1
|
Walker AR, Trollor JN, Reppermund S, Srasuebkul P. Reviewing causes of death of individuals with intellectual disability in New South Wales, Australia: a record-linkage study. J Intellect Disabil Res 2021; 65:998-1009. [PMID: 34609033 DOI: 10.1111/jir.12888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with intellectual disability (ID) have a much higher mortality rate than the general population. To reduce the rate of mortality of people with ID, it is critical that causes of death are properly understood, recorded and reported. Formal reviews of causes of death are used in some countries to ensure that causes of death are accurate. To date, the impact of these formal reviews on understanding causes of death of people with ID has not been quantified. METHODS The study aimed to quantify the impact of formal reviews of deaths on the understanding of causes of death of people with ID who died while living in residential care. Individuals (851) with ID who died in residential care in New South Wales (NSW), Australia, between 1 December 2002 and 31 December 2013, who had a cause of death recorded in both the NSW Cause of Death Unit Record File (COD-URF; cause of death recorded at time of death) and NSW Ombudsman dataset (cause of death recorded after in-depth review) were included in the study. We assessed agreement in coding for cause of death by comparing the International Classification of Diseases 10th Revision (ICD-10) codings at three levels of diagnostic specificity, for both underlying and additional causes of death. We conducted our analysis through both descriptive comparison and through two boosted regression trees. RESULTS Approximately half of the underlying causes of death were different after review by the NSW Ombudsman compared with the COD-URF. Certain causes of death (determined by ICD-10 chapter) were less likely to predict matches between the dataset than others, with individuals with mental, behavioural and neurodevelopmental disorders recorded in the COD-URF least likely to have a matching cause of death in NSW Ombudsman dataset. For deaths where there was no agreement at any level between the datasets, a high level of unknown causes of death was recorded. CONCLUSIONS Formal review of deaths of people with ID in residential care is important to determining true causes of death and therefore developing appropriate health policy for people with ID.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A R Walker
- The Department of Developmental Disability Neuropsychiatry, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - J N Trollor
- The Department of Developmental Disability Neuropsychiatry, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - S Reppermund
- The Department of Developmental Disability Neuropsychiatry, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - P Srasuebkul
- The Department of Developmental Disability Neuropsychiatry, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nadler EO, Drlica-Wagner A, Bechtol K, Mau S, Wechsler RH, Gluscevic V, Boddy K, Pace AB, Li TS, McNanna M, Riley AH, García-Bellido J, Mao YY, Green G, Burke DL, Peter A, Jain B, Abbott TMC, Aguena M, Allam S, Annis J, Avila S, Brooks D, Carrasco Kind M, Carretero J, Costanzi M, da Costa LN, De Vicente J, Desai S, Diehl HT, Doel P, Everett S, Evrard AE, Flaugher B, Frieman J, Gerdes DW, Gruen D, Gruendl RA, Gschwend J, Gutierrez G, Hinton SR, Honscheid K, Huterer D, James DJ, Krause E, Kuehn K, Kuropatkin N, Lahav O, Maia MAG, Marshall JL, Menanteau F, Miquel R, Palmese A, Paz-Chinchón F, Plazas AA, Romer AK, Sanchez E, Scarpine V, Serrano S, Sevilla-Noarbe I, Smith M, Soares-Santos M, Suchyta E, Swanson MEC, Tarle G, Tucker DL, Walker AR, Wester W. Constraints on Dark Matter Properties from Observations of Milky Way Satellite Galaxies. Phys Rev Lett 2021; 126:091101. [PMID: 33750144 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.091101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We perform a comprehensive study of Milky Way (MW) satellite galaxies to constrain the fundamental properties of dark matter (DM). This analysis fully incorporates inhomogeneities in the spatial distribution and detectability of MW satellites and marginalizes over uncertainties in the mapping between galaxies and DM halos, the properties of the MW system, and the disruption of subhalos by the MW disk. Our results are consistent with the cold, collisionless DM paradigm and yield the strongest cosmological constraints to date on particle models of warm, interacting, and fuzzy dark matter. At 95% confidence, we report limits on (i) the mass of thermal relic warm DM, m_{WDM}>6.5 keV (free-streaming length, λ_{fs}≲10h^{-1} kpc), (ii) the velocity-independent DM-proton scattering cross section, σ_{0}<8.8×10^{-29} cm^{2} for a 100 MeV DM particle mass [DM-proton coupling, c_{p}≲(0.3 GeV)^{-2}], and (iii) the mass of fuzzy DM, m_{ϕ}>2.9×10^{-21} eV (de Broglie wavelength, λ_{dB}≲0.5 kpc). These constraints are complementary to other observational and laboratory constraints on DM properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E O Nadler
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, 382 Via Pueblo Mall, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, P.O. Box 2450, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - A Drlica-Wagner
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, P.O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - K Bechtol
- Physics Department, 2320 Chamberlin Hall, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1150 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1390, USA
| | - S Mau
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, 382 Via Pueblo Mall, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, P.O. Box 2450, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - R H Wechsler
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, 382 Via Pueblo Mall, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, P.O. Box 2450, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - V Gluscevic
- University of Southern California, Department of Physics and Astronomy, 825 Bloom Walk ACB 439, Los Angeles, California 90089-0484, USA
| | - K Boddy
- Theory Group, Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - A B Pace
- Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15312, USA
| | - T S Li
- Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Peyton Hall, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
- Observatories of the Carnegie Institution for Science, 813 Santa Barbara Street, Pasadena, California 91101, USA
| | - M McNanna
- Physics Department, 2320 Chamberlin Hall, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1150 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1390, USA
| | - A H Riley
- George P. and Cynthia Woods Mitchell Institute for Fundamental Physics and Astronomy, and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - J García-Bellido
- Instituto de Fisica Teorica UAM/CSIC, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Y-Y Mao
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - G Green
- Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17 D-69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - D L Burke
- Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, P.O. Box 2450, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - A Peter
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Department of Astronomy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - B Jain
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - T M C Abbott
- Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory, NSF's National Optical-Infrared Astronomy Research Laboratory, Casilla 603, La Serena, Chile
| | - M Aguena
- Departamento de Física Matemática, Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, CP 66318, São Paulo, SP, 05314-970, Brazil
- Laboratório Interinstitucional de e-Astronomia-LIneA, Rua Gal. José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ-20921-400, Brazil
| | - S Allam
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, P.O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - J Annis
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, P.O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - S Avila
- Instituto de Fisica Teorica UAM/CSIC, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - D Brooks
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - M Carrasco Kind
- Department of Astronomy, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1002 West Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- National Center for Supercomputing Applications, 1205 West Clark Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - J Carretero
- Institut de Física d'Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
| | - M Costanzi
- INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, via G.B. Tiepolo 11, I-34143 Trieste, Italy
- Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, Via Beirut 2, 34014 Trieste, Italy
| | - L N da Costa
- Laboratório Interinstitucional de e-Astronomia-LIneA, Rua Gal. José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ-20921-400, Brazil
- Observatório Nacional, Rua Gal. José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ-20921-400, Brazil
| | - J De Vicente
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
| | - S Desai
- Department of Physics, IIT Hyderabad, Kandi, Telangana 502285, India
| | - H T Diehl
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, P.O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - P Doel
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - S Everett
- Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
| | - A E Evrard
- Department of Astronomy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - B Flaugher
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, P.O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - J Frieman
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, P.O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - D W Gerdes
- Department of Astronomy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - D Gruen
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, 382 Via Pueblo Mall, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, P.O. Box 2450, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - R A Gruendl
- Department of Astronomy, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1002 West Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- National Center for Supercomputing Applications, 1205 West Clark Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - J Gschwend
- Laboratório Interinstitucional de e-Astronomia-LIneA, Rua Gal. José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ-20921-400, Brazil
- Observatório Nacional, Rua Gal. José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ-20921-400, Brazil
| | - G Gutierrez
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, P.O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - S R Hinton
- School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - K Honscheid
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - D Huterer
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - D J James
- Center for Astrophysics, Harvard and Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - E Krause
- Department of Astronomy/Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0065, USA
| | - K Kuehn
- Australian Astronomical Optics, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales 2113, Australia
- Lowell Observatory, 1400 Mars Hill Road, Flagstaff, Arizona 86001, USA
| | - N Kuropatkin
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, P.O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - O Lahav
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - M A G Maia
- Laboratório Interinstitucional de e-Astronomia-LIneA, Rua Gal. José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ-20921-400, Brazil
- Observatório Nacional, Rua Gal. José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ-20921-400, Brazil
| | - J L Marshall
- George P. and Cynthia Woods Mitchell Institute for Fundamental Physics and Astronomy, and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - F Menanteau
- Department of Astronomy, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1002 West Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- National Center for Supercomputing Applications, 1205 West Clark Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - R Miquel
- Institut de Física d'Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, E-08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Palmese
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, P.O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - F Paz-Chinchón
- National Center for Supercomputing Applications, 1205 West Clark Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, United Kingdom
| | - A A Plazas
- Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Peyton Hall, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - A K Romer
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Pevensey Building, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QH, United Kingdom
| | - E Sanchez
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
| | - V Scarpine
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, P.O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - S Serrano
- Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC), Campus UAB, Carrer de Can Magrans, s/n, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - I Sevilla-Noarbe
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
| | - M Smith
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - M Soares-Santos
- Brandeis University, Physics Department, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02453, USA
| | - E Suchyta
- Computer Science and Mathematics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - M E C Swanson
- National Center for Supercomputing Applications, 1205 West Clark Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - G Tarle
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - D L Tucker
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, P.O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - A R Walker
- Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory, NSF's National Optical-Infrared Astronomy Research Laboratory, Casilla 603, La Serena, Chile
| | - W Wester
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, P.O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abbott TMC, Alarcon A, Allam S, Andersen P, Andrade-Oliveira F, Annis J, Asorey J, Avila S, Bacon D, Banik N, Bassett BA, Baxter E, Bechtol K, Becker MR, Bernstein GM, Bertin E, Blazek J, Bridle SL, Brooks D, Brout D, Burke DL, Calcino J, Camacho H, Campos A, Carnero Rosell A, Carollo D, Carrasco Kind M, Carretero J, Castander FJ, Cawthon R, Challis P, Chan KC, Chang C, Childress M, Crocce M, Cunha CE, D'Andrea CB, da Costa LN, Davis C, Davis TM, De Vicente J, DePoy DL, DeRose J, Desai S, Diehl HT, Dietrich JP, Dodelson S, Doel P, Drlica-Wagner A, Eifler TF, Elvin-Poole J, Estrada J, Evrard AE, Fernandez E, Flaugher B, Foley RJ, Fosalba P, Frieman J, Galbany L, García-Bellido J, Gatti M, Gaztanaga E, Gerdes DW, Giannantonio T, Glazebrook K, Goldstein DA, Gruen D, Gruendl RA, Gschwend J, Gutierrez G, Hartley WG, Hinton SR, Hollowood DL, Honscheid K, Hoormann JK, Hoyle B, Huterer D, Jain B, James DJ, Jarvis M, Jeltema T, Kasai E, Kent S, Kessler R, Kim AG, Kokron N, Krause E, Kron R, Kuehn K, Kuropatkin N, Lahav O, Lasker J, Lemos P, Lewis GF, Li TS, Lidman C, Lima M, Lin H, Macaulay E, MacCrann N, Maia MAG, March M, Marriner J, Marshall JL, Martini P, McMahon RG, Melchior P, Menanteau F, Miquel R, Mohr JJ, Morganson E, Muir J, Möller A, Neilsen E, Nichol RC, Nord B, Ogando RLC, Palmese A, Pan YC, Peiris HV, Percival WJ, Plazas AA, Porredon A, Prat J, Romer AK, Roodman A, Rosenfeld R, Ross AJ, Rykoff ES, Samuroff S, Sánchez C, Sanchez E, Scarpine V, Schindler R, Schubnell M, Scolnic D, Secco LF, Serrano S, Sevilla-Noarbe I, Sharp R, Sheldon E, Smith M, Soares-Santos M, Sobreira F, Sommer NE, Swann E, Swanson MEC, Tarle G, Thomas D, Thomas RC, Troxel MA, Tucker BE, Uddin SA, Vielzeuf P, Walker AR, Wang M, Weaverdyck N, Wechsler RH, Weller J, Yanny B, Zhang B, Zhang Y, Zuntz J. Cosmological Constraints from Multiple Probes in the Dark Energy Survey. Phys Rev Lett 2019; 122:171301. [PMID: 31107093 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.171301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The combination of multiple observational probes has long been advocated as a powerful technique to constrain cosmological parameters, in particular dark energy. The Dark Energy Survey has measured 207 spectroscopically confirmed type Ia supernova light curves, the baryon acoustic oscillation feature, weak gravitational lensing, and galaxy clustering. Here we present combined results from these probes, deriving constraints on the equation of state, w, of dark energy and its energy density in the Universe. Independently of other experiments, such as those that measure the cosmic microwave background, the probes from this single photometric survey rule out a Universe with no dark energy, finding w=-0.80_{-0.11}^{+0.09}. The geometry is shown to be consistent with a spatially flat Universe, and we obtain a constraint on the baryon density of Ω_{b}=0.069_{-0.012}^{+0.009} that is independent of early Universe measurements. These results demonstrate the potential power of large multiprobe photometric surveys and pave the way for order of magnitude advances in our constraints on properties of dark energy and cosmology over the next decade.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T M C Abbott
- Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory, National Optical Astronomy Observatory, Casilla 603, La Serena, Chile
| | - A Alarcon
- Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC), Campus UAB, Carrer de Can Magrans, s/n, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - S Allam
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, P. O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - P Andersen
- School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- University of Copenhagen, Dark Cosmology Centre, Juliane Maries Vej 30, 2100 Copenhagen O, Denmark
| | - F Andrade-Oliveira
- Instituto de Física Teórica, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratório Interinstitucional de e-Astronomia-LIneA, Rua Gal. José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20921-400, Brazil
| | - J Annis
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, P. O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - J Asorey
- Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-348, Korea
| | - S Avila
- Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, United Kingdom
| | - D Bacon
- Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, United Kingdom
| | - N Banik
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, P. O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - B A Bassett
- African Institute for Mathematical Sciences, 6 Melrose Road, Muizenberg 7945, South Africa
- South African Astronomical Observatory, P.O.Box 9, Observatory 7935, South Africa
| | - E Baxter
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - K Bechtol
- LSST, 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
- Physics Department, 2320 Chamberlin Hall, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1150 University Avenue Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1390, USA
| | - M R Becker
- Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - G M Bernstein
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - E Bertin
- CNRS, UMR 7095, Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, F-75014 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7095, Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - J Blazek
- Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Institute of Physics, Laboratory of Astrophysics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Observatoire de Sauverny, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland
| | - S L Bridle
- Jodrell Bank Center for Astrophysics, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - D Brooks
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - D Brout
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - D L Burke
- Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics & Cosmology, P. O. Box 2450, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - J Calcino
- School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - H Camacho
- Laboratório Interinstitucional de e-Astronomia-LIneA, Rua Gal. José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20921-400, Brazil
- Departamento de Física Matemática, Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, CP 66318, São Paulo, SP 05314-970, Brazil
| | - A Campos
- Instituto de Física Teórica, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15312, USA
| | - A Carnero Rosell
- Laboratório Interinstitucional de e-Astronomia-LIneA, Rua Gal. José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20921-400, Brazil
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
| | - D Carollo
- INAF, Astrophysical Observatory of Turin, I-10025 Pino Torinese, Italy
| | - M Carrasco Kind
- Department of Astronomy, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1002 W. Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- National Center for Supercomputing Applications, 1205 West Clark St., Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - J Carretero
- Institut de Física d'Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona) Spain
| | - F J Castander
- Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC), Campus UAB, Carrer de Can Magrans, s/n, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - R Cawthon
- Physics Department, 2320 Chamberlin Hall, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1150 University Avenue Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1390, USA
| | - P Challis
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden St., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - K C Chan
- Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC), Campus UAB, Carrer de Can Magrans, s/n, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Chang
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - M Childress
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - M Crocce
- Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC), Campus UAB, Carrer de Can Magrans, s/n, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - C E Cunha
- Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics & Cosmology, P. O. Box 2450, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - C B D'Andrea
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - L N da Costa
- Laboratório Interinstitucional de e-Astronomia-LIneA, Rua Gal. José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20921-400, Brazil
- Observatório Nacional, Rua Gal. José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20921-400, Brazil
| | - C Davis
- Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics & Cosmology, P. O. Box 2450, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - T M Davis
- School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - J De Vicente
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
| | - D L DePoy
- George P. and Cynthia Woods Mitchell Institute for Fundamental Physics and Astronomy, and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - J DeRose
- Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics & Cosmology, P. O. Box 2450, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, 382 Via Pueblo Mall, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - S Desai
- Department of Physics, IIT Hyderabad, Kandi, Telangana 502285, India
| | - H T Diehl
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, P. O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - J P Dietrich
- Excellence Cluster Universe, Boltzmannstr. 2, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Scheinerstr. 1, 81679 Munich, Germany
| | - S Dodelson
- Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15312, USA
| | - P Doel
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - A Drlica-Wagner
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, P. O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - T F Eifler
- Department of Astronomy/Steward Observatory, 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0065, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Dr., Pasadena, California 91109, USA
| | - J Elvin-Poole
- Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - J Estrada
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, P. O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - A E Evrard
- Department of Astronomy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - E Fernandez
- Institut de Física d'Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona) Spain
| | - B Flaugher
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, P. O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - R J Foley
- Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
| | - P Fosalba
- Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC), Campus UAB, Carrer de Can Magrans, s/n, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Frieman
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, P. O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - L Galbany
- PITT PACC, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
| | - J García-Bellido
- Instituto de Fisica Teorica UAM/CSIC, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - M Gatti
- Institut de Física d'Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona) Spain
| | - E Gaztanaga
- Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC), Campus UAB, Carrer de Can Magrans, s/n, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - D W Gerdes
- Department of Astronomy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - T Giannantonio
- Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, United Kingdom
- Kavli Institute for Cosmology, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, United Kindom
- Universitäts-Sternwarte, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Scheinerstr. 1, 81679 München, Germany
| | - K Glazebrook
- Centre for Astrophysics & Supercomputing, Swinburne University of Technology, VIC 3122, Australia
| | - D A Goldstein
- California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Blvd, MC 249-17, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - D Gruen
- Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics & Cosmology, P. O. Box 2450, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, 382 Via Pueblo Mall, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - R A Gruendl
- Department of Astronomy, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1002 W. Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- National Center for Supercomputing Applications, 1205 West Clark St., Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - J Gschwend
- Laboratório Interinstitucional de e-Astronomia-LIneA, Rua Gal. José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20921-400, Brazil
- Observatório Nacional, Rua Gal. José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20921-400, Brazil
| | - G Gutierrez
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, P. O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - W G Hartley
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 16, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - S R Hinton
- School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - D L Hollowood
- Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
| | - K Honscheid
- Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - J K Hoormann
- School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - B Hoyle
- Universitäts-Sternwarte, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Scheinerstr. 1, 81679 München, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstrasse, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - D Huterer
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - B Jain
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - D J James
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - M Jarvis
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - T Jeltema
- Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
| | - E Kasai
- South African Astronomical Observatory, P.O.Box 9, Observatory 7935, South Africa
- Department of Physics, University of Namibia, 340 Mandume Ndemufayo Avenue, Pionierspark, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - S Kent
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, P. O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - R Kessler
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - A G Kim
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - N Kokron
- Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics & Cosmology, P. O. Box 2450, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, 382 Via Pueblo Mall, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - E Krause
- Department of Astronomy/Steward Observatory, 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0065, USA
| | - R Kron
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, P. O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - K Kuehn
- Australian Astronomical Optics, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2113, Australia
| | - N Kuropatkin
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, P. O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - O Lahav
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - J Lasker
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - P Lemos
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, United Kingdom
- Kavli Institute for Cosmology, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, United Kindom
| | - G F Lewis
- Sydney Institute for Astronomy, School of Physics, A28, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - T S Li
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, P. O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - C Lidman
- The Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Australian National University, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - M Lima
- Laboratório Interinstitucional de e-Astronomia-LIneA, Rua Gal. José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20921-400, Brazil
- Departamento de Física Matemática, Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, CP 66318, São Paulo, SP 05314-970, Brazil
| | - H Lin
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, P. O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - E Macaulay
- Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, United Kingdom
| | - N MacCrann
- Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - M A G Maia
- Laboratório Interinstitucional de e-Astronomia-LIneA, Rua Gal. José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20921-400, Brazil
- Observatório Nacional, Rua Gal. José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20921-400, Brazil
| | - M March
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - J Marriner
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, P. O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - J L Marshall
- George P. and Cynthia Woods Mitchell Institute for Fundamental Physics and Astronomy, and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - P Martini
- Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Department of Astronomy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - R G McMahon
- Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, United Kingdom
- Kavli Institute for Cosmology, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, United Kindom
| | - P Melchior
- Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Peyton Hall, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - F Menanteau
- Department of Astronomy, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1002 W. Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- National Center for Supercomputing Applications, 1205 West Clark St., Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - R Miquel
- Institut de Física d'Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona) Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, E-08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - J J Mohr
- Excellence Cluster Universe, Boltzmannstr. 2, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Scheinerstr. 1, 81679 Munich, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstrasse, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - E Morganson
- National Center for Supercomputing Applications, 1205 West Clark St., Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - J Muir
- Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics & Cosmology, P. O. Box 2450, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - A Möller
- The Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Australian National University, ACT 2601, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for All-sky Astrophysics (CAASTRO), Millers Point, NSW 2000, Australia
| | - E Neilsen
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, P. O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - R C Nichol
- Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, United Kingdom
| | - B Nord
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, P. O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - R L C Ogando
- Laboratório Interinstitucional de e-Astronomia-LIneA, Rua Gal. José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20921-400, Brazil
- Observatório Nacional, Rua Gal. José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20921-400, Brazil
| | - A Palmese
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, P. O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - Y-C Pan
- Division of Theoretical Astronomy, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - H V Peiris
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - W J Percival
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
- Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, 31 Caroline St. North, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 2Y5, Canada
| | - A A Plazas
- Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Peyton Hall, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - A Porredon
- Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC), Campus UAB, Carrer de Can Magrans, s/n, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Prat
- Institut de Física d'Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona) Spain
| | - A K Romer
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Pevensey Building, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QH, United Kingdom
| | - A Roodman
- Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics & Cosmology, P. O. Box 2450, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - R Rosenfeld
- Laboratório Interinstitucional de e-Astronomia-LIneA, Rua Gal. José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20921-400, Brazil
- ICTP South American Institute for Fundamental Research Instituto de Física Teórica, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - A J Ross
- Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - E S Rykoff
- Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics & Cosmology, P. O. Box 2450, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - S Samuroff
- Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15312, USA
| | - C Sánchez
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - E Sanchez
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
| | - V Scarpine
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, P. O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - R Schindler
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - M Schubnell
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - D Scolnic
- Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - L F Secco
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - S Serrano
- Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC), Campus UAB, Carrer de Can Magrans, s/n, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - I Sevilla-Noarbe
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
| | - R Sharp
- The Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Australian National University, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - E Sheldon
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Bldg 510, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - M Smith
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - M Soares-Santos
- Brandeis University, Physics Department, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02453, USA
| | - F Sobreira
- Laboratório Interinstitucional de e-Astronomia-LIneA, Rua Gal. José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20921-400, Brazil
- Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 13083-859 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - N E Sommer
- The Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Australian National University, ACT 2601, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for All-sky Astrophysics (CAASTRO), Millers Point, NSW 2000, Australia
| | - E Swann
- Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, United Kingdom
| | - M E C Swanson
- National Center for Supercomputing Applications, 1205 West Clark St., Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - G Tarle
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - D Thomas
- Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, United Kingdom
| | - R C Thomas
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - M A Troxel
- Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - B E Tucker
- The Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Australian National University, ACT 2601, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for All-sky Astrophysics (CAASTRO), Millers Point, NSW 2000, Australia
| | - S A Uddin
- Observatories of the Carnegie Institution for Science, 813 Santa Barbara St., Pasadena, California 91101, USA
| | - P Vielzeuf
- Institut de Física d'Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona) Spain
| | - A R Walker
- Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory, National Optical Astronomy Observatory, Casilla 603, La Serena, Chile
| | - M Wang
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, P. O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - N Weaverdyck
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - R H Wechsler
- Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics & Cosmology, P. O. Box 2450, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, 382 Via Pueblo Mall, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - J Weller
- Excellence Cluster Universe, Boltzmannstr. 2, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Universitäts-Sternwarte, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Scheinerstr. 1, 81679 München, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstrasse, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - B Yanny
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, P. O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - B Zhang
- The Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Australian National University, ACT 2601, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for All-sky Astrophysics (CAASTRO), Millers Point, NSW 2000, Australia
| | - Y Zhang
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, P. O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - J Zuntz
- Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
|
5
|
|
6
|
Kessler R, Marriner J, Childress M, Covarrubias R, D’Andrea CB, Finley DA, Fischer J, Foley RJ, Goldstein D, Gupta RR, Kuehn K, Marcha M, Nichol RC, Papadopoulos A, Sako M, Scolnic D, Smith M, Sullivan M, Wester W, Yuan F, Abbott T, Abdalla FB, Allam S, Benoit-Lévy A, Bernstein GM, Bertin E, Brooks D, Rosell AC, Kind MC, Castander FJ, Crocce M, Costa LND, Desai S, Diehl HT, Eifler TF, Neto AF, Flaugher B, Frieman J, Gerdes DW, Gruen D, Gruendl RA, Honscheid K, James DJ, Kuropatkin N, Li TS, Maia MAG, Marshall JL, Martini P, Miller CJ, Miquel R, Nord B, Ogando R, Plazas AA, Reil K, Romer AK, Roodman A, Sanchez E, Sevilla-Noarbe I, Smith RC, Soares-Santos M, Sobreira F, Tarle G, Thaler J, Thomas RC, Tucker D, Walker AR. THE DIFFERENCE IMAGING PIPELINE FOR THE TRANSIENT SEARCH IN THE DARK ENERGY SURVEY. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1088/0004-6256/150/6/172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
7
|
Flaugher B, Diehl HT, Honscheid K, Abbott TMC, Alvarez O, Angstadt R, Annis JT, Antonik M, Ballester O, Beaufore L, Bernstein GM, Bernstein RA, Bigelow B, Bonati M, Boprie D, Brooks D, Buckley-Geer EJ, Campa J, Cardiel-Sas L, Castander FJ, Castilla J, Cease H, Cela-Ruiz JM, Chappa S, Chi E, Cooper C, da Costa LN, Dede E, Derylo G, DePoy DL, de Vicente J, Doel P, Drlica-Wagner A, Eiting J, Elliott AE, Emes J, Estrada J, Fausti Neto A, Finley DA, Flores R, Frieman J, Gerdes D, Gladders MD, Gregory B, Gutierrez GR, Hao J, Holland SE, Holm S, Huffman D, Jackson C, James DJ, Jonas M, Karcher A, Karliner I, Kent S, Kessler R, Kozlovsky M, Kron RG, Kubik D, Kuehn K, Kuhlmann S, Kuk K, Lahav O, Lathrop A, Lee J, Levi ME, Lewis P, Li TS, Mandrichenko I, Marshall JL, Martinez G, Merritt KW, Miquel R, Muñoz F, Neilsen EH, Nichol RC, Nord B, Ogando R, Olsen J, Palaio N, Patton K, Peoples J, Plazas AA, Rauch J, Reil K, Rheault JP, Roe NA, Rogers H, Roodman A, Sanchez E, Scarpine V, Schindler RH, Schmidt R, Schmitt R, Schubnell M, Schultz K, Schurter P, Scott L, Serrano S, Shaw TM, Smith RC, Soares-Santos M, Stefanik A, Stuermer W, Suchyta E, Sypniewski A, Tarle G, Thaler J, Tighe R, Tran C, Tucker D, Walker AR, Wang G, Watson M, Weaverdyck C, Wester W, Woods R, Yanny B. THE DARK ENERGY CAMERA. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1088/0004-6256/150/5/150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 580] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
8
|
Goldstein DA, D’Andrea CB, Fischer JA, Foley RJ, Gupta RR, Kessler R, Kim AG, Nichol RC, Nugent PE, Papadopoulos A, Sako M, Smith M, Sullivan M, Thomas RC, Wester W, Wolf RC, Abdalla FB, Banerji M, Benoit-Lévy A, Bertin E, Brooks D, Rosell AC, Castander FJ, Costa LND, Covarrubias R, DePoy DL, Desai S, Diehl HT, Doel P, Eifler TF, Neto AF, Finley DA, Flaugher B, Fosalba P, Frieman J, Gerdes D, Gruen D, Gruendl RA, James D, Kuehn K, Kuropatkin N, Lahav O, Li TS, Maia MAG, Makler M, March M, Marshall JL, Martini P, Merritt KW, Miquel R, Nord B, Ogando R, Plazas AA, Romer AK, Roodman A, Sanchez E, Scarpine V, Schubnell M, Sevilla-Noarbe I, Smith RC, Soares-Santos M, Sobreira F, Suchyta E, Swanson MEC, Tarle G, Thaler J, Walker AR. AUTOMATED TRANSIENT IDENTIFICATION IN THE DARK ENERGY SURVEY. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1088/0004-6256/150/3/82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
9
|
Drlica-Wagner A, Albert A, Bechtol K, Wood M, Strigari L, Sánchez-Conde M, Baldini L, Essig R, Cohen-Tanugi J, Anderson B, Bellazzini R, Bloom ED, Caputo R, Cecchi C, Charles E, Chiang J, Angelis AD, Funk S, Fusco P, Gargano F, Giglietto N, Giordano F, Guiriec S, Gustafsson M, Kuss M, Loparco F, Lubrano P, Mirabal N, Mizuno T, Morselli A, Ohsugi T, Orlando E, Persic M, Rainò S, Sehgal N, Spada F, Suson DJ, Zaharijas G, Zimmer S, Abbott T, Allam S, Balbinot E, Bauer AH, Benoit-Lévy A, Bernstein RA, Bernstein GM, Bertin E, Brooks D, Buckley-Geer E, Burke DL, Rosell AC, Castander FJ, Covarrubias R, D’Andrea CB, Costa LND, DePoy DL, Desai S, Diehl HT, Cunha CE, Eifler TF, Estrada J, Evrard AE, Neto AF, Fernandez E, Finley DA, Flaugher B, Frieman J, Gaztanaga E, Gerdes D, Gruen D, Gruendl RA, Gutierrez G, Honscheid K, Jain B, James D, Jeltema T, Kent S, Kron R, Kuehn K, Kuropatkin N, Lahav O, Li TS, Luque E, Maia MAG, Makler M, March M, Marshall J, Martini P, Merritt KW, Miller C, Miquel R, Mohr J, Neilsen E, Nord B, Ogando R, Peoples J, Petravick D, Pieres A, Plazas AA, Queiroz A, Romer AK, Roodman A, Rykoff ES, Sako M, Sanchez E, Santiago B, Scarpine V, Schubnell M, Sevilla I, Smith RC, Soares-Santos M, Sobreira F, Suchyta E, Swanson MEC, Tarle G, Thaler J, Thomas D, Tucker D, Walker AR, Wechsler RH, Wester W, Williams P, Yanny B, Zuntz J. SEARCH FOR GAMMA-RAY EMISSION FROM DES DWARF SPHEROIDAL GALAXY CANDIDATES WITH
FERMI
-LAT DATA. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1088/2041-8205/809/1/l4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
10
|
Chang C, Vikram V, Jain B, Bacon D, Amara A, Becker MR, Bernstein G, Bonnett C, Bridle S, Brout D, Busha M, Frieman J, Gaztanaga E, Hartley W, Jarvis M, Kacprzak T, Kovács A, Lahav O, Lin H, Melchior P, Peiris H, Rozo E, Rykoff E, Sánchez C, Sheldon E, Troxel MA, Wechsler R, Zuntz J, Abbott T, Abdalla FB, Allam S, Annis J, Bauer AH, Benoit-Lévy A, Brooks D, Buckley-Geer E, Burke DL, Capozzi D, Carnero Rosell A, Carrasco Kind M, Castander FJ, Crocce M, D'Andrea CB, Desai S, Diehl HT, Dietrich JP, Doel P, Eifler TF, Evrard AE, Fausti Neto A, Flaugher B, Fosalba P, Gruen D, Gruendl RA, Gutierrez G, Honscheid K, James D, Kent S, Kuehn K, Kuropatkin N, Maia MAG, March M, Martini P, Merritt KW, Miller CJ, Miquel R, Neilsen E, Nichol RC, Ogando R, Plazas AA, Romer AK, Roodman A, Sako M, Sanchez E, Sevilla I, Smith RC, Soares-Santos M, Sobreira F, Suchyta E, Tarle G, Thaler J, Thomas D, Tucker D, Walker AR. Wide-Field Lensing Mass Maps from Dark Energy Survey Science Verification Data. Phys Rev Lett 2015; 115:051301. [PMID: 26274409 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.115.051301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We present a mass map reconstructed from weak gravitational lensing shear measurements over 139 deg2 from the Dark Energy Survey science verification data. The mass map probes both luminous and dark matter, thus providing a tool for studying cosmology. We find good agreement between the mass map and the distribution of massive galaxy clusters identified using a red-sequence cluster finder. Potential candidates for superclusters and voids are identified using these maps. We measure the cross-correlation between the mass map and a magnitude-limited foreground galaxy sample and find a detection at the 6.8σ level with 20 arc min smoothing. These measurements are consistent with simulated galaxy catalogs based on N-body simulations from a cold dark matter model with a cosmological constant. This suggests low systematics uncertainties in the map. We summarize our key findings in this Letter; the detailed methodology and tests for systematics are presented in a companion paper.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Chang
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 16, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - V Vikram
- Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - B Jain
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - D Bacon
- Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, United Kingdom
| | - A Amara
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 16, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M R Becker
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, 382 Via Pueblo Mall, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, P. O. Box 2450, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - G Bernstein
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - C Bonnett
- Institut de Física d'Altes Energies, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - S Bridle
- Jodrell Bank Center for Astrophysics, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - D Brout
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - M Busha
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, 382 Via Pueblo Mall, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, P. O. Box 2450, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - J Frieman
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, P. O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - E Gaztanaga
- Institut de Ciències de l'Espai, IEEC-CSIC, Campus UAB, Facultat de Ciències, Torre C5 par-2, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - W Hartley
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 16, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M Jarvis
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - T Kacprzak
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 16, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - A Kovács
- Institut de Física d'Altes Energies, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - O Lahav
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - H Lin
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, P. O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - P Melchior
- Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - H Peiris
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - E Rozo
- Department of Physics, University of Arizona, 1118 East Fourth Street, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - E Rykoff
- Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, P. O. Box 2450, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - C Sánchez
- Institut de Física d'Altes Energies, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - E Sheldon
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Building 510, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - M A Troxel
- Jodrell Bank Center for Astrophysics, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - R Wechsler
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, 382 Via Pueblo Mall, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, P. O. Box 2450, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - J Zuntz
- Jodrell Bank Center for Astrophysics, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - T Abbott
- Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory, National Optical Astronomy Observatory, Casilla 603, La Serena, Chile
| | - F B Abdalla
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - S Allam
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, P. O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - J Annis
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, P. O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - A H Bauer
- Institut de Ciències de l'Espai, IEEC-CSIC, Campus UAB, Facultat de Ciències, Torre C5 par-2, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Benoit-Lévy
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - D Brooks
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - E Buckley-Geer
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, P. O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - D L Burke
- Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, P. O. Box 2450, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - D Capozzi
- Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, United Kingdom
| | - A Carnero Rosell
- Laboratório Interinstitucional de e-Astronomia-LIneA, Rua General Jos´e Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20921-400, Brazil
- Observatório Nacional, Rua General Jos´e Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20921-400, Brazil
| | - M Carrasco Kind
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois, 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- National Center for Supercomputing Applications, 1205 West Clark Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - F J Castander
- Institut de Ciències de l'Espai, IEEC-CSIC, Campus UAB, Facultat de Ciències, Torre C5 par-2, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Crocce
- Institut de Ciències de l'Espai, IEEC-CSIC, Campus UAB, Facultat de Ciències, Torre C5 par-2, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - C B D'Andrea
- Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, United Kingdom
| | - S Desai
- Department of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet, Scheinerstrasse 1, 81679 Munich, Germany
| | - H T Diehl
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, P. O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - J P Dietrich
- Department of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet, Scheinerstrasse 1, 81679 Munich, Germany
- Excellence Cluster Universe, Boltzmannstrasse 2, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - P Doel
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - T F Eifler
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California 91109, USA
| | - A E Evrard
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - A Fausti Neto
- Laboratório Interinstitucional de e-Astronomia-LIneA, Rua General Jos´e Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20921-400, Brazil
| | - B Flaugher
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, P. O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - P Fosalba
- Institut de Ciències de l'Espai, IEEC-CSIC, Campus UAB, Facultat de Ciències, Torre C5 par-2, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - D Gruen
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstrasse, 85748 Garching, Germany
- University Observatory Munich, Scheinerstrasse 1, 81679 Munich, Germany
| | - R A Gruendl
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois, 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- National Center for Supercomputing Applications, 1205 West Clark Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - G Gutierrez
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, P. O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - K Honscheid
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois, 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- National Center for Supercomputing Applications, 1205 West Clark Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - D James
- Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory, National Optical Astronomy Observatory, Casilla 603, La Serena, Chile
| | - S Kent
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, P. O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - K Kuehn
- Australian Astronomical Observatory, North Ryde, New South Wales 2113, Australia
| | - N Kuropatkin
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, P. O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - M A G Maia
- Laboratório Interinstitucional de e-Astronomia-LIneA, Rua General Jos´e Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20921-400, Brazil
- Observatório Nacional, Rua General Jos´e Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20921-400, Brazil
| | - M March
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - P Martini
- Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - K W Merritt
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, P. O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - C J Miller
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
- Department of Astronomy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - R Miquel
- Institut de Física d'Altes Energies, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, E-08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - E Neilsen
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, P. O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - R C Nichol
- Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, United Kingdom
| | - R Ogando
- Laboratório Interinstitucional de e-Astronomia-LIneA, Rua General Jos´e Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20921-400, Brazil
- Observatório Nacional, Rua General Jos´e Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20921-400, Brazil
| | - A A Plazas
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Building 510, Upton, New York 11973, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California 91109, USA
| | - A K Romer
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Pevensey Building, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QH, United Kingdom
| | - A Roodman
- Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, P. O. Box 2450, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - M Sako
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - E Sanchez
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - I Sevilla
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois, 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - R C Smith
- Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory, National Optical Astronomy Observatory, Casilla 603, La Serena, Chile
| | - M Soares-Santos
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, P. O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - F Sobreira
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, P. O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
- Laboratório Interinstitucional de e-Astronomia-LIneA, Rua General Jos´e Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20921-400, Brazil
| | - E Suchyta
- Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - G Tarle
- Department of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet, Scheinerstrasse 1, 81679 Munich, Germany
| | - J Thaler
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois, 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - D Thomas
- Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, United Kingdom
- SEPnet, South East Physics Network, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - D Tucker
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, P. O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - A R Walker
- Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory, National Optical Astronomy Observatory, Casilla 603, La Serena, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Simon JD, Drlica-Wagner A, Li TS, Nord B, Geha M, Bechtol K, Balbinot E, Buckley-Geer E, Lin H, Marshall J, Santiago B, Strigari L, Wang M, Wechsler RH, Yanny B, Abbott T, Bauer AH, Bernstein GM, Bertin E, Brooks D, Burke DL, Capozzi D, Rosell AC, Kind MC, D’Andrea CB, Costa LND, DePoy DL, Desai S, Diehl HT, Dodelson S, Cunha CE, Estrada J, Evrard AE, Neto AF, Fernandez E, Finley DA, Flaugher B, Frieman J, Gaztanaga E, Gerdes D, Gruen D, Gruendl RA, Honscheid K, James D, Kent S, Kuehn K, Kuropatkin N, Lahav O, Maia MAG, March M, Martini P, Miller CJ, Miquel R, Ogando R, Romer AK, Roodman A, Rykoff ES, Sako M, Sanchez E, Schubnell M, Sevilla I, Smith RC, Soares-Santos M, Sobreira F, Suchyta E, Swanson MEC, Tarle G, Thaler J, Tucker D, Vikram V, Walker AR, Wester W. STELLAR KINEMATICS AND METALLICITIES IN THE ULTRA-FAINT DWARF GALAXY RETICULUM II. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1088/0004-637x/808/1/95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
12
|
Bechtol K, Drlica-Wagner A, Balbinot E, Pieres A, Simon JD, Yanny B, Santiago B, Wechsler RH, Frieman J, Walker AR, Williams P, Rozo E, Rykoff ES, Queiroz A, Luque E, Benoit-Lévy A, Tucker D, Sevilla I, Gruendl RA, Costa LND, Neto AF, Maia MAG, Abbott T, Allam S, Armstrong R, Bauer AH, Bernstein GM, Bernstein RA, Bertin E, Brooks D, Buckley-Geer E, Burke DL, Rosell AC, Castander FJ, Covarrubias R, D’Andrea CB, DePoy DL, Desai S, Diehl HT, Eifler TF, Estrada J, Evrard AE, Fernandez E, Finley DA, Flaugher B, Gaztanaga E, Gerdes D, Girardi L, Gladders M, Gruen D, Gutierrez G, Hao J, Honscheid K, Jain B, James D, Kent S, Kron R, Kuehn K, Kuropatkin N, Lahav O, Li TS, Lin H, Makler M, March M, Marshall J, Martini P, Merritt KW, Miller C, Miquel R, Mohr J, Neilsen E, Nichol R, Nord B, Ogando R, Peoples J, Petravick D, Plazas AA, Romer AK, Roodman A, Sako M, Sanchez E, Scarpine V, Schubnell M, Smith RC, Soares-Santos M, Sobreira F, Suchyta E, Swanson MEC, Tarle G, Thaler J, Thomas D, Wester W, Zuntz J. EIGHT NEW MILKY WAY COMPANIONS DISCOVERED IN FIRST-YEAR DARK ENERGY SURVEY DATA. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1088/0004-637x/807/1/50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 401] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
13
|
Walker AR. Perplexities and controversies on diet and dental caries. World Rev Nutr Diet 2015; 54:174-200. [PMID: 3327241 DOI: 10.1159/000415305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
14
|
Walker AR. Bowel characteristics in South African populations with differing pronenesses to non-infective bowel diseases. Front Gastrointest Res 2015; 4:122-33. [PMID: 428884 DOI: 10.1159/000402293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
15
|
Walker AR. Ticks and associated diseases: a retrospective review. Med Vet Entomol 2014; 28 Suppl 1:1-5. [PMID: 24506275 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This is a retrospective review of contributions to the understanding of ticks and associated diseases published in Medical and Veterinary Entomology since its first issue. It highlights the large and significant changes in the style and conduct of this field over the last 25 years. The selected papers refer to disease-related categories of host immunity to ticks, population dynamics, pathogen transmission and tick control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A R Walker
- Department of Veterinary Teaching, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
The subject of the future regarding nutritional status and food security, and of their ramifications in terms of nutrition-related disorders/diseases in Sub-Saharan African (SSA) populations, is a complex one. As well as social unrest, a country's socioeconomic situation may affect food availability and, crucially, influence the generally low proportions of the Gross National Product devoted to health services. Additional determinants include changes in the roles of non-dietary adverse factors (i.e. smoking practice, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity) and of infections (i.e. gastroenteritis, malaria, tuberculosis and, particularly, HIV). As to future health in 2020, major increases in socioeconomic status are very unlikely; in fact, there has been a deterioration in some countries with food shortages affecting nutrition status and food security. However, with some measures of prosperity there are likely to be decreases in family size and falls in the proportions of children born with low birthweights or with protein-energy-malnutrition (PEM), and of children lying under the 5th percentile of growth reference standards. Simultaneously, though. there will be variable rises, especially in urban dwellers, in the occurrence of hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease and certain cancers. Improvements in the health status of both children and adults are likely to be strongly affected by whether HIV infection can be controlled or whether it becomes rampant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N P Steyn
- Research Administration, University of the North, Private Bag XI 106, Sovenga 0727, South Africa
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
The tick-borne protozoan parasite Theileria parva causes East Coast fever (ECF), a severe lymphoproliferative disease of cattle that is a major constraint to the improvement of livestock in eastern, central and southern Africa. Studies in cattle experimentally infected with T. parva have shown that the protective cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response is tightly focused, with individual animals recognizing only one or two dominant antigens, the identity of which varies with MHC class I phenotype. It is well known that cross-protection between T. parva stocks is limited, but precise evaluation of genetic diversity in field populations of the parasite has been hampered by a lack of molecular markers spanning the genome. A recently described panel of satellite markers has provided evidence for substantial genotypic diversity and recombination but does not provide cover for large segments of the genome. To address this deficiency, we undertook to identify additional polymorphic markers covering these regions and we report herein 42 newly identified PCR-RFLP markers distributed across the 4 T. parva chromosomes, as well as 19 new satellite markers for chromosomes 1 and 2. This brings the total number of available polymorphic markers to 141 for the 8.5 Mb genome. We have used these markers to characterise existing parasite stabilates and have also shown that passage of the parasite through naïve cattle and ticks can lead to substantial changes of parasite populations in resulting stabilates. These markers have also been used to show that passage of mixed parasites through an immunised calf results in the removal of the immunising genotype from the parasite population produced by ticks fed on this animal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Katzer
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Quinn JA, Jiang XS, Rich JN, Desjardins A, Vredenburgh JJ, Reardon DA, Gururangan S, Walker AR, Birch R, Friedman AH, Friedman HS. Phase I trial of temozolomide plus O 6-benzylguanine on three different 5-day temozolomide regimens for patients with progressive glioblastoma multiforme. J Clin Oncol 2008. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2008.26.15_suppl.2084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
19
|
Abstract
Endophytic actinobacteria, isolated from healthy wheat tissue, which are capable of suppressing a number wheat fungal pathogens both in vitro and in planta, were investigated for the ability to activate key genes in the systemic acquired resistance (SAR) or the jasmonate/ethylene (JA/ET) pathways in Arabidopsis thaliana. Inoculation of A. thaliana (Col-0) with selected endophytic strains induced a low level of SAR and JA/ET gene expression, measured using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Upon pathogen challenge, endophyte-treated plants demonstrated a higher abundance of defense gene expression compared with the non-endophyte-treated controls. Resistance to the bacterial pathogen Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora required the JA/ET pathway. On the other hand, resistance to the fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum involved primarily the SAR pathway. The endophytic actinobacteria appear to be able to "prime" both the SAR and JA/ET pathways, upregulating genes in either pathway depending on the infecting pathogen. Culture filtrates of the endophytic actinobacteria were investigated for the ability to also activate defense pathways. The culture filtrate of Micromonospora sp. strain EN43 grown in a minimal medium resulted in the induction of the SAR pathway; however, when grown in a complex medium, the JA/ET pathway was activated. Further analysis using Streptomyces sp. strain EN27 and defense-compromised mutants of A. thaliana indicated that resistance to E. carotovora subsp. carotovora occurred via an NPR1-independent pathway and required salicylic acid whereas the JA/ET signaling molecules were not essential. In contrast, resistance to F. oxysporum mediated by Streptomyces sp. strain EN27 occurred via an NPR1-dependent pathway but also required salicylic acid and was JA/ET independent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V M Conn
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Walker AR, Rothberg PG, Liesveld JL. A case of JAK2 positive essential thrombocythemia 16.5 years after autologous marrow transplantation for AML. Bone Marrow Transplant 2007; 39:725-6. [PMID: 17401398 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bmt.1705647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
21
|
Walker AR, Katzer F, Ngugi D, McKeever D. Cloned Theileria parva produces lesser infections in ticks compared to uncloned T. parva despite similar infections in cattle. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 73:157-62. [PMID: 16958269 PMCID: PMC2628563 DOI: 10.4102/ojvr.v73i2.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Experimental transmissions of cloned Theileria parva in cattle with Rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks were compared to transmissions with uncloned T. parva during studies on the potential for genetic recombination during syngamy of Theileria to produce antigenic diversity for evasion of bovine immunity. Prevalence and abundance of T. parva infection in adult ticks, which resulted from the feeding of nymphs on the calves, were significantly higher in the uncloned compared to the cloned T. parva. Development of sporoblasts of T. parva in the ticks to produce infective sporozoites was similar. There was no statistically significant difference in the clinical course of infection in cattle between cloned and uncloned T. parva. It was concluded that cloned T. parva has characteristics that reduce its viability during the tick stages of its life cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A R Walker
- Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Roslin EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Walker AR, Fox FW, Irving JT. Studies in human mineral metabolism: 1. The effect of bread rich in phytate phosphorus on the metabolism of certain mineral salts with special reference to calcium. Biochem J 2006; 42:452-62. [PMID: 16748311 PMCID: PMC1258738 DOI: 10.1042/bj0420452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A R Walker
- The South African National Nutrition Council, the South African Institute for Medical Research, Johannesburg, and the Department of Physiology, University of Cape Town
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Prekker ME, Nath DS, Walker AR, Johnson AC, Hertz MI, Herrington CS, Radosevich DM, Dahlberg PS. Validation of the Proposed International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation Grading System for Primary Graft Dysfunction After Lung Transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2006; 25:371-8. [PMID: 16563963 DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2005.11.436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2005] [Revised: 08/09/2005] [Accepted: 11/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A scoring system was recently proposed to grade the severity of primary graft dysfunction (PGD), a frequent early complication of lung transplantation. The purposes of this study are to: (1) validate the PGD grading system with respect to patient outcomes; and (2) compare the performance of criteria employing the arterial oxygenation to fraction of inspired oxygen (P/F) ratio to an alternative grading system employing the oxygenation index (OI). METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 402 patients having undergone lung transplantation at our institution from 1992 through 2004. The ISHLT PGD grading system was modified and grades were assigned up to 48 hours post-transplantation as follows: Grade 1 PGD, P/F > 300; Grade 2, P/F 200 to 300; and Grade 3, P/F < 200. A worst score T(0-48) was also assigned, which reflects the highest grade recorded between T0 and T48. RESULTS The prevalence of severe PGD (P/F Grade 3) declined after transplant, from 25% at T0 to 15% at T48. Grouping patients by P/F grade at T48 demonstrated the clearest differentiation of 90-day death rates (Grade 1, 7%; Grade 2, 12%; Grade 3, 33%) (p = 0.0001). T48 OI grade also differentiates 90-day death rates. There was no difference in longer-term survival between patients with PGD Grades 1 and 2. OI grade at T0 qualitatively improved differential mortality between Grades 1 and 2; however, the differences did not reach statistical significance. Patients with a worst score T(0-48) of Grade 3 PGD did have significantly decreased long-term survival, as well as longer ICU and hospital stay, when compared with Grades 1 and 2 PGD. Significant risk factors for short- and long-term mortality in our multivariate model were P/F Grade 3 [worst score T(0-48) as well as T0 grade], single-lung transplant, use of cardiopulmonary bypass and high pre-operative mean pulmonary artery pressure. CONCLUSIONS There is an increased risk of short- and long-term mortality and length of hospital stay associated with severe (Grade 3) PGD. The proposed ISHLT grading system can rapidly identify patients with poor outcomes who may benefit from early, aggressive treatment. Refinement of the scoring system may further improve patient risk stratification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Prekker
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55435, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Estrada-Peña A, Bouattour A, Camicas JL, Guglielmone A, Horak I, Jongejan F, Latif A, Pegram R, Walker AR. The known distribution and ecological preferences of the tick subgenus Boophilus (Acari: Ixodidae) in Africa and Latin America. Exp Appl Acarol 2006; 38:219-35. [PMID: 16596355 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-006-0003-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2005] [Accepted: 01/23/2006] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A compilation of the known distribution of Boophilus ticks in Africa and Latin America is presented, together with details on climate preferences. B. annulatus is recorded mainly in the western part of a strip from the equator to parallel 20 degrees N. It associates with woodlands and forests (lowland rain forest and secondary grassland). This species is also present in the Mediterranean region, associated to woodland and open areas. B. decoloratus extends southern to parallel 20 degrees N, in woodland with montane vegetation and Zambezian miombo; some records have been collected in the highveld grassland. B. geigyi is mainly collected in the western range of a stripe extending between parallels 5 degrees N and 18 degrees N, associated with Sudanian woodland, lowland rain forest with secondary grassland and woodland. Confirmed records of microplus in Africa are restricted to Malagasy region and south and eastern Africa, being predominant in the Zambezian miombo, deciduous forest with secondary grassland, and woodland. In Latin America, microplus is abundant in the Mesoamerican corridor to Venezuela and Colombia, and southern in Brazil and Argentina. The tick is mainly associated to the biomes of Chaco and Pampas in Argentina, the North-central moist Andes, the Atlantic forest (southern range) and the moist Meso-American vegetation (northern range). Most collections of B. annulatus and B. geigyi came from areas where winter minimum temperature is above 15 degrees C, maximum temperatures remain between 33 and 36 degrees C and maximum rainfall is recorded between June and September. B. decoloratus and African B. microplus are recorded in sites with low temperatures in May-September. Minimum temperature requirements are similar for both B. decoloratus and African B. microplus, and both are around 4 degrees C less than the value recorded for collections of Latin-American B. microplus. The rainfall pattern observed for decoloratus shows a minimum in May and June. The requirements of total rainfall are highest for B. microplus in Latin America, while records of African B. microplus are concentrated in areas of low rainfall between May and October, and high rainfall between November and March (low rainfall in the same period for B. decoloratus). Statistical analysis revealed the existence of populations (demes) with ecologically different requirements within each tick species. Both B. annulatus and B. decoloratus showed many different demes clearly associated to defined areas. The collections of Latin American B. microplus are very homogeneous according climate preferences and well separated from the African counterpart.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Estrada-Peña
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Miguel Servet, 177, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Serwint JR, Dias MM, Chang H, Sharkey M, Walker AR. Outcomes of febrile children presumed to be immunocompetent who present with leukopenia or neutropenia to an ambulatory setting. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2005; 44:593-600. [PMID: 16151565 DOI: 10.1177/000992280504400707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED To determine significant medical outcomes in febrile children presenting to an ambulatory setting with neutropenia and/or leukopenia. METHODS Retrospective medical record review conducted on febrile patients who had a blood culture drawn, with white blood cell counts less than 5,000/mm3 and/or an absolute neutrophil count less than 1000/mm3. Ninety-one patients were identified; 5 with positive blood culture results, 13 with significant non-oncologic disease, and 3 patients with leukemia who had involvement of 2 or more cell lines. CONCLUSIONS In the majority of patients, clinical judgment, physical findings, and review of all cell lines of the complete blood cell count identified those with significant disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J R Serwint
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of General Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
The host ranges of a collection of 21 tick species found on wild mammals in the savanna, forests and coastal zone of Ghana suggested that most species were adapted to feeding mainly on host species within a single mammalian order, i.e. on artiodactyls (bovids/suids), carnivores, rodents or pholidotes (pangolins). Only a few species were dispersed evenly across a range of orders. Seven out of ten of the most common ticks on forest mammals were significantly associated with a particular host species or a group of closely related host species, which could be viewed as their major host or hosts, but they were also recorded much less frequently on a wide range of host species. Two other species were confined to their major hosts. Only one species appeared to be widely dispersed on forest mammals and to lack a particular major host. The majority of tick species therefore occurred on hosts with very distinctive biological, behavioural and ecological characteristics. The study provided no evidence to support the view that host specificity is an artefact of sampling. Finding that the tick species on Ghanaian wild mammals occurred on particular hosts, as well as in distinct habitats, indicated that tick-host associations are important for tick survival and confirmed the importance of climate and vegetation in tick distribution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Ntiamoa-Baidu
- Zoology Department, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Bell-Sakyi L, Koney EBM, Dogbey O, Walker AR. Incidence and prevalence of tick-borne haemoparasites in domestic ruminants in Ghana. Vet Parasitol 2005; 124:25-42. [PMID: 15350659 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2004.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2004] [Accepted: 05/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Giemsa-stained thin blood smears prepared monthly from cattle, sheep and goats in the Greater Accra region of Ghana between May 1994 and December 1996 were examined for presence of tick-borne haemoparasites. The majority of animals were less than 2 months old at the start of the survey. Monthly and cumulative incidences are presented of Anaplasma sp., Babesia bigemina, Borrelia sp., Eperythrozoon sp., Theileria mutans and Theileria velifera in cattle, Anaplasma sp., Borrelia sp., and Theileria sp. in sheep, and Anaplasma sp. in goats. T. mutans was the commonest parasite in cattle, with 100% incidence in calves by 10 months of age, and Anaplasma was commonest in small ruminants. The relative prevalence of these haemoparasites in blood smears from cattle, sheep and goats sampled on a single occasion at sites in all 10 regions of Ghana was found to be similar, though actual infection rates were lower. Packed cell volume (PCV) measurements from the sampled animals are also presented; no seasonal trends were evident in the PCV of the cattle, sheep and goats sampled monthly. In animals sampled on a single occasion, mean PCV was significantly higher in cattle and sheep without detectable haemoparasite infection, and in cattle was lowest in animals positive for both Babesia and Anaplasma, while there was no difference in mean PCV levels between parasitised and non-parasitised goats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Bell-Sakyi
- Accra Veterinary Laboratory, Veterinary Services Department, Ministry of Food and Agriculture, PO Box M161, Accra, Ghana.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Koney EBM, Dogbey O, Walker AR, Bell-Sakyi L. Ehrlichia ruminantium seroprevalence in domestic ruminants in Ghana. II. Point prevalence survey. Vet Microbiol 2004; 103:183-93. [PMID: 15504589 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2004.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2003] [Revised: 02/03/2004] [Accepted: 02/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Serum samples collected on a single occasion from cattle, sheep and goats at sites in all 10 regions of Ghana were tested for antibodies to Ehrlichia (previously Cowdria) ruminantium, the causative agent of heartwater, by polyclonal competitive ELISA (PC-ELISA). The survey revealed the presence of heartwater-exposed ruminants throughout the country, with local seroprevalence up to 100%. Seronegative, and therefore presumably susceptible, animals were also present in all regions, in some areas in numbers high enough to indicate local endemic instability. Overall seroprevalences in cattle, sheep and goats were 61, 51 and 28% respectively, and were generally higher in the northern part of the country and lower in the forest zone. Amongst animals over 1 year old, two thirds of cattle and sheep, and around one third of goats throughout the country had been exposed to E. ruminantium. In the north, seroprevalence in sheep sampled with and without cattle was similar, whereas in the south seroconversion rates in sheep were significantly higher in areas where cattle were present.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E B M Koney
- Veterinary Services Department, Ministry of Food and Agriculture, P.O. Box M161, Accra, Ghana
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Bell-Sakyi L, Koney EBM, Dogbey O, Walker AR. Ehrlichia ruminantium seroprevalence in domestic ruminants in Ghana; I. Longitudinal survey in the Greater Accra Region. Vet Microbiol 2004; 100:175-88. [PMID: 15145496 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2004.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2003] [Revised: 02/03/2004] [Accepted: 02/13/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Serum samples collected monthly over a 34-month period from cattle, sheep and goats in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana were tested for antibodies to Ehrlichia (previously Cowdria) ruminantium, the causative agent of heartwater, by polyclonal competitive ELISA (PC-ELISA). Maternal antibodies, detected in about half of animals followed from under 1 month old, declined to negative levels within 2-4 months. Amblyomma variegatum tick vectors were present on livestock in rural areas throughout the year, and first seroconversion occurred at any age, although the majority of calves seroconverted between 1 and 10 months old, sheep by 11 months, and goats by 7 months. All the cattle in the study became seropositive by 20 months of age, except one animal which subsequently died of heartwater. Following seroconversion, 25% of bovine sera tested negative in the PC-ELISA. Just over half the sheep in the survey seroconverted before or during the study period; following seroconversion, less than 3% of ovine sera became PC-ELISA negative. About a quarter of the goats seroconverted, and 34% of their post-seroconversion sera tested negative in the PC-ELISA. Overall, the serology indicated that virtually all cattle on the survey farms were exposed to E. ruminantium without suffering disease, but that a substantial proportion of sheep and goats escaped exposure and thus formed a susceptible population. E. ruminantium was detected in brains of 14, 36 and 4% of cattle, sheep and goats submitted for post mortem at the Accra Veterinary Laboratory, indicating that sheep were most at risk from heartwater disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Bell-Sakyi
- Veterinary Services Department, Ministry of Food and Agriculture, P. O. Box M161, Accra, Ghana.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Ntiamoa-Baidu Y, Carr-Saunders C, Matthews BE, Preston PM, Walker AR. An updated list of the ticks of Ghana and an assessment of the distribution of the ticks of Ghanaian wild mammals in different vegetation zones. Bull Entomol Res 2004; 94:245-60. [PMID: 15191626 DOI: 10.1079/ber2004302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Twenty one species of ticks belonging to five genera of the family Ixodidae (Order Acari, sub-order Ixodida) - Amblyomma, Haemaphysalis, Hyalomma, Ixodes and Rhipicephalus (including the sub-genus Rhipicephalus (Boophilus)) - were collected from 1260 mammals, representing 29 species, 14 families and 6 orders, in four vegetation zones in Ghana during the period 1971-1978. Four other species were collected from humans in 1977. In all, eight species appeared to be new records for Ghana: Amblyomma tholloni Neumann; Dermacentor circumguttatus Neumann; Haemaphysalis houyi Nuttall & Warburton; Ixodes loveridgei Arthur; Ixodes oldi Nuttall; Ixodes vanidicus Schultze; Rhipicephalus complanatus Neumann; Rhipicephalus cuspidatus Neumann. The updated list of tick species in Ghana given here includes 41 species of ixodid ticks and four species of argasid ticks. Most species have been found in neighbouring regions of West Africa but 56 of the 121 different combinations of ixodid tick species and host species found in the collection described here have not apparently been reported before. The new combinations recorded here bring the total number of different combinations of ixodid tick species and mammalian host species now reported in Ghana to 151. The tick species found on wild mammals in Ghana mostly differed from those reported from domestic stock by other authors. The data showed that different tick species occurred in different vegetation zones and that most species displayed a pronounced preference for certain groups of related host species. Some tick species were found in the savanna feeding mainly on large bovids and/or suids; others were found in forests feeding mainly on small bovids, large rodents or small carnivores.
Collapse
|
31
|
Walker AR, Walker BF, Segal I. Some puzzling situations in the onset, occurrence and future of coronary heart disease in developed and developing populations, particularly such in sub-Saharan Africa. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 124:40-6. [PMID: 14971192 DOI: 10.1177/146642400312400112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Coronary heart disease (CHD) was rare in developed populations until the early 1900s; this prevailed even among the small segments who were prosperous and who, in measure, had most of the currently recognised risk factors. However, in the 1930s, with improved circumstances from general rises in socio-economic state, there were major increases in the occurrence and mortality rate from the disease, the latter reaching a third of the total mortality in some countries, as in the United Kingdom (UK). Puzzlingly, the inter-population diversity of the increases in CHD has been such that there are as much as five fold differences in CHD mortality rates, as, for example, between Poland and Spain. Within recent years, with appropriate treatments, the mortality rate has halved in some countries, again, as in the UK. However, the incidence rate of the disease has diminished little or hardly at all. Risk factors include a familial component and, nutritionally, over-eating, a high fat intake, relatively low intakes of plant foods, especially of vegetables and fruit and, non-nutritionally, smoking, excessive alcohol consumption and a low level of everyday physical activity. On the one hand, known risk factors, broadly, are considered to be capable of explaining only about half of the variation in the occurrence of the disease. Even at present, known risk factors far from fully explain the epidemiological differences in mortality rates. Yet, on the other hand, there is abundant evidence that in population groups, among whom risk factors are low or have been reduced, CHD incidence and mortality rates are lower. Notwithstanding this knowledge, broadly, there is very little interest in the general public in taking avoiding measures. As to the situation in developing populations, in sub-Saharan Africa, in urban Africans, as in Johannesburg, South Africa, despite considerable westernisation of life style and with rises in risk factors, CHD remains of very low occurrence, the situation thereby resembling, historically, its relatively slow emergence in developed populations. In most eastern countries, mortality rates remain relatively low, as in Russia and Japan. However, in major contrast, in India, rates have risen considerably in urban dwellers. Indeed, in Indian immigrants, as in those in the UK, their rate actually exceeds that in the country's white population. In brief, much remains to be explained in the epidemiology of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A R Walker
- Human Biochemistry Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Selle PH, Walker AR, Bryden WL. Total and phytate-phosphorus contents and phytase activity ofAustralian-sourced feed ingredients for pigs and poultry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1071/ea02155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A total of 160 samples of 20 Australian-sourced feed ingredients of plant origin for pigs and poultry was analysed for total phosphorus and phytate-phosphorus contents and endogenous phytase activity. The majority of total P was present as phytate-phosphorus, and these concentrations were significantly correlated in 9 feed ingredients. The endogenous phytase activity in tested feed ingredients was negligible other than for wheat, its by-products and barley. Phytate-phosphorus was determined by a standard 'ferric chloride precipitation' method, which was satisfactory for individual feed ingredients, with the exception of lupins and faba beans. It appears that phytate is more difficult to extract from these two feedstuffs, possibly because of the affinity of phytate for protein. Ferric chloride precipitation methods are not suitable for phytate-phosphorus determinations of complete feed samples containing other sources of phosphorus, which is a distinct limitation. A lesser limitation is that these methods cannot distinguish between the various esters of myo-inositol phosphate present. Given the variation of phytate contents within ingredients, particularly wheat, the desirability of determining dietary substrate levels is emphasised to take full advantage of including exogenous phytases in pig and poultry diets to reduce phosphorus excretion and abate phosphorus pollution.
Collapse
|
33
|
Walker AR. Any hopes of falls in coronary heart disease in Western populations? Little chance of reducing its occurence. Cardiovasc J S Afr 2002; 13:249-50. [PMID: 12466861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
|
34
|
Habtewold T, Walker AR, Curtis CF, Osir EO, Thapa N. The feeding behaviour and Plasmodium infection of Anopheles mosquitoes in southern Ethiopia in relation to use of insecticide-treated livestock for malaria control. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2001; 95:584-6. [PMID: 11816425 DOI: 10.1016/s0035-9203(01)90086-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Anopheles arabiensis and An. quadriannulatus species B mosquitoes were collected at sites of human and livestock housing and analysed for blood feeding patterns and infection with malaria sporozoites. A low percentage of human blood meals at some sites suggested that zooprophylaxis could be effective in reducing challenge from Plasmodium falciparum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Habtewold
- FARM-Africa, 9 Southampton Place, London WC1a 2EA, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
Among sub-Saharan Africans in general, a generation or so ago, there was very little gain in weight, or in blood pressure, with age. Even at present, in most populations, especially in the indigent masses, obesity prevalence remains very low, at 1-5%. However, in South Africa and some neighbouring countries, Botswana, Namibia and Zimbabwe, with rise in socio-economic status, urbanization, and diminishing physical activity, the proportion affected has increased. Rises, as noted in Cape Town, have been only slight in men, to 8%; but in women much more so, to 34%, ie to a level similar to that of African-American women. Dietarily, energy intake has increased slightly, that from fat from 15-20% to 25-30%. However, there have been falls in dietary fibre intake, to 20-25 g and 15-20 g daily, in rural and urban areas, respectively. Evidence suggests that the health disadvantage of obesity in African women is less than that in white women, and would seem to have little influence on their proneness to hypertension, coronary heart disease and breast cancer. Traditionally, and even currently, sociologically, the disorder carries little opprobrium. As to the future, the prevalence in women may well increase still further. Regarding treatment, unfortunately among African women desirous of losing weight, sustained reducing measures are near impossible; moreover, pharmacological treatment is too costly to implement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A R Walker
- Human Biochemistry Research Unit, Department of Tropical Diseases, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Affiliation(s)
- D V Hoyle
- Department of Tropical Animal Health, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Walker AR. Sub-Saharan Africa health outlook: is it totally sombre? Natl Med J India 2001; 14:308-9. [PMID: 11767227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
|
38
|
Walker AR. Coronary heart disease in Western populations. Cardiovasc J S Afr 2001; 12:238. [PMID: 11717701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
|
39
|
Abstract
Arabidopsis cDNAs encoding ATJ11, the smallest known J-domain protein, have been isolated and characterized. The precursor protein of 161 amino acid residues was synthesized in vitro and imported by isolated pea chloroplasts where it was localized to the stroma and cleaved to a mature protein of 125 amino acid residues. The mature protein consists of an 80 amino acid J-domain, and N- and C-terminal extensions of 24 and 21 amino acid residues, respectively, which show no similarity to regions in other DnaJ-related proteins. ATJ11 produced in Escherichia coli stimulated the weak ATPase activity of E. coli DnaK, but was unable to stimulate refolding of firefly luciferase by DnaK, and inhibited refolding by DnaK, DnaJ and GrpE. ATJ11 is encoded by a single-copy gene on chromosome 4, and is expressed in all plant organs examined. A paralogue of ATJ11, showing 72% identity, is encoded in a 4.5 Mb duplication of chromosome 4 on chromosome 2. These proteins represent a novel class of J-domain proteins.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adenosine Triphosphatases/drug effects
- Adenosine Triphosphatases/metabolism
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Arabidopsis/genetics
- Arabidopsis/metabolism
- Arabidopsis Proteins
- Binding Sites
- Biological Transport
- Blotting, Northern
- Blotting, Southern
- Chloroplasts/metabolism
- Chromosome Mapping
- DNA, Complementary/chemistry
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- DNA, Complementary/isolation & purification
- DNA, Plant/genetics
- Escherichia coli Proteins
- HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins/drug effects
- HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins/metabolism
- Luciferases/chemistry
- Luciferases/drug effects
- Metalloendopeptidases/metabolism
- Molecular Chaperones/genetics
- Molecular Chaperones/metabolism
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Pisum sativum/metabolism
- Plant Proteins/genetics
- Plant Proteins/metabolism
- Plant Proteins/pharmacology
- Plastids/metabolism
- Protein Denaturation
- Protein Folding
- Protein Precursors/metabolism
- RNA, Plant/genetics
- RNA, Plant/metabolism
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Species Specificity
- Tissue Distribution
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Orme
- Department of Plant Sciences and Cambridge Centre for Molecular Recognition, University of Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
The present population in South Africa, roughly 43 million inhabitants, is made up of Africans (77.2%), whites (10.5%), Coloureds (mixed race) (8.8%) and Indians (2.5%). In 1900 the infant mortality rate (IMR) among Africans was 330 per 1,000 live births; this has now fallen to 50-60. In Soweto, a primarily African city, IMR averages 20-25. Life expectancy in the past was only 25-30 years; by 1995, this reached 63 years. However, this could fall again due to the rapidly spreading HIV/AIDS epidemic. Life expectancy could fall to 40-45 years by 2010 with the AIDS epidemic being the cause of half of all deaths--a disastrous change from the previous relatively commendable public health situation. Formerly, the most common causes of deaths in young people were infections, diseases associated with malnutrition and gastroenteritis. Adults died almost solely from infections, including typhoid, dysentery, malaria and tuberculosis (TB). Even though diseases associated with malnutrition are less common today, many infections still remain a major problem, particularly TB, which is increasing. As late as 1970, Africans who reached 50 years had longer life expectancy than whites due to the low prevalences of the chronic diseases of lifestyle. This is no longer so, due to the recent rises in non-communicable disorders/diseases, principally obesity in women, hypertension, diabetes, stroke and the cancers of prosperity. In the not so distant future, the level of control of HIV/AIDS related diseases will be the major health/disease regulating factor among Africans. Among white, Coloured and Indian populations, there have been falls in the mortality rates of the young and, despite rises in lifestyle diseases, increases in life expectancy are continuing. For all populations other important public health regulatory factors include water supply, sanitation, clinic/hospital services and personal environmental factors, employment, dietary pattern and intake, smoking practices and alcohol consumption and physical activity, particularly in urban dwellers. Unfortunately, public health expenditure, also a highly regulating factor, has fallen from 8.2% of the gross domestic product in 1994 to 4.1% in 2000.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A R Walker
- Human Biochemistry Research Unit, Department of Tropical Diseases, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, South African Institute for Medical Research, PO Box 1038, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To present a case of an epidural hematoma after lumbar puncture in a pediatric patient without known risk factors for such a complication and to review the literature regarding this complication. DESIGN Case report, review of the literature, and discussion. DATA SOURCES A review of MEDLINE (1966-1998) for keywords "lumbar puncture" and "hemorrhage" or "hematoma" was conducted, and each bibliography was reviewed for other sources extending to 1911. Articles describing a case of spinal hematoma after a lumbar puncture for any procedure were included. RESULTS A 5-year-old boy underwent a lumbar puncture for evaluation of lethargy and fever, and subsequently developed marked back pain and severe pain on flexion of his legs. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed an epidural blood collection. The patient's symptoms resolved over the next few days in association with steroid administration. Multiple reports of epidural and subdural hematomas were found on literature review, most occurring in the setting of coagulation abnormalities. These reports involve lumbar puncture in anesthetic, interventional, and diagnostic settings. CONCLUSION Lumbar puncture is a frequently employed procedure. Known complications include epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid hemorrhage, usually in the setting of abnormal coagulation. The case presented is unusual in that the patient is a child and lacks any known risk factors for a hemorrhagic complication. Such a complication appears to be rare; only five of the 64 cases discovered in the literature review occurred following this diagnostic procedure in patients without known risk factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M D Adler
- Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Walker AR. Public health situation 2000. Natl Med J India 2001; 14:167-8. [PMID: 11467146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
|
43
|
Affiliation(s)
- I Segal
- African Institute of Digestive Diseases and Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital Soweto, South Africa
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Walker AR, Alberdi MP, Urquhart KA, Rose H. Risk factors in habitats of the tick Ixodes ricinus influencing human exposure to Ehrlichia phagocytophila bacteria. Med Vet Entomol 2001; 15:40-49. [PMID: 11297100 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2915.2001.00271.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Ixodes ricinus L. (Acari: Ixodida) were sampled during 1996-99 in southern Scotland, on vegetation using cloth drags, on humans by removal from clothing and on roe deer (Capreolus capreolus L.) by searching legs of culled deer. Developmental microclimate was recorded by automatic recorders and questing microclimate by portable instruments during tick collections. Ticks and deer were examined for infection with Ehrlichia phagocytophila bacteria (Rickettsiales) using microscopy and polymerase chain reaction. This pathogen causes tick-borne fever of sheep in Europe and human granulocytic ehrlichiosis in North America, but in Europe human clinical ehrlichiosis due to E. phagocytophila has not been recorded despite serological evidence of exposure. Among three types of habitat, coniferous woodland was most infested with questing ticks (560 ticks/km of drag; mean numbers collected on long trousers: 24.3 larvae, 13.5 nymphs and 0.8 adult ticks/km walked), deciduous woodland had slightly lower infestation (426 ticks/km drag) and upland sheep pasture had much lower infestation (220 ticks/km drag). Of the three main vegetation types, bracken was least infested (360 ticks/km drag), ericas most (430 ticks/km drag) and grassland had intermediate infestation density (413 ticks/km drag). Questing and developmental microclimates were poor predictors of exposure within these habitats, except lower infestation of pastures was attributed to greater illumination there. Collectors who walked a total of 300 km through all habitats (taking 360 h in all seasons), wearing cotton trousers hanging outside rubber boots, were bitten by only four nymphs and 11 larvae of I. ricinus (but no adult ticks). There was a negative correlation between densities of deer and ticks collected, although presence of deer remains a major indicator of exposure. The proportion of infected ticks was fairly uniform at four sites studied. Overall prevalence of E. phagocytophila in I. ricinus was 3.3% in nymphs (40/1203) but only approximately 1.5% in adults of both sexes (although males do not bite). It was estimated that nymphs of I. ricinus gave 4.4% probability of one infected bite/person/year (for occupational exposure during this research) due to presence in all seasons and habitats, their human biting rate of 0.011 nymphs/h or 0.013 nymphs/km and widespread infection with E. phagocytophila. The frequency distribution of intensity of infection in ticks was approximately normal (mean 98 morulae/nymph infected), thus there is a high risk of receiving a high dose from any one infected tick bite.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A R Walker
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Scotland.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
Coronary heart disease (CHD), rare in the early 1900s, in the 1970s was responsible for almost a third of deaths in Western populations. Although its mortality rate has fallen in the last 20 years, considerably in certain populations, it remains the leading cause of death, and there is little evidence of any fall in its incidence rate. The primary risk factors, which include pattern of diet, smoking practice, and level of physical activity, are well known, but explain only approximately 50% of variation in its occurrence. Despite the numerous health improvement recommendations made, alterations in diet have been relatively slight. Although smoking practice has halved in some populations, its prevalence is now rising in the young. The extent of physical activity is low, compared with that in the past, and may even be decreasing in the young. With the general ageing of populations, the near absence of strong encouragement from the state, and individuals' general failure to reduce risk factors significantly, the chances of decreases in the incidence of CHD appear remote.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A R Walker
- Human Biochemistry Research Unit, Department of Tropical Diseases, School of Pathology of the University of the Witwatersrand, and the South African Institute for Medical Research, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
Watt, D. M., Walker, A. R., Lamza, K. A., and Ambrose, N. C. 2001. Tick-Theileria interactions in response to immune activation of the vector. Experimental Parasitology 97, 89-94. Immune mechanisms towards the haemoprotozoan parasite Theileria parva were investigated in their tick vector, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus. The exoskeletons of adult ticks were initially pierced with bacteria-coated, saline-coated, or sterile dry glass needles. Haemolymph was extracted from the ticks at 6, 24, 48, and 72 h postinjection and applied to bacterial plates to measure the growth inhibition effects. The inhibition zones were larger with all the injected groups compared to uninjected controls. The largest inhibition zones were seen 24 h after injection with bacteria-coated needles. An experiment was carried out to investigate whether antibacterial immune responses were relevant to the parasite/tick relationship and, if so, which parasite form was most vulnerable. R. appendiculatus nymphs were infected with T. parva by feeding on an infected calf and were then injected with needles on days 7, 13, 15, and 17 throughout their moult in an attempt to induce tick immune responses at the same time as different lifecycle forms of T. parva would be present. Salivary glands from the moulted adult ticks in the control and different treatment groups were dissected out and examined for the presence of T. parva sporoblasts. No difference in infection levels was seen in any of the treatment groups compared with the controls, suggesting that immune responses in R. appendiculatus, induced by bacterial injection, do not affect T. parva infections. The fecundity of injected ticks was compared with that of uninjected controls to ensure that the injection procedure itself was not detrimental to the ticks. Injected females had higher engorgement masses than controls but reduced levels of egg hatching.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D M Watt
- Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
|
48
|
Walker AR. Age structure of a population of Ixodes ricinus (Acari: Ixodidae) in relation to its seasonal questing. Bull Entomol Res 2001; 91:69-78. [PMID: 11228590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Three sites in south west Scotland, each having one deciduous and one coniferous woodland with populations of roe deer, were sampled over three years for Ixodes ricinus Linnaeus ticks using cloth drags. Nymphs and adult ticks were age graded by dissection of gut and Malpighian tubules and staining for lipid with Sudan red. Temperature and relative humidity were recorded in developmental and questing microclimates. Two annual cohorts of both nymphs and adults were found. For both instars one cohort became apparent in early spring and the other in autumn. The timing of the cohorts of nymphs corresponded to peaks of numbers questing, but neither females nor males had any clear seasonal pattern of questing. The maximum life of questing nymphs and adults was three to four months. Nymphs and adults were found questing at all months of the year and at temperatures ranging from 3.5 degrees C to 29.3 degrees C. Questing of larvae in summer peaks of numbers was positively correlated with temperature and negatively correlated with relative humidity. These results are explained by a descriptive model which invokes behavioural and morphogenetic diapause. Tests of the model are discussed and it is proposed that the main adaptive advantage of the complex life cycle is to permit moulting and oviposition to occur at favourable summer temperatures in ticks that have engorged at any time of the year.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A R Walker
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, EH25 9RG, Scotland UK.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
We present two cases of infants with hyponatremic seizures who had an unexpected finding of retinal hemorrhages. A review of the literature found no prior association between hyponatremic seizures and retinal hemorrhages. The retinal hemorrhages found in the first patient were a result of shaken baby syndrome (SBS) and associated with long bone fractures and a subdural hematoma. The second patient had retinal hemorrhages and cerebral edema, presumed to be a result of SBS. We suggest that children who become hyponatremic owing to neglect, lack of education, or intentional water poisoning may be at risk for other forms of child abuse. Additional research needs to be done to further elucidate the relationship between hyponatremic seizures and child abuse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S D Krugman
- Department of Pediatrics, Franklin Square Hospital Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21237, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Abstract
The study's objective was to assess the frequency of triage blood pressure measurements in pediatric patients and the recognition of an elevated blood pressure. The design was retrospective and included chart review. The setting consisted of four emergency departments associated with one medical school, including one level I academic center, two level II Community departments, and a regional children's hospital. A convenience sample of 437 patients, aged 1 month to 18 years, was selected. The frequency of triage blood pressure measurements was recorded. The number of patients whose blood pressure was higher than the 90th percentile for age and sex as established by the Second Task Force on Blood Pressure Control in Children was also recorded. The frequency of a second blood pressure measurement in patients with an elevated initial blood pressure was recorded. All frequency data were stratified by hospital and by age group. The results showed 294/437 (66%) of children had blood pressures measured at triage. Of these measurements, 153/294 (52%) reflected blood pressures greater than the 90th percentile for age and sex, but only 58/153 (38%) of patients with such blood pressures had a second blood pressure measured. Hospitals varied in their frequency of blood pressure measurement. Adolescents had their blood pressure measured more frequently, 981105 (93%) than two to 12-year-olds, 144/185 (78%) or 1-month to 2-year-olds, 52/147 (35%). Frequency of triage blood pressure measurements in children varied by institution and increased in frequency with age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M A Silverman
- St Agnes Healthcare, Department of Emergency Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21229, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|