality of residence and year-quarter of testing. New recruitment periods are planned as well. Participants are followed over time by regular follow-up measurements. Data are analyzed using the appropriate data-analyses methods. Discussion The PRIME post-COVID study will provide insights into various health-related aspects of post-COVID-19 condition in the context of various stages of the COVID-19 pandemic. Results will inform practical guidance for society, clinical and public health practice for the prevention and care for long-term impact of COVID-19. Trial registration ClinicalTrialsgov identifier NCT05128695.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demi M. E. Pagen
- Department of Sexual Health, Infectious Diseases, and Environmental Health, South Limburg Public Health Service, Heerlen, Netherlands,Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Department of Social Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands,*Correspondence: Demi M. E. Pagen
| | - Céline J. A. van Bilsen
- Department of Sexual Health, Infectious Diseases, and Environmental Health, South Limburg Public Health Service, Heerlen, Netherlands,Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Department of Social Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Stephanie Brinkhues
- Department of Knowledge and Innovation, South Limburg Public Health Service, Heerlen, Netherlands
| | - Chrissy P. B. Moonen
- Department of Sexual Health, Infectious Diseases, and Environmental Health, South Limburg Public Health Service, Heerlen, Netherlands,Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Department of Social Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Maarten Van Herck
- Department of Research and Education, Ciro, Horn, Netherlands,School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands,The Rehabilitation Research Center (REVAL), BIOMED–Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Kevin Konings
- Department of Process and Information Management, Communication and Automation, South Limburg Public Health Service, Heerlen, Netherlands
| | - Casper D. J. den Heijer
- Department of Sexual Health, Infectious Diseases, and Environmental Health, South Limburg Public Health Service, Heerlen, Netherlands,Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Department of Social Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Suhreta Mujakovic
- Department of Process and Information Management, Communication and Automation, South Limburg Public Health Service, Heerlen, Netherlands
| | - Henriëtte L. G. ter Waarbeek
- Department of Sexual Health, Infectious Diseases, and Environmental Health, South Limburg Public Health Service, Heerlen, Netherlands
| | | | - Anouk W. Vaes
- Department of Research and Education, Ciro, Horn, Netherlands
| | - Martijn A. Spruit
- Department of Research and Education, Ciro, Horn, Netherlands,School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Christian J. P. A. Hoebe
- Department of Sexual Health, Infectious Diseases, and Environmental Health, South Limburg Public Health Service, Heerlen, Netherlands,Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Department of Social Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands,Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Department of Medical Microbiology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Nicole H. T. M. Dukers-Muijrers
- Department of Sexual Health, Infectious Diseases, and Environmental Health, South Limburg Public Health Service, Heerlen, Netherlands,Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Department of Health Promotion, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
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11
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Shioda K, Chen Y, Collins MH, Lopman BA. Population-Level Relative Effectiveness of the COVID-19 Vaccines and the Contribution of Naturally Acquired Immunity. J Infect Dis 2022; 227:773-779. [PMID: 36548463 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiac483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune protection against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can be induced by natural infection or vaccination or both. Interaction between vaccine-induced immunity and naturally acquired immunity at the population level has been understudied. METHODS We used regression models to evaluate whether the impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines differed across states with different levels of naturally acquired immunity from March 2021 to April 2022 in the United States. Analysis was conducted for 3 evaluation periods separately (Alpha, Delta, and Omicron waves). As a proxy for the proportion of the population with naturally acquired immunity, we used either the reported seroprevalence or the estimated proportion of the population ever infected in each state. RESULTS COVID-19 mortality decreased as coverage of ≥1 dose increased among people ≥65 years of age, and this effect did not vary by seroprevalence or proportion of the total population ever infected. Seroprevalence and proportion ever infected were not associated with COVID-19 mortality, after controlling for vaccine coverage. These findings were consistent in all evaluation periods. CONCLUSIONS COVID-19 vaccination was associated with a sustained reduction in mortality at state level during the Alpha, Delta, and Omicron periods. The effect did not vary by naturally acquired immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayoko Shioda
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Yangping Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Matthew H Collins
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta Georgia USA
| | - Benjamin A Lopman
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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12
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Acuña-Castillo C, Maisey K, Vidal M, Barrera-Avalos C, Inostroza-Molina A, Luraschi R, Vallejos-Vidal E, Valdés D, Imarai M, Reyes-López FE, Sandino AM. Genomic Evidence Suggests Viral Persistence of SARS-CoV-2 for 386 Days in Health Worker: A Case Report from Santiago of Chile. Infect Dis Rep 2022; 14:971-978. [PMID: 36547242 PMCID: PMC9778366 DOI: 10.3390/idr14060096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic continues to affect several countries. One of the best ways to control its spread is the timely identification of infected patients for isolation and quarantine. While an episode of infection lasts an average of 8-10 days from the onset of symptoms, there is literature describing long-lasting viral persistence events. Here, we report a case of persistence of SARS-CoV-2 for 386 days in a health worker from Santiago de Chile. Our study could be one of the longest reported viral persistence events. RNA sequencing analyses indicated that the first positive diagnosis (8 June 2020) corresponded to a SARS-CoV-2 variant belonging to Clade Nextstrain 20A. Three hundred eighty-six days later (23 September 2021), the second positive result reached the same viral variant (Clade 20A) but without presence or circulation in Chile since May 2021. Both sequencing coverages showed an identity of 99.21%, with some mutations related to the severity of the disease (ORF1b:P314L) and more infectivity (S:D614G). This work reinforces the idea of implementing an RT-qPCR or rapid antigen test once the quarantine is fulfilled to ensure viral absence, identify potential persistence, and, consequently, minimize the risk of local outbreaks of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Acuña-Castillo
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago 9160000, Chile
- Departamento de Biolgía, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago 9160000, Chile
| | - Kevin Maisey
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago 9160000, Chile
| | - Mabel Vidal
- Department of Computer Science, University of Concepcion, Concepción 4070409, Chile
| | - Carlos Barrera-Avalos
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago 9160000, Chile
| | - Ailen Inostroza-Molina
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago 9160000, Chile
| | - Roberto Luraschi
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago 9160000, Chile
| | - Eva Vallejos-Vidal
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago 9160000, Chile
- Centro de Nanociencia y Nanotecnología CEDENNA, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago 9160000, Chile
- Núcleo de Investigación Aplicada en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Agronomía, Universidad de Las Américas, Santiago 7500975, Chile
| | - Daniel Valdés
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago 9160000, Chile
- Departamento de Biolgía, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago 9160000, Chile
| | - Mónica Imarai
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago 9160000, Chile
- Departamento de Biolgía, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago 9160000, Chile
| | - Felipe E. Reyes-López
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago 9160000, Chile
- Correspondence: (F.E.R.-L.); (A.M.S.)
| | - Ana María Sandino
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago 9160000, Chile
- Departamento de Biolgía, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago 9160000, Chile
- Correspondence: (F.E.R.-L.); (A.M.S.)
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13
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Socan M, Prosenc K, Kukec A, Zaletel-Kragelj L, Remec T, Grmek-Kosnik I. Determinants of seropositivity for SARS-CoV-2 in hospital staff in the second wave of the pandemic in Slovenia. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2022; 35:571-584. [PMID: 35856815 PMCID: PMC10464744 DOI: 10.13075/ijomeh.1896.01932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The pandemic caused by the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) affected a disproportionately high percentage of healthcare workers (HCWs). The aim of the study was to assess the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG antibodies in nurses and clinicians working in 2 Slovenian regional hospitals, and to identify the factors associated with seropositivity. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study was designed as a crosssectional study. Clinicians and nurses were invited to participate in November-December 2020. The respondents (813, 65.8%) completed a questionnaire and consented to provide 10 ml of blood for determining the presence of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies. RESULTS The authors observed a seroprevalence rate of 20.4%. The results of the univariate analysis proved that the age of a nurse or clinician was the factor most strongly associated with seropositivity - in fact, the youngest nurses and clinicians were 8.33 times more likely to be seropositive than those in the oldest age group (p = 0.041). Being in contact with a family/household member who was SARS-CoV-2-positive was also a very important factor. In the work-related factors group, being in the contact with a SARS-CoV-2-positive colleague (OR = 2.35, p = 0.026) or being in contact with a COVID-19 patient (OR = 1.96, p = 0.004) correlated with seropositivity. In the primary work location/department group, the only significant association appeared among those working in surgical, ENT or ophthalmology departments. The results of the multivariate analysis further supported the thesis that the age of nurses and clinicians was the factor most strongly associated with seropositivity. The youngest nurses and clinicians were 12.5 times more likely to be seropositive than those in the oldest age group (p = 0.024). Being in contact with a SARS-CoV-2-positive family/household member remained the second most important factor. CONCLUSIONS A significant number of clinicians and nurses working in secondary healthcare were infected in the first 9 months of the pandemic. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2022;35(5):571-84.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Socan
- National Institute of Public Health, Ljubljana, Slovenia (Centre for Communicable Diseases)
| | - Katarina Prosenc
- National Laboratory for Health, Food and Environment, Ljubljana, Slovenia (Laboratory for Public Health Virology)
| | - Andreja Kukec
- University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia (Medical Faculty, Chair for Public Health)
| | | | - Tatjana Remec
- Novo Mesto General Hospital, Novo Mesto, Slovenia (Department for Infectious Diseases)
| | - Irena Grmek-Kosnik
- National Laboratory for Health, Food and Environment, Kranj, Slovenia (Laboratory for Human Microbiology)
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14
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Mcdaid KM, Chopra M. A Pilot Study to Examine If Dietary Habits Can Affect Symptomology in Mild Pre-Vaccination COVID-19 Cases. Biology 2022; 11:1274. [PMID: 36138753 PMCID: PMC9495586 DOI: 10.3390/biology11091274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The heterogeneity of the severity of symptoms of COVID-19 experienced by the young and healthy individuals is poorly understood. The present study was undertaken to mainly examine whether the respective diets and the type of symptoms experienced by patients are predictive of having long COVID-19. Disease severity was assessed with a symptomatology questionnaire and used to group 55 participants in asymptomatic (AS), mild symptoms (S) and long COVID (LC). We found that experiencing a higher number of symptoms as well as fatigue were predictors of developing LC whereas those who experienced rhinorrhea were less likely to develop LC. Blood samples were also taken to measure vitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations and duration of spike IgG antibodies. In this study, serum 25(OH)D was not significantly different between 3 symptom groups with median (IQR) ng/mL levels of 22.0 (12.3) in the AS, 22.3 (7.5) in S, and 24.9 (9.4) in the LC group (p ≥ 0.05). The duration of IgG antibody response was found to vary greatly, with some individuals showing raised IgG over a year after infection. To examine whether dietary factors can influence the severity of symptoms, diet was analysed using 4–7-day food diaries as well as a Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). Some nutrients such as vitamin E, polyunsaturated fatty acids, fibre, and iron were associated with lower severity of COVID-19. Lower intake of vitamin E was associated with having LC with a median (IQR) intake of 6.2 mg (3.8) seen in LC vs. 8.6 mg (7.2) in the AS group (p = 0.047). This pilot study has highlighted a few differences in the number and type of symptoms experienced by the young non-hospitalised individuals with mild and long COVID-19 and identified a few dietary components for their potential protective role against long COVID-19, however, the findings need to be confirmed with further large scale studies.
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15
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Davis KAS, Carr E, Leightley D, Vitiello V, Bergin-Cartwright G, Lavelle G, Wickersham A, Malim MH, Oetzmann C, Polling C, Stevelink SAM, Razavi R, Hotopf M. Indicators of recent COVID-19 infection status: findings from a large occupational cohort of staff and postgraduate research students from a UK university. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:1514. [PMID: 35945541 PMCID: PMC9363143 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-13889-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Researchers conducting cohort studies may wish to investigate the effect of episodes of COVID-19 illness on participants. A definitive diagnosis of COVID-19 is not always available, so studies have to rely on proxy indicators. This paper seeks to contribute evidence that may assist the use and interpretation of these COVID-indicators. METHODS We described five potential COVID-indicators: self-reported core symptoms, a symptom algorithm; self-reported suspicion of COVID-19; self-reported external results; and home antibody testing based on a 'lateral flow' antibody (IgG/IgM) test cassette. Included were staff and postgraduate research students at a large London university who volunteered for the study and were living in the UK in June 2020. Excluded were those who did not return a valid antibody test result. We provide descriptive statistics of prevalence and overlap of the five indicators. RESULTS Core symptoms were the most common COVID-indicator (770/1882 participants positive, 41%), followed by suspicion of COVID-19 (n = 509/1882, 27%), a positive symptom algorithm (n = 298/1882, 16%), study antibody lateral flow positive (n = 124/1882, 7%) and a positive external test result (n = 39/1882, 2%), thus a 20-fold difference between least and most common. Meeting any one indicator increased the likelihood of all others, with concordance between 65 and 94%. Report of a low suspicion of having had COVID-19 predicted a negative antibody test in 98%, but positive suspicion predicted a positive antibody test in only 20%. Those who reported previous external antibody tests were more likely to have received a positive result from the external test (24%) than the study test (15%). CONCLUSIONS Our results support the use of proxy indicators of past COVID-19, with the caveat that none is perfect. Differences from previous antibody studies, most significantly in lower proportions of participants positive for antibodies, may be partly due to a decline in antibody detection over time. Subsequent to our study, vaccination may have further complicated the interpretation of COVID-indicators, only strengthening the need to critically evaluate what criteria should be used to define COVID-19 cases when designing studies and interpreting study results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina A S Davis
- King's College London Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK.
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
| | - Ewan Carr
- King's College London Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Daniel Leightley
- King's College London Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Valentina Vitiello
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Gabriella Bergin-Cartwright
- King's College London Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Grace Lavelle
- King's College London Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Alice Wickersham
- King's College London Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Michael H Malim
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, London, UK
| | - Carolin Oetzmann
- King's College London Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Catherine Polling
- King's College London Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Sharon A M Stevelink
- King's College London Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Reza Razavi
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Matthew Hotopf
- King's College London Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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16
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Molenaar NM, Rommel A, de Witte L, Dolan SM, Lieb W, Ibroci E, Ohrn S, Lynch J, Capuano C, Stadlbauer D, Krammer F, Zapata LB, Brody RI, Pop VJ, Jessel RH, Sperling RS, Afzal O, Gigase F, Missall R, Janevic T, Stone J, Howell EA, Bergink V. SARS-CoV-2 during pregnancy and associated outcomes: Results from an ongoing prospective cohort. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2022; 36:466-475. [PMID: 34806193 PMCID: PMC9011518 DOI: 10.1111/ppe.12812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic is an ongoing global health threat, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Questions remain about how SARS-CoV-2 impacts pregnant individuals and their children. OBJECTIVE To expand our understanding of the effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy on pregnancy outcomes, regardless of symptomatology, by using serological tests to measure IgG antibody levels. METHODS The Generation C Study is an ongoing prospective cohort study conducted at the Mount Sinai Health System. All pregnant individuals receiving obstetrical care at the Mount Sinai Healthcare System from 20 April 2020 onwards are eligible for participation. For the current analysis, we included participants who had given birth to a liveborn singleton infant on or before 22 September 2020. For each woman, we tested the latest prenatal blood sample available to establish seropositivity using a SARS-CoV-2 serologic enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Additionally, RT-PCR testing was performed on a nasopharyngeal swab taken during labour. Pregnancy outcomes of interest (i.e., gestational age at delivery, preterm birth, small for gestational age, Apgar scores, maternal and neonatal intensive care unit admission, and length of neonatal hospital stay) and covariates were extracted from medical records. Excluding individuals who tested RT-PCR positive at delivery, we conducted crude and adjusted regression models to compare antibody positive with antibody negative individuals at delivery. We stratified analyses by race/ethnicity to examine potential effect modification. RESULTS The SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence based on IgG measurement was 16.4% (95% confidence interval 13.7, 19.3; n=116). Twelve individuals (1.7%) were SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR positive at delivery. Seropositive individuals were generally younger, more often Black or Hispanic, and more often had public insurance and higher pre-pregnancy BMI compared with seronegative individuals. None of the examined pregnancy outcomes differed by seropositivity, overall or stratified by race/ethnicity. CONCLUSION Seropositivity for SARS-CoV-2 without RT-PCR positivity at delivery (suggesting that infection occurred earlier during pregnancy) was not associated with selected adverse maternal or neonatal outcomes among live births in a cohort sample from New York City.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina M. Molenaar
- Department of PsychiatryIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Anna‐Sophie Rommel
- Department of PsychiatryIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Lotje de Witte
- Department of PsychiatryIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Siobhan M. Dolan
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive ScienceIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA,Blavatnik Family Women's Health Research InstituteIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Whitney Lieb
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive ScienceIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA,Blavatnik Family Women's Health Research InstituteIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA,Department of Population Health Science and PolicyIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Erona Ibroci
- Department of PsychiatryIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Sophie Ohrn
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive ScienceIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Jezelle Lynch
- Department of Population Health Science and PolicyIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Christina Capuano
- Department of MicrobiologyIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Daniel Stadlbauer
- Department of MicrobiologyIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of MicrobiologyIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Lauren B. Zapata
- Division of Reproductive HealthNational Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health PromotionCenters for Disease Control and PreventionAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Rachel I. Brody
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell Based MedicineIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Victor J. Pop
- Department of Medical and Clinical PsychologyCenter of Research in Psychological and Somatic Disorders (CoRPS)Tilburg UniversityTilburgThe Netherlands
| | - Rebecca H. Jessel
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive ScienceIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Rhoda S. Sperling
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive ScienceIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA,Department of Medicine, Infectious DiseasesIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Omara Afzal
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive ScienceIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Frederieke Gigase
- Department of PsychiatryIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Roy Missall
- Department of PsychiatryIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Teresa Janevic
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive ScienceIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA,Blavatnik Family Women's Health Research InstituteIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA,Department of Population Health Science and PolicyIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Joanne Stone
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive ScienceIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Elizabeth A. Howell
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive ScienceIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA,Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyPerelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Veerle Bergink
- Department of PsychiatryIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA,Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive ScienceIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA,Blavatnik Family Women's Health Research InstituteIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
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17
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Beser J, Galanis I, Enkirch T, Kühlmann Berenzon S, van Straten E, Duracz J, Rapp M, Zakikhany K, Mansjö M, Wigren Byström J, Forsell MNE, Groenheit R, Tegmark Wisell K, Bråve A. Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in Sweden, April 26 to May 9, 2021. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10816. [PMID: 35752708 PMCID: PMC9233662 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15183-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A national point seroprevalence study of SARS-CoV-2 was conducted in Sweden in April-May 2021. In total, 2860 individuals 3 to 90 years old from a probability-based web panel were included. Results showed that an estimated 32.6% of the population in Sweden had detectable levels of antibodies, and among non-vaccinated 20.1% had detectable levels of antibodies. We tested for differences in seroprevalence between age groups and by sex and estimated seroprevalence among previously infected participants by time since reporting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Beser
- Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden. .,European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), European Public Health Microbiology Training Programme (EUPHEM), Solna, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | | - Jan Duracz
- Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden
| | - Marie Rapp
- Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden
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18
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Morath O, Barsch F, Lazaro A, Huzly D, Deibert P. Case Report: Assessing COVID-19 Transmission in Professional Volleyball in Germany, September to December 2020: An Epidemiological Study. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:827005. [PMID: 35774381 PMCID: PMC9237641 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.827005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic poses extraordinary challenges in all fields of daily life. The WHO recommended social distancing guidelines and person-to-person contact was strongly discouraged to contain transmission. Team-based sports were questioned and widely debated. However, there is a lack of available evidence on the risk of in-game SARS-CoV-2 transmission. We aim to derive new insights regarding the risk of SARS-CoV2 infection during team sports and provide current opinion on how to behave during training and competition. Methods We report on six competitive male volleyball players (national level) of the same team who were infected with COVID-19. The mode of transmission and potential virus spreading within the team was investigated. The entire course of infection was documented by detailed medical history of the players and RT-PCR tests confirmed suspected infections. Serological testing was performed to establish the antibody status of the team. Results The investigation did not show strong evidence of viral transmission within the team during sporting activities. Only two players with PCR-proven infection hat detectable antibodies in two antibody assays. Conclusion Private and social gatherings can spread infection into team sports. Clearly defined test strategies and strict adherence to standard COVID-19 hygiene guidelines during sports seasons cannot be overemphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Morath
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Exercise and Occupational Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Oliver Morath
| | - Friedrich Barsch
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Exercise and Occupational Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Adhara Lazaro
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Exercise and Occupational Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniela Huzly
- Institute of Virology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peter Deibert
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Exercise and Occupational Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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19
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Sarkar S, Das S, Choudhury K, Mukherjee S, Chatterjee R. Seroprevalence and Dynamics of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody among healthcare workers following ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination. Epidemiol Infect 2022; 150:1-20. [PMID: 35465866 PMCID: PMC9068497 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268822000747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Health care workers (HCWs) are in a higher risk of acquiring the disease owing to their regular contact with the patients. The aim of this study is to evaluate the seroprevalence among HCWs pre- and post-vaccination. The serological assessment of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody was conducted in pre- and post-vaccination of first or both doses of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine and followed up to 8 months for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and antibody titre. The neutralising antibody was positively correlated with IgG and total antibody. IgG was significantly decreased after 4–6 months post-infection. Almost all HCWs developed IgG after 2 doses of vaccine with comparable IgG to that of the infected HCWs. A follow-up of 6 to 8 months post vaccination showed a significant drop in antibody titre, while 56% of them didn't show a detectable level of IgG, suggesting the need for a booster dose. Around 21% of the vaccinated HCWs with significantly low antibody titre were infected with the SARS-CoV-2, but a majority of them showed mild symptoms and recovered in home isolation without any O2 support. We noticed the effectiveness of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine as evident from the low rate of breakthrough infection with any severe symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soma Sarkar
- Department of Microbiology, NRS Medical College & Hospital, 138, A J C Bose Road, Kolkata, 700014, West Bengal, India
| | - Shantanab Das
- Department of Microbiology, NRS Medical College & Hospital, 138, A J C Bose Road, Kolkata, 700014, West Bengal, India
- Human Genetics Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, 203 B. T. Road, Kolkata, 700108, West Bengal, India
| | - Kabita Choudhury
- Department of Microbiology, NRS Medical College & Hospital, 138, A J C Bose Road, Kolkata, 700014, West Bengal, India
| | - Saibal Mukherjee
- NRS Medical College & Hospital, 138, A J C Bose Road, Kolkata, 700014, West Bengal, India
| | - Raghunath Chatterjee
- Human Genetics Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, 203 B. T. Road, Kolkata, 700108, West Bengal, India
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20
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Garanina E, Hamza S, Stott-Marshall RJ, Martynova E, Markelova M, Davidyuk Y, Shakirova V, Kaushal N, Baranwal M, Khaertynova IM, Rizvanov A, Foster TL, Khaiboullina S. Antibody and T Cell Immune Responses to SARS-CoV-2 Peptides in COVID-19 Convalescent Patients. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:842232. [PMID: 35509311 PMCID: PMC9058163 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.842232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying immunogenic targets of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is critical to advance diagnostic and disease control strategies. We analyzed humoral (ELISA) and T-cell (ELISpot) immune responses to spike (S) and nucleocapsid (N) SARS-CoV-2 proteins as well as to human endemic coronavirus (eCoV) peptides in serum from convalescent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients from Tatarstan, Russia. We identified multiple SARS-CoV-2 peptides that were reactive with serum antibodies and T cells from convalescent COVID-19. In addition, age and gender associated differences in the reactivity to S and N protein peptides were identified. Moreover, several SARS-CoV-2 peptides tested negatively correlated with disease severity and lung damage. Cross-reactivity to eCoV peptides was analyzed and found to be lower in COVID-19 compared to controls. In this study, we demonstrate the changing pattern of immunogenic peptide reactivity in COVID-19 serum based on age, gender and previous exposure to eCoVs. These data highlight how humoral immune responses and cytotoxic T cell responses to some of these peptides could contribute to SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Garanina
- Intitute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Shaimaa Hamza
- Intitute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Robert J. Stott-Marshall
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Ekaterina Martynova
- Intitute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Maria Markelova
- Intitute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Yuriy Davidyuk
- Intitute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Venera Shakirova
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Neha Kaushal
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, India
| | - Manoj Baranwal
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, India
| | | | - Albert Rizvanov
- Intitute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Toshana L. Foster
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Svetlana Khaiboullina
- Intitute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
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21
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Sullivan PS, Siegler AJ, Shioda K, Hall EW, Bradley H, Sanchez T, Luisi N, Valentine-Graves M, Nelson KN, Fahimi M, Kamali A, Sailey C, Lopman BA. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Cumulative Incidence, United States, August 2020-December 2020. Clin Infect Dis 2022. [PMID: 34245245 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciab626.pmid:34245245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reported coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases underestimate severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections. We conducted a national probability survey of US households to estimate cumulative incidence adjusted for antibody waning. METHODS From August-December 2020 a random sample of US addresses were mailed a survey and self-collected nasal swabs and dried blood spot cards. One adult household member completed the survey and mail specimens for viral detection and total (immunoglobulin [Ig] A, IgM, IgG) nucleocapsid antibody by a commercial, emergency use authorization-approved antigen capture assay. We estimated cumulative incidence of SARS-CoV-2 adjusted for waning antibodies and calculated reported fraction (RF) and infection fatality ratio (IFR). Differences in seropositivity among demographic, geographic, and clinical subgroups were explored. RESULTS Among 39 500 sampled households, 4654 respondents provided responses. Cumulative incidence adjusted for waning was 11.9% (95% credible interval [CrI], 10.5%-13.5%) as of 30 October 2020. We estimated 30 332 842 (CrI, 26 703 753-34 335 338) total infections in the US adult population by 30 October 2020. RF was 22.3% and IFR was 0.85% among adults. Black non-Hispanics (Prevalence ratio (PR) 2.2) and Hispanics (PR, 3.1) were more likely than White non-Hispanics to be seropositive. CONCLUSIONS One in 8 US adults had been infected with SARS-CoV-2 by October 2020; however, few had been accounted for in public health reporting. The COVID-19 pandemic is likely substantially underestimated by reported cases. Disparities in COVID-19 by race observed among reported cases cannot be attributed to differential diagnosis or reporting of infections in population subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Sean Sullivan
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Aaron J Siegler
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kayoko Shioda
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Eric W Hall
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Heather Bradley
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Georgia State University School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Travis Sanchez
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Nicole Luisi
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mariah Valentine-Graves
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kristin N Nelson
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Amanda Kamali
- California Department of Public Health, Sacramento, California, USA
| | | | - Benjamin A Lopman
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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22
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Lee CC, Segaloff HE, Cole D, Rosenblum HG, Morgan CN, Somers T, Desamu-Thorpe R, Foster MA, Currie D, Ruff J, Payne D, Whyte TJ, Abedi GR, Bigouette JP, Kahrs J, Langolf K, Remington P, Sterkel A, Kelly P, Westergaard RP, Bateman AC, Hsu CH, Tate JE, Kirking HL. A cohort study measuring SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion and serial viral testing in university students. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:314. [PMID: 35361140 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07314-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To improve understanding of the antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 infection, we examined seroprevalence, incidence of infection, and seroconversion among a cohort of young adults living on university campuses during the fall of 2020. Methods At the beginning (semester start) and end (semester end) of an 11-week period, serum collected from 107 students was tested using the qualitative Abbott Architect SARS-CoV-2 IgG and AdviseDx SARS-CoV-2 IgG II assays. Results were matched to interim weekly surveillance viral testing and symptom data. Results With the SARS-CoV-2 IgG assay, 15 (14.0%) students were seropositive at semester start; 29 (27.1%) students were seropositive at semester end; 10 (9.3%) were seropositive at both times. With the AdviseDx SARS-CoV-2 IgG II assay, 17 (16.3%) students were seropositive at semester start, 37 (35.6%) were seropositive at semester end, and 16 (15.3%) were seropositive at both times. Overall, 23 students (21.5%) had positive viral tests during the semester. Infection was identified by serial testing in a large majority of individuals who seroconverted using both assays. Those seropositive at semester end more frequently reported symptomatic infections (56.5%) than asymptomatic infections (30.4%). Conclusion Differences between antibody targets were observed, with more declines in antibody index values below the threshold of positivity with the anti-nucleocapsid assay compared to the anti-spike assay. Serology testing, combined with serial viral testing, can detect seroconversions, and help understand the potential correlates of protection provided by antibodies to SARS-CoV-2. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12879-022-07314-5.
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23
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Fadda M, Camerini AL, Fiordelli M, Corna L, Levati S, Amati R, Piumatti G, Crivelli L, Suggs LS, Albanese E. Why Vaccinate Against COVID-19? A Population-Based Survey in Switzerland. Int J Public Health 2022; 67:1604226. [PMID: 35418817 PMCID: PMC8997237 DOI: 10.3389/ijph.2022.1604226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: This study examined factors associated with COVID-19 vaccination intention at the very beginning of the vaccination campaign in a representative sample of the population in southern Switzerland.Methods: In March 2021, we measured vaccination intention, beliefs, attitudes, and trust in a sample of the Corona Immunitas Ticino study.Results: Of the 2681 participants, 1933 completed the questionnaire (response rate = 72%; 55% female; meanage = 41, SD = 24, rangeage = 5–91). Overall, 68% reported an intention to get vaccinated. Vaccination intention was higher in social/healthcare workers, and increased with age, trust in public health institutions, and confidence in the vaccine efficacy. Prior infection of a family member, predilection for waiting for more evidence on the safety and efficacy of the vaccine, and for alternative protective means were negatively associated with intention.Conclusion: In view of needs of COVID-19 vaccine boosters and of suboptimal vaccination coverage, our results have relevant public health implications and suggest that communication about vaccine safety and efficacy, and aims of vaccination programs, should be bi-directional, proportionate, and tailored to the concerns, expectations, and beliefs of different population subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Fadda
- Institute of Public Health, University of Italian Switzerland, Lugano, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Marta Fadda,
| | - Anne Linda Camerini
- Institute of Public Health, University of Italian Switzerland, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Maddalena Fiordelli
- Institute of Public Health, University of Italian Switzerland, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Laurie Corna
- Department of Business Economics, Health and Social Care, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland (SUPSI), Manno, Switzerland
| | - Sara Levati
- Department of Business Economics, Health and Social Care, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland (SUPSI), Manno, Switzerland
| | - Rebecca Amati
- Institute of Public Health, University of Italian Switzerland, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Giovanni Piumatti
- Institute of Public Health, University of Italian Switzerland, Lugano, Switzerland
- Unit of Development and Research in Medical Education, Université de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Luca Crivelli
- Department of Business Economics, Health and Social Care, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland (SUPSI), Manno, Switzerland
| | - L. Suzanne Suggs
- Institute of Public Health, University of Italian Switzerland, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Emiliano Albanese
- Institute of Public Health, University of Italian Switzerland, Lugano, Switzerland
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24
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Martynova E, Hamza S, Markelova M, Garanina E, Davidyuk Y, Shakirova V, Kaushal N, Baranwal M, Stott-Marshall RJ, Foster TL, Rizvanov A, Khaiboullina S. Immunogenic SARS-CoV-2 S and N Protein Peptide and Cytokine Combinations as Biomarkers for Early Prediction of Fatal COVID-19. Front Immunol 2022; 13:830715. [PMID: 35386707 PMCID: PMC8979210 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.830715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Early indications of the likelihood of severe coronavirus disease 2019 COVID-19 can influence treatments and could improve clinical outcomes. However, knowledge on the prediction markers of COVID-19 fatality risks remains limited. Here, we analyzed and quantified the reactivity of serum samples from acute (non-fatal and fatal) and convalescent COVID-19 patients with the spike surface glycoprotein (S protein) and nucleocapsid phosphoprotein (N protein) SARS-CoV-2 peptide libraries. Cytokine activation was also analyzed. We demonstrated that IgM from fatal COVID-19 serum reacted with several N protein peptides. In contrast, IgM from non-fatal serum reacted more with S protein peptides. Further, higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines were found in fatal COVID-19 serum compared to non-fatal. Many of these cytokines were pro-inflammatory and chemokines. Differences in IgG reactivity from fatal and non-fatal COVID-19 sera were also demonstrated. Additionally, the longitudinal analysis of IgG reactivity with SARS-CoV-2 S and N protein identified peptides with the highest longevity in humoral immune response. Finally, using IgM antibody reactivity with S and N SARS-CoV-2 peptides and selected cytokines, we have identified a panel of biomarkers specific to patients with a higher risk of fatal COVID-19 compared with that of patients who survive. This panel could be used for the early prediction of COVID-19 fatality risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Martynova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Shaimaa Hamza
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Maria Markelova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Garanina
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Yuriy Davidyuk
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Venera Shakirova
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kazan State Medical Academy, Kazan, Russia
| | - Neha Kaushal
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, India
| | - Manoj Baranwal
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, India
| | - Robert J. Stott-Marshall
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Wolfson Centre for Global Virus Research, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Toshana L. Foster
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Wolfson Centre for Global Virus Research, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Albert Rizvanov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Svetlana Khaiboullina
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
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Beck EJ, Hsieh YH, Fernandez RE, Dashler G, Egbert ER, Truelove SA, Garliss C, Wang R, Bloch EM, Shrestha R, Blankson J, Cox AL, Manabe YC, Kickler T, Rothman RE, Redd AD, Tobian AAR, Milstone AM, Quinn TC, Laeyendecker O. Differentiation of Individuals Previously Infected with and Vaccinated for SARS-CoV-2 in an Inner-City Emergency Department. J Clin Microbiol 2022; 60:e0239021. [PMID: 35044204 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02390-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Emergency departments (EDs) can serve as surveillance sites for infectious diseases. The objective of this study was to determine the burden of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and to monitor the prevalence of vaccination against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) among patients attending an urban ED in Baltimore City. Using 1,914 samples of known exposure status, we developed an algorithm to differentiate previously infected, vaccinated, and unexposed individuals using a combination of antibody assays. We applied this testing algorithm to 4,360 samples from ED patients obtained in the spring of 2020 and 2021. Using multinomial logistic regression, we determined factors associated with infection and vaccination. For the algorithm, sensitivity and specificity for identifying vaccinated individuals were 100% and 99%, respectively, and 84% and 100% for previously infected individuals. Among the ED subjects, seroprevalence to SARS-CoV-2 increased from 2% to 24% between April 2020 and March 2021. Vaccination prevalence rose to 11% by mid-March 2021. Marked differences in burden of disease and vaccination coverage were seen by sex, race, and ethnicity. Hispanic patients, though accounting for 7% of the study population, had the highest relative burden of disease (17% of total infections) but with similar vaccination rates. Women and white individuals were more likely to be vaccinated than men or Black individuals. Individuals previously infected with SARS-CoV-2 can often be differentiated from vaccinated individuals using a serologic testing algorithm. The utility of this algorithm can aid in monitoring SARS-CoV-2 exposure and vaccination uptake frequencies and can potentially reflect gender, race, and ethnic health disparities.
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26
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Beck EJ, Hsieh YH, Fernandez RE, Dashler G, Egbert ER, Truelove SA, Garliss C, Wang R, Bloch EM, Shrestha R, Blankson J, Cox AL, Manabe YC, Kickler T, Rothman RE, Redd AD, Tobian AAR, Milstone AM, Quinn TC, Laeyendecker O. Differentiation of Individuals Previously Infected with and Vaccinated for SARS-CoV-2 in an Inner-City Emergency Department. J Clin Microbiol 2022. [PMID: 35044204 DOI: 10.1101/2021.10.13.21264968v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Emergency departments (EDs) can serve as surveillance sites for infectious diseases. The objective of this study was to determine the burden of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and to monitor the prevalence of vaccination against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) among patients attending an urban ED in Baltimore City. Using 1,914 samples of known exposure status, we developed an algorithm to differentiate previously infected, vaccinated, and unexposed individuals using a combination of antibody assays. We applied this testing algorithm to 4,360 samples from ED patients obtained in the spring of 2020 and 2021. Using multinomial logistic regression, we determined factors associated with infection and vaccination. For the algorithm, sensitivity and specificity for identifying vaccinated individuals were 100% and 99%, respectively, and 84% and 100% for previously infected individuals. Among the ED subjects, seroprevalence to SARS-CoV-2 increased from 2% to 24% between April 2020 and March 2021. Vaccination prevalence rose to 11% by mid-March 2021. Marked differences in burden of disease and vaccination coverage were seen by sex, race, and ethnicity. Hispanic patients, though accounting for 7% of the study population, had the highest relative burden of disease (17% of total infections) but with similar vaccination rates. Women and white individuals were more likely to be vaccinated than men or Black individuals. Individuals previously infected with SARS-CoV-2 can often be differentiated from vaccinated individuals using a serologic testing algorithm. The utility of this algorithm can aid in monitoring SARS-CoV-2 exposure and vaccination uptake frequencies and can potentially reflect gender, race, and ethnic health disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan J Beck
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yu-Hsiang Hsieh
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicinegrid.471401.7, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Reinaldo E Fernandez
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicinegrid.471401.7, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Gaby Dashler
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicinegrid.471401.7, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Emily R Egbert
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicinegrid.471401.7, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Shawn A Truelove
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Caroline Garliss
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicinegrid.471401.7, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Richard Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicinegrid.471401.7, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Evan M Bloch
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicinegrid.471401.7, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ruchee Shrestha
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicinegrid.471401.7, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Joel Blankson
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicinegrid.471401.7, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrea L Cox
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicinegrid.471401.7, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yukari C Manabe
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicinegrid.471401.7, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Thomas Kickler
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicinegrid.471401.7, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Richard E Rothman
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicinegrid.471401.7, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew D Redd
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicinegrid.471401.7, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Aaron A R Tobian
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicinegrid.471401.7, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Aaron M Milstone
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicinegrid.471401.7, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Thomas C Quinn
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicinegrid.471401.7, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Oliver Laeyendecker
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicinegrid.471401.7, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Doernberg SB, Holubar M, Jain V, Weng Y, Lu D, Bollyky JB, Sample H, Huang B, Craik CS, Desai M, Rutherford GW, Maldonado Y. Incidence and prevalence of COVID-19 within a healthcare worker cohort during the first year of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Clin Infect Dis 2022; 75:1573-1584. [PMID: 35279023 PMCID: PMC8992269 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciac210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preventing SARS-CoV2 infections in healthcare workers (HCWs) is critical for healthcare delivery. We aimed to estimate and characterize the prevalence and incidence of COVID-19 in a US HCW cohort and to identify risk factors associated with infection. METHODS We conducted a longitudinal cohort study of HCWs at 3 Bay Area medical centers using serial surveys and SARS-CoV-2 viral and orthogonal serological testing, including measurement of neutralizing antibodies. We estimated baseline prevalence and cumulative incidence of COVID-19. We performed multivariable Cox proportional hazards models to estimate associations of baseline factors with incident infections and evaluated the impact of time-varying exposures on time to COVID-19 using marginal structural models. RESULTS 2435 HCWs contributed 768 person years of follow-up time. We identified 21/2435 individuals with prevalent infection, resulting in a baseline prevalence of 0.86% (95% CI, 0.53% to 1.32%). We identified 70/2414 (2.9%) incident infections yielding a cumulative incidence rate of 9.11 cases per 100 person years (95% CI 7.11 to 11.52). Community contact with a known COVID-19 case most strongly correlated with increased hazard for infection (HR 8.1, 95% CI, 3.8, 17.5). High-risk work-related exposures (i.e., breach in protective measures) drove an association between work exposure and infection (HR 2.5, 95% CI, 1.3-4.8). More cases were identified in HCW when community case rates were high. CONCLUSION We observed modest COVID-19 incidence despite consistent exposure at work. Community contact was strongly associated with infections but contact at work was not unless accompanied by high-risk exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah B Doernberg
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF)
| | - Marisa Holubar
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine
| | - Vivek Jain
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases & Global Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF)
| | - Yingjie Weng
- Quantitative Sciences Unit, Stanford University School of Medicine
| | - Di Lu
- Quantitative Sciences Unit, Stanford University School of Medicine
| | - Jenna B Bollyky
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Stanford University School of Medicine
| | | | - Beatrice Huang
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF)
| | | | - Manisha Desai
- Quantitative Sciences Unit, Stanford University School of Medicine
| | - George W Rutherford
- Division of Infectious Disease and Global Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, UCSF
| | - Yvonne Maldonado
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Stanford University School of Medicine
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28
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Huete-Pérez JA, Colgrove RC, Cabezas-Robelo C, Páiz-Medina L, Hunsajarupan B, Silva S, Quant C, Huete A. SARS-CoV-2 prevalence at eight urban health clinics in Nicaragua: possible implications for the COVID-19 pandemic. IJID Regions 2022; 2:110-117. [PMID: 35721440 PMCID: PMC8730803 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijregi.2021.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In Nicaragua, data regarding coronavirus disease 2019 testing and mortality are severely limited. This study assessed the prevalence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) in selected urban health clinics. The prevalence rates of current SARS-CoV-2 infection and seropositivity were fairly high. More than half of the sample population had evidence of current or past infection. This previously unknown infection data is increasingly important for policy makers.
Objective To assess the prevalence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) in selected health clinics in the three largest urban areas in Nicaragua, where data regarding coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) testing, morbidity and mortality is severely limited. Methods In this cross-sectional study, participants were tested for SARS-CoV-2 RNA by loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), and were tested for antibodies using immunoassays. A questionnaire recorded subjects’ COVID-19-associated symptoms and risk factors. Data were collected from 22 February to 19 March 2021, 1 year after the first confirmed cases of SARS-CoV-2 in Nicaragua. Study participants were enrolled while attending routine check-ups or seeking care unrelated to COVID-19. Study participation was random and voluntary. All patients were eligible to participate. Symptom history was not part of the eligibility criteria. Results The prevalence of current SARS-CoV-2 infection was high (14%, LAMP-positive/seronegative). Antibody testing showed higher overall seroprevalence (38%). Cough was the symptom most strongly associated with being LAMP-positive (odds ratio 3.57, 95% confidence interval 2.65–4.81). Loss of smell had the highest positive predictive value, and was significantly associated with being LAMP-positive. Conclusion The prevalence of current SARS-CoV-2 infection and seropositivity were fairly high. More than half of the sample population had evidence of current or past infection. Knowledge of this previously unknown elevated level of infection is crucial for healthcare providers and policy makers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A. Huete-Pérez
- Molecular Biology Center, University of Central America, Managua, Nicaragua
- Corresponding author. Address: Molecular Biology Center, University of Central America, UCA, Rotonda R. Darío 150 mts Oeste, Managua, Nicaragua.
| | - Robert C. Colgrove
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mount Auburn Hospital, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Lucía Páiz-Medina
- Molecular Biology Center, University of Central America, Managua, Nicaragua
| | - Bhanasut Hunsajarupan
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Alejandra Huete
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mount Auburn Hospital, Cambridge, MA, USA
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29
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Pérez-olmeda M, Saugar JM, Fernández-garcía A, Pérez-gómez B, Pollán M, Avellón A, Pastor-barriuso R, Larrea NF, Martín M, Cruz I, Sanmartín JL, Fedele G, Paniagua JL, Muñoz-montalvo JF, Blanco F, Yotti R, Oteo-iglesias J. Evolution of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 over seven months: experience of the Nationwide Seroprevalence ENE-COVID Study in Spain. J Clin Virol 2022. [PMID: 35305377 PMCID: PMC8915455 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2022.105130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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30
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Yu Y, Esposito D, Kang Z, Lu J, Remaley AT, De Giorgi V, Chen LN, West K, Cao L. mRNA vaccine-induced antibodies more effective than natural immunity in neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 and its high affinity variants. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2628. [PMID: 35173254 PMCID: PMC8850441 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06629-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Several variants of SARS-CoV-2 have emerged. Those with mutations in the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE2) receptor binding domain (RBD) are associated with increased transmission and severity. In this study, we developed both antibody quantification and functional neutralization assays. Analyses of both COVID-19 convalescent and diagnostic cohorts strongly support the use of RBD antibody levels as an excellent surrogate to biochemical neutralization activities. Data further revealed that the samples from mRNA vaccinated individuals had a median of 17 times higher RBD antibody levels and a similar degree of increased neutralization activities against RBD-ACE2 binding than those from natural infections. Our data showed that N501Y RBD had fivefold higher ACE2 binding than the original variant. While some antisera from naturally infected subjects had substantially reduced neutralization ability against N501Y RBD, all blood samples from vaccinated individuals were highly effective in neutralizing it. Thus, our data indicates that mRNA vaccination may generate more neutralizing RBD antibodies than natural immunity. It further suggests a potential need to maintain high RBD antibody levels to control the more infectious SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunkai Yu
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, 37 Convent Dr. MSC 4265, Bldg 37, Rm 6040, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Dominic Esposito
- Protein Expression Laboratory, NCI RAS Initiative, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Zhigang Kang
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, 37 Convent Dr. MSC 4265, Bldg 37, Rm 6040, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jianming Lu
- Codex BioSolutions, Inc, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Alan T Remaley
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, National Heat, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Valeria De Giorgi
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Leonard N Chen
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kamille West
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Liang Cao
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, 37 Convent Dr. MSC 4265, Bldg 37, Rm 6040, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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31
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Hansen F, Meade-White K, Clancy C, Rosenke R, Okumura A, Hawman DW, Feldmann F, Kaza B, Jarvis MA, Rosenke K, Feldmann H. SARS-CoV-2 reinfection prevents acute respiratory disease in Syrian hamsters but not replication in the upper respiratory tract. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110515. [PMID: 35263638 PMCID: PMC8860630 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cases of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection have been documented throughout the pandemic, but are likely under-reported. In the current study, we use the Syrian hamster SARS-CoV-2 model to assess reinfection with homologous WA1 and heterologous B.1.1.7 (Alpha) and B.1.351 (Beta) SARS-CoV-2 variants over time. Upon primary infection with SARS-CoV-2 WA1, hamsters rapidly develop a strong and long-lasting humoral immune response. After reinfection with homologous and heterologous SARS-CoV-2 variants, this immune response protects hamsters from clinical disease, virus replication in the lower respiratory tract, and acute lung pathology. However, reinfection leads to SARS-CoV-2 replication in the upper respiratory tract with the potential for virus shedding. Our findings indicate that reinfection results in restricted SARS-CoV-2 replication despite substantial levels of humoral immunity, denoting the potential for transmission through reinfected asymptomatic individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick Hansen
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, 903 S 4(th) Street, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Kimberly Meade-White
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, 903 S 4(th) Street, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Chad Clancy
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Rebecca Rosenke
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Atsushi Okumura
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, 903 S 4(th) Street, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - David W Hawman
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, 903 S 4(th) Street, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Friederike Feldmann
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Benjamin Kaza
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, 903 S 4(th) Street, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Michael A Jarvis
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, 903 S 4(th) Street, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA; University of Plymouth, Plymouth, Devon, UK; The Vaccine Group Ltd, Plymouth, Devon, UK
| | - Kyle Rosenke
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, 903 S 4(th) Street, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA.
| | - Heinz Feldmann
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, 903 S 4(th) Street, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA.
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Couture A, Lyons BC, Mehrotra ML, Sosa L, Ezike N, Ahmed FS, Brown CM, Yendell S, Azzam IA, Katić BJ, Cope A, Dickerson K, Stone J, Traxler LB, Dunn J, Davis LB, Reed C, Clarke KEN, Flannery B, Charles MD. SARS-CoV-2 Seroprevalence and Reported COVID-19 Cases in U.S. Children, August 2020—May 2021. Open Forum Infect Dis 2022; 9:ofac044. [PMID: 35198651 PMCID: PMC8860150 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofac044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Case-based surveillance of pediatric coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases underestimates the prevalence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections among children and adolescents. Our objectives were to estimate monthly SARS-CoV-2 antibody seroprevalence and calculate ratios of SARS-CoV-2 infections to reported COVID-19 cases among children and adolescents in 8 US states. Methods Using data from the Nationwide Commercial Laboratory Seroprevalence Survey, we estimated monthly SARS-CoV-2 antibody seroprevalence among children aged 0–17 years from August 2020 through May 2021. We calculated and compared cumulative incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection extrapolated from population-standardized seroprevalence of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2, cumulative COVID-19 case reports since March 2020, and infection-to-case ratios among persons of all ages and children aged 0–17 years for each state. Results Of 41 583 residual serum specimens tested, children aged 0–4, 5–11, and 12–17 years accounted for 1619 (3.9%), 10 507 (25.3%), and 29 457 (70.8%), respectively. Median SARS-CoV-2 antibody seroprevalence among children increased from 8% (range, 6%–20%) in August 2020 to 37% (range, 26%–44%) in May 2021. Estimated ratios of SARS-CoV-2 infections to reported COVID-19 cases in May 2021 ranged by state from 4.7–8.9 among children and adolescents to 2.2–3.9 for all ages combined. Conclusions Through May 2021 in selected states, the majority of children with serum specimens included in serosurveys did not have evidence of prior SARS-CoV-2 infection. Case-based surveillance underestimated the number of children infected with SARS-CoV-2 more than among all ages. Continued monitoring of pediatric SARS-CoV-2 antibody seroprevalence should inform prevention and vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexia Couture
- COVID-19 Emergency Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - B Casey Lyons
- COVID-19 Emergency Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Lynn Sosa
- Connecticut State Department of Public Health, Hartford, CT, USA
| | - Ngozi Ezike
- Illinois Department of Public Health, Springfield, IL, USA
| | - Farah S Ahmed
- Kansas Department of Health and Environment, Topeka, KS, USA
| | | | | | - Ihsan A Azzam
- Nevada Division of Public and Behavioral Health, Carson City, NV, USA
| | | | - Anna Cope
- COVID-19 Emergency Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
- North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | | | - Jolianne Stone
- Oklahoma State Department of Health, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - L Brannon Traxler
- South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - John Dunn
- Tennessee Department of Health, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Lora B Davis
- Washington State Department of Health, Tumwater, WA, USA
| | - Carrie Reed
- COVID-19 Emergency Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kristie E N Clarke
- COVID-19 Emergency Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Brendan Flannery
- COVID-19 Emergency Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Myrna D Charles
- COVID-19 Emergency Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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33
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Koureas M, Bogogiannidou Z, Vontas A, Kyritsi MA, Mouchtouri VA, Dadouli K, Anagnostopoulos L, Mina P, Matziri A, Ntouska M, Tsigaridaki M, Gkiata V, Tsilidis KK, Ntzani EE, Prezerakos P, Tsiodras S, Speletas M, Hadjichristodoulou C. SARS-CoV-2 Sero-Surveillance in Greece: Evolution over Time and Epidemiological Attributes during the Pre-Vaccination Pandemic Era. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12020295. [PMID: 35204386 PMCID: PMC8871128 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12020295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Nation-wide SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence surveys provide valuable insights into the course of the pandemic, including information often not captured by routine surveillance of reported cases. Methods: A serosurvey of IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 was conducted in Greece between March and December 2020. It was designed as a cross-sectional survey repeated at monthly intervals. The leftover sampling methodology was used and a geographically stratified sampling plan was applied. Results: Of 55,947 serum samples collected, 705 (1.26%) were found positive for anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, with higher seroprevalence (9.09%) observed in December 2020. Highest seropositivity levels were observed in the “0–29” and “30–49” year age groups. Seroprevalence increased with age in the “0–29” age group. Highly populated metropolitan areas were characterized with elevated seroprevalence levels (11.92% in Attica, 12.76% in Thessaloniki) compared to the rest of the country (5.90%). The infection fatality rate (IFR) was estimated at 0.451% (95% CI: 0.382–0.549%) using aggregate data until December 2020, and the ratio of actual to reported cases was 9.59 (7.88–11.33). Conclusions: The evolution of seroprevalence estimates aligned with the course of the pandemic and varied widely by region and age group. Young and middle-aged adults appeared to be drivers of the pandemic during a severe epidemic wave under strict policy measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michalis Koureas
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41222 Larissa, Greece; (M.K.); (Z.B.); (A.V.); (M.A.K.); (V.A.M.); (K.D.); (L.A.); (P.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Zacharoula Bogogiannidou
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41222 Larissa, Greece; (M.K.); (Z.B.); (A.V.); (M.A.K.); (V.A.M.); (K.D.); (L.A.); (P.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Alexandros Vontas
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41222 Larissa, Greece; (M.K.); (Z.B.); (A.V.); (M.A.K.); (V.A.M.); (K.D.); (L.A.); (P.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Maria A. Kyritsi
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41222 Larissa, Greece; (M.K.); (Z.B.); (A.V.); (M.A.K.); (V.A.M.); (K.D.); (L.A.); (P.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Varvara A. Mouchtouri
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41222 Larissa, Greece; (M.K.); (Z.B.); (A.V.); (M.A.K.); (V.A.M.); (K.D.); (L.A.); (P.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Katerina Dadouli
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41222 Larissa, Greece; (M.K.); (Z.B.); (A.V.); (M.A.K.); (V.A.M.); (K.D.); (L.A.); (P.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Lemonia Anagnostopoulos
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41222 Larissa, Greece; (M.K.); (Z.B.); (A.V.); (M.A.K.); (V.A.M.); (K.D.); (L.A.); (P.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Paraskevi Mina
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41222 Larissa, Greece; (M.K.); (Z.B.); (A.V.); (M.A.K.); (V.A.M.); (K.D.); (L.A.); (P.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Alexia Matziri
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41222 Larissa, Greece; (M.K.); (Z.B.); (A.V.); (M.A.K.); (V.A.M.); (K.D.); (L.A.); (P.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Maria Ntouska
- Hematology Laboratory, Corfu General Hospital, 49100 Corfu, Greece;
| | - Maria Tsigaridaki
- Biochemical Laboratory, Venizelio Hospital, 71409 Heraklion, Greece;
| | - Vasiliki Gkiata
- Microbiological Laboratory, Kozani General Hospital” Mamatsio”, 50100 Kozani, Greece;
| | - Konstantinos K. Tsilidis
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (K.K.T.); (E.E.N.)
| | - Evangelia E. Ntzani
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (K.K.T.); (E.E.N.)
- Center for Research Synthesis in Health, Department of Health Services, Policy and Practice, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
- Institute of Biosciences, University Research Center of loannina, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | | | - Sotirios Tsiodras
- Fourth Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece;
| | - Matthaios Speletas
- Department of Immunology and Histocompatibility, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larissa, Greece;
| | - Christos Hadjichristodoulou
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41222 Larissa, Greece; (M.K.); (Z.B.); (A.V.); (M.A.K.); (V.A.M.); (K.D.); (L.A.); (P.M.); (A.M.)
- Correspondence:
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Turkkan A, Saglik I, Turan C, Sahin A, Akalin H, Ener B, Kara A, Celebi S, Sahin E, Hacimustafaoglu M. Nine-month course of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in individuals with COVID-19 infection. Ir J Med Sci 2022; 191:2803-2811. [PMID: 35048229 PMCID: PMC8769943 DOI: 10.1007/s11845-021-02716-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background The continual course of the pandemic points to the importance of studies on the rate and durability of protective immunity after infection or vaccination. Aims In this study, we aimed to monitor anti-nucleocapsid (N) and anti-spike (S) antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 nearly 9 months duration after infection. Methods Anti-nucleocapsid (N) (at 11–15-20–29-38 weeks) and anti-spike antibodies (at 11 and 38 weeks) against SARS-CoV-2 were monitored during 38 weeks after the initial symptoms of COVID-19. Results Of 37 cases between 18 and 57 years old, 54% were women. The findings showed that anti-N antibodies decreased significantly after the 15th week (between 15 and 20 weeks, p = 0.016; 20–29 weeks, p = 0.0009; and 29–38 weeks, p = 0.049). At the 38th week, mean antibody levels decreased 35% compared to the 11th week, and 8% of the cases turned negative results. Anti-N antibody average level was 56.48 on the 11th week (the cut-off index threshold ≥ 1). It was estimated statistically that it would decrease to an average of 20.48 in weeks 53–62. In females, average antibody levels of all measurements were lower than males (p > 0.05). Anti-S antibody levels 14% increased at 38th week compared to 11th week (quantitative positivity threshold ≥ 0.8 U/ml), and no cases were negative at 38th week. Conclusions Patients had ≥ 90% positivity after at least 9 months of symptoms, both anti-N and anti-S antibodies. In all samples, both anti-N and anti-S antibody levels were lower in females. The findings suggest that the quantitative values of anti-S antibodies remained high for at least 9 months and could provide protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alpaslan Turkkan
- Department of Public Health, Bursa Uludag University Medical Faculty, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Imran Saglik
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Bursa Uludag University Medical Faculty, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Cansu Turan
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Bursa Uludag University Medical Faculty, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Sahin
- Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Guven Tip Laboratuarı, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Halis Akalin
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Bursa Uludag University Medical Faculty, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Beyza Ener
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Bursa Uludag University Medical Faculty, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Ates Kara
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Hacettepe University Medical Faculty, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Solmaz Celebi
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Bursa Uludag University Medical Faculty, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Emre Sahin
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Bursa Uludag University Medical Faculty, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Hacimustafaoglu
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Bursa Uludag University Medical Faculty, Bursa, Turkey.
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Pace RM, Williams JE, Järvinen KM, Meehan CL, Martin MA, Ley SH, Barbosa-Leiker C, Andres A, Yeruva L, Belfort MB, Caffé B, Navarrete AD, Lackey KA, Pace CDW, Gogel AC, Fehrenkamp BD, Klein M, Young BE, Rosen-Carole C, Diaz N, Gaw SL, Flaherman V, McGuire MA, McGuire MK, Seppo AE. Milk From Women Diagnosed With COVID-19 Does Not Contain SARS-CoV-2 RNA but Has Persistent Levels of SARS-CoV-2-Specific IgA Antibodies. Front Immunol 2021; 12:801797. [PMID: 35003130 PMCID: PMC8733294 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.801797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Limited data are available regarding the balance of risks and benefits from human milk and/or breastfeeding during and following maternal infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Objective To investigate whether SARS-CoV-2 can be detected in milk and on the breast after maternal coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) diagnosis; and characterize concentrations of milk immunoglobulin (Ig) A specific to the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein receptor binding domain (RBD) during the 2 months after onset of symptoms or positive diagnostic test. Methods Using a longitudinal study design, we collected milk and breast skin swabs one to seven times from 64 lactating women with COVID-19 over a 2-month period, beginning as early as the week of diagnosis. Milk and breast swabs were analyzed for SARS-CoV-2 RNA, and milk was tested for anti-RBD IgA. Results SARS-CoV-2 was not detected in any milk sample or on 71% of breast swabs. Twenty-seven out of 29 (93%) breast swabs collected after breast washing tested negative for SARS-CoV-2. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 on the breast was associated with maternal coughing and other household COVID-19. Most (75%; 95% CI, 70-79%; n=316) milk samples contained anti-RBD IgA, and concentrations increased (P=.02) during the first two weeks following onset of COVID-19 symptoms or positive test. Milk-borne anti-RBD IgA persisted for at least two months in 77% of women. Conclusion Milk produced by women with COVID-19 does not contain SARS-CoV-2 and is likely a lasting source of passive immunity via anti-RBD IgA. These results support recommendations encouraging lactating women to continue breastfeeding during and after COVID-19 illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M. Pace
- Margaret Ritchie School of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
| | - Janet E. Williams
- Department of Animal, Veterinary and Food Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
| | - Kirsi M. Järvinen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Courtney L. Meehan
- Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Melanie A. Martin
- Department of Anthropology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Sylvia H. Ley
- School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Celestina Barbosa-Leiker
- College of Nursing, Washington State University Health Sciences Spokane, Spokane, WA, United States
| | - Aline Andres
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States,Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Laxmi Yeruva
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States,Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Mandy B. Belfort
- Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Beatrice Caffé
- Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Alexandra D. Navarrete
- Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, United States
| | - Kimberly A. Lackey
- Margaret Ritchie School of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
| | - Christina D. W. Pace
- Margaret Ritchie School of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
| | - Alexandra C. Gogel
- Margaret Ritchie School of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
| | - Bethaney D. Fehrenkamp
- Margaret Ritchie School of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
| | - Miranda Klein
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Bridget E. Young
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Casey Rosen-Carole
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Nichole Diaz
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Stephanie L. Gaw
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Valerie Flaherman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Mark A. McGuire
- Department of Animal, Veterinary and Food Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
| | - Michelle K. McGuire
- Margaret Ritchie School of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States,*Correspondence: Antti E. Seppo, ; Michelle K. McGuire,
| | - Antti E. Seppo
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States,*Correspondence: Antti E. Seppo, ; Michelle K. McGuire,
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Avivi-Mintz S, Lustig Y, Indenbaum V, Schwartz E, Danielli A. Highly Sensitive and Specific SARS-CoV-2 Serological Assay Using a Magnetic Modulation Biosensing System. Biosensors (Basel) 2021; 12:7. [PMID: 35049635 PMCID: PMC8773989 DOI: 10.3390/bios12010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Sensitive serological assays are needed to provide valuable information about acute and past viral infections. For example, detection of anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) IgG antibodies could serve as the basis for an "immunity passport" that would enable individuals to travel internationally. Here, utilizing a novel Magnetic Modulation Biosensing (MMB) system and the receptor-binding domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, we demonstrate a highly sensitive and specific anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG serological assay. Using anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies, RT-qPCR SARS-CoV-2-positive and healthy patients' samples, and vaccinees' samples, we compare the MMB-based SARS-CoV-2 IgG assay's analytical and clinical sensitivities to those of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Compared with ELISA, the MMB-based assay has an ~6-fold lower limit of detection (129 ng/L vs. 817 ng/L), and it detects an increase in the IgG concentration much earlier after vaccination. Using 85 RT-qPCR SARS-CoV-2-positive samples and 79 -negative samples, the MMB-based assay demonstrated similar clinical specificity (98% vs. 99%) and sensitivity (93% vs. 92%) to the ELISA test, but with a much faster turnaround time (45 min vs. 245 min). The high analytical and clinical sensitivity, short turnaround time, and simplicity of the MMB-based assay makes it a preferred method for antibody detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shira Avivi-Mintz
- Faculty of Engineering, The Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Max and Anna Webb Street, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel;
| | - Yaniv Lustig
- Central Virology Laboratory, Israel Ministry of Health, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-HaShomer, Ramat Gan 5262000, Israel; (Y.L.); (V.I.)
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel;
| | - Victoria Indenbaum
- Central Virology Laboratory, Israel Ministry of Health, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-HaShomer, Ramat Gan 5262000, Israel; (Y.L.); (V.I.)
| | - Eli Schwartz
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel;
- The Center for Geographic Medicine, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Ramat Gan 5262000, Israel
| | - Amos Danielli
- Faculty of Engineering, The Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Max and Anna Webb Street, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel;
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Alshami A, Al Attas R, Anan H, Al Maghrabi A, Ghandorah S, Mohammed A, Alhalimi A, Al-Jishi J, Alqahtani H. Durability of Antibody Responses to SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Its Relationship to Disease Severity Assessed Using a Commercially Available Assay. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:770727. [PMID: 34925278 PMCID: PMC8678500 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.770727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Assessing the humoral immune response to SARS-CoV-2 is crucial for inferring protective immunity from reinfection and for assessing vaccine efficacy. Data regarding the durability and sustainability of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies are conflicting. In this study, we aimed to determine the seroconversion rate of SARS-CoV-2 infection in a cohort of reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR)-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections and the antibody dynamics, durability, and the correlation of antibody titers with disease severity using the commercially available SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike (S1/S2) protein. Methods: A total of 342 subjects with PCR-confirmed COVID-19 were enrolled. A total of 395 samples were collected at different time points (0–204) after the onset of symptoms or from the day of positive PCR in asymptomatic patients. Demographics, clinical presentation and the date of PCR were collected. All samples were tested using the automated commercial chemiluminescent system (DiaSorin SARS-CoV-2 S1/S2 IgG) on the LIAISONXL® platform (LIAISON). Results: The seroconversion rate for samples collected 14 days after the onset of infection was much higher than that for samples collected before 14 days (79.4% vs. 39.4%). The rate of seroconversion in symptomatic participants (62.1%) was similar to that of asymptomatic participants (56.1%) (p = 0.496). The IgG titer distribution was also similar across both groups (p = 0.142), with a median IgG level of 27.86 AU/ml (3.8–85.5) and 15 AU/ml (3.8–58.85) in symptomatic and asymptomatic participants, respectively. However, IgG titers were significantly higher in ICU patients, with a median of 104 AU/ml (3.8–179) compared to 34 AU/ml (3.8–70) in the non-ICU participants (p < 0.0001). Furthermore, the median time to seroconversion occurred significantly faster in ICU patients than in non-ICU participants (19 versus 47 days) (P < 0.0001). IgG titers were also higher in subjects ≥50 years compared to those <50 years (p < 0.009), male compared to female (p < 0.054) and non-Saudi compared to Saudi (p < 0.003). Approximately 74% of all samples tested beyond 120 days were positive. Conclusion: Antibodies can persist in circulation for longer than 4 months after COVID-19 infection. The majority of patients with COVID-19 mounted humoral immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection that strongly correlated with disease severity, older age and male gender. However, the population of individuals who tested negative should be further evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alanoud Alshami
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, King Fahad Specialist Hospital-Dammam, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
- *Correspondence: Alanoud Alshami,
| | - Rabab Al Attas
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, King Fahad Specialist Hospital-Dammam, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hadeel Anan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, King Fahad Specialist Hospital-Dammam, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Salim Ghandorah
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, King Fahad Specialist Hospital-Dammam, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amani Mohammed
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, King Fahad Specialist Hospital-Dammam, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Jumana Al-Jishi
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Qatif Central Hospital, Qatif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hadi Alqahtani
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, King Fahad Specialist Hospital-Dammam, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
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Heaney CD, Pisanic N, Randad PR, Kruczynski K, Howard T, Zhu X, Littlefield K, Patel EU, Shrestha R, Laeyendecker O, Shoham S, Sullivan D, Gebo K, Hanley D, Redd AD, Quinn TC, Casadevall A, Zenilman JM, Pekosz A, Bloch EM, Tobian AAR. Comparative performance of multiplex salivary and commercially available serologic assays to detect SARS-CoV-2 IgG and neutralization titers. J Clin Virol 2021; 145:104997. [PMID: 34695724 PMCID: PMC8502080 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2021.104997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Oral fluid (hereafter saliva) offers a non-invasive sampling method for detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. However, data comparing performance of salivary tests against commercially-available serologic and neutralizing antibody (nAb) assays are lacking. This study compared the performance of a laboratory-developed multiplex salivary SARS-CoV-2 IgG assay targeting antibodies to nucleocapsid (N), receptor binding domain (RBD) and spike (S) antigens to three commercially-available SARS-CoV-2 serologic enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) (Ortho Vitros, Euroimmun, and BioRad) and nAb. Paired saliva and plasma samples were collected from 101 eligible COVID-19 convalescent plasma (CCP) donors >14 days since PCR+ confirmed diagnosis. Concordance was evaluated using positive (PPA) and negative (NPA) percent agreement, and Cohen's kappa coefficient. The range between salivary and plasma EIAs for SARS-CoV-2-specific N was PPA: 54.4-92.1% and NPA: 69.2-91.7%, for RBD was PPA: 89.9-100% and NPA: 50.0-84.6%, and for S was PPA: 50.6-96.6% and NPA: 50.0-100%. Compared to a plasma nAb assay, the multiplex salivary assay PPA ranged from 62.3% (N) and 98.6% (RBD) and NPA ranged from 18.8% (RBD) to 96.9% (S). Combinations of N, RBD, and S and a summary algorithmic index of all three (N/RBD/S) in saliva produced ranges of PPA: 87.6-98.9% and NPA: 50-91.7% with the three EIAs and ranges of PPA: 88.4-98.6% and NPA: 21.9-34.4% with the nAb assay. A multiplex salivary SARS-CoV-2 IgG assay demonstrated variable, but comparable performance to three commercially-available plasma EIAs and a nAb assay, and may be a viable alternative to assist in monitoring population-based seroprevalence and vaccine antibody response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Heaney
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 615 North Wolfe Street, Room W7033B Baltimore, MD, 21205 USA; Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Nora Pisanic
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 615 North Wolfe Street, Room W7033B Baltimore, MD, 21205 USA
| | - Pranay R Randad
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 615 North Wolfe Street, Room W7033B Baltimore, MD, 21205 USA
| | - Kate Kruczynski
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 615 North Wolfe Street, Room W7033B Baltimore, MD, 21205 USA
| | - Tyrone Howard
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 615 North Wolfe Street, Room W7033B Baltimore, MD, 21205 USA
| | - Xianming Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kirsten Littlefield
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Eshan U Patel
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ruchee Shrestha
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Oliver Laeyendecker
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore MD, USA
| | - Shmuel Shoham
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David Sullivan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kelly Gebo
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Daniel Hanley
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andrew D Redd
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore MD, USA
| | - Thomas C Quinn
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore MD, USA
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jonathan M Zenilman
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andrew Pekosz
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 615 North Wolfe Street, Room W7033B Baltimore, MD, 21205 USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Evan M Bloch
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Aaron A R Tobian
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Sherman AC, Smith T, Zhu Y, Taibl K, Howard-Anderson J, Landay T, Pisanic N, Kleinhenz J, Simon TW, Espinoza D, Edupuganti N, Hammond S, Rouphael N, Shen H, Fairley JK, Edupuganti S, Cardona-Ospina JA, Rodriguez-Morales AJ, Premkumar L, Wrammert J, Tarleton R, Fridkin S, Heaney CD, Scherer EM, Collins MH. Application of SARS-CoV-2 Serology to Address Public Health Priorities. Front Public Health 2021; 9:744535. [PMID: 34888282 PMCID: PMC8650110 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.744535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 can be detected by various testing platforms, but a detailed understanding of assay performance is critical. Methods: We developed and validated a simple enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect IgG binding to the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2, which was then applied for surveillance. ELISA results were compared to a set of complimentary serologic assays using a large panel of clinical research samples. Results: The RBD ELISA exhibited robust performance in ROC curve analysis (AUC> 0.99; Se = 89%, Sp = 99.3%). Antibodies were detected in 23/353 (6.5%) healthcare workers, 6/9 RT-PCR-confirmed mild COVID-19 cases, and 0/30 non-COVID-19 cases from an ambulatory site. RBD ELISA showed a positive correlation with neutralizing activity (p = <0.0001, R2 = 0.26). Conclusions: We applied a validated SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG ELISA in multiple contexts and performed orthogonal testing on samples. This study demonstrates the utility of a simple serologic assay for detecting prior SARS-CoV-2 infection, particularly as a tool for efficiently testing large numbers of samples as in population surveillance. Our work also highlights that precise understanding of SARS-CoV-2 infection and immunity at the individual level, particularly with wide availability of vaccination, may be improved by orthogonal testing and/or more complex assays such as multiplex bead assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy C. Sherman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, The Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Teresa Smith
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Yerun Zhu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, The Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Kaitlin Taibl
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | | | - Taylor Landay
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Nora Pisanic
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jennifer Kleinhenz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, The Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Division of Infectious, Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Trevor W. Simon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, The Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Daniel Espinoza
- Division of Infectious Diseases, The Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Neena Edupuganti
- Division of Infectious Diseases, The Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Skyler Hammond
- Department of Anthropology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Nadine Rouphael
- Division of Infectious Diseases, The Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Huifeng Shen
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Jessica K. Fairley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Srilatha Edupuganti
- Division of Infectious Diseases, The Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jaime A. Cardona-Ospina
- Grupo de Investigación Biomedicina, Faculty of Medicine, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas, Pereira, Colombia
- Emerging Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Group, Sci-Help, Pereira, Colombia
| | - Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales
- Grupo de Investigación Biomedicina, Faculty of Medicine, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas, Pereira, Colombia
- Master of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru
| | - Lakshmanane Premkumar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Jens Wrammert
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Rick Tarleton
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Scott Fridkin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Georgia Emerging Infections Program, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | | | - Erin M. Scherer
- Division of Infectious Diseases, The Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Matthew H. Collins
- Division of Infectious Diseases, The Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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Sherwal BL, Bhattar S, Sabharwal S, Jain A, Saxena S, Bargotya M, Dogra V. Evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses in healthcare workers at a tertiary care COVID 19 dedicated hospital in Delhi. Indian J Med Microbiol 2021; 40:30-34. [PMID: 34801631 PMCID: PMC8598941 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmmb.2021.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Amidst the on-going SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, healthcare workers have been at a greater risk of disease exposure as they are working in environments chiefly involved in the COVID-19 patient care since March 2020. SARS-CoV-2 antibody testing can prove to be a valuable tool for better understanding of prevalence of disease exposure in this population. Therefore, we conducted this study to grasp the sero-prevalence of COVID-19 antibodies in our hospital to better comprehend the duration of IgG response. Methods This was a longitudinal study involving 305 healthcare workers at Rajiv Gandhi Super Speciality Hospital spanning over a period of four months starting from October 2020 to January 2021. Serum samples were obtained from the study group taken as Day 0 of the study and were screened for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies using semi-quantitive enzyme linked immunoassay technology from ERBAlisa (India). The Antibody Index was determined. Those showing reactive in the screening test were further followed up on a monthly basis till January 2021 for serial antibody testing. Results The overall seroprevalence for IgG response among the workers was found to be 21.96%. Seropositivity rate was observed to be significantly higher in those having a history of RT-PCR confirmed COVID-19 infection (45.09%) Conclusions Our study demonstrated that healthcare workers have a higher sero-prevalence. Our study also demonstrated that the antibodies developed following COVID-19 infection had a waning effect of protective response following infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Sherwal
- Rajiv Gandhi Super Speciality Hospital, Tahirpur, Delhi 110091, India
| | - Sonali Bhattar
- Rajiv Gandhi Super Speciality Hospital, Tahirpur, Delhi 110091, India.
| | - Sukriti Sabharwal
- Rajiv Gandhi Super Speciality Hospital, Tahirpur, Delhi 110091, India
| | - Ajeet Jain
- Rajiv Gandhi Super Speciality Hospital, Tahirpur, Delhi 110091, India
| | - Shikhar Saxena
- Rajiv Gandhi Super Speciality Hospital, Tahirpur, Delhi 110091, India
| | - Mona Bargotya
- Rajiv Gandhi Super Speciality Hospital, Tahirpur, Delhi 110091, India
| | - Vikas Dogra
- Rajiv Gandhi Super Speciality Hospital, Tahirpur, Delhi 110091, India
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Kugeler KJ, Podewils LJ, Alden NB, Burket TL, Kawasaki B, Biggerstaff BJ, Biggs HM, Zacks R, Foster MA, Lim T, McDonald E, Tate JE, Herlihy RK, Drobeniuc J, Cortese MM. Assessment of SARS-CoV-2 Seroprevalence by Community Survey and Residual Specimens, Denver, Colorado, July-August 2020. Public Health Rep 2021; 137:128-136. [PMID: 34752156 PMCID: PMC8721766 DOI: 10.1177/00333549211055137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The number of SARS-CoV-2 infections is underestimated in surveillance data. Various approaches to assess the seroprevalence of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 have different resource requirements and generalizability. We estimated the seroprevalence of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 in Denver County, Colorado, via a cluster-sampled community survey. METHODS We estimated the overall seroprevalence of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 via a community seroprevalence survey in Denver County in July 2020, described patterns associated with seroprevalence, and compared results with cumulative COVID-19 incidence as reported to the health department during the same period. In addition, we compared seroprevalence as assessed with a temporally and geographically concordant convenience sample of residual clinical specimens from a commercial laboratory. RESULTS Based on 404 specimens collected through the community survey, 8.0% (95% CI, 3.9%-15.7%) of Denver County residents had antibodies to SARS-CoV-2, an infection rate of about 7 times that of the 1.1% cumulative reported COVID-19 incidence during this period. The estimated infection-to-reported case ratio was highest among children (34.7; 95% CI, 11.1-91.2) and males (10.8; 95% CI, 5.7-19.3). Seroprevalence was highest among males of Black race or Hispanic ethnicity and was associated with previous COVID-19-compatible illness, a previous positive SARS-CoV-2 test result, and close contact with someone who had confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. Testing of 1598 residual clinical specimens yielded a seroprevalence of 6.8% (95% CI, 5.0%-9.2%); the difference between the 2 estimates was 1.2 percentage points (95% CI, -3.6 to 12.2 percentage points). CONCLUSIONS Testing residual clinical specimens provided a similar seroprevalence estimate yet yielded limited insight into the local epidemiology of COVID-19 and might be less representative of the source population than a cluster-sampled community survey. Awareness of the limitations of various sampling strategies is necessary when interpreting findings from seroprevalence assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiersten J. Kugeler
- COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Nisha B. Alden
- Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver, CO, USA
| | | | - Breanna Kawasaki
- Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Brad J. Biggerstaff
- COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Holly M. Biggs
- COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rachael Zacks
- COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Monique A. Foster
- COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Travis Lim
- COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Emily McDonald
- COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jacqueline E. Tate
- COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rachel K. Herlihy
- Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Jan Drobeniuc
- COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Margaret M. Cortese
- COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA,Margaret M. Cortese, MD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, COVID-19 Response Team, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, MS H24-5, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
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Levorson RE, Christian E, Hunter B, Sayal J, Sun J, Bruce SA, Garofalo S, Southerland M, Ho S, Levy S, Defillipi C, Peake L, Place FC, Hourigan SK. A cross-sectional investigation of SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence and associated risk factors in children and adolescents in the United States. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259823. [PMID: 34748615 PMCID: PMC8575286 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pediatric SARS-CoV-2 data remain limited and seropositivity rates in children were reported as <1% early in the pandemic. Seroepidemiologic evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 in children in a major metropolitan region of the US was performed. METHODS Children and adolescents ≤19 years were enrolled in a cross-sectional, observational study of SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence from July-October 2020 in Northern Virginia, US. Demographic, health, and COVID-19 exposure information was collected, and blood analyzed for SARS-CoV-2 spike protein total antibody. Risk factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity were analyzed. Orthogonal antibody testing was performed, and samples were evaluated for responses to different antigens. RESULTS In 1038 children, the anti-SARS-CoV-2 total antibody positivity rate was 8.5%. After multivariate logistic regression, significant risk factors included Hispanic ethnicity, public or absent insurance, a history of COVID-19 symptoms, exposure to person with COVID-19, a household member positive for SARS-CoV-2 and multi-family or apartment dwelling without a private entrance. 66% of seropositive children had no symptoms of COVID-19. Secondary analysis included orthogonal antibody testing with assays for 1) a receptor binding domain specific antigen and 2) a nucleocapsid specific antigen had concordance rates of 80.5% and 79.3% respectively. CONCLUSIONS A much higher burden of SARS-CoV-2 infection, as determined by seropositivity, was found in children than previously reported; this was also higher compared to adults in the same region at a similar time. Contrary to prior reports, we determined children shoulder a significant burden of COVID-19 infection. The role of children's disease transmission must be considered in COVID-19 mitigation strategies including vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca E. Levorson
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Inova Children’s Hospital, Falls Church, Virginia, United States of America
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Pediatric Specialists of Virginia, Fairfax, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Erica Christian
- Division of Pediatric Research, Inova Children’s Hospital, Falls Church, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Brett Hunter
- Department of Statistics, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Jasdeep Sayal
- Division of Pediatric Research, Inova Children’s Hospital, Falls Church, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Jiayang Sun
- Department of Statistics, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Scott A. Bruce
- Department of Statistics, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Stephanie Garofalo
- Inova Heart and Vascular Institute, Inova Health System, Falls Church, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Matthew Southerland
- Inova Heart and Vascular Institute, Inova Health System, Falls Church, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Svetlana Ho
- Division of Pediatric Research, Inova Children’s Hospital, Falls Church, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Shira Levy
- Division of Pediatric Research, Inova Children’s Hospital, Falls Church, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Christopher Defillipi
- Inova Heart and Vascular Institute, Inova Health System, Falls Church, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Lilian Peake
- Division of Epidemiology, Virginia Department of Health, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Frederick C. Place
- Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Inova Children’s Hospital, Falls Church, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Suchitra K. Hourigan
- Division of Pediatric Research, Inova Children’s Hospital, Falls Church, Virginia, United States of America
- Laboratory of Host Immunity and Microbiome, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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Boon SS, Wong MCS, Ng RWY, Leung DTM, Chen Z, Lai CKC, Ho WCS, Huang J, Wong BKC, Fung KSC, Chan PKS. Seroprevalence of Unidentified SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Hong Kong During 3 Pandemic Waves. JAMA Netw Open 2021; 4:e2132923. [PMID: 34779848 PMCID: PMC8593764 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.32923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Seroprevalence studies inform the extent of infection and assist evaluation of mitigation strategies for the COVID-19 pandemic. OBJECTIVE To estimate the prevalence of unidentified SARS-CoV-2 infection in the general population of Hong Kong. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted in Hong Kong after each major wave of the COVID-19 pandemic (April 21 to July 7, 2020; September 29 to November 23, 2020; and January 15 to April 18, 2021). Adults (age ≥18 years) who had not been diagnosed with COVID-19 were recruited during each period, and their sociodemographic information, symptoms, travel, contact, quarantine, and COVID-19 testing history were collected. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The main outcome was prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection. SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies were detected by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on spike (S1/S2) protein, followed by confirmation with a commercial electrochemiluminescence immunoassay based on the receptor binding domain of spike protein. RESULTS The study enrolled 4198 participants (2539 [60%] female; median age, 50 years [IQR, 25 years]), including 903 (22%), 1046 (25%), and 2249 (53%) during April 21 to July 7, 2020; during September 29 to November 23, 2020; and during January 15 to April 18, 2021, respectively. The numbers of participants aged 18 to 39 years, 40 to 59 years, and 60 years or older were 1328 (32%), 1645 (39%), and 1225 (29%), respectively. Among the participants, 2444 (58%) stayed in Hong Kong since November 2019 and 2094 (50%) had negative SARS-CoV-2 RNA test results. Only 170 (4%) reported ever having contact with individuals with confirmed cases, and 5% had been isolated or quarantined. Most (2803 [67%]) did not recall any illnesses, whereas 737 (18%), 212 (5%), and 385 (9%) had experienced respiratory symptoms, gastrointestinal symptoms, or both, respectively, before testing. Six participants were confirmed to be positive for anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG; the adjusted prevalence of unidentified infection was 0.15% (95% CI, 0.06%-0.32%). Extrapolating these findings to the whole population, there were fewer than 1.9 unidentified infections for every recorded confirmed case. The overall prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Hong Kong before the roll out of vaccination was less than 0.45%. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this cross-sectional study of participants from the general public in Hong Kong, the prevalence of unidentified SARS-CoV-2 infection was low after 3 major waves of the pandemic, suggesting the success of the pandemic mitigation by stringent isolation and quarantine policies even without complete city lockdown. More than 99.5% of the general population of Hong Kong remain naive to SARS-CoV-2, highlighting the urgent need to achieve high vaccine coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siaw S. Boon
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Martin C. S. Wong
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Rita W. Y. Ng
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Danny T. M. Leung
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zigui Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Christopher K. C. Lai
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wendy C. S. Ho
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Junjie Huang
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Barry K. C. Wong
- Department of Pathology, United Christian Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kitty S. C. Fung
- Department of Pathology, United Christian Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Paul K. S. Chan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Stanley Ho Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Kagucia EW, Gitonga JN, Kalu C, Ochomo E, Ochieng B, Kuya N, Karani A, Nyagwange J, Karia B, Mugo D, Karanja HK, Tuju J, Mutiso A, Maroko H, Okubi L, Maitha E, Ajuck H, Mukabi D, Moracha W, Bulimu D, Andanje N, Aman R, Mwangangi M, Amoth P, Kasera K, Ng'ang'a W, Nyaguara A, Voller S, Otiende M, Bottomley C, Agoti CN, Ochola-Oyier LI, Adetifa IMO, Etyang AO, Gallagher KE, Uyoga S, Barasa E, Bejon P, Tsofa B, Agweyu A, Warimwe GM, Scott JAG. Anti-Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Immunoglobulin G Antibody Seroprevalence Among Truck Drivers and Assistants in Kenya. Open Forum Infect Dis 2021; 8:ofab314. [PMID: 34660838 PMCID: PMC8519263 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofab314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In October 2020, anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) immunoglobulin G seroprevalence among truck drivers and their assistants (TDA) in Kenya was 42.3%, higher than among healthcare workers and blood donors. Truck drivers and their assistants transport essential supplies during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, placing them at increased risk of being infected and of transmitting SARS-CoV-2 over a wide geographical area.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Eric Ochomo
- KEMRI Centre for Global Health Research (CGHR), Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Benard Ochieng
- KEMRI Centre for Global Health Research (CGHR), Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Nickline Kuya
- KEMRI Centre for Global Health Research (CGHR), Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Angela Karani
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | | | | | - Daisy Mugo
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | | | - James Tuju
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Agnes Mutiso
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Hosea Maroko
- KEMRI Centre for Infectious and Parasitic Diseases Control Research, Busia, Kenya
| | - Lucy Okubi
- KEMRI Centre for Infectious and Parasitic Diseases Control Research, Busia, Kenya
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rashid Aman
- Ministry of Health, Government of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Patrick Amoth
- Ministry of Health, Government of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Wangari Ng'ang'a
- Presidential Policy and Strategy Unit, The Presidency, Government of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Amek Nyaguara
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Shirine Voller
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya.,Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Otiende
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Christian Bottomley
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Ifedayo M O Adetifa
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya.,Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Katherine E Gallagher
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya.,Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Uyoga
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Edwine Barasa
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Philip Bejon
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya.,Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - George M Warimwe
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya.,Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - J Anthony G Scott
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya.,Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.,Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
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McDonald JT, Enguita FJ, Taylor D, Griffin RJ, Priebe W, Emmett MR, Sajadi MM, Harris AD, Clement J, Dybas JM, Aykin-Burns N, Guarnieri JW, Singh LN, Grabham P, Baylin SB, Yousey A, Pearson AN, Corry PM, Saravia-Butler A, Aunins TR, Sharma S, Nagpal P, Meydan C, Foox J, Mozsary C, Cerqueira B, Zaksas V, Singh U, Wurtele ES, Costes SV, Davanzo GG, Galeano D, Paccanaro A, Meinig SL, Hagan RS, Bowman NM, Wolfgang MC, Altinok S, Sapoval N, Treangen TJ, Moraes-Vieira PM, Vanderburg C, Wallace DC, Schisler JC, Mason CE, Chatterjee A, Meller R, Beheshti A. Role of miR-2392 in driving SARS-CoV-2 infection. Cell Rep 2021; 37:109839. [PMID: 34624208 PMCID: PMC8481092 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs involved in post-transcriptional gene regulation that have a major impact on many diseases and provide an exciting avenue toward antiviral therapeutics. From patient transcriptomic data, we determined that a circulating miRNA, miR-2392, is directly involved with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) machinery during host infection. Specifically, we show that miR-2392 is key in driving downstream suppression of mitochondrial gene expression, increasing inflammation, glycolysis, and hypoxia, as well as promoting many symptoms associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection. We demonstrate that miR-2392 is present in the blood and urine of patients positive for COVID-19 but is not present in patients negative for COVID-19. These findings indicate the potential for developing a minimally invasive COVID-19 detection method. Lastly, using in vitro human and in vivo hamster models, we design a miRNA-based antiviral therapeutic that targets miR-2392, significantly reduces SARS-CoV-2 viability in hamsters, and may potentially inhibit a COVID-19 disease state in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Tyson McDonald
- COVID-19 International Research Team; Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20007, USA
| | - Francisco J Enguita
- COVID-19 International Research Team; Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Deanne Taylor
- COVID-19 International Research Team; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Robert J Griffin
- COVID-19 International Research Team; University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AK 72211, USA
| | - Waldemar Priebe
- COVID-19 International Research Team; University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mark R Emmett
- COVID-19 International Research Team; University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | | | - Anthony D Harris
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Jean Clement
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Joseph M Dybas
- COVID-19 International Research Team; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - Joseph W Guarnieri
- COVID-19 International Research Team; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Larry N Singh
- COVID-19 International Research Team; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Peter Grabham
- COVID-19 International Research Team; Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Stephen B Baylin
- COVID-19 International Research Team; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Aliza Yousey
- COVID-19 International Research Team; Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
| | | | - Peter M Corry
- COVID-19 International Research Team; University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AK 72211, USA
| | - Amanda Saravia-Butler
- COVID-19 International Research Team; Logyx LLC, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA; NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
| | | | - Sadhana Sharma
- University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA; Sachi Bioworks Inc., Boulder, CO 80301, USA
| | - Prashant Nagpal
- Sachi Bioworks Inc., Boulder, CO 80301, USA; Antimicrobial Regeneration Consortium, Boulder Labs, Boulder, CO 80301, USA; Quantum Biology Inc., Boulder, CO 80301, USA
| | - Cem Meydan
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | | | - Bianca Cerqueira
- COVID-19 International Research Team; KBR Space & Science, San Antonio, TX 78235, USA; United States Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine, Lackland AFB, San Antonio, TX 78236, USA
| | - Viktorija Zaksas
- COVID-19 International Research Team; University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60615, USA
| | - Urminder Singh
- COVID-19 International Research Team; Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Eve Syrkin Wurtele
- COVID-19 International Research Team; Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | | | | | - Diego Galeano
- COVID-19 International Research Team; Fundação Getulio Vargas, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; National University of Asuncion, San Lorenzo, Central, Paraguay
| | - Alberto Paccanaro
- COVID-19 International Research Team; Fundação Getulio Vargas, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; University of London, Egham Hill, Egham, UK
| | - Suzanne L Meinig
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Robert S Hagan
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Natalie M Bowman
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | | | - Selin Altinok
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Douglas C Wallace
- COVID-19 International Research Team; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jonathan C Schisler
- COVID-19 International Research Team; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Christopher E Mason
- COVID-19 International Research Team; Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA; New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anushree Chatterjee
- COVID-19 International Research Team; University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA; Sachi Bioworks Inc., Boulder, CO 80301, USA; Antimicrobial Regeneration Consortium, Boulder Labs, Boulder, CO 80301, USA
| | - Robert Meller
- COVID-19 International Research Team; Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
| | - Afshin Beheshti
- COVID-19 International Research Team; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; KBR, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA.
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Bouwman M, van Osch F, Crijns F, Trienekens T, Mehagnoul-Schipper J, van den Bergh JP, de Vries J. SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in healthcare workers of a teaching hospital in a highly endemic region in the Netherlands after the first wave: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e051573. [PMID: 34663664 PMCID: PMC8523962 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-051573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the SARS-CoV-2 infection rate among hospital healthcare workers after the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, and provide more knowledge in the understanding of the relationship between infection, symptomatology and source of infection. DESIGN A cross-sectional study in healthcare workers. SETTING Northern Limburg, the Netherlands. PARTICIPANTS All employees of VieCuri Medical Center (n=3300) were invited to enrol in current study. In total 2507 healthcare workers participated. INTERVENTION Between 22 June 2020 and 3 July 2020, participants provided venous blood samples voluntarily, which were tested for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies with the Wantai SARS-CoV-2 Ig total ELISA test. Work characteristics, exposure risks and prior symptoms consistent with COVID-19 were gathered through a survey. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Proportion of healthcare workers with positive SARS-CoV-2 serology. RESULTS The overall seroprevalence was 21.1% (n=530/2507). Healthcare workers between 17 and 30 years were more likely to have SARS-CoV-2 antibodies compared with participants >30 years. The probability of having SARS-CoV-2 antibodies was comparable for healthcare workers with and without direct patient (OR 1.42, 95% CI 0.86 to 2.34) and COVID-19 patient contact (OR 1.62, 95% CI 0.80 to 3.33). On the contrary, exposure to COVID-19 positive coworkers (OR 1.83, 95% CI 1.15 to 2.93) and household members (OR 6.09, 95% CI 2.23 to 16.64) was associated with seropositivity. Of those healthcare workers with SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, 16% (n=85/530) had not experienced any prior COVID-19-related symptoms. Only fever and anosmia were associated with seropositivity (OR 1.90, 95% CI 1.42 to 2.55 and OR 10.51, 95% CI 7.86 to 14.07). CONCLUSIONS Healthcare workers caring for hospitalised COVID-19 patients were not at an increased risk of infection, most likely as a result of taking standard infection control measures into consideration. These data show that compliance with infection control measures is essential to control secondary transmission and constrain the spread of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maud Bouwman
- Department of Medical Microbiology, VieCuri Medical Centre, Venlo, The Netherlands
| | - Frits van Osch
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, VieCuri Medical Centre, Venlo, The Netherlands
- Maastricht University, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Francy Crijns
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, VieCuri Medical Centre, Venlo, The Netherlands
| | - Thera Trienekens
- Department of Medical Microbiology, VieCuri Medical Centre, Venlo, The Netherlands
| | | | - Joop P van den Bergh
- Maastricht University, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, VieCuri Medical Centre, Venlo, The Netherlands
| | - Janneke de Vries
- Department of Medical Microbiology, VieCuri Medical Centre, Venlo, The Netherlands
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Chamberlain AT, Toomey KE, Bradley H, Hall EW, Fahimi M, Lopman BA, Luisi N, Sanchez T, Drenzek C, Shioda K, Siegler AJ, Sullivan PS. Cumulative incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infections among adults in Georgia, USA, August-December 2020. J Infect Dis 2021; 225:396-403. [PMID: 34662409 PMCID: PMC8807152 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reported COVID-19 cases underestimate true SARS-CoV-2 infections. Data on all infections, including asymptomatic infections, are needed to guide programs. To minimize biases in estimates from reported cases and seroprevalence surveys, we conducted a household-based probability survey in Georgia and estimated cumulative incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infections adjusted for antibody waning. METHODS From August to December 2020, we mailed specimen collection kits (nasal swabs and blood spots) to a random sample of Georgia addresses. One household adult completed a survey and returned specimens for virus and antibody testing. We estimated cumulative incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infections adjusted for waning antibodies, reported fraction, and infection fatality ratio (IFR). Differences in seropositivity among demographic, geographic and clinical subgroups were explored with weighted prevalence ratios (PR). RESULTS Among 1,370 participants, adjusted cumulative incidence of SARS-CoV-2 was 16.1% (95% credible interval (CrI): 13.5-19.2%) as of November 16, 2020. The reported fraction was 26.6% and IFR was 0.78%. Non-Hispanic Black (PR: 2.03, CI 1.0, 4.1) and Hispanic adults (PR: 1.98, CI 0.74, 5.31) were more likely than non-Hispanic White adults to be seropositive. CONCLUSIONS As of mid-November 2020, one in 6 adults in Georgia had been infected with SARS-CoV-2. The COVID-19 epidemic in Georgia is likely substantially underestimated by reported cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison T Chamberlain
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Heather Bradley
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Georgia State University School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Eric W Hall
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Benjamin A Lopman
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nicole Luisi
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Travis Sanchez
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Kayoko Shioda
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Aaron J Siegler
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Patrick Sean Sullivan
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Mioch D, Kuiper S, van den Bijllaardt W, van Jaarsveld CHM, Kluytmans J, Lodder E, Wissing MD. SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in employees working in non-medical contact-intensive professions in the Netherlands: Baseline data from the prospective COco-study. Prev Med Rep 2021; 24:101594. [PMID: 34642617 PMCID: PMC8498780 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2021.101594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 has made a global impact since early 2020, requiring characterization of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, including transmission risk. The COco-study aims to evaluate the risk for COVID-19 infections in two non-medical contact-intensive professions. COco is a prospective cohort study evaluating SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in hairdressers and hospitality personnel in the province of North-Brabant in the Netherlands, using a total antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Baseline data from June/July 2020 were analyzed. Participants filled out a questionnaire, providing information on demographics, health, work situation, and risk factors for COVID-19. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated using logistic regression. In June/July 2020, 497 participants were enrolled: 236 hairdressers, 259 hospitality employees, and two participants worked in both industries. Hospitality staff was more frequently seropositive than hairdressers (14.2% versus 8.0%, respectively; OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.1-3.4). Furthermore, a high education level (OR 3.0, 95% CI: 1.7-5.6) and increased alcohol use (OR, 7 glasses per week increment: 1.3, 95% CI: 1.1-1.5) were associated with seropositivity. Of the 56 seropositive participants, 18 (32%) had not experienced any COVID-19 symptoms. The symptoms anosmia/ageusia differed most evidently between seropositive and seronegative participants (53.6% versus 5.7%, respectively; P < 0.001 (chi-squared test)). In conclusion, four months after the first identified COVID-19 patient in the Netherlands, employees in the hospitality industry had significantly more frequently detectable SARS-CoV-2 antibodies than hairdressers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dymphie Mioch
- Regional Public Health Service (GGD) of West-Brabant, Breda, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra Kuiper
- Regional Public Health Service (GGD) of West-Brabant, Breda, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter van den Bijllaardt
- Department of Infection Control, Amphia Hospital, Breda, the Netherlands; Microvida Laboratory for Medical Microbiology, Amphia Hospital, Breda, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelia H M van Jaarsveld
- Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department of Primary and Community Care, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Kluytmans
- Julius Center of Health Sciences and Primary Care, UMC Utrecht, University Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Lodder
- Regional Public Health Service (GGD) of West-Brabant, Breda, The Netherlands
| | - Michel D Wissing
- Regional Public Health Service (GGD) of West-Brabant, Breda, The Netherlands
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Beck EJ, Hsieh YH, Fernandez RE, Dashler G, Egbert ER, Truelove SA, Garliss C, Wang R, Bloch EM, Shrestha R, Blankson J, Cox AL, Manabe YC, Kickler T, Rothman RE, Redd AD, Tobian AA, Milstone AM, Quinn TC, Laeyendecker O. Differentiation of SARS-CoV-2 naturally infected and vaccinated individuals in an inner-city emergency department. medRxiv 2021. [PMID: 34671778 PMCID: PMC8528087 DOI: 10.1101/2021.10.13.21264968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background Emergency Departments (EDs) can serve as surveillance sites for infectious diseases. Our purpose was to determine the burden of SARS-CoV-2 infection and prevalence of vaccination against COVID-19 among patients attending an urban ED in Baltimore City. Methods Using 1914 samples of known exposure status, we developed an algorithm to differentiate previously infected, vaccinated, and unexposed individuals using a combination of antibody assays. We applied this testing algorithm to 4360 samples ED patients obtained in the springs of 2020 and 2021. Using multinomial logistic regression, we determined factors associated with infection and vaccination. Results For the algorithm, sensitivity and specificity for identifying vaccinated individuals was 100% and 99%, respectively, and 84% and 100% for naturally infected individuals. Among the ED subjects, seroprevalence to SARS-CoV-2 increased from 2% to 24% between April 2020 and March 2021. Vaccination prevalence rose to 11% by mid-March 2021. Marked differences in burden of disease and vaccination coverage were seen by sex, race, and ethnicity. Hispanic patients, though 7% of the study population, had the highest relative burden of disease (17% of total infections) but similar vaccination rates. Women and White individuals were more likely to be vaccinated than men or Black individuals (adjusted odds ratios [aOR] 1.35 [95% CI: 1.02, 1.80] and aOR 2.26 [95% CI: 1.67, 3.07], respectively). Conclusions Individuals previously infected with SARS-CoV-2 can be differentiated from vaccinated individuals using a serologic testing algorithm. SARS-CoV-2 exposure and vaccination uptake frequencies reflect gender, race and ethnic health disparities in this urban context. Summary Using an antibody testing algorithm, we distinguished between immune responses from SARS-CoV-2-infected and vaccinated individuals. When applied to blood samples from an emergency department in Baltimore, disparities in disease burden and vaccine uptake by sex, race, and ethnicity were identified.
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Zhan Y, Zhu Y, Wang S, Jia S, Gao Y, Lu Y, Zhou C, Liang R, Sun D, Wang X, Hou Z, Hu Q, Du P, Yu H, Liu C, Cui M, Tong G, Zheng Z, Xu Y, Zhu L, Cheng J, Wu F, Zheng Y, Liu P, Hong P. SARS-CoV-2 immunity and functional recovery of COVID-19 patients 1-year after infection. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:368. [PMID: 34645784 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00777-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The long-term immunity and functional recovery after SARS-CoV-2 infection have implications in preventive measures and patient quality of life. Here we analyzed a prospective cohort of 121 recovered COVID-19 patients from Xiangyang, China at 1-year after diagnosis. Among them, chemiluminescence immunoassay-based screening showed 99% (95% CI, 98-100%) seroprevalence 10-12 months after infection, comparing to 0.8% (95% CI, 0.7-0.9%) in the general population. Total anti-receptor-binding domain (RBD) antibodies remained stable since discharge, while anti-RBD IgG and neutralization levels decreased over time. A predictive model estimates 17% (95% CI, 11-24%) and 87% (95% CI, 80-92%) participants were still 50% protected against detectable and severe re-infection of WT SARS-CoV-2, respectively, while neutralization levels against B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 variants were significantly reduced. All non-severe patients showed normal chest CT and 21% reported COVID-19-related symptoms. In contrast, 53% severe patients had abnormal chest CT, decreased pulmonary function or cardiac involvement and 79% were still symptomatic. Our findings suggest long-lasting immune protection after SARS-CoV-2 infection, while also highlight the risk of immune evasive variants and long-term consequences for COVID-19 survivors.
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