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Pereira-Caro G, Cáceres-Jiménez S, Moreno-Ortega A, Dobani S, Pourshahidi K, Gill CIR, Mena P, Del Rio D, Moreno-Rojas JM, Taurino G, Bussolati O, Almutairi TM, Crozier A, Bianchi MG. Colon-available mango (poly)phenols exhibit mitigating effects on the intestinal barrier function in human intestinal cell monolayers under inflammatory conditions. Food Funct 2024; 15:5118-5131. [PMID: 38682277 DOI: 10.1039/d4fo00451e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated the impact of in vivo available colon-mango (poly)phenols on stress-induced impairment of intestinal barrier function. Caco-2/HT29-MTX cells were incubated with six extracts of ileal fluid collected pre- and 4-8 h post-mango consumption before being subjected to inflammatory stress. (Poly)phenols in ileal fluids were analysed by UHPLC-HR-MS. Epithelial barrier function was monitored by measurement of trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and the production of selected inflammatory markers (interleukin-8 (IL-8) and nitric oxide (NO)) and the major mucin of the mucosal layer (MUC2). Post-mango intake ileal fluids contained principally benzoic acids, hydroxybenzenes and galloyl derivatives. There was a high interindividual variability in the levels of these compounds, which was reflected by the degree of variability in the protective effects of individual ileal extracts on inflammatory changes in the treated cell cultures. The 24 h treatment with non-cytotoxic doses of extracts of 4-8 h post-mango intake ileal fluid significantly reduced the TEER decrease in monolayers treated with the inflammatory cytomix. This effect was not associated with changes in IL-8 expression and secretion or claudine-7 expression. The mango derived-ileal fluid extract (IFE) also mitigated cytomix-dependent nitrite secretion, as a proxy of NO production, and the MUC2 reduction observed upon the inflammatory challenge. These insights shed light on the potential protective effect of mango (poly)phenols on the intestinal barrier exposed to inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gema Pereira-Caro
- Department of Agroindustry and Food Quality, Andalusian Institute of Agricultural and Fisheries Research and Training (IFAPA), Alameda del Obispo, Córdoba, Spain.
- Foods for Health Group, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Salud Cáceres-Jiménez
- Departamento de Bromatología y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Campus Rabanales, Ed. Darwin-anexo Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Alicia Moreno-Ortega
- Department of Agroindustry and Food Quality, Andalusian Institute of Agricultural and Fisheries Research and Training (IFAPA), Alameda del Obispo, Córdoba, Spain.
- Foods for Health Group, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Sara Dobani
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), Ulster University, Coleraine, UK
- Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Kirsty Pourshahidi
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), Ulster University, Coleraine, UK
| | - Chris I R Gill
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), Ulster University, Coleraine, UK
| | - Pedro Mena
- Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Microbiome Research Hub, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
| | - Daniele Del Rio
- Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Microbiome Research Hub, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
| | - José Manuel Moreno-Rojas
- Department of Agroindustry and Food Quality, Andalusian Institute of Agricultural and Fisheries Research and Training (IFAPA), Alameda del Obispo, Córdoba, Spain.
- Foods for Health Group, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
| | | | - Ovidio Bussolati
- Microbiome Research Hub, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
- Laboratory of General Pathology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Alan Crozier
- Department of Chemistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Massimiliano G Bianchi
- Microbiome Research Hub, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
- Laboratory of General Pathology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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Clifford MN, Ludwig IA, Pereira-Caro G, Zeraik L, Borges G, Almutairi TM, Dobani S, Bresciani L, Mena P, Gill CIR, Crozier A. Exploring and disentangling the production of potentially bioactive phenolic catabolites from dietary (poly)phenols, phenylalanine, tyrosine and catecholamines. Redox Biol 2024; 71:103068. [PMID: 38377790 PMCID: PMC10891336 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2024.103068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Following ingestion of fruits, vegetables and derived products, (poly)phenols that are not absorbed in the upper gastrointestinal tract pass to the colon, where they undergo microbiota-mediated ring fission resulting in the production of a diversity of low molecular weight phenolic catabolites, which appear in the circulatory system and are excreted in urine along with their phase II metabolites. There is increasing interest in these catabolites because of their potential bioactivity and their use as biomarkers of (poly)phenol intake. Investigating the fate of dietary (poly)phenolics in the colon has become confounded as a result of the recent realisation that many of the phenolics appearing in biofluids can also be derived from the aromatic amino acids, l-phenylalanine and l-tyrosine, and to a lesser extent catecholamines, in reactions that can be catalysed by both colonic microbiota and endogenous mammalian enzymes. The available evidence, albeit currently rather limited, indicates that substantial amounts of phenolic catabolites originate from phenylalanine and tyrosine, while somewhat smaller quantities are produced from dietary (poly)phenols. This review outlines information on this topic and assesses procedures that can be used to help distinguish between phenolics originating from dietary (poly)phenols, the two aromatic amino acids and catecholamines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael N Clifford
- School of Bioscience and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom; Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Food, Monash University, Notting Hill, Victoria, Australia
| | - Iziar A Ludwig
- Center for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Gema Pereira-Caro
- Department of Agroindustry and Food Quality, IFAPA-Alameda Del Obispo, Córdoba, Spain; Foods for Health Group, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Laila Zeraik
- Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | | | - Sara Dobani
- Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy; Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health, Ulster University, Coleraine, United Kingdom
| | - Letizia Bresciani
- Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Pedro Mena
- Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy; Microbiome Research Hub, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Chris I R Gill
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health, Ulster University, Coleraine, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Crozier
- Department of Chemistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
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Ross FC, Mayer DE, Gupta A, Gill CIR, Del Rio D, Cryan JF, Lavelle A, Ross RP, Stanton C, Mayer EA. Existing and Future Strategies to Manipulate the Gut Microbiota With Diet as a Potential Adjuvant Treatment for Psychiatric Disorders. Biol Psychiatry 2024; 95:348-360. [PMID: 37918459 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2023.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Nutrition and diet quality play key roles in preventing and slowing cognitive decline and have been linked to multiple brain disorders. This review compiles available evidence from preclinical studies and clinical trials on the impact of nutrition and interventions regarding major psychiatric conditions and some neurological disorders. We emphasize the potential role of diet-related microbiome alterations in these effects and highlight commonalities between various brain disorders related to the microbiome. Despite numerous studies shedding light on these findings, there are still gaps in our understanding due to the limited availability of definitive human trial data firmly establishing a causal link between a specific diet and microbially mediated brain functions and symptoms. The positive impact of certain diets on the microbiome and cognitive function is frequently ascribed with the anti-inflammatory effects of certain microbial metabolites or a reduction of proinflammatory microbial products. We also critically review recent research on pro- and prebiotics and nondietary interventions, particularly fecal microbiota transplantation. The recent focus on diet in relation to brain disorders could lead to improved treatment outcomes with combined dietary, pharmacological, and behavioral interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona C Ross
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Dylan E Mayer
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Arpana Gupta
- Goodman-Luskin Microbiome Center, G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, UCLA Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Chris I R Gill
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health, Ulster University, Coleraine, United Kingdom
| | - Daniele Del Rio
- Department of Food and Drugs, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - John F Cryan
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Aonghus Lavelle
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - R Paul Ross
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Catherine Stanton
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Teagasc Moorepark Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Emeran A Mayer
- Goodman-Luskin Microbiome Center, G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, UCLA Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.
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Ross FC, Mayer DE, Horn J, Cryan JF, Del Rio D, Randolph E, Gill CIR, Gupta A, Ross RP, Stanton C, Mayer EA. Potential of dietary polyphenols for protection from age-related decline and neurodegeneration: a role for gut microbiota? Nutr Neurosci 2024:1-19. [PMID: 38287652 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2023.2298098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Many epidemiological studies have shown the beneficial effects of a largely plant-based diet, and the strong association between the consumption of a Mediterranean-type diet with healthy aging including a lower risk of cognitive decline. The Mediterranean diet is characterized by a high intake of olive oil, fruits and vegetables and is rich in dietary fiber and polyphenols - both of which have been postulated to act as important mediators of these benefits. Polyphenols are large molecules produced by plants to protect them from environmental threats and injury. When ingested by humans, as little as 5% of these molecules are absorbed in the small intestine with the majority metabolized by the gut microbiota into absorbable simple phenolic compounds. Flavan-3-ols, a type of flavonoid, contained in grapes, berries, pome fruits, tea, and cocoa have been associated with many beneficial effects on several risk factors for cardiovascular disease, cognitive function and brain regions involved in memory formation. Both preclinical and clinical studies suggest that these brain and heart benefits can be attributed to endothelial vascular effects and anti-inflammatory properties among others. More recently the gut microbiota has emerged as a potential modulator of the aging brain and intriguingly polyphenols have been shown to alter microbiota composition and be metabolized by different microbial species. However, there is a need for well controlled studies in large populations to identify predictors of response, particularly given the vast inter-individual variation of human gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- F C Ross
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - D E Mayer
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - J Horn
- Oppenheimer Centre for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, USA
| | - J F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Co. Cork, Ireland
- Department Anatomy & Neuroscience, University College Cork, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - D Del Rio
- Department of Food and Drugs, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - E Randolph
- Oppenheimer Centre for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, USA
| | - C I R Gill
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - A Gupta
- Division of Digestive Diseases, UCLA, Los Angeles, USA
- Goodman Luskin Microbiome Center at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - R P Ross
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - C Stanton
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - E A Mayer
- Oppenheimer Centre for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, USA
- Goodman Luskin Microbiome Center at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Pereira-Caro G, Cáceres-Jimenez S, Bresciani L, Mena P, Almutairi TM, Dobani S, Pourshahidi LK, Gill CIR, Moreno Rojas JM, Clifford MN, Crozier A. Excretion by subjects on a low (poly)phenol diet of phenolic gut microbiota catabolites sequestered in tissues or associated with catecholamines and surplus amino acids. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-12. [PMID: 37369137 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2023.2226369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Phenolic catabolites excreted by fasting subjects with a functioning colon and ileostomists on a low (poly)phenol diet have been investigated. Urine was collected over a 12 h fasting period after adherence to a low (poly)phenol diet for 36 h. UHPLC-HR-MS quantified 77 phenolics. Some were present in the urine of both groups in similar trace amounts and others were excreted in higher amounts by participants with a colon indicating the involvement of the microbiota. Most were present in sub- or low-µmol amounts, but hippuric acid dominated accounting on average for 60% of the total for both volunteer categories indicating significant production from sources other than non-nutrient dietary (poly)phenols. The potential origins of the phenolics associated with the low (poly)phenol diet, include endogenous catecholamines, surplus tyrosine and phenylalanine, and washout of catabolites derived from pre-study intakes of non-nutrient dietary (poly)phenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gema Pereira-Caro
- Department of Agroindustry and Food Quality, Andalusian Institute of Agricultural and Fisheries Research and Training, Córdoba, Spain
- Foods for Health Group, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba Córdoba, Spain
| | - Salud Cáceres-Jimenez
- Department of Agroindustry and Food Quality, Andalusian Institute of Agricultural and Fisheries Research and Training, Córdoba, Spain
- Departamento de Bromatología y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Letizia Bresciani
- Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Food and Drugs, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Pedro Mena
- Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Food and Drugs, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Sara Dobani
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), Ulster University, Coleraine, UK
| | - L Kirsty Pourshahidi
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), Ulster University, Coleraine, UK
| | - Chris I R Gill
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), Ulster University, Coleraine, UK
| | - José Manuel Moreno Rojas
- Department of Agroindustry and Food Quality, Andalusian Institute of Agricultural and Fisheries Research and Training, Córdoba, Spain
- Foods for Health Group, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba Córdoba, Spain
| | - Michael N Clifford
- School of Bioscience and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Food, Monash University, Notting Hill, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alan Crozier
- Department of Chemistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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6
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Neill HR, Gill CIR, McDonald EJ, McRoberts WC, McAleenon R, Slevin MM, Cobice D, McMurray R, Loy R, White A, Pourshahidi LK. Bioavailability of vitamin D biofortified pork meat: results of an acute human crossover study in healthy adults. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2023; 74:279-290. [PMID: 36843327 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2023.2182256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D intakes are concerningly low. Food-based strategies are urgently warranted to increase vitamin D intakes and subsequently improve 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations. This acute randomised three-way crossover study investigated the efficacy of vitamin D biofortified pork derived from pigs exposed to UVB light to increase serum 25(OH)D3 concentrations, compared to a dose-matched vitamin D3 supplement and control pork in adults (n = 14). Blood samples were obtained at baseline and then 1.5, 3, 6, 9 and 24 h postprandially. There was a significant effect of time (p < 0.01) and a significant treatment*time interaction (p < 0.05). UV pork and supplement significantly increased within-group serum 25(OH)D3 concentrations over timepoints (p < 0.05) (max. change 0.9 nmol/L (2.2%) UV pork, 1.5 nmol/L (3.5%) supplement, 0.7 nmol/L (1.9%) control). Vitamin D biofortified pork modestly increased 25(OH)D3 concentrations and produced a similar response pattern as a dose-matched vitamin D supplement, but biofortification protocols should be further optimised to ensure differentiation from standard pork.
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Affiliation(s)
- H R Neill
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, United Kingdom
| | - C I R Gill
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, United Kingdom
| | - E J McDonald
- Devenish Nutrition Ltd, Lagan House, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - W C McRoberts
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - R McAleenon
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, United Kingdom
| | - M M Slevin
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, United Kingdom
| | - D Cobice
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Coleraine, United Kingdom
| | - R McMurray
- Devenish Nutrition Ltd, Lagan House, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - R Loy
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - A White
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - L K Pourshahidi
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, United Kingdom
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7
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Ottaviani JI, Fong RY, Borges G, Kimball J, Ensunsa JL, Medici V, Pourshahidi LK, Kane E, Ward K, Durkan R, Dobani S, Lawther R, O'Connor G, Gill CIR, Schroeter H, Crozier A. Flavan-3-ol-methylxanthine interactions: Modulation of flavan-3-ol bioavailability in volunteers with a functional colon and an ileostomy. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 196:1-8. [PMID: 36621554 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Flavan-3-ols, including the flavan-3-ol monomer (-)-epicatechin, are dietary bioactives known to mediate beneficial cardiovascular effects in humans. Recent studies showed that flavan-3-ols could interact with methylxanthines, evidenced by an increase in flavan-3-ol bioavailability with a concomitant increase in flavan-3-ol intake-mediated vascular effects. This study aimed at elucidating flavan-3-ol-methylxanthine interactions in humans in vivo by evaluating the specific contributions of theobromine and caffeine on flavan-3-ol bioavailability. In ileostomists, the effect of methylxanthines on the efflux of flavan-3-ol metabolites in the small intestine was assessed, a parameter important to an understanding of the pharmacokinetics of flavan-3-ols in humans. In a randomized, controlled, triple cross-over study in volunteers with a functional colon (n = 10), co-ingestion of flavan-3-ols and cocoa methylxanthines, mainly represented by theobromine, increased peak circulatory levels (Cmax) of flavan-3-ols metabolites (+21 ± 8%; p < 0.05). Conversely, caffeine did not mediate a statistically significant effect on flavan-3-ol bioavailability (Cmax = +10 ± 8%, p = n.s.). In a subsequent randomized, controlled, double cross-over study in ileostomists (n = 10), cocoa methylxanthines did not affect circulatory levels of flavan-3-ol metabolites, suggesting potential differences in flavan-3-ol bioavailability compared to volunteers with a functional colon. The main metabolite in ileal fluid was (-)-epicatechin-3'-sulfate, however, no differences in flavan-3-ol metabolites in ileal fluid were observed after flavan-3-ol intake with and without cocoa methylxanthines. Taken together, these results demonstrate a differential effect of caffeine and theobromine in modulating flavan-3-ol bioavailability when these bioactives are co-ingested. These findings should be considered when comparing the effects mediated by the intake of flavan-3-ol-containing foods and beverages and the amount and type of methylxanthines present in the ingested matrixes. Ultimately, these insights will be of value to further optimize current dietary recommendations for flavan-3-ol intake. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: This work was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03526107 (study part 1, volunteers with functional colon) and NCT03765606 (study part 2, volunteers with an ileostomy).
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier I Ottaviani
- Mars, Inc., McLean, VA, 22101, USA; Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Reedmond Y Fong
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Gina Borges
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Jennifer Kimball
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Jodi L Ensunsa
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Valentina Medici
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - L Kirsty Pourshahidi
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Emma Kane
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Karen Ward
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Rebecca Durkan
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Sara Dobani
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Roger Lawther
- Altnagelvin Area Hospital, Londonderry, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Gloria O'Connor
- Altnagelvin Area Hospital, Londonderry, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Chris I R Gill
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Hagen Schroeter
- Mars, Inc., McLean, VA, 22101, USA; Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Alan Crozier
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA; Department of Chemistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
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8
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Alonso Torrens A, Mitchell CA, Pourshahidi LK, Murphy BÓ, Allwood W, Rizzetto L, Scholz M, Tuohy K, Pereira-Caro G, Moreno-Rojas JM, McDougall G, Gill CIR. Long-term supplementation with anthocyanin-rich or -poor Rubus idaeus berries does not influence microvascular architecture nor cognitive outcome in the APP/PS-1 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2023; 74:33-50. [PMID: 36450698 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2022.2141209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Disruption of microvascular architecture is a common pathogenic mechanism in the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Given the anti-angiogenic activity of berry (poly)phenols, we investigated whether long-term feeding of Rubus idaeus (raspberries) could ameliorate cerebral microvascular pathology and improve cognition in the APP/PS-1 mouse model of AD. Male C57Bl/6J mice (50 wild type, 50 APP/PS-1) aged 4-months were fed for 24-weeks, with a normal diet enriched with either 100 mg/day glucose (control diet) or supplemented with glucose and freeze-dried anthocyanin-rich (red) or -poor (yellow) raspberries (100 mg/day) and assessed/sampled post intervention. Cerebral microvascular architecture of wild-type mice was characterised by regularly spaced capillaries with uniform diameters, unlike APP/PS-1 transgenic mice which showed dysregulated microvascular architecture. Long-term feeding of raspberries demonstrated limited modulation of microbiota and no substantive effect on microvascular architecture or cognition in either mice model although changes were evident in endogenous cerebral and plasmatic metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Alonso Torrens
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), Centre for Molecular Biosciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Christopher A Mitchell
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), Centre for Molecular Biosciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - L Kirsty Pourshahidi
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), Centre for Molecular Biosciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Brian Óg Murphy
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), Centre for Molecular Biosciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - William Allwood
- Plant Biochemistry and Food Quality Group, Environmental and Biochemical Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, Scotland
| | - Lisa Rizzetto
- Nutrition and Nutrigenomics Unit, Research and Innovation Centre, San Michele all'Adige, Trentino, Italy
| | - Matthias Scholz
- Nutrition and Nutrigenomics Unit, Research and Innovation Centre, San Michele all'Adige, Trentino, Italy
| | - Kieran Tuohy
- Nutrition and Nutrigenomics Unit, Research and Innovation Centre, San Michele all'Adige, Trentino, Italy
| | - Gema Pereira-Caro
- Department of Food Science and Health, Andalusian Institute of Agricultural and Fisheries Research and Training (IFAPA), Alameda del Obispo, Córdoba, Spain.,Foods for Health Group, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
| | - José Manuel Moreno-Rojas
- Department of Food Science and Health, Andalusian Institute of Agricultural and Fisheries Research and Training (IFAPA), Alameda del Obispo, Córdoba, Spain.,Foods for Health Group, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Gordon McDougall
- Plant Biochemistry and Food Quality Group, Environmental and Biochemical Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, Scotland
| | - Chris I R Gill
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), Centre for Molecular Biosciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
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9
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Gilpin V, Surandhiran D, Scott C, Devine A, Cundell JH, Gill CIR, Pourshahidi LK, Davis J. Lasered Graphene Microheaters Modified with Phase-Change Composites: New Approach to Smart Patch Drug Delivery. Micromachines 2022; 13:mi13071132. [PMID: 35888949 PMCID: PMC9319399 DOI: 10.3390/mi13071132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The combination of paraffin wax and O,O′-bis(2-aminopropyl) polypropylene glycol–block–polyethylene glycol–block–polypropylene glycol was used as a phase-change material (PCM) for the controlled delivery of curcumin. The PCM was combined with a graphene-based heater derived from the laser scribing of polyimide film. This assembly provides a new approach to a smart patch through which release can be electronically controlled, allowing repetitive dosing. Rather than relying on passive diffusion, delivery is induced and terminated through the controlled heating of the PCM with transfer only occurring when the PCM transitions from solid to liquid. The material properties of the device and release characteristics of the strategy under repetitive dosing are critically assessed. The delivery yield of curcumin was found to be 3.5 µg (4.5 µg/cm2) per 3 min thermal cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Gilpin
- School of Engineering, Ulster University, Jordanstown BT37 0QB, Northern Ireland, UK; (V.G.); (D.S.); (C.S.); (A.D.)
| | - Deetchaya Surandhiran
- School of Engineering, Ulster University, Jordanstown BT37 0QB, Northern Ireland, UK; (V.G.); (D.S.); (C.S.); (A.D.)
| | - Cameron Scott
- School of Engineering, Ulster University, Jordanstown BT37 0QB, Northern Ireland, UK; (V.G.); (D.S.); (C.S.); (A.D.)
| | - Amy Devine
- School of Engineering, Ulster University, Jordanstown BT37 0QB, Northern Ireland, UK; (V.G.); (D.S.); (C.S.); (A.D.)
| | - Jill H. Cundell
- School of Health Sciences, Ulster University, Jordanstown BT37 0QB, Northern Ireland, UK;
| | - Chris I. R. Gill
- School of Biomolecular Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, UK; (C.I.R.G.); (L.K.P.)
| | - L. Kirsty Pourshahidi
- School of Biomolecular Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, UK; (C.I.R.G.); (L.K.P.)
| | - James Davis
- School of Engineering, Ulster University, Jordanstown BT37 0QB, Northern Ireland, UK; (V.G.); (D.S.); (C.S.); (A.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-(0)-28-953-65211
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10
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Neill HR, Gill CIR, McDonald EJ, McRoberts WC, Pourshahidi LK. Vitamin D Biofortification of Pork May Offer a Food-Based Strategy to Increase Vitamin D Intakes in the UK Population. Front Nutr 2021; 8:777364. [PMID: 34926552 PMCID: PMC8679618 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.777364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypovitaminosis D is prevalent worldwide, with many populations failing to achieve the recommended nutrient intake (RNI) for vitamin D (10-20 μg/day). Owing to low vitamin D intakes, limited exposure to ultraviolet-B (UVB) induced dermal synthesis, lack of mandatory fortification and poor uptake in supplement advice, additional food-based strategies are warranted to enable the UK population to achieve optimal vitamin D intakes, thus reducing musculoskeletal risks or suboptimal immune functioning. The aims of the current study were to (1) determine any changes to vitamin D intake and status over a 9-year period, and (2) apply dietary modeling to predict the impact of vitamin D biofortification of pork and pork products on population intakes. Data from the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey (Year 1-9; 2008/09-2016/17) were analyzed to explore nationally representative mean vitamin D intakes and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations (n = 13,350). Four theoretical dietary scenarios of vitamin D pork biofortification were computed (vitamin D content +50/100/150/200% vs. standard). Vitamin D intake in the UK population has not changed significantly from 2008 to 2017 and in 2016/17, across all age groups, 13.2% were considered deficient [25(OH)D <25 nmol/L]. Theoretically, increasing vitamin D concentrations in biofortified pork by 50, 100, 150, and 200%, would increase vitamin population D intake by 4.9, 10.1, 15.0, and 19.8% respectively. When specifically considering the impact on gender and age, based on the last scenario, a greater relative change was observed in males (22.6%) vs. females (17.8%). The greatest relative change was observed amongst 11-18 year olds (25.2%). Vitamin D intakes have remained stable in the UK for almost a decade, confirming that strategies are urgently required to help the population achieve the RNI for vitamin D. Biofortification of pork meat provides a proof of concept, demonstrating that animal-based strategies may offer an important contribution to help to improve the vitamin D intakes of the UK population, particularly adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly R Neill
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, United Kingdom
| | - Chris I R Gill
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - L Kirsty Pourshahidi
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, United Kingdom
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11
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Bannon CD, Eckenberger J, Snelling WJ, Huseyin CE, Allsopp P, Strain C, Ramnani P, Chitarrari R, Grant J, Hotchkiss S, Philp K, Campbell R, Tuohy KM, Claesson MJ, Ternan NG, Dooley JSG, Sleator RD, Rowland I, Gill CIR. Low-Molecular-Weight Seaweed-Derived Polysaccharides Lead to Increased Faecal Bulk but Do Not Alter Human Gut Health Markers. Foods 2021; 10:foods10122988. [PMID: 34945540 PMCID: PMC8701010 DOI: 10.3390/foods10122988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Seaweeds are potentially sustainable crops and are receiving significant interest because of their rich bioactive compound content; including fatty acids, polyphenols, carotenoids, and complex polysaccharides. However, there is little information on the in vivo effects on gut health of the polysaccharides and their low-molecular-weight derivatives. Herein, we describe the first investigation into the prebiotic potential of low-molecular-weight polysaccharides (LMWPs) derived from alginate and agar in order to validate their in vivo efficacy. We conducted a randomized; placebo-controlled trial testing the impact of alginate and agar LWMPs on faecal weight and other markers of gut health and on composition of gut microbiota. We show that these LMWPs led to significantly increased faecal bulk (20–30%). Analysis of gut microbiome composition by sequencing indicated no significant changes attributable to treatment at the phylum and family level, although FISH analysis showed an increase in Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in subjects consuming agar LMWP. Sequence analysis of gut bacteria corroborated with the FISH data, indicating that alginate and agar LWMPs do not alter human gut microbiome health markers. Crucially, our findings suggest an urgent need for robust and rigorous human in vivo testing—in particular, using refined seaweed extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciara D. Bannon
- The Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Cromore Road, Coleraine, Co., Londonderry BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, UK; (C.D.B.); (W.J.S.); (P.A.); (J.S.G.D.); (C.I.R.G.)
| | - Julia Eckenberger
- School of Microbiology and APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland; (J.E.); (C.E.H.); (M.J.C.)
| | - William John Snelling
- The Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Cromore Road, Coleraine, Co., Londonderry BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, UK; (C.D.B.); (W.J.S.); (P.A.); (J.S.G.D.); (C.I.R.G.)
| | - Chloe Elizabeth Huseyin
- School of Microbiology and APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland; (J.E.); (C.E.H.); (M.J.C.)
| | - Philip Allsopp
- The Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Cromore Road, Coleraine, Co., Londonderry BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, UK; (C.D.B.); (W.J.S.); (P.A.); (J.S.G.D.); (C.I.R.G.)
| | - Conall Strain
- Moorepark Food Research Centre, Teagasc, Fermoy, Co., P61 C966 Cork, Ireland;
| | - Priya Ramnani
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AP, UK; (P.R.); (R.C.); (I.R.)
| | - Roberto Chitarrari
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AP, UK; (P.R.); (R.C.); (I.R.)
| | - John Grant
- Kerry Global Technology and Innovation Centre, Millennium Park, Naas, Co., W91 W923 Kildare, Ireland;
| | - Sarah Hotchkiss
- CyberColloids Ltd., Carrigaline Industrial Estate, Carrigaline, Co., P43 VR72 Cork, Ireland; (S.H.); (K.P.); (R.C.)
| | - Kevin Philp
- CyberColloids Ltd., Carrigaline Industrial Estate, Carrigaline, Co., P43 VR72 Cork, Ireland; (S.H.); (K.P.); (R.C.)
| | - Ross Campbell
- CyberColloids Ltd., Carrigaline Industrial Estate, Carrigaline, Co., P43 VR72 Cork, Ireland; (S.H.); (K.P.); (R.C.)
| | - Kieran Michael Tuohy
- Nutrition and Nutrigenomics Unit, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38098 S. Michele all’Adige, TN, Italy;
| | - Marcus J. Claesson
- School of Microbiology and APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland; (J.E.); (C.E.H.); (M.J.C.)
| | - Nigel George Ternan
- The Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Cromore Road, Coleraine, Co., Londonderry BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, UK; (C.D.B.); (W.J.S.); (P.A.); (J.S.G.D.); (C.I.R.G.)
- Correspondence:
| | - James S. G. Dooley
- The Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Cromore Road, Coleraine, Co., Londonderry BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, UK; (C.D.B.); (W.J.S.); (P.A.); (J.S.G.D.); (C.I.R.G.)
| | - Roy D. Sleator
- Department of Biological Sciences, Munster Technological University, Bishopstown, T12 P928 Cork, Ireland;
| | - Ian Rowland
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AP, UK; (P.R.); (R.C.); (I.R.)
| | - Chris I. R. Gill
- The Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Cromore Road, Coleraine, Co., Londonderry BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, UK; (C.D.B.); (W.J.S.); (P.A.); (J.S.G.D.); (C.I.R.G.)
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12
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Diotallevi C, Fontana M, Latimer C, Ternan NG, Pourshahidi LK, Lawther R, O'Connor G, Conterno L, Gasperotti M, Angeli A, Lotti C, Bianchi M, Vrhovsek U, Fava F, Gobbetti M, Gill CIR, Tuohy KM. Ex Vivo Fecal Fermentation of Human Ileal Fluid Collected After Wild Strawberry Consumption Modulates Human Microbiome Community Structure and Metabolic Output and Protects Against DNA Damage in Colonic Epithelial Cells. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021; 66:e2100405. [PMID: 34821456 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202100405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Wild strawberries (Fragaria vesca) are richer in (poly)phenols than common commercial strawberry varieties, e.g., Fragaria × ananassa. (Poly)phenols and their microbiota-derived metabolites are hypothesized to exert bioactivity within the human gut mucosa. To address this, the effects of wild strawberries are investigated with respect to their bioactivity and microbiota-modulating capacity using both in vitro and ex vivo approaches. METHODS AND RESULTS Ileal fluids collected pre- (0h) and post-consumption (8h) of 225 g wild strawberries by ileostomates (n = 5) and also in vitro digested strawberry varieties (Fragaria vesca and Fragaria × ananassa Duchesne) supernatants are collected. Subsequent fermentation of these supernatants using an in vitro batch culture proximal colon model reveals significant treatment-specific changes in microbiome community structure in terms of alpha but not beta diversity at 24 h. Nutri-kinetic analysis reveals a significant increase in the concentration of gut microbiota catabolites, including 3-(4hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid, 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid, and benzoic acid. Furthermore, post-berry ileal fermentates (24 h) significantly (p < 0.01) decrease DNA damage (% Tail DNA, COMET assay) in both HT29 cells (∼45%) and CCD 841 CoN cells (∼25%) compared to untreated controls. CONCLUSIONS Post berry consumption fermentates exhibit increased overall levels of (poly)phenolic metabolites, which retains their bioactivity, reducing DNA damage in colonocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Diotallevi
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige (TN), Italy.,Freie Universität Bozen-Libera Università di Bolzano, Faculty of Science and Technology, Bolzano (BZ), Italy
| | - Massimiliano Fontana
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige (TN), Italy.,Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Cheryl Latimer
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Nigel G Ternan
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - L Kirsty Pourshahidi
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Roger Lawther
- Altnagelvin Area Hospital, Western Health and Social Care Trust, Londonderry, UK
| | - Gloria O'Connor
- Altnagelvin Area Hospital, Western Health and Social Care Trust, Londonderry, UK
| | - Lorenza Conterno
- Fermentation and Distillation Group, Laimburg Research Centre, Vadena (BZ), Italy
| | - Mattia Gasperotti
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige (TN), Italy
| | - Andrea Angeli
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige (TN), Italy
| | - Cesare Lotti
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige (TN), Italy
| | - Martina Bianchi
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige (TN), Italy
| | - Urska Vrhovsek
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige (TN), Italy
| | - Francesca Fava
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige (TN), Italy
| | - Marco Gobbetti
- Freie Universität Bozen-Libera Università di Bolzano, Faculty of Science and Technology, Bolzano (BZ), Italy
| | - Chris I R Gill
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Kieran M Tuohy
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige (TN), Italy
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13
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Neill HR, Gill CIR, McDonald EJ, McRoberts WC, Pourshahidi LK. The future is bright: Biofortification of common foods can improve vitamin D status. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 63:505-521. [PMID: 34291674 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1950609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency is a global concern, linked to suboptimal musculoskeletal health and immune function, with status inadequacies owing to variations in UV dependent cutaneous synthesis and limited natural dietary sources. Endogenous biofortification, alongside traditional fortification and supplement usage is urgently needed to address this deficit. Evidence reviewed in the current article clearly demonstrates that feed modification and UV radiation, either independently or used in combination, effectively increases vitamin D content of primary produce or ingredients, albeit in the limited range of food vehicles tested to date (beef/pork/chicken/eggs/fish/bread/mushrooms). Fewer human trials have confirmed that consumption of these biofortified foods can increase circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations (n = 10), which is of particular importance to avoid vitamin D status declining to nadir during wintertime. Meat is an unexplored yet plausible food vehicle for vitamin D biofortification, owing, at least in part, to its ubiquitous consumption pattern. Consumption of PUFA-enriched meat in human trials demonstrates efficacy (n = 4), lighting the way for exploration of vitamin D-biofortified meats to enhance consumer vitamin D status. Response to vitamin D-biofortified foods varies by food matrix, with vitamin D3-enriched animal-based foods observing the greatest effect in maintaining or elevating 25(OH)D concentrations. Generally, the efficacy of biofortification appears to vary dependent upon vitamer selected for animal feed supplementation (vitamin D2 or D3, or 25(OH)D), baseline participant status and the bioaccessibility from the food matrix. Further research in the form of robust human clinical trials are required to explore the contribution of biofortified foods to vitamin D status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly R Neill
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, UK
| | - Chris I R Gill
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, UK
| | | | | | - L Kirsty Pourshahidi
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, UK
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14
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Tagliamonte S, Gill CIR, Pourshahidi LK, Slevin MM, Price RK, Ferracane R, Lawther R, O'Connor G, Vitaglione P. Endocannabinoids, endocannabinoid-like molecules and their precursors in human small intestinal lumen and plasma: does diet affect them? Eur J Nutr 2020; 60:2203-2215. [PMID: 33104865 PMCID: PMC8137602 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-020-02398-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the small intestinal concentration of endocannabinoids (ECs), N-acylethanolamines (NAEs) and their precursors N-acylphosphatidylethanolamines (NAPEs) in humans. To identify relationships between those concentrations and habitual diet composition as well as individual inflammatory status. METHODS An observational study was performed involving 35 participants with an ileostomy (18W/17M, aged 18-70 years, BMI 17-40 kg/m2). Overnight fasting samples of ileal fluid and plasma were collected and ECs, NAEs and NAPEs concentrations were determined by LC-HRMS. Dietary data were estimated from self-reported 4-day food diaries. RESULTS Regarding ECs, N-arachidonoylethanolamide (AEA) was not detected in ileal fluids while 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) was identified in samples from two participants with a maximum concentration of 129.3 µg/mL. In contrast, mean plasma concentration of AEA was 2.1 ± 0.06 ng/mL and 2-AG was 4.9 ± 1.05 ng/mL. NAEs concentrations were in the range 0.72-17.6 µg/mL in ileal fluids and 0.014-0.039 µg/mL in plasma. NAPEs concentrations were in the range 0.3-71.5 µg/mL in ileal fluids and 0.19-1.24 µg/mL in plasma being more abundant in participants with obesity than normal weight and overweight. Significant correlations between the concentrations of AEA, OEA and LEA in biological fluids with habitual energy or fat intakes were identified. Plasma PEA positively correlated with serum C-reactive protein. CONCLUSION We quantified ECs, NAEs and NAPEs in the intestinal lumen. Fat and energy intake may influence plasma and intestinal concentrations of these compounds. The luminal concentrations reported would allow modulation of the homeostatic control of food intake via activation of GPR119 receptors located on the gastro-intestinal mucosa. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY NUMBER AND WEBSITE NCT04143139; www.clinicaltrials.gov .
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Tagliamonte
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Università 100, 80055, Portici, NA, Italy
| | - Chris I R Gill
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, UK
| | - L Kirsty Pourshahidi
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, UK
| | - Mary M Slevin
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, UK
| | - Ruth K Price
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, UK
| | - Rosalia Ferracane
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Università 100, 80055, Portici, NA, Italy
| | - Roger Lawther
- Altnagelvin Area Hospital, Western Health and Social Care Trust, Glenshane Road, Londonderry, UK
| | - Gloria O'Connor
- Altnagelvin Area Hospital, Western Health and Social Care Trust, Glenshane Road, Londonderry, UK
| | - Paola Vitaglione
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Università 100, 80055, Portici, NA, Italy.
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15
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Koper JEB, Kortekaas M, Loonen LMP, Huang Z, Wells JM, Gill CIR, Pourshahidi LK, McDougall G, Rowland I, Pereira-Caro G, Fogliano V, Capuano E. Aryl hydrocarbon Receptor activation during in vitro and in vivo digestion of raw and cooked broccoli (brassica oleracea var. Italica). Food Funct 2020; 11:4026-4037. [PMID: 32323699 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo00472c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Broccoli is rich in glucosinolates, which can be converted upon chewing and processing into Aryl hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR) ligands. Activation of AhR plays an important role in overall gut homeostasis but the role of broccoli processing on the generation of AhR ligands is still largely unknown. In this study, the effects of temperature, cooking method (steaming versus boiling), gastric pH and further digestion of broccoli on AhR activation were investigated in vitro and in ileostomy subjects. For the in vitro study, raw, steamed (t = 3 min and t = 6 min) and boiled (t = 3 min and t = 6 min) broccoli were digested in vitro with different gastric pH. In the in vivo ileostomy study, 8 subjects received a broccoli soup or a broccoli soup plus an exogenous myrosinase source. AhR activation was measured in both in vitro and in vivo samples by using HepG2-Lucia™ AhR reporter cells. Cooking broccoli reduced the AhR activation measured after gastric digestion in vitro, but no effect of gastric pH was found. Indole AhR ligands were not detected or detected at very low levels both after intestinal in vitro digestion and in the ileostomy patient samples, which resulted in no AhR activation. This suggests that the evaluation of the relevance of glucosinolates for AhR modulation in the gut cannot prescind from the way broccoli is processed, and that broccoli consumption does not necessarily produce substantial amounts of AhR ligands in the large intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonna E B Koper
- Wageningen University, Department of Agrotechnology & Food Sciences, The Netherlands.
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16
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Mena P, Bresciani L, Brindani N, Ludwig IA, Pereira-Caro G, Angelino D, Llorach R, Calani L, Brighenti F, Clifford MN, Gill CIR, Crozier A, Curti C, Del Rio D. Phenyl-γ-valerolactones and phenylvaleric acids, the main colonic metabolites of flavan-3-ols: synthesis, analysis, bioavailability, and bioactivity. Nat Prod Rep 2019; 36:714-752. [PMID: 30468210 DOI: 10.1039/c8np00062j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 1958 to June 2018 Phenyl-γ-valerolactones (PVLs) and their related phenylvaleric acids (PVAs) are the main metabolites of flavan-3-ols, the major class of flavonoids in the human diet. Despite their presumed importance, these gut microbiota-derived compounds have, to date, in terms of biological activity, been considered subordinate to their parent dietary compounds, the flavan-3-ol monomers and proanthocyanidins. In this review, the role and prospects of PVLs and PVAs as key metabolites in the understanding of the health features of flavan-3-ols have been critically assessed. Among the topics covered, are proposals for a standardised nomenclature for PVLs and PVAs. The formation, bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of PVLs and PVAs from different types of flavan-3-ols are discussed, taking into account in vitro and animal studies, as well as inter-individual differences and the existence of putative flavan-3-ol metabotypes. Synthetic strategies used for the preparation of PVLs are considered and the methodologies for their identification and quantification assessed. Metabolomic approaches unravelling the role of PVLs and PVAs as biomarkers of intake are also described. Finally, the biological activity of these microbial catabolites in different experimental models is summarised. Knowledge gaps and future research are considered in this key area of dietary (poly)phenol research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Mena
- Department of Food & Drugs, University of Parma, Via Volturno 39, 43125 Parma, Italy.
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De Santiago E, Gill CIR, Carafa I, Tuohy KM, De Peña MP, Cid C. Digestion and Colonic Fermentation of Raw and Cooked Opuntia ficus-indica Cladodes Impacts Bioaccessibility and Bioactivity. J Agric Food Chem 2019; 67:2490-2499. [PMID: 30757900 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b06480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The bioactivity of (poly)phenols from a food is an interplay between the cooking methods applied and the interaction of the food with the gastrointestinal tract. The (poly)phenolic profile and biological activity of raw and cooked cactus ( Opuntia ficus-indica Mill.) cladodes following in vitro digestion and colonic fermentation were evaluated. Twenty-seven (poly)phenols were identified and quantified by HPLC-ESI-MS, with piscidic acid being the most abundant. Throughout the colonic fermentation, flavonoids showed more degradation than phenolic acids, and eucomic acid remained the most relevant after 24 h. The catabolite 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid was generated after 24 h of fermentation. Cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and cell cycle analyses were performed in HT29 cells. Cactus colonic fermentates showed higher cell viability (≥80%) in comparison to the control fermentation with no cactus and significantly ( p < 0.05) reduced H2O2-induced DNA damage in HT29 cells. Results suggest that, although phenolic compounds were degraded during the colonic fermentation, the biological activity is retained in colon cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsy De Santiago
- Universidad de Navarra , Facultad de Farmacia y Nutrición, Departamento de Ciencias de la Alimentación y Fisiología , C/Irunlarrea 1 , E-31008 Pamplona , Spain
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research , Pamplona , Spain
| | - Chris I R Gill
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health, Centre for Molecular Biosciences , University of Ulster , Cromore Road , Coleraine , Northern Ireland BT52 1SA , United Kingdom
| | - Ilaria Carafa
- Nutrition & Nutrigenomics Unit, Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre , Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM) , Via E. Mach 1 , 38010 , San Michele all'Adige, Trento , Italy
| | - Kieran M Tuohy
- Nutrition & Nutrigenomics Unit, Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre , Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM) , Via E. Mach 1 , 38010 , San Michele all'Adige, Trento , Italy
| | - María-Paz De Peña
- Universidad de Navarra , Facultad de Farmacia y Nutrición, Departamento de Ciencias de la Alimentación y Fisiología , C/Irunlarrea 1 , E-31008 Pamplona , Spain
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research , Pamplona , Spain
| | - Concepción Cid
- Universidad de Navarra , Facultad de Farmacia y Nutrición, Departamento de Ciencias de la Alimentación y Fisiología , C/Irunlarrea 1 , E-31008 Pamplona , Spain
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research , Pamplona , Spain
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Oliveira D, Latimer C, Parpot P, Gill CIR, Oliveira R. Antioxidant and antigenotoxic activities of Ginkgo biloba L. leaf extract are retained after in vitro gastrointestinal digestive conditions. Eur J Nutr 2019; 59:465-476. [PMID: 30721412 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-019-01915-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The recognized biological properties of Ginkgo biloba extracts potentiate their utilization as an ingredient for functional foods. However, the digestive conditions can affect the chemical composition of the extracts and consequently their biological properties, which can lead to food safety problems. Thus, the impact of in vitro-simulated upper gastrointestinal tract digestion on the chemical composition and bioactivity of Ginkgo biloba leaf extract (GBE) was evaluated. METHODS Physicochemical conditions of human digestion were simulated in vitro, and its impact on the chemical composition of GBE was investigated by electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry. The persistence of bioactivity was investigated by subjecting GBE and the in vitro digested extract (DGBE) to the same methodology. Antioxidant properties were assessed using 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate to measure the intracellular oxidation of Schizosaccharomyces pombe cells pre-incubated with GBE or DGBE and exposed to H2O2. Antigenotoxicity was tested by comet assay in HT-29 colon cancer cells pre-incubated with GBE or DGBE and challenged with H2O2. RESULTS The chemical analysis revealed a considerable change in chemical composition upon digestion. Pre-incubation with GBE or DGBE attenuated the H2O2-imposed intracellular oxidation in wild-type S. pombe cells, unlike the oxidative stress response-affected mutants sty1 and pap1, and decreased H2O2-induced DNA damage in HT-29 cells. The extracts did not induce toxicity in these eukaryotic models. CONCLUSION The chemical composition of GBE was affected by in vitro digestion, but the antioxidant and antigenotoxic activities persisted. Therefore, G. biloba extract may be suitable for use as food additive and contribute to a healthy colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Oliveira
- Department of Biology, Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Cheryl Latimer
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health, Centre for Molecular Biosciences, University of Ulster, Cromore Road, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, BT52 1SA, UK
| | - Pier Parpot
- Centre of Chemistry, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.,Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Chris I R Gill
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health, Centre for Molecular Biosciences, University of Ulster, Cromore Road, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, BT52 1SA, UK
| | - Rui Oliveira
- Department of Biology, Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal. .,Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.
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Baldrick FR, McFadden K, Ibars M, Sung C, Moffatt T, Megarry K, Thomas K, Mitchell P, Wallace JMW, Pourshahidi LK, Ternan NG, Corona G, Spencer J, Yaqoob P, Hotchkiss S, Campbell R, Moreno-Rojas JM, Cuevas FJ, Pereira-Caro G, Rowland I, Gill CIR. Impact of a (poly)phenol-rich extract from the brown algae Ascophyllum nodosum on DNA damage and antioxidant activity in an overweight or obese population: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2018; 108:688-700. [PMID: 30321272 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqy147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epidemiologic evidence suggests that a diet rich in (poly)phenols has beneficial effects on many chronic diseases. Brown seaweed is a rich source of (poly)phenols. Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the bioavailability and effect of a brown seaweed (Ascophyllum nodosum) (poly)phenol extract on DNA damage, oxidative stress, and inflammation in vivo. Design A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial was conducted in 80 participants aged 30-65 y with a body mass index (in kg/m2) ≥25. The participants consumed either a 400-mg capsule containing 100 mg seaweed (poly)phenol and 300 mg maltodextrin or a 400-mg maltodextrin placebo control capsule daily for an 8-wk period. Bioactivity was assessed with a panel of blood-based markers including lymphocyte DNA damage, plasma oxidant capacity, C-reactive protein (CRP), and inflammatory cytokines. To explore the bioavailability of seaweed phenolics, an untargeted metabolomics analysis of urine and plasma samples after seaweed consumption was determined by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry. Results Consumption of the seaweed (poly)phenols resulted in a modest decrease in DNA damage but only in a subset of the total population who were obese. There were no significant changes in CRP, antioxidant status, or inflammatory cytokines. We identified phlorotannin metabolites that are considered potential biomarkers of seaweed consumption including pyrogallol/phloroglucinol-sulfate, hydroxytrifurahol A-glucuronide, dioxinodehydroeckol-glucuronide, diphlorethol sulfates, C-O-C dimer of phloroglucinol sulfate, and C-O-C dimer of phloroglucinol. Conclusions To the best of our knowledge, this work represents the first comprehensive study investigating the bioactivity and bioavailability of seaweed (poly)phenolics in human participants. We identified several potential biomarkers of seaweed consumption. Intriguingly, the modest improvements in DNA damage were observed only in the obese subset of the total population. The subgroup analysis should be considered exploratory because it was not preplanned; therefore, it was not powered adequately. Elucidation of the biology underpinning this observation will require participant stratification according to weight in future studies. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02295878.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francina R Baldrick
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health, University of Ulster, Coleraine, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin McFadden
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health, University of Ulster, Coleraine, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Ibars
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health, University of Ulster, Coleraine, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Sung
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health, University of Ulster, Coleraine, United Kingdom
| | - Tanya Moffatt
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health, University of Ulster, Coleraine, United Kingdom
| | - Kate Megarry
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health, University of Ulster, Coleraine, United Kingdom
| | - Keith Thomas
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Centre for Molecular Biosciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Mitchell
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health, University of Ulster, Coleraine, United Kingdom
| | - Julie M W Wallace
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health, University of Ulster, Coleraine, United Kingdom
| | - L Kirsty Pourshahidi
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health, University of Ulster, Coleraine, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel G Ternan
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health, University of Ulster, Coleraine, United Kingdom
| | - Giulia Corona
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
- Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Roehampton, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy Spencer
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Parveen Yaqoob
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Hotchkiss
- CyberColloids Ltd., Carrigaline Industrial Estate, Carrigaline, Ireland
| | - Ross Campbell
- CyberColloids Ltd., Carrigaline Industrial Estate, Carrigaline, Ireland
| | | | | | - Gema Pereira-Caro
- Department of Food Science and Health, IFAPA-Alameda del Obispo, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Ian Rowland
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Chris I R Gill
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health, University of Ulster, Coleraine, United Kingdom
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McDougall GJ, Allwood JW, Pereira-Caro G, Brown EM, Latimer C, Dobson G, Stewart D, Ternan NG, Lawther R, O'Connor G, Rowland I, Crozier A, Gill CIR. The composition of potentially bioactive triterpenoid glycosides in red raspberry is influenced by tissue, extraction procedure and genotype. Food Funct 2018; 8:3469-3479. [PMID: 28884768 DOI: 10.1039/c7fo00846e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The beneficial effects of consumption of berry fruits on a range of chronic diseases has been attributed (at least in part) to the presence of unique phytochemicals. Recently, we identified novel ursolic acid-based triterpenoid glycosides (TTPNs) in raspberry fruit and demonstrated their survival in human ileal fluids after feeding which confirmed their colon-availability in vivo. In this paper, in vitro digestion studies demonstrated that certain TTPNs were stable under gastrointestinal conditions and confirmed that these components may have been responsible for bioactivity noted in previous studies. Sequential extractions of raspberry puree, isolated seeds and unseeded puree showed that certain TTPN components (e.g. peak T1 m/z 679, and T2 m/z 1358) had different extractabilities in water/solvent mixes and were differentially associated with the seeds. Purified seed TTPNs (mainly T1 and T2) were shown to be anti-genotoxic in HT29 and CCD841 cell based in vitro colonocyte models. Further work confirmed that the seeds contained a wider range of TTPN-like components which were also differentially extractable in water/solvent mixes. This differential extractability could influence the TTPN composition and potential bioactivity of the extracts. There was considerable variation in total content of TTPNs (∼3-fold) and TTPN composition across 13 Rubus genotypes. Thus, TTPNs are likely to be present in raspberry juices and common extracts used for bioactivity studies and substantial variation exists in both content and composition due to genetics, tissue source or extraction conditions, which may all affect observed bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon J McDougall
- Environmental and Biochemical Sciences Group, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, Scotland, UK.
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Murray J, Muruko T, Gill CIR, Kearney MP, Farren D, Scott MG, McMullan G, Ternan NG. Evaluation of bactericidal and anti-biofilm properties of a novel surface-active organosilane biocide against healthcare associated pathogens and Pseudomonas aeruginosa biolfilm. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182624. [PMID: 28787014 PMCID: PMC5546580 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Healthcare acquired infections (HAI) pose a great threat in hospital settings and environmental contamination can be attributed to the spread of these. De-contamination and, significantly, prevention of re-contamination of the environment could help in preventing/reducing this threat. Goldshield (GS5) is a novel organosilane biocide marketed as a single application product with residual biocidal activity. We tested the hypothesis that GS5 could provide longer-term residual antimicrobial activity than existing disinfectants once applied to surfaces. Thus, the residual bactericidal properties of GS5, Actichlor and Distel against repeated challenge with Staphylococcus aureus ATCC43300 were tested, and showed that GS5 alone exhibited longer-term bactericidal activity for up to 6 days on 316I stainless steel surfaces. Having established efficacy against S. aureus, we tested GS5 against common healthcare acquired pathogens, and demonstrated that, on average, a 1 log10 bactericidal effect was exhibited by GS5 treated surfaces, although biocidal activity varied depending upon the surface type and the species of bacteria. The ability of GS5 to prevent Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm formation was measured in standard microtitre plate assays, where it had no significant effect on either biofilm formation or development. Taken together the data suggests that GS5 treatment of surfaces may be a useful means to reducing bacterial contamination in the context of infection control practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Murray
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for food and HEalth (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Co. Londonderry, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Tendai Muruko
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for food and HEalth (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Co. Londonderry, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Chris I. R. Gill
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for food and HEalth (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Co. Londonderry, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - M. Patricia Kearney
- Northern Health and Social Care Trust, Antrim area Hospital, Bush House, Antrim, Co. Antrim, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - David Farren
- Northern Health and Social Care Trust, Antrim area Hospital, Bush House, Antrim, Co. Antrim, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Michael G. Scott
- Northern Health and Social Care Trust, Antrim area Hospital, Bush House, Antrim, Co. Antrim, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Geoff McMullan
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Medical Biology Centre, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel G. Ternan
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for food and HEalth (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Co. Londonderry, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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22
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McDougall GJ, Allwood JW, Pereira-Caro G, Brown EM, Verrall S, Stewart D, Latimer C, McMullan G, Lawther R, O'Connor G, Rowland I, Crozier A, Gill CIR. Novel colon-available triterpenoids identified in raspberry fruits exhibit antigenotoxic activities in vitro. Mol Nutr Food Res 2016; 61. [PMID: 27613504 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201600327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Ileostomy studies provide a unique insight into digestion of food, allowing identification of physiologically relevant dietary phytochemicals and their metabolites important to gut health. We previously reported the consistent increase of components in ileal fluids of ileostomates after consumption of raspberries with use of nontargeted LC-MSn techniques and data deconvolution software highlighting two major unknown components (m/z 355 and 679). METHODS AND RESULTS In-depth LC-MSn analyses suggested that the ileal m/z 355 components were p-coumaroyl glucarates. These compounds have not been identified previously and were confirmed in raspberry extracts after partial purification. The major ileal component with m/z 679 was a glycoside with an aglycone of m/z 517 and was present as two peaks in extracts of whole puree, unseeded puree, and isolated seeds. These components were purified using Sephadex LH20 and C18 SPE units and identified as major, novel raspberry triterpenoid glycosides. This triterpenoid-enriched fraction (100 nM) protected against H2 O2 -induced DNA damage in both colon cancer and normal cell lines and altered expression of cytoprotective genes. CONCLUSION The presence of these novel raspberry triterpenoid components in ileal fluids indicates that they would be colon-available in vivo, so confirmation of their anticancer bioactivities is of key physiological relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon J McDougall
- Environmental and Biochemical Sciences Group, Enhancing Crop Productivity and Utilisation Theme, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee, Scotland
| | - J William Allwood
- Environmental and Biochemical Sciences Group, Enhancing Crop Productivity and Utilisation Theme, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee, Scotland
| | - Gema Pereira-Caro
- Postharvest, Technology and Agrifood Industry Area, IFAPA, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Emma M Brown
- Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health, Centre for Molecular Biosciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Susan Verrall
- Environmental and Biochemical Sciences Group, Enhancing Crop Productivity and Utilisation Theme, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee, Scotland
| | - Derek Stewart
- Environmental and Biochemical Sciences Group, Enhancing Crop Productivity and Utilisation Theme, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee, Scotland.,NIBIO, Norsk Institut for Bioøkonomi, Bodø, Norway
| | - Cheryl Latimer
- Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health, Centre for Molecular Biosciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Geoff McMullan
- Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health, Centre for Molecular Biosciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Roger Lawther
- Altnagelvin Area Hospital, Western Health and Social Care Trust, Londonderry, UK
| | - Gloria O'Connor
- Altnagelvin Area Hospital, Western Health and Social Care Trust, Londonderry, UK
| | - Ian Rowland
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Alan Crozier
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Chris I R Gill
- Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health, Centre for Molecular Biosciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
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McDougall GJ, Allwood JW, Pereira-Caro G, Brown EM, Ternan N, Verrall S, Stewart D, Lawther R, O'Connor G, Rowland I, Crozier A, Gill CIR. Nontargeted LC-MS n Profiling of Compounds in Ileal Fluids That Decrease after Raspberry Intake Identifies Consistent Alterations in Bile Acid Composition. J Nat Prod 2016; 79:2606-2615. [PMID: 27643821 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6b00532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ileostomy studies provide a unique insight into the digestion of foods, allowing identification of physiologically relevant dietary phytochemicals and their metabolites that are important to gut health. We previously reported an increase of components, including novel triterpenoids, in ileal fluids of 11 ileostomates following consumption of raspberries using nontargeted LC-MSn techniques in combination with data deconvolution software. The current study focused on components that consistently decreased postsupplementation. After data deconvolution, 32 components were identified that met exclusion parameters of m/z signals and which decreased significantly in ileal fluids from eight of 11 participants post-raspberry supplementation. Two-thirds of these components were identified putatively from their MS properties. Consistent decreases were observed in components that possibly reflected "washing out" of presupplementation intake of common foods/drinks including (poly)phenol metabolites. Metabolites associated with fat metabolism such as hydroxylated fatty acids and cholate-type bile acids were specifically reduced. However, more directed re-examination of the data revealed that although some cholates were consistently reduced, the more polar glyco- and tauro-linked bile acid derivatives increased consistently, by as much as 100-fold over presupplementation levels. The possible reasons for these substantial alterations in bile acid composition in ileal fluids in response to raspberry intake are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon J McDougall
- Environmental and Biochemical Sciences Group, The James Hutton Institute , Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, Scotland
| | - J William Allwood
- Environmental and Biochemical Sciences Group, The James Hutton Institute , Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, Scotland
| | - Gema Pereira-Caro
- Postharvest, Technology and Agrifood Industry Area, IFAPA , Córdoba, Spain
| | - Emma M Brown
- Centre for Molecular Biosciences, University of Ulster , Coleraine, BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland
| | - Nigel Ternan
- Altnagelvin Area Hospital, Western Health and Social Care Trust , Londonderry, BT47 6SB, Northern Ireland
| | - Susan Verrall
- Environmental and Biochemical Sciences Group, The James Hutton Institute , Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, Scotland
| | - Derek Stewart
- Environmental and Biochemical Sciences Group, The James Hutton Institute , Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, Scotland
- School of Life Sciences, Heriot-Watt University , Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, Scotland
| | - Roger Lawther
- Altnagelvin Area Hospital, Western Health and Social Care Trust , Londonderry, BT47 6SB, Northern Ireland
| | - Gloria O'Connor
- Altnagelvin Area Hospital, Western Health and Social Care Trust , Londonderry, BT47 6SB, Northern Ireland
| | - Ian Rowland
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading , Reading, RG6 6AP, England
| | - Alan Crozier
- Department of Nutrition, University of California , Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Chris I R Gill
- Centre for Molecular Biosciences, University of Ulster , Coleraine, BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland
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Hashim YZHY, Worthington J, Allsopp P, Ternan NG, Brown EM, McCann MJ, Rowland IR, Esposto S, Servili M, Gill CIR. Virgin olive oil phenolics extract inhibit invasion of HT115 human colon cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Food Funct 2015; 5:1513-9. [PMID: 24836598 DOI: 10.1039/c4fo00090k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The decreased cancer risk associated with consumption of olive oil may be due to the presence of phenolics which can modulate pathways including apoptosis and invasion that are relevant to carcinogenesis. We have previously shown that a virgin olive oil phenolics extract (OVP) inhibited invasion of HT115 colon cancer cells in vitro. In the current study we assessed the in vitro effects of OVP (25 μg mL(-1)) on HT115 cell migration, spreading and integrin expression. Furthermore, the anti-metastatic activity of OVP - at a dose equivalent to 25 mg per kg per day for 2, 8 or 10 weeks - was assessed in a Severe Combined ImmunoDeficiency (SCID) Balb-c mouse model. After 24 h OVP did not inhibit cell migration but significantly reduced cell spreading on fibronectin (65% of control; p < 0.05) and expression of a range of α and β integrins was modulated. In vivo, OVP by gavage significantly (p < 0.05) decreased not only tumour volume but also the number of metastases in SCID Balb-c mice. Collectively, the data suggest that - possibly through modulation of integrin expression - OVP decreases invasion in vitro and also inhibits metastasis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Z H-Y Hashim
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Kulliyyah of Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia, P.O. Box 10, 50728 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Brown EM, Nitecki S, Pereira-Caro G, McDougall GJ, Stewart D, Rowland I, Crozier A, Gill CIR. Comparison of in vivo and in vitro digestion on polyphenol composition in lingonberries: potential impact on colonic health. Biofactors 2014; 40:611-23. [PMID: 25359330 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The composition of polyphenols in ileal fluid samples obtained from an ileostomy subject after lingonberry intake was compared with lingonberry extracts obtained after simulated in vitro digestion (IVDL) and subsequent faecal fermentation (IVFL). HPLC-PDA-MS/MS analysis confirmed similar patterns of lingonberry (poly)phenolic metabolism after the in vivo and in vitro digestion, with reduced recovery of anthocyanins and a similar pattern of recovery for proanthocyanidins observed for both methods of digestion. On the other hand, the IVFL sample contained none of the original (poly)phenolic components but was enriched in simple aromatic components. Digested and fermented extracts exhibited significant (P < 0.05) anti-genotoxic (Comet assay), anti-mutagenic (Mutation Frequency assay), and anti-invasive (Matrigel Invasion assay) effects in human cell culture models of colorectal cancer at physiologically-relevant doses (0-50 μg/mL gallic acid equivalents). The ileal fluid induced significant anti-genotoxic activity (P < 0.05), but at a higher concentration (200 μg/mL gallic acid equivalents) than the IVDL. Despite extensive structural modification following digestion and fermentation, lingonberry extracts retained their bioactivity in vitro. This reinforces the need for studies to consider the impact of digestion when investigating bioactivity of dietary phytochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma M Brown
- Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health, Centre for Molecular Biosciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
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McDougall GJ, Conner S, Pereira-Caro G, Gonzalez-Barrio R, Brown EM, Verrall S, Stewart D, Moffet T, Ibars M, Lawther R, O'Connor G, Rowland I, Crozier A, Gill CIR. Tracking (Poly)phenol components from raspberries in ileal fluid. J Agric Food Chem 2014; 62:7631-7641. [PMID: 24998385 DOI: 10.1021/jf502259j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The (poly)phenols in ileal fluid after ingestion of raspberries were analyzed by targeted and nontargeted LC-MS(n) approaches. Targeted approaches identified major anthocyanin and ellagitannin components at varying recoveries and with considerable interindividual variation. Nontargeted LC-MS(n) analysis using an orbitrap mass spectrometer gave exact mass MS data which were sifted using a software program to select peaks that changed significantly after supplementation. This method confirmed the recovery of the targeted components but also identified novel raspberry-specific metabolites. Some components (including ellagitannin and previously unidentified proanthocyanidin derivatives) may have arisen from raspberry seeds that survived intact in ileal samples. Other components include potential breakdown products of anthocyanins, unidentified components, and phenolic metabolites formed either in the gut epithelia or after absorption into the circulatory system and efflux back into the gut lumen. The possible physiological roles of the ileal metabolites in the large bowel are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon J McDougall
- Enhancing Crop Productivity and Utilisation Theme, Environmental and Biochemical Sciences Group, The James Hutton Institute , Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, Scotland
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Brown EM, Latimer C, Allsopp P, Ternan NG, McMullan G, McDougall GJ, Stewart D, Crozier A, Rowland I, Gill CIR. In vitro and in vivo models of colorectal cancer: antigenotoxic activity of berries. J Agric Food Chem 2014; 62:3852-3866. [PMID: 24447259 DOI: 10.1021/jf4050759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The etiology of colorectal cancer (CRC), a common cause of cancer-related mortality globally, has strong associations with diet. There is considerable epidemiological evidence that fruits and vegetables are associated with reduced risk of CRC. This paper reviews the extensive evidence, both from in vitro studies and animal models, that components of berry fruits can modulate biomarkers of DNA damage and that these effects may be potentially chemoprotective, given the likely role that oxidative damage plays in mutation rate and cancer risk. Human intervention trials with berries are generally consistent in indicating a capacity to significantly decrease oxidative damage to DNA, but represent limited evidence for anticarcinogenicity, relying as they do on surrogate risk markers. To understand the effects of berry consumption on colorectal cancer risk, future studies will need to be well controlled, with defined berry extracts, using suitable and clinically relevant end points and considering the importance of the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma M Brown
- Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health, Centre for Molecular Biosciences, University of Ulster , Cromore Road, Coleraine, Northern Ireland BT52 1SA, U.K
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Brown EM, Gill CIR, McDougall GJ, Stewart D. Mechanisms underlying the anti-proliferative effects of berry components in in vitro models of colon cancer. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2012; 13:200-9. [PMID: 21466426 DOI: 10.2174/138920112798868773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2010] [Revised: 10/11/2010] [Accepted: 10/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Consumption of fruit and vegetables is associated with a decreased risk of several cancers, particularly colorectal cancer, possibly linked to their phytochemical content, which is of interest due to several proposed health benefits, including potential anticancer activity. Epidemiological data suggests that cancers of the digestive tract are most susceptible to dietary modification, possibly due to being in direct contact with bioactive food constituents and therefore investigating the effects of these bioactive compounds on the prevalent colorectal cancer is feasible. Berries are a common element of Western diets, with members of the Rubus, Fragria, Sorbus, Ribes and Vaccinum genus featuring in desserts, preserves, yoghurts and juices. These soft fruit are rich in bioactive phytochemicals including several classes of phenolic compounds such as flavonoids (anthocyanins, flavonols and flavanols) and phenolic acids (hydroxybenzoic and hydroxycinnamic acids). Whilst there is little data linking berry consumption to reduced risk of colorectal cancer, in vitro evidence from models representing colorectal cancer suggests that berry polyphenols may modulate cellular processes essential for cancer cell survival, such as proliferation and apoptosis. The exact mechanisms and berry constituents responsible for these potential anticancer activities remain unknown, but use of in vitro models provides a means to elucidate these matters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma M Brown
- Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health, Centre for Molecular Biosciences, University of Ulster, Cromore Road, Coleraine, Northern Ireland BT52 1SA, UK.
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Gill CIR, McDougall GJ, Glidewell S, Stewart D, Shen Q, Tuohy K, Dobbin A, Boyd A, Brown E, Haldar S, Rowland IR. Profiling of phenols in human fecal water after raspberry supplementation. J Agric Food Chem 2010; 58:10389-10395. [PMID: 20809621 DOI: 10.1021/jf1017143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The phenolic compositions of fecal water samples from ten free-living human subjects without marked dietary restrictions were monitored before and after intake of raspberry puree (200 g/day, 4 days) using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. No single phenolic component was increased in all subjects after intake, but a majority of subjects had significant elevations in phenylacetic acid (7/10), 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (6/10), 3-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (5/10), 3-phenylpropionic acid and 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid. The levels of 3,4-dihydroxbenzoic acid were elevated in 8/10 subjects, significantly for 6 subjects (p < 0.05), and not significantly reduced in the other 2 subjects. In addition, unlike most other fecal metabolites, the increase was always >2-fold. This metabolite may be representative of the increased colonic dose of cyanidin anthocyanins. The colonic microbiota varied greatly between individuals, and supplementation with raspberries did not produce any statistically significant alterations in the profile of colonic bacteria, nor was a common pattern revealed to account for the interindividual variations observed in the fecal water phenolic profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris I R Gill
- Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health, Centre for Molecular Biosciences, University of Ulster, Cromore Road, Coleraine, N Ireland BT52 1SA, UK.
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Hofmann T, Klenow S, Borowicki A, Gill CIR, Pool-Zobel BL, Glei M. Gene expression profiles in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells as biomarkers for nutritional in vitro and in vivo investigations. Genes Nutr 2010; 5:309-19. [PMID: 21189867 DOI: 10.1007/s12263-010-0170-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2009] [Accepted: 01/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Identification of chemopreventive substances may be achieved by measuring biological endpoints in human cells in vitro. Since generally only tumour cells are available for such investigations, our aim was to test the applicability of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) as an in vitro primary cell model since they mimic the human in vivo situation and are relatively easily available. Cell culture conditions were refined, and the basal variation of gene expression related to drug metabolism and stress response was determined. Results were compared with profiles of an established human colon cell line (HT29) as standard. For biomarker development of nutritional effects, PBMC and HT29 cells were treated with potentially chemopreventive substances (chrysin and butyrate), and gene expression was determined. Key results were that relevant stress response genes, such as glutathione S-transferase T2 (GSTT2) and GSTM2, were modulated by butyrate in PBMC as in HT29 cells, but the blood cells were less sensitive and responded with high individual differences. We conclude that these cells may serve as a surrogate tissue in dietary investigations and the identified differentially expressed genes have the potential to become marker genes for population studies on biological effects.
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Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer incidence worldwide. Lifestyle factors, especially dietary intake, affect the risk of CRC development. Suitable risk biomarkers are required in order to assess the effect that specific dietary components have on CRC risk. The relationship between dietary intake and indicators of fecal water activity has been assessed using cell and animal models as well as human studies. This review summarizes the literature on fecal water and dietary components with a view to establishing further the potential role of fecal water as a source of CRC risk biomarkers. The literature indicates that fecal water activity markers are affected by specific dietary components linked with CRC risk: red meat, saturated fats, bile acids, and fatty acids are associated with an increase in fecal water toxicity, while the converse appears to be true for calcium, probiotics, and prebiotics. However, it must be acknowledged that the study of fecal water is still in its infancy and a number of issues need to be addressed before its usefulness can be truly gauged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R Pearson
- Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), University of Ulster-Coleraine, Cromore Road, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK.
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McCann MJ, Gill CIR, Linton T, Berrar D, McGlynn H, Rowland IR. Enterolactone restricts the proliferation of the LNCaP human prostate cancer cell line in vitro. Mol Nutr Food Res 2008; 52:567-80. [PMID: 18398867 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200700052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Ecological data suggest a long-term diet high in plant material rich in biologically active compounds, such as the lignans, can significantly influence the development of prostate cancer over the lifetime of an individual. The capacity of a pure mammalian lignan, enterolactone (ENL), to influence the proliferation of the LNCaP human prostate cancer cell line was investigated as a function of cell density, metabolic activity, expression and secretion of prostate specific antigen (PSA), cell cycle profile, and the expression of genes involved in development and progression of prostate cancer. Treatment with a subcytotoxic concentration of ENL (60 muM for 72 h) was found to reduce: cell density (57.5%, SD 7.23, p < 0.001), metabolic activity (55%, SD 0.03, p < 0.001), secretion of PSA (48.50% SD 4.74, p = 0.05) and induce apoptosis (8.33-fold SD 0.04, p = 0.001) compared to untreated cells. Cotreatment with 10 muM etoposide was found to increase apoptosis by 50.17% (SD 0.02, p < 0.001). Additionally, several key genes (e. g. MCMs, survivin and CDKs) were beneficially regulated by ENL treatment (p < 0.05). The data suggest that the antiproliferative activity of ENL is a consequence of altered expression of cell cycle associated genes and provides novel molecular evidence for the antiproliferative properties of a pure lignan in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J McCann
- Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland.
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Hashim YZHY, Rowland IR, McGlynn H, Servili M, Selvaggini R, Taticchi A, Esposto S, Montedoro G, Kaisalo L, Wähälä K, Gill CIR. Inhibitory effects of olive oil phenolics on invasion in human colon adenocarcinoma cells in vitro. Int J Cancer 2008; 122:495-500. [PMID: 17943720 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Studies in human, animal and cellular systems suggest that phenols from virgin olive oil are capable of inhibiting several stages in carcinogenesis, including metastasis. The invasion cascade comprises cell attachment to extracellular matrix components or basement membrane, degradation of basement membrane by proteolytic enzymes and migration of cells through the modified matrix. In the present study, we investigated the effect of phenolics extracted from virgin olive oil (OVP) and its main constituents: hydroxytyrosol (3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol), tyrosol (p-hydroxyphenylethanol), pinoresinol and caffeic acid. The effects of these phenolics were tested on the invasion of HT115 human colon carcinoma cells in a Matrigel invasion assay. OVP and its compounds showed different dose-related anti-invasive effects. At 25 microg/ml OVP and equivalent doses of individual compounds, significant anti-invasive effects were seen in the range of 45-55% of control. Importantly, OVP, but not the isolated phenolics, significantly reduced total cell number in the Matrigel invasion assay. There were no significant effects shown on cell viability, indicating the reduction of cell number in the Matrigel invasion assay was not due to cytotoxicity. There were also no significant effects on cell attachment to plastic substrate, indicating the importance of extracellular matrix in modulating the anti-invasive effects of OVP. In conclusion, the results from this study indicate that phenols from virgin olive oil have the ability to inhibit invasion of colon cancer cells and the effects may be mediated at different levels of the invasion cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Z H-Y Hashim
- UCD Agriculture and Food Science Centre, School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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Gill CIR, Heavey P, McConville E, Bradbury I, Fässler C, Mueller S, Cresci A, Dore J, Norin E, Rowland I. Effect of fecal water on an in vitro model of colonic mucosal barrier function. Nutr Cancer 2007; 57:59-65. [PMID: 17516863 DOI: 10.1080/01635580701268220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fecal water (FW) has been shown to exert, in cultured cells, cytotoxic and genotoxic effects that have implications for colorectal cancer (CRC) risk. We have investigated a further biological activity of FW, namely, the ability to affect gap junctions in CACO2 cell monolayers as an index of mucosal barrier function, which is known to be disrupted in cancer. FW samples from healthy, free-living, European subjects that were divided into two broad age groups, adult (40+/-9.7 yr; n=53) and elderly (76+/-7.5 yr; n=55) were tested for effects on gap junction using the transepithelial resistance (TER) assay. Overall, treatment of CACO2 cells with FW samples from adults increased TER (+4%), whereas FW from elderly subjects decreased TER (-5%); the difference between the two groups was significant (P<0.05). We also measured several components of FW potentially associated with modulation of TER, namely, short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) and ammonia. SCFAs (propionic, acetic, and n-butyric) were significantly lower in the elderly population (-30%, -35%, and -21%, respectively, all P A pound 0.01). We consider that FW modulation of in vitro epithelial barrier function is a potentially useful noninvasive biomarker, but it requires further validation to establish its relationship to CRC risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris I R Gill
- Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Londonderry, N. Ireland.
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Abstract
Resistant starch type 2 (RS2) and type 3 (RS3) containing preparations were digested using a batch (a) and a dynamic in vitro model (b). Furthermore, in vivo obtained indigestible fractions from ileostomy patients were used (c). Subsequently these samples were fermented with human feces with a batch and a dynamic in vitro method. The fermentation supernatants were used to treat CACO2 cells. Cytotoxicity, anti-genotoxicity against hydrogen peroxide (comet assay) and the effect on barrier function measured by trans-epithelial electrical resistance were determined. Dynamically fermented samples led to high cytotoxic activity, probably due to additional compounds added during in vitro fermentation. As a consequence only batch fermented samples were investigated further. Batch fermentation of RS resulted in an anti-genotoxic activity ranging from 9-30% decrease in DNA damage for all the samples, except for RS2-b. It is assumed that the changes in RS2 structures due to dynamic digestion resulted in a different fermentation profile not leading to any anti-genotoxic effect. Additionally, in vitro batch fermentation of RS caused an improvement in integrity across the intestinal barrier by approximately 22% for all the samples. We have demonstrated that batch in vitro fermentation of RS2 and RS3 preparations differently pre-digested are capable of inhibiting the initiation and promotion stage in colon carcinogenesis in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Fässler
- Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, ETH Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse) Zurich, Switzerland
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Gill CIR, Haldar S, Boyd LA, Bennett R, Whiteford J, Butler M, Pearson JR, Bradbury I, Rowland IR. Watercress supplementation in diet reduces lymphocyte DNA damage and alters blood antioxidant status in healthy adults. Am J Clin Nutr 2007; 85:504-10. [PMID: 17284750 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/85.2.504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cruciferous vegetable (CV) consumption is associated with a reduced risk of several cancers in epidemiologic studies. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the effects of watercress (a CV) supplementation on biomarkers related to cancer risk in healthy adults. DESIGN A single-blind, randomized, crossover study was conducted in 30 men and 30 women (30 smokers and 30 nonsmokers) with a mean age of 33 y (range: 19-55 y). The subjects were fed 85 g raw watercress daily for 8 wk in addition to their habitual diet. The effect of supplementation was measured on a range of endpoints, including DNA damage in lymphocytes (with the comet assay), activity of detoxifying enzymes (glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase) in erythrocytes, plasma antioxidants (retinol, ascorbic acid, alpha-tocopherol, lutein, and beta-carotene), plasma total antioxidant status with the use of the ferric reducing ability of plasma assay, and plasma lipid profile. RESULTS Watercress supplementation (active compared with control phase) was associated with reductions in basal DNA damage (by 17%; P = 0.03), in basal plus oxidative purine DNA damage (by 23.9%; P = 0.002), and in basal DNA damage in response to ex vivo hydrogen peroxide challenge (by 9.4%; P = 0.07). Beneficial changes seen after watercress intervention were greater and more significant in smokers than in nonsmokers. Plasma lutein and beta-carotene increased significantly by 100% and 33% (P < 0.001), respectively, after watercress supplementation. CONCLUSION The results support the theory that consumption of watercress can be linked to a reduced risk of cancer via decreased damage to DNA and possible modulation of antioxidant status by increasing carotenoid concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris I R Gill
- Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health, Centre for Molecular Biosciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, N Ireland, United Kingdom.
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McCann MJ, Gill CIR, O' Brien G, Rao JR, McRoberts WC, Hughes P, McEntee R, Rowland IR. Anti-cancer properties of phenolics from apple waste on colon carcinogenesis in vitro. Food Chem Toxicol 2007; 45:1224-30. [PMID: 17300861 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2007.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2006] [Revised: 01/02/2007] [Accepted: 01/04/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is one of the most common cancers in Western countries. The World Health Organisation identifies diet as a critical risk factor in the development and progression of this disease and the protective role of high levels of fruit and vegetable consumption. Several studies have shown that apples contain several phenolic compounds that are potent anti-oxidants in humans. However, little is known about other beneficial properties of apple phenolics in cancer. We have used the HT29, HT115 and CaCo-2 cell lines as in vitro models to examine the effect of apple phenolics (0.01-0.1% apple extract) on key stages of colorectal carcinogenesis, namely; DNA damage (Comet assay), colonic barrier function (TER assay), cell cycle progression (DNA content assay) and invasion (Matrigel assay). Our results indicate that a crude extract of apple phenolics can protect against DNA damage, improve barrier function and inhibit invasion (p<0.05). The anti-invasive effects of the extract were enhanced with twenty-four hour pretreatment of cells (p<0.05). We have shown that a crude apple extract from waste, rich in phenolic compounds, beneficially influences key stages of carcinogenesis in colon cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J McCann
- Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), Centre for Molecular Biosciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, BT52 1SA Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.
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Boyd LA, McCann MJ, Hashim Y, Bennett RN, Gill CIR, Rowland IR. Assessment of the Anti-Genotoxic, Anti-Proliferative, and Anti-Metastatic Potential of Crude Watercress Extract in Human Colon Cancer Cells. Nutr Cancer 2006; 55:232-41. [PMID: 17044779 DOI: 10.1207/s15327914nc5502_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Although it is known to be a rich source of the putative anti-cancer chemicals isothiocyanates, watercress has not been extensively studied for its cancer preventing properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential chemoprotective effects of crude watercress extract toward three important stages in the carcinogenic process, namely initiation, proliferation, and metastasis (invasion) using established in vitro models. HT29 cells were used to investigate the protective effects of the extract on DNA damage and the cell cycle. The extract was not genotoxic but inhibited DNA damage induced by two of the three genotoxins used, namely hydrogen peroxide and fecal water, indicating the potential to inhibit initiation. It also caused an accumulation of cells in the S phase of the cell cycle indicating (possible) cell cycle delay at this stage. The extract was shown to significantly inhibit invasion of HT115 cells through matrigel. Component analysis was also carried out in an attempt to determine the major phytochemicals present in both watercress leaves and the crude extract. In conclusion, the watercress extract proved to be significantly protective against the three stages of the carcinogenesis process investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay A Boyd
- Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health, Centre for Molecualr Biosciences, University of Ulster, Northern Ireland.
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Abstract
Olive oil contains a vast range of substances such as monounsaturated free fatty acids (e.g., oleic acid), hydrocarbon squalene, tocopherols, aroma components, and phenolic compounds. Higher consumption of olive oil is considered the hallmark of the traditional Mediterranean diet, which has been associated with low incidence and prevalence of cancer, including colorectal cancer. The anticancer properties of olive oil have been attributed to its high levels of monounsaturated fatty acids, squalene, tocopherols, and phenolic compounds. Nevertheless, there is a growing interest in studying the role of olive oil phenolics in carcinogenesis. This review aims to provide an overview of the relationship between olive oil phenolics and colorectal cancer, in particular summarizing the epidemiologic, in vitro, cellular, and animal studies on antioxidant and anticarcinogenic effects of olive oil phenolics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Z H Y Hashim
- Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health, University of Ulster (Coleraine), Cromore Road, Coleraine, Co. Londonderry, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom BT52 1SA
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Gill CIR, Boyd A, McDermott E, McCann M, Servili M, Selvaggini R, Taticchi A, Esposto S, Montedoro G, McGlynn H, Rowland I. Potential anti-cancer effects of virgin olive oil phenols on colorectal carcinogenesis models in vitro. Int J Cancer 2005; 117:1-7. [PMID: 15880398 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.21083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The traditional Mediterranean diet is thought to represent a healthy lifestyle; especially given the incidence of several cancers including colorectal cancer is lower in Mediterranean countries compared to Northern Europe. Olive oil, a central component of the Mediterranean diet, is believed to beneficially affect numerous biological processes. We used phenols extracted from virgin olive oil on a series of in vitro systems that model important stages of colon carcinogenesis. The effect the extract on DNA damage induced by hydrogen peroxide was measured in HT29 cells using single cell microgel-electrophoresis. A significant anti-genotoxic linear trend (p=0.011) was observed when HT29 cells were pre-incubated with olive oil phenols (0, 5, 10, 25, 50, 75, 100 microg/ml) for 24 hr, then challenged with hydrogen peroxide. The olive oil phenols (50, 100 microg/ml) significantly (p=0.004, p=0.002) improved barrier function of CACO2 cells after 48 hr as measured by trans-epithelial resistance. Significant inhibition of HT115 invasion (p<0.01) was observed at olive oil phenols concentrations of 25, 50, 75, 100 microg/ml using the matrigel invasion assay. No effect was observed on HT115 viability over the concentration range 0, 25, 50 75, 100 microg/ml after 24 hr, although 75 and 100 microg/ml olive oil phenols significantly inhibited HT115 cell attachment (p=0.011, p=0.006). Olive oil phenols had no significant effect on metastasis-related gene expression in HT115 cells. We have demonstrated that phenols extracted from virgin olive oil are capable of inhibiting several stages in colon carcinogenesis in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris I R Gill
- Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health, University of Ulster (Coleraine), Coleraine, Co. Londonderry, North Ireland.
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Abstract
Prostate cancer is poised to become the most prevalent male cancer in the Western world. In Japan and China, incidence rates are almost 10-fold less those reported in the United States and the European Union. Epidemiological data suggest that environmental factors such as diet can significantly influence the incidence and mortality of prostate cancer. The differences in lifestyle between East and West are one of the major risk factors for developing prostate cancer. Traditional Japanese and Chinese diets are rich in foods containing phytoestrogenic compounds, whereas the Western diet is a poor source of these phytochemicals. The lignan phytoestrogens are the most widely occurring of these compounds. In vitro and in vivo reports in the literature indicate that lignans have the capacity to affect the pathogenesis of prostate cancer. However, their precise mechanism of action in prostate carcinogenesis remains unclear. This article outlines the possible role of lignans in prostate cancer by reviewing the current in vitro and in vivo evidence for their anticancer activities. The intriguing concept that lignans may play a role in the prevention and treatment of prostate cancer over the lifetime of an individual is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J McCann
- Northern Ireland Centre for Diet and Health (NICHE), University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland.
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Gill CIR, Haldar S, Porter S, Matthews S, Sullivan S, Coulter J, McGlynn H, Rowland I. The effect of cruciferous and leguminous sprouts on genotoxicity, in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2004; 13:1199-205. [PMID: 15247131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Vegetable consumption is associated with a reduced risk of colorectal cancer, which is the second most common cancer after lung/breast cancer within Europe. Some putative protective phytochemicals are found in higher amounts in young sprouts than in mature plants. The effect of an extract of mixed cruciferous and legume sprouts on DNA damage induced by H(2)O(2) was measured in HT29 cells using single cell microgelelectrophoresis (comet). Significant antigenotoxic effect (P < or = 0.05) was observed when HT29 cells were pre-incubated with the extract (100 and 200 microL/mL) for 24 hours and then challenged with H(2)O(2). A parallel design intervention study was carried out on 10 male and 10 female healthy adult volunteers (mean age = 25.5 years) fed 113 g of cruciferous and legume sprouts daily for 14 days. The effect of the supplementation was measured on a range of parameters, including DNA damage in lymphocytes (comet), the activity of various detoxifying enzymes (glutathione S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase), antioxidant status using the ferric reducing ability of plasma assay, plasma antioxidants (uric acid, ascorbic acid, and alpha-tocopherol), blood lipids, plasma levels of lutein, and lycopene. A significant antigenotoxic effect against H(2)O(2)-induced DNA damage was shown in peripheral blood lymphocytes of volunteers who consumed the supplemented diet when compared with the control diet (P = 0.04). No significant induction of detoxifying enzymes was observed during the study, neither were plasma antioxidant levels or activity altered. The results support the theory that consumption of cruciferous vegetables is linked to a reduced risk of cancer via decreased damage to DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris I R Gill
- Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health, University of Ulster, Coleraine, United Kingdom.
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Abstract
Globally, colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of mortality from malignant disease. Case-control and cohort studies provide strong support for a role of diet in the aetiology of CRC. However to establish causal relationships and to identify more precisely the dietary components involved, intervention studies in human subjects are required. Cancer is an impractical endpoint in terms of numbers, cost, study duration and ethical considerations. Consequently, intermediate biomarkers of the disease are required. This review aims to provide an overview of the intermediate endpoints available for the study of CRC, particularly non-invasive faecal biomarkers. Examples of their use in dietary intervention studies are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- C I R Gill
- University of Ulster, Cromore Road, Coleraine, Co. Londonderry, BT52 1SA, UK.
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