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Chui ZSW, Shen Q, Xu A. Current status and future perspectives of FGF21 analogues in clinical trials. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2024; 35:371-384. [PMID: 38423900 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2024.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Recent advances in fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) biology and pharmacology have led to the development of several long-acting FGF21 analogues and antibody-based mimetics now in various phases of clinical trials for the treatment of obesity-related metabolic comorbidities. The efficacy of these FGF21 analogues/mimetics on glycaemic control and weight loss is rather mild and inconsistent; nevertheless, several promising therapeutic benefits have been reproducibly observed in most clinical studies, including amelioration of dyslipidaemia (particularly hypertriglyceridaemia) and hepatic steatosis, reduction of biomarkers of liver fibrosis and injury, and resolution of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH). Evidence is emerging that combination therapy with FGF21 analogues and other hormones (such as glucagon-like peptide 1; GLP-1) can synergise their pharmacological benefits, thus maximising the therapeutic efficacy for obesity and its comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zara Siu Wa Chui
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China; Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China; School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Qing Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China; Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Aimin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China; Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China; Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
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Minami S, Sakai S, Yamamoto T, Takabatake Y, Namba-Hamano T, Takahashi A, Matsuda J, Yonishi H, Nakamura J, Maeda S, Matsui S, Matsui I, Isaka Y. FGF21 and autophagy coordinately counteract kidney disease progression during aging and obesity. Autophagy 2024; 20:489-504. [PMID: 37722816 PMCID: PMC10936614 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2023.2259282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has reached epidemic proportions worldwide, partly due to the increasing population of elderly and obesity. Macroautophagy/autophagy counteracts CKD progression, whereas autophagy is stagnated owing to lysosomal overburden during aging and obesity, which promotes CKD progression. Therefore, for preventing CKD progression during aging and obesity, it is important to elucidate the compensation mechanisms of autophagy stagnation. We recently showed that FGF21 (fibroblast growth factor 21), which is a prolongevity and metabolic hormone, is induced by autophagy deficiency in kidney proximal tubular epithelial cells (PTECs); however, its pathophysiological role remains uncertain. Here, we investigated the interplay between FGF21 and autophagy and the direct contribution of endogenous FGF21 in the kidney during aging and obesity using PTEC-specific fgf21- and/or atg5-deficient mice at 24 months (aged) or under high-fat diet (obese) conditions. PTEC-specific FGF21 deficiency in young mice increased autophagic flux due to increased demand of autophagy, whereas fgf21-deficient aged or obese mice exacerbated autophagy stagnation due to severer lysosomal overburden caused by aberrant autophagy. FGF21 was robustly induced by autophagy deficiency, and aged or obese PTEC-specific fgf21- and atg5-double deficient mice deteriorated renal histology compared with atg5-deficient mice. Mitochondrial function was severely disturbed concomitant with exacerbated oxidative stress and downregulated TFAM (transcription factor A, mitochondrial) in double-deficient mice. These results indicate that FGF21 is robustly induced by autophagy disturbance and protects against CKD progression during aging and obesity by alleviating autophagy stagnation and maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis, which will pave the way to a novel treatment for CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Minami
- Department of Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Sakai
- Department of Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yamamoto
- Department of Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshitsugu Takabatake
- Department of Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomoko Namba-Hamano
- Department of Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Takahashi
- Department of Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jun Matsuda
- Department of Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Yonishi
- Department of Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jun Nakamura
- Department of Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shihomi Maeda
- Department of Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Sho Matsui
- Department of Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Isao Matsui
- Department of Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Isaka
- Department of Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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Pedersen AKN, Gormsen LC, Nielsen S, Jessen N, Bjerre M. Metformin Improves the Prerequisites for FGF21 Signaling in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2024; 109:e552-e561. [PMID: 37776319 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgad583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 21 acts as a metabolic regulator and its therapeutic use is under investigation. FGF21 signaling requires binding to surface receptors, FGFR1c and β-klotho. FGF21 resistance is observed in metabolic diseases and FGF21 signaling is regulated by fibroblast activation protein (FAP). Metformin is reported to influence expression and secretion of FGF21 in preclinical models, but the effect of metformin on FGF21 in a clinical trial remains unknown. OBJECTIVE To investigate how 12 weeks of treatment with metformin affects the FGF21 signaling pathway in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). METHODS Randomized, placebo-controlled study in patients with T2D (n = 24) receiving either metformin (1000 mg twice daily) or placebo. A control group of body mass index- and age-matched healthy individuals (n = 12) received a similar dose of metformin. Blood samples and muscle and fat biopsies were collected at study entry and after 12 weeks. METHODS Plasma levels of FGF21 (total and intact) and FAP (total and activity) were measured. Muscle and fat biopsies were analyzed for mRNA and protein expression of targets relevant for activation of the FGF21 signaling pathway. RESULTS Circulating FAP activity decreased after metformin treatment compared with placebo (P = .006), whereas FGF21 levels were unchanged. Metformin treatment increased gene and protein expression of β-klotho, FGFR1c, and pFGFR1c in adipose tissue. FGF21 mRNA expression increased in muscle tissue after metformin and the FGF21 protein, but not mRNA levels, were observed in adipose tissue. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that metformin suppresses the circulating FAP activity and upregulates the expression of FGFR1c and β-klotho for increased FGF21 signaling in adipose tissue, thus improving peripheral FGF21 sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Kathrine Nissen Pedersen
- Medical/Steno Aarhus Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Lars Christian Gormsen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & PET Center, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Søren Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Niels Jessen
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Health, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Mette Bjerre
- Medical/Steno Aarhus Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
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ZHU B, YU N, WANG L, TIAN Y, WU M, ZHAO Z. Synergistic effect of schizandrin A and DNase I knockdown on high glucose induced beta cell apoptosis by decreasing intracellular calcium concentration. J TRADIT CHIN MED 2023; 43:661-666. [PMID: 37454250 PMCID: PMC10320450 DOI: 10.19852/j.cnki.jtcm.2023.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the synergistic effect of deoxyribonuclease I (DNase I) knockdown combined with Schizandrin A (Sch A) in protecting islet beta-cells (β-cells) from apoptosis under high-glucose (HG) conditions. METHODS The concentration of Sch A was detected by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8). High glucose-cultured rat insulinoma beta cell line (RIN-M5F) cells were treated with Sch A and transfected with DNase I small interfering RNA (siRNA). Cell apoptosis rate and apoptosis-related protein level were examined by flow cytometry and Western blot method respectively. In addition, Na-K-adenosine triphosphatease (Na-K-ATPase) and Ca-Mg-ATPase activity, cell membrane potential, and intracellular Ca concentration was also examined respectively. RESULTS Our study revealed that HG stimulation can cause a significant increase in DNase I level and cell apoptosis rate. However, Sch A combined with DNase I knockdown can significantly decrease the cell apoptosis rate and apoptosis-related protein levels such as BAX ( 0.05) and Caspase-3 ( 0.01). In addition, we also found that the combination of Sch A and DNase I knockdown can dramatically increase cell membrane potential level, Na-K-ATPase, and Ca-Mg-ATPase activity. Meanwhile, intracellular Ca concentration was also found to be significantly decreased by the synergistic effect of Sch A and DNase I knockdown. CONCLUSION Overall, our study reveals a synergistic effect of Sch A and DNase I knockdown in protecting β-cells from HG-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin ZHU
- 1 Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China
| | - Ning YU
- 2 Accreditation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Physician of National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100120, China
| | - Lei WANG
- 3 Department of Endocrinology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yue TIAN
- 1 Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China
| | - Mingfen WU
- 1 Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China
| | - Zhigang ZHAO
- 1 Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China
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Aaldijk AS, Verzijl CRC, Jonker JW, Struik D. Biological and pharmacological functions of the FGF19- and FGF21-coreceptor beta klotho. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1150222. [PMID: 37260446 PMCID: PMC10229096 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1150222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Beta klotho (KLB) is a fundamental component in fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) signaling as it serves as an obligatory coreceptor for the endocrine hormones fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) and fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21). Through the development of FGF19- and FGF21 mimetics, KLB has emerged as a promising drug target for treating various metabolic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes (T2D), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and cardiovascular disease. While rodent studies have significantly increased our understanding of KLB function, current clinical trials that test the safety and efficacy of KLB-targeting drugs raise many new scientific questions about human KLB biology. Although most KLB-targeting drugs can modulate disease activity in humans, individual patient responses differ substantially. In addition, species-specific differences in KLB tissue distribution may explain why the glucose-lowering effects that were observed in preclinical studies are not fully replicated in clinical trials. Besides, the long-term efficacy of KLB-targeting drugs might be limited by various pathophysiological conditions known to reduce the expression of KLB. Moreover, FGF19/FGF21 administration in humans is also associated with gastrointestinal side effects, which are currently unexplained. A better understanding of human KLB biology could help to improve the efficacy and safety of existing or novel KLB/FGFR-targeting drugs. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of KLB biology, including genetic variants and their phenotypic associations, transcriptional regulation, protein structure, tissue distribution, subcellular localization, and function. In addition, we will highlight recent developments regarding the safety and efficacy of KLB-targeting drugs in clinical trials. These insights may direct the development and testing of existing and future KLB-targeting drugs.
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Tucker W, McClelland RL, Allison MA, Szklo M, Rye KA, Ong KL. The association of circulating fibroblast growth factor 21 levels with incident heart failure: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Metabolism 2023; 143:155535. [PMID: 36931558 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2023.155535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) levels are often elevated in heart failure (HF), although this has not been assessed using a longitudinal study design. Therefore, we investigated the association between baseline plasma FGF21 levels and incident HF in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). METHODS A total of 5408 participants, free of clinically apparent cardiovascular disease, were included in the analysis, of which 342 developed HF over a median follow-up period of 16.7 years. Multivariable Cox regression analysis was performed and the additive value of FGF21 in the performance of risk prediction over other well-established cardiovascular biomarkers was assessed. RESULTS The mean age of the participants was 62.6 years with 47.6 % male. Regression spline analysis demonstrated a significant association of FGF21 levels with incident HF among participants with FGF21 levels ≥239.0 pg/mL (hazard ratio = 1.84 [95 % confidence interval 1.21, 2.80] per SD increase in ln-transformed levels) after adjustment for traditional cardiovascular risk factors and biomarkers, but not in participants with FGF21 levels <239.0 pg/mL (p for heterogeneity = 0.004). Among participants with FGF21 levels ≥239.0 pg/mL, FGF21 levels were associated with HF with preserved ejection fraction (HR [95 % CI] = 2.57 [1.51, 4.37]), but not HF with reduced ejection fraction. CONCLUSIONS The present study suggests baseline FGF21 levels could predict the development of incident HF with preserved ejection fraction, among participants with elevated FGF21 levels at baseline. This study may suggest a pathophysiological role of FGF21 resistance in HF with preserved ejection fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Tucker
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Robyn L McClelland
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Matthew A Allison
- Department of Family Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Moyses Szklo
- Department of Epidemiology, John Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Kerry-Anne Rye
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kwok Leung Ong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a peptide hormone involved in energy homeostasis that protects against the development of obesity and diabetes in animal models. Its level is elevated in atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in humans. However, little is known about the role of FGF21 in heart failure (HF). HF is a major global health problem with a prevalence that is predicted to rise, especially in ageing populations. Despite improved therapies, mortality due to HF remains high, and given its insidious onset, prediction of its development is challenging for physicians. The emergence of cardiac biomarkers to improve prediction, diagnosis, and prognosis of HF has received much attention over the past decade. Recent studies have suggested FGF21 is a promising biomarker candidate for HF. Preclinical research has shown that FGF21 is involved in the pathophysiology of HF through the prevention of oxidative stress, cardiac hypertrophy, and inflammation in cardiomyocytes. However, in the available clinical literature, FGF21 levels appear to be paradoxically raised in HF, potentially implying a FGF21 resistant state as occurs in obesity. Several potential confounding variables complicate the verdict on whether FGF21 is of clinical value as a biomarker. Further research is thus needed to evaluate whether FGF21 has a causal role in HF, and whether circulating FGF21 can be used as a biomarker to improve the prediction, diagnosis, and prognosis of HF. This review draws from preclinical and clinical studies to explore the role of FGF21 in HF.
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Chen Z, Yang L, Liu Y, Huang P, Song H, Zheng P. The potential function and clinical application of FGF21 in metabolic diseases. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1089214. [PMID: 36618930 PMCID: PMC9810635 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1089214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
As an endocrine hormone, fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) plays a crucial role in regulating lipid, glucose, and energy metabolism. Endogenous FGF21 is generated by multiple cell types but acts on restricted effector tissues, including the brain, adipose tissue, liver, heart, and skeletal muscle. Intervention with FGF21 in rodents or non-human primates has shown significant pharmacological effects on a range of metabolic dysfunctions, including weight loss and improvement of hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance, cardiovascular disease, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Due to the poor pharmacokinetic and biophysical characteristics of native FGF21, long-acting FGF21 analogs and FGF21 receptor agonists have been developed for the treatment of metabolic dysfunction. Clinical trials of several FGF21-based drugs have been performed and shown good safety, tolerance, and efficacy. Here we review the actions of FGF21 and summarize the associated clinical trials in obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and NAFLD, to help understand and promote the development of efficient treatment for metabolic diseases via targeting FGF21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Chen
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lili Yang
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Teaching Experiment Center, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Huang
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiyan Song
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Peiyong Zheng, ; Haiyan Song,
| | - Peiyong Zheng
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Peiyong Zheng, ; Haiyan Song,
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Samms RJ, Cheng CC, Fourcaudot M, Heikkinen S, Khattab A, Adams J, Cersosimo E, Triplitt C, Puckett C, Tsintzas K, Adams AC, Abdul-Ghani MA, DeFronzo RA, Norton L. FGF21 contributes to metabolic improvements elicited by combination therapy with exenatide and pioglitazone in patients with type 2 diabetes. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2022; 323:E123-E132. [PMID: 35723225 PMCID: PMC9291413 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00050.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is increased acutely by carbohydrate ingestion and is elevated in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, the physiological significance of increased FGF21 in humans remains largely unknown. We examined whether FGF21 contributed to the metabolic improvements observed following treatment of patients with T2D with either triple (metformin/pioglitazone/exenatide) or conventional (metformin/insulin/glipizide) therapy for 3 yr. Forty-six patients with T2D were randomized to receive either triple or conventional therapy to maintain HbA1c < 6.5%. A 2-h 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed at baseline and following 3 years of treatment to assess glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, and β-cell function. Plasma total and bioactive FGF21 levels were quantitated before and during the OGTT at both visits. Patients in both treatment arms experienced significant improvements in glucose control, but insulin sensitivity and β-cell function were markedly increased after triple therapy. At baseline, FGF21 levels were regulated acutely during the OGTT in both groups. After treatment, fasting total and bioactive FGF21 levels were significantly reduced in patients receiving triple therapy, but there was a relative increase in the proportion of bioactive FGF21 compared with that observed in conventionally treated subjects. Relative to baseline studies, triple therapy treatment also significantly modified FGF21 levels in response to a glucose load. These changes in circulating FGF21 were correlated with markers of improved glucose control and insulin sensitivity. Alterations in the plasma FGF21 profile may contribute to the beneficial metabolic effects of pioglitazone and exenatide in human patients with T2D.NEW & NOTEWORTHY In patients with T2D treated with a combination of metformin/pioglitazone/exenatide (triple therapy), we observed reduced total and bioactive plasma FGF21 levels and a relative increase in the proportion of circulating bioactive FGF21 compared with that in patients treated with metformin and sequential addition of glipizide and basal insulin glargine (conventional therapy). These data suggest that FGF21 may contribute, at least in part, to the glycemic benefits observed following combination therapy in patients with T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marcel Fourcaudot
- Diabetes Division, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Sami Heikkinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ahmed Khattab
- Diabetes Division, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - John Adams
- Diabetes Division, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Eugenio Cersosimo
- Diabetes Division, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Curtis Triplitt
- Diabetes Division, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Curtis Puckett
- Diabetes Division, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Kostas Tsintzas
- School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Luke Norton
- Diabetes Division, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
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Geng L, Liao B, Jin L, Yu J, Zhao X, Zhao Y, Zhong L, Wang B, Li J, Liu J, Yang JK, Jia W, Lian Q, Xu A. β-Klotho promotes glycolysis and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion via GP130. Nat Metab 2022; 4:608-626. [PMID: 35551509 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-022-00572-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) is a hallmark of type-2 diabetes. However, cellular signaling machineries that control GSIS remain incompletely understood. Here, we report that β-klotho (KLB), a single-pass transmembrane protein known as a co-receptor for fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), fine tunes GSIS via modulation of glycolysis in pancreatic β-cells independent of the actions of FGF21. β-cell-specific deletion of Klb but not Fgf21 deletion causes defective GSIS and glucose intolerance in mice and defective GSIS in islets of type-2 diabetic mice is mitigated by adenovirus-mediated restoration of KLB. Mechanistically, KLB interacts with and stabilizes the cytokine receptor subunit GP130 by blockage of ubiquitin-dependent lysosomal degradation, thereby facilitating interleukin-6-evoked STAT3-HIF1α signaling, which in turn transactivates a cluster of glycolytic genes for adenosine triphosphate production and GSIS. The defective glycolysis and GSIS in Klb-deficient islets are rescued by adenovirus-mediated replenishment of STAT3 or HIF1α. Thus, KLB functions as a key cell-surface regulator of GSIS by coupling the GP130 receptor signaling to glucose catabolism in β-cells and represents a promising therapeutic target for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leiluo Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Cord Blood Bank, Guangzhou Institute of Eugenics and Perinatology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Boya Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Leigang Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jiasui Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuntao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Ling Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Baile Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jiufeng Li
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Cord Blood Bank, Guangzhou Institute of Eugenics and Perinatology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jin-Kui Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Jia
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
- Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Qizhou Lian
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- Cord Blood Bank, Guangzhou Institute of Eugenics and Perinatology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
- HKUMed Laboratory of Cellular Therapeutics, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Aimin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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López-Bermudo L, Luque-Sierra A, Maya-Miles D, Gallego-Durán R, Ampuero J, Romero-Gómez M, Berná G, Martín F. Contribution of Liver and Pancreatic Islet Crosstalk to β-Cell Function/Dysfunction in the Presence of Fatty Liver. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:892672. [PMID: 35651973 PMCID: PMC9148952 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.892672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-to-tissue crosstalk regulates organ function, according to growing data. This phenomenon is relevant for pancreatic β-cells and the liver, as both tissues are involved in glucose homeostasis and lipid metabolism. The ability to fine-tune regulation and adaptive responses is enabled through communication between pancreatic β-cells and the liver. However, the crosstalk between both tissues changes when metabolic dysregulation is present. Factors and cargo from extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by liver and pancreatic β-cells that reach the circulation form the words of this interaction. The molecules released by the liver are called hepatokines and are usually secreted in response to the metabolic state. When hepatokines reach the pancreatic islets several mechanisms are initiated for their protection or damage. In the case of the crosstalk between pancreatic β-cells and the liver, only one factor has been found to date. This protein, pancreatic derived factor (PANDER) has been proposed as a novel linker between insulin resistance (IR) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) and could be considered a biomarker for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and T2D. Furthermore, the cargo released by EVs, mainly miRNAs, plays a significant role in this crosstalk. A better knowledge of the crosstalk between liver and pancreatic β-cells is essential to understand both diseases and it could lead to better prevention and new therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía López-Bermudo
- Andalusian Center of Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CABIMER), University Pablo Olavide, University of Seville, CSIC, Seville, Spain
- Biomedical Research Network on Diabetes and Related Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Amparo Luque-Sierra
- Andalusian Center of Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CABIMER), University Pablo Olavide, University of Seville, CSIC, Seville, Spain
| | - Douglas Maya-Miles
- Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío de Sevilla, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
- Biomedical Research Network on Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBEREHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocío Gallego-Durán
- Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío de Sevilla, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
- Biomedical Research Network on Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBEREHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Ampuero
- Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío de Sevilla, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
- Biomedical Research Network on Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBEREHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Romero-Gómez
- Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío de Sevilla, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
- Biomedical Research Network on Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBEREHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Genoveva Berná
- Andalusian Center of Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CABIMER), University Pablo Olavide, University of Seville, CSIC, Seville, Spain
- Biomedical Research Network on Diabetes and Related Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Franz Martín, ; Genoveva Berná,
| | - Franz Martín
- Andalusian Center of Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CABIMER), University Pablo Olavide, University of Seville, CSIC, Seville, Spain
- Biomedical Research Network on Diabetes and Related Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Franz Martín, ; Genoveva Berná,
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12
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Jetton TL, Flores-Bringas P, Leahy JL, Gupta D. SetD7 (Set7/9) is a novel target of PPARγ that promotes the adaptive pancreatic β-cell glycemic response. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101250. [PMID: 34592314 PMCID: PMC8526774 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of functional pancreatic β-cell mass leads to type 2 diabetes (T2D), attributable to modified β-cell-dependent adaptive gene expression patterns. SetD7 is a histone methyltransferase enriched in pancreatic islets that mono- and dimethylates histone-3-lysine-4 (H3K4), promoting euchromatin modifications, and also maintains the regulation of key β-cell function and survival genes. However, the transcriptional regulation of this important epigenetic modifier is unresolved. Here we identified the nuclear hormone receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ) as a major transcriptional regulator of SetD7 and provide evidence for direct binding and functionality of PPARγ in the SetD7 promoter region. Furthermore, constitutive shRNA-mediated PPARγ knockdown in INS-1 β-cells or pancreas-specific PPARγ deletion in mice led to downregulation of SetD7 expression as well as its nuclear enrichment. The relevance of the SetD7-PPARγ interaction in β-cell adaptation was tested in normoglycemic 60% partial pancreatectomy (Px) and hyperglycemic 90% Px rat models. Whereas a synergistic increase in islet PPARγ and SetD7 expression was observed upon glycemic adaptation post-60% Px, in hyperglycemic 90% Px rats, islet PPARγ, and PPARγ targets SetD7 and Pdx1 were downregulated. PPARγ agonist pioglitazone treatment in 90% Px rats partially restored glucose homeostasis and β-cell mass and enhanced expression of SetD7 and Pdx1. Collectively, these data provide evidence that the SetD7-PPARγ interaction serves as an important element of the adaptive β-cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L Jetton
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Patricio Flores-Bringas
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - John L Leahy
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Dhananjay Gupta
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA.
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13
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Chen X, Xiao J, Pang J, Chen S, Wang Q, Ling W. Pancreatic β-Cell Dysfunction Is Associated with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13093139. [PMID: 34579016 PMCID: PMC8468093 DOI: 10.3390/nu13093139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with decreased insulin sensitivity. However, the association between NAFLD and pancreatic β-cell function is still ambiguous. Here, we assessed whether pancreatic β-cell function is associated with NAFLD. Method: The data of NHANES III from 1988 to 1994 were used. NAFLD was diagnosed when subjects had ultrasonographically hepatic steatosis without other liver diseases. Disposition index (DI) was employed to assess pancreatic β-cell function. A total of 6168 participants were included in this study. Results: NAFLD participants had much higher HOMA2-%B (weighted mean, 124.1; standard error, 1.8) than the non-NAFLD participants (weighted mean, 100.7; standard error, 0.9). However, when evaluating the β-cell function in the context of insulin resistance by using DI index, DI levels were much lower in NAFLD subjects (weighted mean, 79.5; standard error, 1.0) compared to non-NAFLD (weighted mean, 95.0; standard error, 0.8). Multivariate logistic regression analyses showed that DI was inversely associated with NAFLD prevalence. The adjusted OR (95% CI) for quartile 1 versus quartile 4 was 1.81 (1.31–2.50) (p < 0.001 for trend). Moreover, DI was also inversely associated with the presence of moderate to severe hepatic steatosis. The multivariable-adjusted ORs across quartiles of DI were 2.47, 1.44, 0.96 and 1.00 for the presence of moderate to severe hepatic steatosis (p < 0.001 for trend). Conclusions: Pancreatic β-cell function might be a new predictor for the presence of NAFLD, and insufficient compensatory β-cell function is associated with NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Chen
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jinghe Xiao
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Juan Pang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Shen Chen
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Wenhua Ling
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
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14
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Oliveira-Santos AA, Salvatori R, Bueno AC, Nogueira MC, Campos VC, Melo MA, Oliveira CRP, Barros-Oliveira CS, Marinho CG, Damascena NP, Santos EG, Melo EV, de Paula FJA, de Castro M, Aguiar-Oliveira MH. Reduced fibroblast growth factor 21 and β-Klotho secretion in untreated congenital isolated GH deficiency. Endocrine 2021; 73:160-165. [PMID: 33770382 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-021-02700-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSES Increasing evidence suggests that the FGF-Klotho endocrine system and the somatotropic system (pituitary and extra-pituitary GH) may have important metabolic and immune relationships, thus contributing to the pathophysiology of aging-related disorders, including diabetes, atherosclerosis, and cancer. The status of these interactions in isolated GH deficiency (IGHD) is unknown. The objective of this study was to assess the response of both FGF21 and β-Klotho levels to a standard meal in a homogeneous group of adults with congenital untreated IGHD due to a homozygous mutation in the GHRH receptor gene. METHODS In a cross-sectional study, we measured the levels of FGF21 and β-Klotho, before and 30, 60, 120, and 180 min after a standardized test meal in 20 (11 males) IGHD and 20 (11 males) age-matched controls. Areas under the curves (AUC) of FGF21 and β-Klotho were calculated. RESULTS Baseline levels of FGF21 were similar, but baseline levels of β-Klotho were lower in IGHD subjects. The IGHD individuals exhibited lower AUC for FGF21 and β-Klotho levels than control subjects. There was a positive correlation between IGF1 and β-Klotho levels in the pooled groups. No correlation was found between IGF1 and FGF21 levels. CONCLUSIONS Subjects with lifetime, untreated IGHD exhibit reduced FGF21 and β-Klotho levels response to a mixed meal. This difference may have consequences on metabolism and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alécia A Oliveira-Santos
- Postgraduate Nucleus in Health Science, Federal University of Sergipe, 49060-100, Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Roberto Salvatori
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
| | - Ana C Bueno
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, 14049-900, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Monica C Nogueira
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, 14049-900, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Viviane C Campos
- Postgraduate Nucleus in Health Science, Federal University of Sergipe, 49060-100, Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Manuela A Melo
- Postgraduate Nucleus in Health Science, Federal University of Sergipe, 49060-100, Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Carla R P Oliveira
- Postgraduate Nucleus in Health Science, Federal University of Sergipe, 49060-100, Aracaju, Brazil
| | | | - Cindi G Marinho
- Postgraduate Nucleus in Health Science, Federal University of Sergipe, 49060-100, Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Nayra P Damascena
- Postgraduate Nucleus in Health Science, Federal University of Sergipe, 49060-100, Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Elenilde G Santos
- Postgraduate Nucleus in Health Science, Federal University of Sergipe, 49060-100, Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Enaldo V Melo
- Postgraduate Nucleus in Health Science, Federal University of Sergipe, 49060-100, Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Francisco J A de Paula
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, 14049-900, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Margaret de Castro
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, 14049-900, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Manuel H Aguiar-Oliveira
- Postgraduate Nucleus in Health Science, Federal University of Sergipe, 49060-100, Aracaju, Brazil
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15
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Xie T, Yin L, Guo D, Zhang Z, Chen Y, Liu B, Wang W, Zheng Y. The potential role of plasma fibroblast growth factor 21 as a diagnostic biomarker for abdominal aortic aneurysm presence and development. Life Sci 2021; 274:119346. [PMID: 33713667 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) has been identified as the master hormonal regulator of energy balance, its elevation is observed in a series of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Studies have implicated the role of FGF21 signaling in the pathogenesis of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). We will investigate the association of FGF21 and AAA development. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, we assayed plasma levels of FGF21 in 82 patients with AAA and 44 control subjects, then analyzed their relationship with clinical, biochemical and histological phenotypes. The expression of β-klotho, an essential co-receptor of FGF21, was assessed with IHC staining and RT-qPCR. Machine learning models incorporate a combination of FGF21 and clinical data were utilized in the prediction of AAA occurrence. KEY FINDINGS FGF21 was statistically higher in patients with AAA (781 pg/ml [533, 1213]) than in control subjects (567 pg/ml [324, 939]). After adjustment for age and BMI, we found a positive association of FGF21 levels with AAA diameters, hypertension rate and hsCRP, and a negative correlation between FGF21 levels and HDL-c. Furthermore, the protein levels of β-klotho in abdominal aorta of AAA were found significantly lower than in control group indicating the presence of FGF21 resistance. Combining FGF21 levels with four clinical characteristics significantly improved the stratification of AAA and control groups with an AUC of 0.778. SIGNIFICANCE Combining detection of plasma FGF21 and clinical characteristics may be reliable for identifying the presence of AAA. The role of FGF21 as a therapeutic target of AAA warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Xie
- Department of Medical Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Liangying Yin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Dan Guo
- Department of Medical Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Zixin Zhang
- Department of Medical Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yuexin Chen
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Bao Liu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yuehong Zheng
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China.
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16
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Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is an atypical member of the FGF family, which functions as a powerful endocrine and paracrine regulator of glucose and lipid metabolism. In addition to liver and adipose tissue, recent studies have shown that FGF21 can also be produced in skeletal muscle. As the most abundant tissue in the human body, skeletal muscle has become increasingly recognized as a major site of metabolic activity and an important modulator of systemic metabolic homeostasis. The function and mechanism of action of muscle-derived FGF21 have recently gained attention due to the findings of considerably increased expression and secretion of FGF21 from skeletal muscle under certain pathological conditions. Recent reports regarding the ectopic expression of FGF21 from skeletal muscle and its potential effects on the musculoskeletal system unfolds a new chapter in the story of FGF21. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge base of muscle-derived FGF21 and the possible functions of FGF21 on homeostasis of the musculoskeletal system with a focus on skeletal muscle and bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Sun
- Musculoskeletal Growth & Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Matthew Sherrier
- Musculoskeletal Growth & Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Hongshuai Li
- Musculoskeletal Growth & Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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17
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Zubkiewicz-Kucharska A, Wikiera B, Noczyńska A. Soluble Klotho Is Decreased in Children With Type 1 Diabetes and Correlated With Metabolic Control. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:709564. [PMID: 34603200 PMCID: PMC8484787 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.709564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Klotho concentration may be considered as a prognostic factor in the development of chronic complications of diabetes. Moreover, decrease in sKlotho concentration may contribute to beta cell apoptosis and type 1 diabetes development. The aim of this study was to evaluate if sKlotho protein concentration in children with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and its correlation with classical risk factors of chronic complications of diabetes: dysglycemia and endothelial dysfunction. MATERIAL AND METHODS In a cross-section single center study the levels of soluble Klotho protein in 80 T1D (37 boys) and 34 healthy children (controls, 15 boys). Micro- and macroangiopathy were excluded and renal function was normal in all participants. Serum sKlotho, sICAM-1, sVCAM-1 and E-selectin levels were measured. RESULTS The concentration of sKlotho was lower in T1D than in the controls (2041.9 ± 1017.6 pg/mL vs. 2790.3 ± 1423.9 pg/mL, p=0.0113). sICAM-1, sVCAM-1 and E-selectin concentrations were comparable in patients and controls. In T1D, sKlotho was not correlated with the duration of diabetes. Klotho and E-selectin were correlated with HbA1c (r=-0.31, P=0.0066 and r=0.25, P=0.0351, respectively), but not with AVBG and blood glucose SD. Correlations of sKlotho with total cholesterol (r=0.31, P=0.0129), HDL-cholesterol (r=0.43, P=0.0011) and LDL-cholesterol (r=0.28, P=0.0412), but not with triglycerides, were found. Likewise, Klotho was not correlated with sICAM-1, sVCAM-1, and E-selectin concentrations. CONCLUSIONS This study reports the significantly lower level of s-Klotho in children with type 1 diabetes, correlated with HbA1c and HDL cholesterol, but not with the adhesion molecules concentrations nor the duration of the disease. Negative correlation between the levels of HbA1c and soluble Klotho may suggest its possible involvement in the development of chronic diabetes complications.
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18
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Nonogaki K, Kaji T. Pharmacologic inhibition of serotonin htr2b ameliorates hyperglycemia and the altered expression of hepatic FGF21, Sdf2l1, and htr2a in db/db mice and KKA y mice. Heliyon 2020; 6:e05774. [PMID: 33364514 PMCID: PMC7753910 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasma fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) levels and hepatic FGF21, serotonin 2a receptor (htr2a), and stromal cell-derived factor 2 like 1 (Sdf2l1) expression are increased in insulin-resistant C57BL6J mice fed a high-fat diet. Here we show that plasma FGF21 levels and hepatic FGF21, Sdf2l1, and htr2a expression were decreased in 6-week-old db/db mice compared with C57BL6J mice, whereas they were increased in 6-week-old KKAy mice compared with KK mice. Expression of hepatic htr2b was increased in db/db mice and KKAy mice compared with controls. Treatment with the selective htr2b antagonist SB204741 suppressed the hyperglycemia in either db/db mice or KKAy mice. Treatment with SB20471 reversed the decreases in plasma FGF21 levels and hepatic FGF21, Sdf2l1, and htr2a expression in db/db mice, whereas it suppressed the increases in plasma FGF21 levels and hepatic FGF21, Sdf2l1, and htr2a expression in KKAy mice. Moreover, treatment with SB204741 increased plasma FGF21 levels and expression of hepatic FGF21, htr2a, and Sdf2l1 in C57BL6J mice, whereas it decreased plasma FGF21 levels and hepatic FGF21 expression in KK mice. These findings suggest that pharmacologic inhibition of htr2b ameliorates the hyperglycemia and altered expression of hepatic FGF21, Sdf2l1 and htr2a in obese and diabetic db/db and KKAy mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsunori Nonogaki
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Nutrition, Tohoku University New Industry Creation Hatcher Center, Japan
| | - Takao Kaji
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Nutrition, Tohoku University New Industry Creation Hatcher Center, Japan
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19
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Abstract
The endocrine FGF21 was discovered as a novel metabolic regulator in 2005 with new functions bifurcating from the canonic heparin-binding FGFs that directly promote cell proliferation and growth independent of a co-receptor. Early studies have demonstrated that FGF21 is a stress sensor in the liver and possibly, several other endocrine and metabolic tissues. Hepatic FGF21 signals via endocrine routes to quench episodes of metabolic derangements, promoting metabolic homeostasis. The convergence of mouse and human studies shows that FGF21 promotes lipid catabolism, including lipolysis, fatty acid oxidation, mitochondrial oxidative activity, and thermogenic energy dissipation, rather than directly regulating insulin and appetite. The white and brown adipose tissues and, to some extent, the hypothalamus, all of which host a transmembrane receptor binary complex of FGFR1 and co-receptor KLB, are considered the essential tissue and molecular targets of hepatic or pharmacological FGF21. On the other hand, a growing body of work has revealed that pancreatic acinar cells form a constitutive high-production site for FGF21, which then acts in an autocrine or paracrine mode. Beyond regulation of macronutrient metabolism and physiological energy expenditure, FGF21 appears to function in forestalling the development of fatty pancreas, steato-pancreatitis, fatty liver, and steato-hepatitis, thereby preventing the development of advanced pathologies such as pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma or hepatocellular carcinoma. This review is intended to provide updates on these new discoveries that illuminate the protective roles of FGF21-FGFR1-KLB signal pathway in metabolic anomalies-associated severe tissue damage and malignancy, and to inform potential new preventive or therapeutic strategies for obesity-inflicted cancer patients via reducing metabolic risks and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqin Lu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA.
| | - Xiaokun Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, China; The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China.
| | - Yongde Luo
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA; School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, China; The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China; Centeer BioTherapeutics Ltd Co, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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20
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Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a stress-inducible hormone that has important roles in regulating energy balance and glucose and lipid homeostasis through a heterodimeric receptor complex comprising FGF receptor 1 (FGFR1) and β-klotho. Administration of FGF21 to rodents or non-human primates causes considerable pharmacological benefits on a cluster of obesity-related metabolic complications, including a reduction in fat mass and alleviation of hyperglycaemia, insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia, cardiovascular disorders and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). However, native FGF21 is unsuitable for clinical use owing to poor pharmacokinetic and biophysical properties. A large number of long-acting FGF21 analogues and agonistic monoclonal antibodies for the FGFR1-β-klotho receptor complexes have been developed. Several FGF21 analogues and mimetics have progressed to early phases of clinical trials in patients with obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus and NASH. In these trials, the primary end points of glycaemic control have not been met, whereas substantial improvements were observed in dyslipidaemia, hepatic fat fractions and serum markers of liver fibrosis in patients with NASH. The complexity and divergence in pharmacology and pathophysiology of FGF21, interspecies variations in FGF21 biology, the possible existence of obesity-related FGF21 resistance and endogenous FGF21 inactivation enzymes represent major obstacles to clinical implementation of FGF21-based pharmacotherapies for metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leiluo Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Karen S L Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Aimin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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21
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Song WY, Jiang XH, Ding Y, Wang Y, Zhou MX, Xia Y, Zhang CY, Yin CC, Qiu C, Li K, Sun P, Han X. Inhibition of heparanase protects against pancreatic beta cell death in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice via reducing intra-islet inflammatory cell infiltration. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:4433-4447. [PMID: 32608014 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Intra-islet heparan sulfate (HS) plays an important role in the maintenance of pancreatic islet function. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect mechanism of HS loss on the functioning of islets in diabetic mice. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The hypoglycaemic effect of a heparanase inhibitor, OGT2115, was tested in a streptozotocin-induced diabetic mouse model. The islets in pancreatic sections were also stained to reveal their morphology. An insulinoma cell line (MIN6) and primary isolated murine islets were used to investigate the effect of OGT2115 in vitro. KEY RESULTS Intra-islet HS was clearly lost in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice due to the increased heparanase expression in damaged islets. OGT2115 prevented intra-islet HS loss and improved the glucose profile and insulin secretion in streptozotocin-treated mice. The apoptosis of pancreatic beta cells and the infiltration of mononuclear macrophages, CD4- and CD8-positive T-cells in islets was reduced by OGT2115 in streptozotocin-treated mice, but OGT2115 did not alter the direct streptozotocin-induced damage in vitro. The expression of heparanase was increased in high glucose-treated isolated islets but not in response to direct streptozotocin stimulation. Further experiments showed that high glucose stimuli could decreased expression of PPARγ in cultured islets, thereby relieving the PPARγ-induced inhibition of heparanase gene expression. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Hyperglycaemia could cause intra-islet HS loss by elevating the expression of heparanase, thereby aggravating inflammatory cell infiltration and islet damage. Inhibition of heparanase might provide benefit for pancreatic beta cell protection in Type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yu Song
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Han Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying Ding
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ming-Xuan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yun Xia
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chen-Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chong-Chong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chen Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kai Li
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Peng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao Han
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Gu H, Jiang W, You N, Huang X, Li Y, Peng X, Dong R, Wang Z, Zhu Y, Wu K, Li J, Zheng L. Soluble Klotho Improves Hepatic Glucose and Lipid Homeostasis in Type 2 Diabetes. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2020; 18:811-823. [PMID: 32953932 PMCID: PMC7479259 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2020.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is one of the most escalating global metabolic diseases, which is highly associated with insulin resistance (IR) and risk of combination with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Previous studies suggest that soluble klotho (sKL) could serve as a circulating hormone to mediate energy metabolism, but the detailed mechanism is poorly understood. In this study, we generated T2D models of wild-type (WT), sKL heterozygous (KL +/-), and sKL transgenic (TgKL) mice continuously fed a high-fat diet (HFD) and constructed L02 cell lines that stably overexpress sKL to investigate the effect of sKL on hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism. Surprisingly, we discovered that sKL deficiency resulted in exacerbated diabetic phenotypes and hepatic glucolipid metabolism disorders in HFD-fed KL +/- diabetic mice (KL +/- DM), whereas TgKL diabetic mice (TgKL DM) exhibited ameliorated diabetic phenotypes and decreased IR. Mechanistic studies in vitro and in vivo demonstrated that sKL could inhibit the PI3K/AKT/mTORC1 signaling to upregulate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) expression by directly interacting with type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF1R) in HFD-fed T2D mice. Thus, sKL could improve hepatic glucolipid homeostasis to ameliorate diabetic phenotypes and lipid accumulation and may function as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of T2D and reduce the risk of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiying Gu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Nan You
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Xiaobing Huang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Yuming Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Xuehui Peng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Rui Dong
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Yinan Zhu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Ke Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
- Corresponding author: Jing Li, MD, PhD, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China.
| | - Lu Zheng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
- Corresponding author: Lu Zheng, MD, PhD, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China.
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Xie T, So WY, Li XY, Leung PS. Fibroblast growth factor 21 protects against lipotoxicity-induced pancreatic β-cell dysfunction via regulation of AMPK signaling and lipid metabolism. Clin Sci (Lond) 2019; 133:2029-44. [PMID: 31654570 DOI: 10.1042/CS20190093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is known as a potent metabolic regulator but its protective mechanisms against lipotoxicity-induced β-cell dysfunction and apoptosis remain elusive. Here, we aimed to examine the regulatory pathways whereby FGF21 mediates islet lipid metabolism in lipotoxicity-treated cells and animal models. Rat β-cell line (INS-1E cells) and islets isolated from C57/BL6J mice were exposed to palmitic acid (PA) with/without FGF21, mimicking lipotoxic conditions. Resultant insulin secretion and intracellular signaling were analyzed with Western blotting and RNA-seq. C57/BL6J and global FGF21 knockout (KO) mice were fed with a high-fat diet (HFD) to induce lipotoxicity and given with a long-acting mimetic of FGF21. Insulin resistance and β-cell function were then assessed using homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and insulinogenic index. FGF21 ameliorated PA-induced lipid accumulation, reversed cell apoptosis, and enhanced glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) as impaired by lipotoxicity in islet β-cells. Mechanistically, FGF21 exerted its beneficial effects through activation of AMPK-ACC (acetyl-CoA carboxylase) pathway and peroxisome proliferation-activated receptors (PPARs) δ/γ signaling, thus increasing the levels of carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1A (CPT1A) and leading to increased fatty acid (FA) oxidation and reduced lipid deposition in β-cells. Interestingly, FGF21 reduced PA-induced cell death via restoration of the expression of apoptosis inhibitor Birc3. In vivo studies further showed that FGF21 is critical for islet insulinogenic capacity and normal function in the context of HFD-treated animals. FGF21 down-regulates islet cell lipid accumulation, probably via activation of AMPK-ACC and PPARδ/γ signaling, and reduces cell death under lipotoxicity, indicating that FGF21 is protective against lipotoxicity-induced β-cell dysfunction and apoptosis.
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24
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Kierach R, Dąbrowski K, Grabarek BO, Kojs-Mrożkiewicz M, Boroń D. Is ursodeoxycholic acid therapy due to pregnant intrahepatic cholestasis change the adiponectin and fibroblast growth factor-21 levels?-Pilot study. Dermatol Ther 2020; 33:e13296. [PMID: 32149445 DOI: 10.1111/dth.13296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The main aim of the study was to assess changes in adiponectin and fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) levels in pregnant women with intrahepatic cholestasis during ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) therapy. The study included 40 pregnant women with intrahepatic cholestasis (ICP) treated with UDCA. In the pregnant ICP group, material for further analysis was collected three times: before the first dose of drug T1, 4 weeks after the first dose of drug T2, 8 weeks after the first dose of drug T3, and 1 day after delivery T4 (P < .05). Regarding changes in the adiponectin concentration profile, three statistical significance (P < .05) was found: before the first dose and 8 weeks of treatment and 1 day after delivery, as well as between 4 and 8 weeks of UDCA acid therapy. In the fourth and eighth weeks of treatment, adiponectin levels reached a higher concentration than before the first dose of UDCA, but a decrease was observed 1 day after delivery. It has been confirmed that UDCA therapy has an impact on the dynamics of changes in adiponectin and FGF21 levels as well as indicators characterizing liver function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Kierach
- Department of Obsterics and Gynecology in Ruda Slaska, Medical University of Silesia, Ruda Slaska, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Dąbrowski
- Department of Obsterics and Gynecology in Ruda Slaska, Medical University of Silesia, Ruda Slaska, Poland
| | - Beniamin O Grabarek
- Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Krakow Branch, Kraków, Poland.,Department of Histology, Cytophysiology and Emryology, University of Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Katowice, Poland
| | - Marta Kojs-Mrożkiewicz
- Department of Histology, Cytophysiology and Emryology, University of Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Katowice, Poland
| | - Dariusz Boroń
- Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Krakow Branch, Kraków, Poland.,Department of Histology, Cytophysiology and Emryology, University of Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Katowice, Poland.,Faculty of Health Science, Public Higher Medical Professional School in Opole, Opole, Poland.,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics with Gynecologic Oncology, Ludwik Rydygier Memorial Specialized Hospital, Kraków, Poland
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25
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Abstract
Background Disruption of β-cell insulin secretion and viability caused by excessive ethanol consumption increases type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) pathogenesis risk. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) plays a significant role in regulating lipid and glucose homeostasis. Recently, FGF21, best known for its role in lipid and glucose homeostasis regulation, and its obligate co-receptor β-klotho have been shown to inhibit ethanol ingestion and metabolism. It remains unclear whether heavy ethanol intake modulates islet FGF21 expression and function. This study investigated the relationship between ethanol exposure, FGF21, and islet function in vivo/ex vivo islet and in vitro cell models. Methods Mice were gavaged with 3.5 g/kg ethanol or saline for 1–3 weeks (long-term exposure). Human MIN6 cells and isolated islets were cultured and treated with 80 mM ethanol for 24 h (short-term exposure) to mimic excessive ethanol consumption. We applied the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), blood glucometry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISAs) for insulin and FGF21, glucose stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) testing, reverse-transcription (RT)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and western blot experiments. Results Long-term ethanol treatment induced FGF21 resistance in mouse pancreatic islets. Moreover, ethanol exposure damaged insulin secretory ability and glucose homeostasis. In vitro and ex vivo experiments showed that short-term ethanol treatment upregulated the expression of FGF21 signaling pathway-related genes and proteins, without affecting β-cell survival or function. Conclusions Long-term ethanol consumption induces FGF21 resistance-mediated pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, and thus diabetes pathogenesis risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao Chen Yang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shang Ying Wu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Po Sing Leung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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27
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Ying L, Li N, He Z, Zeng X, Nan Y, Chen J, Miao P, Ying Y, Lin W, Zhao X, Lu L, Chen M, Cen W, Guo T, Li X, Huang Z, Wang Y. Fibroblast growth factor 21 Ameliorates diabetes-induced endothelial dysfunction in mouse aorta via activation of the CaMKK2/AMPKα signaling pathway. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:665. [PMID: 31511499 PMCID: PMC6739326 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1893-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction initiates and exacerbates hypertension, atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular complications in diabetic mellitus. FGF21 is a hormone that mediates a number of beneficial effects relevant to metabolic disorders and their associated complications. Nevertheless, it remains unclear as to whether FGF21 ameliorates endothelial dysfunction. Therefore, we investigated the effect of FGF21 on endothelial function in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. We found that FGF21 reduced hyperglycemia and ameliorated insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic mice, an effect that was totally lost in type 1 diabetic mice. However, FGF21 activated AMPKα, suppressing oxidative stress and enhancing endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation of aorta in both types, suggesting a mechanism that is independent of its glucose-lowering and insulin-sensitizing effects. In vitro, we identified a direct action of FGF21 on endothelial cells of the aorta, in which it bounds to FGF receptors to alleviate impaired endothelial function challenged with high glucose. Furthermore, the CaMKK2-AMPKα signaling pathway was activated to suppress oxidative stress. Apart from its anti-oxidative capacity, FGF21 activated eNOS to dilate the aorta via CaMKK2/AMPKα activation. Our data suggest expanded potential uses of FGF21 for the treatment of vascular diseases in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Ying
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 325035, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 325035, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Pathology, Wenzhou Central Hospital, 325035, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhengyue He
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 325035, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Pathology, Suining Central Hospital, 629000, Suining, Sichuan, China
| | - Xueqin Zeng
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 325035, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yan Nan
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 325035, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiantong Chen
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 325035, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Peipei Miao
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 325035, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Pharmacy, the Second People's Hospital of Pingyang, 325035, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yunyun Ying
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 325035, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,The First Affiliated Hospital & School of the First Clinical Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 325035, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 325035, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xinyu Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 325035, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lu Lu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 325035, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mengke Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital & School of the First Clinical Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 325035, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Cen
- The First Affiliated Hospital & School of the First Clinical Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 325035, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tonglin Guo
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, 325035, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaokun Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 325035, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Zhifeng Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 325035, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 325035, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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28
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Su X, Kong Y, Peng D. Fibroblast growth factor 21 in lipid metabolism and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Chim Acta 2019; 498:30-37. [PMID: 31419414 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2019.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common liver diseases in several developed countries, ranging from simple non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and cirrhosis. Currently, NAFLD has been confirmed to be associated with dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and pre-diabetes, which are always grouped together as metabolic syndrome. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) plays an important role in liver pathophysiology with multiple metabolic functions. Accumulating evidence has shown that FGF21 could directly modulate lipid metabolism and reduce lipid accumulation in hepatocytes through an insulin-independent pathway, thus suppressing the pathogenesis of NAFLD. Furthermore, treatment with FGF21 could obviously reverse NAFLD and synergistically alleviate obesity and counteract insulin resistance. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of FGF21 and the evidence of FGF21 as an important regulator in hepatic lipid metabolism. The mechanisms by which FGF21 affects the pathogenesis of NAFLD would also be proposed for the further understanding of FGF21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Su
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yi Kong
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomes, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Daoquan Peng
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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29
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Lewis JE, Ebling FJP, Samms RJ, Tsintzas K. Going Back to the Biology of FGF21: New Insights. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2019; 30:491-504. [PMID: 31248786 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a protein highly synthesized in the liver that exerts paracrine and endocrine control of many aspects of energy homeostasis in multiple tissues. In preclinical models of obesity and type 2 diabetes, treatment with FGF21 improves glucose homeostasis and promotes weight loss, and, as a result, FGF21 has attracted considerable attention as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of metabolic syndrome in humans. An improved understanding of the biological role of FGF21 may help to explain why its therapeutic potential in humans has not been fully realized. This review will cover the complexities in FGF21 biology in rodents and humans, with emphasis on its role in protection from central and peripheral facets of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo E Lewis
- Institute of Metabolic Sciences and MRC-Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB0 0QQ, UK
| | - Francis J P Ebling
- MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | | | - Kostas Tsintzas
- MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK.
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30
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Reinehr T. Inflammatory markers in children and adolescents with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clin Chim Acta 2019; 496:100-107. [PMID: 31276632 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2019.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This review examines the potential relationship between serum inflammation markers and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Inflammation markers have been proposed as prognostic markers for the development of T2DM and its complications. Furthermore, modulation of the inflammatory process may offer future treatment strategies for T2DM. This review focuses on children and adolescents because there is usually little, if any, complications associated with other disease processes, use of medications, or active tobacco smoking. Furthermore, β-cell failure in young age cannot be solely explained by aging and exhaustion of β-cells due to insulin resistance. Pediatric studies have demonstrated that pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, IFNγ, PEDF, and fetuin A were increased in insulin resistance, while the anti-inflammatory cytokines adiponectin and omentin were decreased. Furthermore, TNF-α, fetuin A, FGF-21 were altered in obese children with T2DM suggesting a direct involvement in β-cell failure. Future studies focusing on children and adolescents may facilitate our understanding of T2DM as an inflammatory disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Reinehr
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition Medicine, Vestische Hospital for Children and Adolescents Datteln, University of Witten/Herdecke, Dr. F. Steiner Str. 5, D-45711 Datteln, Germany.
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31
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Cheng STW, Li SYT, Leung PS. Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 Stimulates Pancreatic Islet Autophagy via Inhibition of AMPK-mTOR Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20102517. [PMID: 31121855 PMCID: PMC6567208 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Islet autophagy plays a role in glucose/lipid metabolism in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Meanwhile, fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) has been found to regulate insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis. Whether FGF21 induces islet autophagy, remains to be elucidated. This study aimed to explore the physiological roles and signaling pathways involved in FGF21-stimulated islet autophagy under glucolipotoxic conditions. Methods: C57/BL6J mice were fed a standard diet or high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks, and islets were isolated from normal and FGF21 knockout (KO) mice. Isolated islets and INS-1E cells were exposed to normal and high-concentration glucose and palmitic acid with/without FGF21 or AMPK inhibitor compound C. Real-time PCR, Western blot and immunohistochemistry/transmission electron microscopy were performed for the expression of targeted genes/proteins. Results: HFD-treated mice showed increases in fasting plasma glucose, body weight and impaired glucose tolerance; islet protein expression of FGF21 was induced after HFD treatment. Protein expression levels of FGF21 and LC3-II (autophagy marker) were induced in mouse islets treated with high concentrations of palmitic acid and glucose, while phosphorylation of AMPK was reduced, compared with controls. In addition, induction of LC3-II protein expression was reduced in islets isolated from FGF21 KO mice. Furthermore, exogenous administration of FGF21 diminished phosphorylation of AMPK and stimulated protein expression of LC3-II. Consistently, compound C significantly induced increased expression of LC3-II protein. Conclusions: Our data indicate that glucolipotoxicity-induced FGF21 activation mediates islet autophagy via AMPK inhibition, and further consolidate the evidence for the FGF21/analog being a pharmacotherapeutic target for obesity and its related T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Tsz Wai Cheng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Stephen Yu Ting Li
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Po Sing Leung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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32
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33
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Abstract
Significance: Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus are increasing globally. There is also increasing associated complications, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and vascular complications of diabetes. There is currently no licensed treatment for NAFLD and no recent treatments for diabetic complications. New approaches are required, particularly those addressing mechanism-based risk factors for health decline and disease progression. Recent Advances: Dicarbonyl stress is the abnormal accumulation of reactive dicarbonyl metabolites such as methylglyoxal (MG) leading to cell and tissue dysfunction. It is a potential driver of obesity, diabetes, and related complications that are unaddressed by current treatments. Increased formation of MG is linked to increased glyceroneogenesis and hyperglycemia in obesity and diabetes and also down-regulation of glyoxalase 1 (Glo1)-which provides the main enzymatic detoxification of MG. Glo1 functional genomics studies suggest that increasing Glo1 expression and activity alleviates dicarbonyl stress; slows development of obesity, related insulin resistance; and prevents development of diabetic nephropathy and other microvascular complications of diabetes. A new therapeutic approach constitutes small-molecule inducers of Glo1 expression-Glo1 inducers-exploiting a regulatory antioxidant response element in the GLO1 gene. A prototype Glo1 inducer, trans-resveratrol (tRES)-hesperetin (HESP) combination, in corrected insulin resistance, improved glycemic control and vascular inflammation in healthy overweight and obese subjects in clinical trial. Critical Issues: tRES and HESP synergize pharmacologically, and HESP likely overcomes the low bioavailability of tRES by inhibition of intestinal glucuronosyltransferases. Future Directions: Glo1 inducers may now be evaluated in Phase 2 clinical trials for treatment of NAFLD and vascular complications of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naila Rabbani
- 1 Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, University Hospital , Coventry, United Kingdom .,2 Warwick Systems Biology Centre, Senate House, University of Warwick , Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Paul J Thornalley
- 1 Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, University Hospital , Coventry, United Kingdom .,2 Warwick Systems Biology Centre, Senate House, University of Warwick , Coventry, United Kingdom
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Pan Y, Wang B, Zheng J, Xiong R, Fan Z, Ye Y, Zhang S, Li Q, Gong F, Wu C, Lin Z, Li X, Pan X. Pancreatic fibroblast growth factor 21 protects against type 2 diabetes in mice by promoting insulin expression and secretion in a PI3K/Akt signaling-dependent manner. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 23:1059-1071. [PMID: 30461198 PMCID: PMC6349243 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is important in glucose, lipid homeostasis and insulin sensitivity. However, it remains unknown whether FGF21 is involved in insulin expression and secretion that are dysregulated in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In this study, we found that FGF21 was down-regulated in pancreatic islets of db/db mice, a mouse model of T2DM, along with decreased insulin expression, suggesting the possible involvement of FGF21 in maintaining insulin homeostasis and islet β-cell function. Importantly, FGF21 knockout exacerbated palmitate-induced islet β-cell failure and suppression of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). Pancreatic FGF21 overexpression significantly increased insulin expression, enhanced GSIS, improved islet morphology and reduced β-cell apoptosis in db/db mice. Mechanistically, FGF21 promoted expression of insulin gene transcription factors and soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) proteins, the major regulators of insulin secretion, as well as activating phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling in islets of db/db mice. In addition, pharmaceutical inhibition of PI3K/Akt signaling effectively suppressed FGF21-induced expression of insulin gene transcription factors and SNARE proteins, suggesting an essential role of PI3K/Akt signaling in FGF21-induced insulin expression and secretion. Taken together, our results demonstrate a protective role of pancreatic FGF21 in T2DM mice through inducing PI3K/Akt signaling-dependent insulin expression and secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Pan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Baile Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Jujia Zheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Rongrong Xiong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhichao Fan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yanna Ye
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Saisai Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qinyao Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Fanghua Gong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Chaoming Wu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhuofeng Lin
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaokun Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xuebo Pan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Chronic inflammation, adipokines, and hepatokines have been identified as basis of insulin resistance and β cell failure in animal models. We present our current knowledge concerning the potential relationship between these cytokines, inflammation, metabolic syndrome (MetS), and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in the pediatric population. RECENT FINDINGS Pro-inflammatory cytokines related to insulin resistance and MetS in children are tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, interferon gamma, pigment epithelium-derived factor, chemerin, vaspin, and fetuin A. Anti-inflammatory cytokines associated with insulin resistance and MetS in children are leptin, adiponectin, omentin, fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-21, osteocalcin, and irisin. These anti-inflammatory cytokines are decreased (adiponectin, omentin, and osteocalcin) or increased (leptin, FGF-21, and irisin) in obesity suggesting a resistance state. TNF-α, fetuin A, and FGF-21 are altered in obese children with T2DM suggesting an involvement in β cell failure. These cytokines, adipokines, and hepatokines may be able to predict development of MetS and T2DM and have a potential therapeutic target ameliorating insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Reinehr
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition Medicine, Vestische Hospital for Children and Adolescents Datteln, University of Witten/Herdecke, Dr. F. Steiner Str. 5, D-45711, Datteln, Germany.
| | - Christian Ludwig Roth
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, 1900 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA
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Zhang L, Liu T. Clinical implication of alterations in serum Klotho levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications. J Diabetes Complications 2018; 32:922-930. [PMID: 30042059 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the clinical significance of serum α-Klotho and β-Klotho levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and its associated complications. METHODS Serum α-Klotho and β-Klotho levels were measured using an ELISA kit in 817 individuals, including 127 with T2DM, 106 with diabetic nephropathy, 99 with diabetic retinopathy, 108 with diabetic neuropathy, 102 with diabetic foot disease, 135 with T2DM and more than one complication and 140 healthy controls. RESULTS Both α-Klotho and β-Klotho levels were significantly decreased in the T2DM group and the groups with associated complications compared with the levels in control group. The differences between the T2DM group and the T2DM with complications groups were not significant, except between the diabetic nephropathy group and the other diabetic complications groups. In addition, α-Klotho and β-Klotho levels were negatively correlated with serum fructosamine and HbA1c but were not associated with serum glucose in the model including all participants. Moreover, decreases in α-Klotho and β-Klotho levels in the high glucose-exposed cell culture model, which was dependent on glucose exposure time, were confirmed. CONCLUSIONS Levels of α-Klotho and β-Klotho were downregulated in patients in the T2DM and complications groups. Our findings indicate that serum Klotho levels were associated with the development of T2DM, and long-term control of blood glucose will be beneficial in ameliorating changes to α-Klotho and β-Klotho levels in patients with T2DM and complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Zhang
- Department of Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, PR China
| | - Tianming Liu
- Department of Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, PR China.
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Yan X, Gou Z, Li Y, Wang Y, Zhu J, Xu G, Zhang Q. Fibroblast growth factor 21 inhibits atherosclerosis in apoE-/- mice by ameliorating Fas-mediated apoptosis. Lipids Health Dis 2018; 17:203. [PMID: 30157856 PMCID: PMC6114502 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-018-0846-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background FGF21 is a critical endogenous regulator in energy homeostasis and systemic glucose and lipid metabolism. Despite intensive study of the metabolic functions of FGF21, its important role in heart disease needs further exploration. Apoptosis induced by ox-LDL in vascular endothelial cells is an important step in the progress of atherosclerosis. Methods The effects of FGF21 treatment on apoptosis induced by ox-LDL were tested in HUVECs. The role of FGF21 in atherosclerosis was studied by evaluating its function in apolipoprotein E double knockout (apoE−/−) mice. Results We found that apoptosis in HUVECs was alleviated by FGF21 treatment. The effects of FGF21 were independent of the ERK1/2 pathway and were mediated through inhibition of the Fas signaling pathway. FGF21 suppressed the development of atherosclerosis, and the administration of FGF21 ameliorated Fas-mediated apoptosis in apoE−/− mice. Conclusion FGF21 protects against apoptosis in HUVECs by suppressing the expression of Fas; furthermore, FGF21 alleviated atherosclerosis by ameliorating Fas-mediated apoptosis in apoE−/− mice. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12944-018-0846-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Yan
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 242 Guangji Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215008, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongshan Gou
- Center for Medical Ultrasound, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215008, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215008, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 242 Guangji Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215008, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingyan Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 242 Guangji Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215008, People's Republic of China
| | - Guidong Xu
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215008, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 242 Guangji Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215008, People's Republic of China.
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Zhang J, Weng W, Wang K, Lu X, Cai L, Sun J. The role of FGF21 in type 1 diabetes and its complications. Int J Biol Sci 2018; 14:1000-1011. [PMID: 29989062 PMCID: PMC6036735 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.25026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Data from the International Diabetes Federation show that 347 million people worldwide have diabetes, and the incidence is still rising. Although the treatment of diabetes has been advanced, the current therapeutic options and outcomes, e.g. complications, are yet far from ideal. Therefore, an urgent need exists for the development of more effective therapies. Numerous studies have been conducted to establish and confirm whether FGF21 exerts beneficial effects on obesity and diabetes along with its complications. However, most of the studies associated with FGF21 were conducted in the patients with type 2 diabetes. Subsequently, the effect of FGF21 in the prevention or treatment of type 1 diabetes and its complications were also increasingly reported. In this review, we summarize the findings available on the function of FGF21 and the status of FGF21's treatment for type 1 diabetes. Based on the available information, we found that FGF21 exerts a hypoglycemic effect, restores the function of brown fat, and inhibits various complications in type 1 diabetes patients. Although these features are predominantly similar to those observed in the studies that showed the beneficial impact of FGF21 on type 2 diabetes and its complications, there are also certain distinct features and findings that may be of provide important and instructive for us to understand mechanistic insights and further promote the prevention and treatment of type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- The Center of Cardiovascular Disorders, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Pediatrics Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Wenya Weng
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Ruian Center of Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications, Ruian, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Pediatrics Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA.,The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xuemian Lu
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Ruian Center of Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications, Ruian, China
| | - Lu Cai
- Pediatrics Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Jian Sun
- The Center of Cardiovascular Disorders, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Yan K, Chen W, Zhu H, Lin G, Pan H, Li N, Wang L, Yang H, Liu M, Gong F. Ileal Transposition Surgery Decreases Fat Mass and Improves Glucose Metabolism in Diabetic GK Rats: Possible Involvement of FGF21. Front Physiol 2018; 9:191. [PMID: 29593555 PMCID: PMC5854974 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Ileal transposition (IT) surgery has been reported to improve glucose and lipid metabolism, and fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a powerful metabolic regulator. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the effects of IT surgery on metabolism and its possible relationship with the FGF21 signaling pathway in diabetic Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats. Methods: Ten-week-old male GK rats were subjected to IT surgery with translocation of a 10 cm ileal segment to the proximal jejunum (IT group) or sham surgery without the ileum transposition (Sham-IT group). Rats in the no surgery group did not receive any surgical intervention. Six weeks later, body weight, fat mass, fasting blood glucose (FBG), and serum levels of FGF21 and leptin were measured. The expression of the FGF21 signaling pathway and white adipose tissue (WAT) browning-related genes in the WAT and liver were evaluated by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and western blot. Results: IT surgery significantly decreased the body weights and FBG levels and increased the insulin sensitivity of GK rats. The total WAT mass of the IT rats showed a 41.5% reduction compared with the Sham-IT rats, and serum levels of FGF21 and leptin of the IT rats decreased by 26.3 and 61.7%, respectively (all P < 0.05). The mRNA levels of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) and its co-receptor β klotho (KLB) in the perirenal WAT (pWAT) of the IT rats were 1.4- and 2.4-fold that of the Sham-IT rats, respectively, and the FGFR1 protein levels were 1.7-fold of the Sham-IT rats (all P < 0.05). In accordance with the pWAT, the protein levels of FGFR1 and KLB in the epididymal WAT (eWAT) of the IT rats notably increased to 3.0- and 3.9-fold of the Sham-IT rats (P < 0.05). Furthermore, uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) protein levels in the eWAT and pWAT of the IT rats also increased to 2.2- and 2.3-fold of the Sham-IT rats (P < 0.05). However, the protein levels of FGFR1 and KLB in the subcutaneous WAT (sWAT) of the IT rats decreased by 34.4 and 72.1%, respectively, compared with the Sham-IT rats (P < 0.05). In addition, the protein levels of FGF21 and KLB in the livers of IT rats were 3.9- and 2.3-fold of the Sham-IT rats (all P < 0.05). Conclusions: IT surgery significantly decreased fat mass and improved glucose metabolism in diabetic GK rats. These beneficial roles of IT surgery were probably associated with its stimulatory action on the expression of FGFR1 and KLB in both the eWAT and the pWAT, thereby promoting UCP1 expression in these tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kemin Yan
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Weijie Chen
- Department of Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Huijuan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Guole Lin
- Department of Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Pan
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Naishi Li
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Linjie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hongbo Yang
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Meijuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Fengying Gong
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Salminen A, Kaarniranta K, Kauppinen A. Integrated stress response stimulates FGF21 expression: Systemic enhancer of longevity. Cell Signal 2017; 40:10-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Watson K, Nasca C, Aasly L, McEwen B, Rasgon N. Insulin resistance, an unmasked culprit in depressive disorders: Promises for interventions. Neuropharmacology 2018; 136:327-34. [PMID: 29180223 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Depressive disorders constitute a set of debilitating diseases with psychological, societal, economic and humanitarian consequences for millions of people worldwide. Scientists are beginning to understand the reciprocal communication between the brain and the rest of the body in the etiology of these diseases. In particular, scientists have noted a connection between depressive disorders, which are primarily seen as brain-based, and, insulin resistance (IR), a modifiable metabolic inflammatory state that is typically seen as peripheral. We highlight evidence showing how treating IR, with drugs or behavioral interventions, may ameliorate or possibly prevent, depressive disorders and their long-term consequences at various stages of the life course. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Metabolic Impairment as Risk Factors for Neurodegenerative Disorders.'
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Staiger H, Keuper M, Berti L, Hrabe de Angelis M, Häring HU. Fibroblast Growth Factor 21-Metabolic Role in Mice and Men. Endocr Rev 2017; 38:468-488. [PMID: 28938407 DOI: 10.1210/er.2017-00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Since its identification in 2000, the interest of scientists in the hepatokine fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 21 has tremendously grown, and still remains high, due to a wealth of very robust data documenting this factor's favorable effects on glucose and lipid metabolism in mice. For more than ten years now, intense in vivo and ex vivo experimentation addressed the physiological functions of FGF21 in humans as well as its pathophysiological role and pharmacological effects in human metabolic disease. This work produced a comprehensive collection of data revealing overlaps in FGF21 expression and function but also significant differences between mice and humans that have to be considered before translation from bench to bedside can be successful. This review summarizes what is known about FGF21 in mice and humans with a special focus on this factor's role in glucose and lipid metabolism and in metabolic diseases, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. We highlight the discrepancies between mice and humans and try to decipher their underlying reasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Staiger
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,Interfaculty Center for Pharmacogenomics and Pharma Research, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michaela Keuper
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Lucia Berti
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin Hrabe de Angelis
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,Chair for Experimental Genetics, Technical University Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Häring
- Interfaculty Center for Pharmacogenomics and Pharma Research, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology, and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Xie T, Leung PS. Fibroblast growth factor 21: a regulator of metabolic disease and health span. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2017; 313:E292-E302. [PMID: 28559437 PMCID: PMC5625087 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00101.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a potent endocrine regulator with physiological effects on glucose and lipid metabolism and thus garners much attention for its translational potential for the management of obesity and related metabolic syndromes. FGF21 is mainly expressed in several metabolically active tissue organs, such as the liver, adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, and pancreas, with profound effects and therapeutic relevance. Emerging experimental and clinical data point to the demonstrated metabolic benefits of FGF21, which include, but are not limited to, weight loss, glucose and lipid metabolism, and insulin sensitivity. In addition, FGF21 also acts directly through its coreceptor β-klotho in the brain to alter light-dark cycle activity. In this review, we critically appraise current advances in understanding the physiological actions of FGF21 and its role as a biomarker of various metabolic diseases, especially type 2 diabetes mellitus. We also discuss the potentially exciting role of FGF21 in improving our health and prolonging our life span. This information will provide a fuller understanding for further research into FGF21, as well as providing a scientific basis for potentially establishing health care guidelines for this promising molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Xie
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Po Sing Leung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
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Salminen A, Kaarniranta K, Kauppinen A. Regulation of longevity by FGF21: Interaction between energy metabolism and stress responses. Ageing Res Rev 2017; 37:79-93. [PMID: 28552719 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a hormone-like member of FGF family which controls metabolic multiorgan crosstalk enhancing energy expenditure through glucose and lipid metabolism. In addition, FGF21 acts as a stress hormone induced by endoplasmic reticulum stress and dysfunctions of mitochondria and autophagy in several tissues. FGF21 also controls stress responses and metabolism by modulating the functions of somatotropic axis and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) pathway. FGF21 is a potent longevity factor coordinating interactions between energy metabolism and stress responses. Recent studies have revealed that FGF21 treatment can alleviate many age-related metabolic disorders, e.g. atherosclerosis, obesity, type 2 diabetes, and some cardiovascular diseases. In addition, transgenic mice overexpressing FGF21 have an extended lifespan. However, chronic metabolic and stress-related disorders involving inflammatory responses can provoke FGF21 resistance and thus disturb healthy aging process. First, we will describe the role of FGF21 in interorgan energy metabolism and explain how its functions as a stress hormone can improve healthspan. Next, we will examine both the induction of FGF21 expression via the integrated stress response and the molecular mechanism through which FGF21 enhances healthy aging. Finally, we postulate that FGF21 resistance, similarly to insulin resistance, jeopardizes human healthspan and accelerates the aging process.
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Wu F, Wang B, Zhang S, Shi L, Wang Y, Xiong R, Pan X, Gong F, Li X, Lin Z. FGF21 ameliorates diabetic cardiomyopathy by activating the AMPK-paraoxonase 1 signaling axis in mice. Clin Sci (Lond) 2017; 131:1877-93. [DOI: 10.1042/cs20170271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 05/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study is to explore the molecular mechanism of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) in protecting against diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM). Streptozotocin/high-fat diet (STZ/HFD) was used to induced diabetes in FGF21-deficient mice and their wild-type littermates, followed by evaluation of the difference in DCM between the two genotypes. Primary cultured cardiomyocytes were also used to explore the potential molecular mechanism of FGF21 in the protection of high glucose (HG)-induced cardiomyocyte injury. STZ/HFD-induced cardiomyopathy was exacerbated in FGF21 knockout mice, which was accompanied by a significant reduction in cardiac AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity and paraoxonase 1 (PON1) expression. By contrast, adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated overexpression of FGF21 in STZ/HFD-induced diabetic mice significantly enhanced cardiac AMPK activity, PON1 expression and its biological activity, resulting in alleviated DCM. In cultured cardiomyocytes, treatment with recombinant mouse FGF21 (rmFGF21) counteracted HG-induced oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and inflammatory responses, leading to increased AMPK activity and PON1 expression. However, these beneficial effects of FGF21 were markedly weakened by genetic blockage of AMPK or PON1. Furthermore, inactivation of AMPK also markedly blunted FGF21-induced PON1 expression but significantly increased HG-induced cytotoxicity in cardiomyocytes, the latter of which was largely reversed by adenovirus-mediated PON1 overexpression. These findings suggest that FGF21 ameliorates DCM in part by activation of the AMPK-PON1 axis.
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Ong KL, O'Connell R, Januszewski AS, Jenkins AJ, Xu A, Sullivan DR, Barter PJ, Scott RS, Taskinen MR, Waldman B, Colman PG, Best JD, Simes JR, Rye KA, Keech AC. Baseline Circulating FGF21 Concentrations and Increase after Fenofibrate Treatment Predict More Rapid Glycemic Progression in Type 2 Diabetes: Results from the FIELD Study. Clin Chem 2017; 63:1261-1270. [DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2016.270876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
BACKGROUND
It is not known whether circulating fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) concentrations are associated with glycemic progression in patients with established type 2 diabetes. This study reports this relationship in type 2 diabetes patients participating in the Fenofibrate Intervention and Event Lowering in Diabetes (FIELD) trial.
METHODS
Plasma FGF21 was quantified in 9697 study participants. Among patients with lifestyle-only glucose control measures at baseline, glycemic progression was defined as the initiation of oral hypoglycemic agents or insulin therapy. We assessed the relationship of FGF21 concentrations with glycohemoglobin (Hb A1c), the homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function (HOMA-B) and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and glycemic progression.
RESULTS
Among 2584 patients with lifestyle-only glycemic therapy at baseline, plasma FGF21 concentrations were positively associated with HOMA-IR (5.1% increase per 100% increase in FGF21 concentrations). Patients with higher baseline plasma FGF21 concentrations had higher risk of glycemic progression over a 5-year period (P = 0.02), but the association was not significant after further adjusting for alanine aminotransferase (ALT) enzyme activity. During the fenofibrate active run-in phase, higher tertiles of fenofibrate-induced increase in FGF21 concentrations were associated with higher risk of glycemic progression (adjusted hazards ratio = 1.09 and 1.18 for tertiles 2 and 3, respectively, P for trend = 0.01), even after adjusting for ALT enzyme activity. This association was statistically significant in the fenofibrate group only (P = 0.01).
CONCLUSIONS
Higher baseline and fenofibrate-induced increase in FGF21 concentrations predict more rapid glycemic progression in type 2 diabetes patients. This association may be partly explained by hepatic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwok-Leung Ong
- Lipid Research Group, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Rachel O'Connell
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Alicia J Jenkins
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Aimin Xu
- Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - David R Sullivan
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Philip J Barter
- Lipid Research Group, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Russell S Scott
- Lipid and Diabetes Research Group, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Marja-Riitta Taskinen
- Heart and Lung Centre, Cardiovascular Research Unit, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Boris Waldman
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter G Colman
- Department of Diabetes & Endocrinology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - James D Best
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - John R Simes
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kerry-Anne Rye
- Lipid Research Group, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Anthony C Keech
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Cardiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Gong FH, Ye YN, Li JM, Zhao HY, Li XK. Rapamycin-ameliorated diabetic symptoms involved in increasing adiponectin expression in diabetic mice on a high-fat diet. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2017; 33:321-326. [DOI: 10.1016/j.kjms.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Yang W, Chen X, Liu Y, Chen M, Jiang X, Shen T, Li Q, Yang Y, Ling W. N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids increase hepatic fibroblast growth factor 21 sensitivity via a PPAR-γ-β-klotho pathway. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 61. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201601075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenqi Yang
- Department of Nutrition; School of Public Health; Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food; Nutrition and Health; Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Xu Chen
- Department of Nutrition; School of Public Health; Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food; Nutrition and Health; Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Medicine; University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong China
| | - Ming Chen
- Department of Nutrition; School of Public Health; Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food; Nutrition and Health; Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Xinwei Jiang
- Department of Nutrition; School of Public Health; Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food; Nutrition and Health; Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Tianran Shen
- Department of Nutrition; School of Public Health; Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food; Nutrition and Health; Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Nutrition; School of Public Health; Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food; Nutrition and Health; Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Yan Yang
- Department of Nutrition; School of Public Health; Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food; Nutrition and Health; Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Wenhua Ling
- Department of Nutrition; School of Public Health; Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food; Nutrition and Health; Guangzhou P. R. China
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Lin X, Liu YB, Hu H. Metabolic role of fibroblast growth factor 21 in liver, adipose and nervous system tissues. Biomed Rep 2017; 6:495-502. [PMID: 28515909 PMCID: PMC5431415 DOI: 10.3892/br.2017.890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The hepatokine fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a novel polypeptide ligand, which is involved in glucose and lipid metabolism, and contributes significantly to lowering body weight and enhancing insulin sensitivity. A large number of pre-clinical and clinical results demonstrate that FGF21 is a potential drug target for treating obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. In the present review, the tissue specific actions and molecular mechanisms of FGF21 are discussed with a focus on the liver, adipose tissue and nervous system, as well as investigating the outcomes of clinical trials of FGF21, with the aim of interpreting and delineating the complexity physiology of FGF21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Lin
- Department of Pathology, Huizhou Third People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Huizhou, Guangdong 516002, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Bo Liu
- The Medical Department of Neurology, The Sixth People's Hospital of Huizhou (The People's Hospital of Huiyang), Huizhou, Guangdong 516211, P.R. China
| | - Huijun Hu
- Department of Pathology, Huizhou Third People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Huizhou, Guangdong 516002, P.R. China
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Dubois V, Eeckhoute J, Lefebvre P, Staels B. Distinct but complementary contributions of PPAR isotypes to energy homeostasis. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:1202-1214. [PMID: 28368286 DOI: 10.1172/jci88894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) regulate energy metabolism and hence are therapeutic targets in metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. While they share anti-inflammatory activities, the PPAR isotypes distinguish themselves by differential actions on lipid and glucose homeostasis. In this Review we discuss the complementary and distinct metabolic effects of the PPAR isotypes together with the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms, as well as the synthetic PPAR ligands that are used in the clinic or under development. We highlight the potential of new PPAR ligands with improved efficacy and safety profiles in the treatment of complex metabolic disorders.
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