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Nielsen MA, Køster D, Greisen S, Troldborg A, Stengaard-Pedersen K, Junker P, Hørslev-Petersen K, Hetland ML, Østergaard M, Hvid M, Leffler H, Kragstrup TW, Deleuran B. Increased synovial galectin-3 induce inflammatory fibroblast activation and osteoclastogenesis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Scand J Rheumatol 2023; 52:33-41. [PMID: 35023445 DOI: 10.1080/03009742.2021.1992860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Galectin-3 (Gal-3) has been suggested as a proinflammatory mediator in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We aimed to study clinical and pathogenic aspects of Gal-3 in RA. METHOD Plasma samples from healthy controls (n = 48) and patients with newly diagnosed, early RA were assayed for soluble Gal-3. In patients with chronic RA (n = 18), Gal-3 was measured in both plasma and synovial fluid. Synovial fluid mononuclear cells were used to purify fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) and osteoclasts. Monocultures of FLSs and autologous co-cultures of FLSs and peripheral blood mononuclear cells were established and co-incubated with a Gal-3 inhibitor. RESULTS Patients with early and chronic RA had persistently increased plasma levels of Gal-3 compared with controls. However, changes in plasma Gal-3 at the level of individuals were associated with long-term disease activity. In seropositive early RA patients, all patients with decreasing plasma Gal-3 from 0 to 3 months had low disease activity after 2 years (p < 0.05). Gal-3 levels in synovial fluid were markedly elevated. In vitro, co-incubation with a Gal-3 inhibitor (GB1107, 10 µM) led to a significant reduction in both interleukin-1β and tumour necrosis factor-α secretion from FLS monocultures (both p < 0.05) and decreased monocyte-derived osteoclastogenesis compared with controls (both p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our findings underscore the role of Gal-3 regarding disease activity and tissue destruction in RA. An initial decrease in plasma Gal-3 levels predicted decreased long-term disease activity. Correspondingly, a Gal-3 inhibitor decreased the activity of inflammatory FLSs and osteoclastogenesis in patients with RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Nielsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Rheumatology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - D Køster
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - S Greisen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Rheumatology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - A Troldborg
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Rheumatology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - P Junker
- Department of Rheumatology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - K Hørslev-Petersen
- Danish Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - M L Hetland
- Copenhagen Center for Arthritis Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - M Østergaard
- Copenhagen Center for Arthritis Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - M Hvid
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - H Leffler
- Immunology and Glycobiology (MIG), Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - T W Kragstrup
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Rheumatology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - B Deleuran
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Rheumatology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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Slack RJ, Hirani N, Gibbons MA, Simpson A, Ford P, Leffler H, Nilsson UJ, Sethi T, Pedersen A, Schambye H, Maher T, MacKinnon AC. Translational pharmacology of TD139, an inhaled small molecule galectin‐3 (Gal‐3) inhibitor for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). FASEB J 2020. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2020.34.s1.02311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - T.M. Maher
- Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust
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3
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Bojić-Trbojević Ž, Jovanović Krivokuća M, Vilotić A, Kolundžić N, Stefanoska I, Zetterberg F, Nilsson UJ, Leffler H, Vićovac L. Human trophoblast requires galectin-3 for cell migration and invasion. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2136. [PMID: 30765738 PMCID: PMC6376043 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-38374-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive extravillous cytotrophoblast of the human placenta expresses galectins-1, -3, and -8 in vivo and in vitro. This study aimed to investigate the potential role of galectin-3 in cell migration and invasion, using recombinant human galectin-3 (rhgalectin-3), small molecule galectin inhibitor I47, and galectin-3 silencing. HTR-8/SVneo cell migration was stimulated by rhgalectin-3 and reduced by I47, which could be neutralised by rhgalectin-3. Inhibitor specificity and selectivity for the galectins expressed in extravillous trophoblast were validated in solid phase assays using recombinant galectin-1, -3, -8, confirming selectivity for galectin-3. HTR-8/SVneo cell migration and invasion, and invasion by isolated trophoblast cells in primary culture were significantly reduced in the presence of I47, which could be restored by rhgalectin-3. Upon HTR-8/SVneo cell treatment with galectin-3 siRNA both LGALS3 and galectin-3 protein were dramatically decreased. Silencing of galectin-3 induced significant reduction in cell migration and invasion, which was restored by rhgalectin-3. The influence on known mediators of cell invasion, MMP2 and -9, and integrins α1, α5, and β1 was followed in silenced cells, showing lower levels of MMPs and a large reduction in integrin subunit β1. These results show that galectin-3 acts as a pro-invasive autocrine/paracrine factor in trophoblast in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ž Bojić-Trbojević
- Laboratory for Biology of Reproduction, Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy, University of Belgrade, Banatska 31b, 11080, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - M Jovanović Krivokuća
- Laboratory for Biology of Reproduction, Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy, University of Belgrade, Banatska 31b, 11080, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - A Vilotić
- Laboratory for Biology of Reproduction, Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy, University of Belgrade, Banatska 31b, 11080, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - N Kolundžić
- Laboratory for Biology of Reproduction, Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy, University of Belgrade, Banatska 31b, 11080, Belgrade, Serbia.,King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, Department of Women & Children's Health, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, London, United Kingdom
| | - I Stefanoska
- Laboratory for Biology of Reproduction, Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy, University of Belgrade, Banatska 31b, 11080, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - F Zetterberg
- Galecto Biotech AB, Sahlgrenska Science Park, Medicinaregatan 8A, 413 46, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - U J Nilsson
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, POB 124, SE-22100, Lund, Sweden
| | - H Leffler
- Section MIG, Department of Laboratory Medicine Lund University, BMC-C1228b, Klinikgatan 28, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Lj Vićovac
- Laboratory for Biology of Reproduction, Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy, University of Belgrade, Banatska 31b, 11080, Belgrade, Serbia.
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Noresson AL, Aurelius O, Öberg CT, Engström O, Sundin AP, Håkansson M, Stenström O, Akke M, Logan DT, Leffler H, Nilsson UJ. Designing interactions by control of protein-ligand complex conformation: tuning arginine-arene interaction geometry for enhanced electrostatic protein-ligand interactions. Chem Sci 2017; 9:1014-1021. [PMID: 29675148 PMCID: PMC5883865 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc04749e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
3-Benzamido-2-O-sulfo-galactosides can be designed to control protein conformation into forming entropically favourable galectin-3-arginine salt bridges with ligand sulfates.
We investigated galectin-3 binding to 3-benzamido-2-O-sulfo-galactoside and -thiodigalactoside ligands using a combination of site-specific mutagenesis, X-ray crystallography, computational approaches, and binding thermodynamics measurements. The results reveal a conformational variability in a surface-exposed arginine (R144) side chain in response to different aromatic C3-substituents of bound galactoside-based ligands. Fluorinated C3-benzamido substituents induced a shift in the side-chain conformation of R144 to allow for an entropically favored electrostatic interaction between its guanidine group and the 2-O-sulfate of the ligand. By contrast, binding of ligands with non-fluorinated substituents did not trigger a conformational change of R144. Hence, a sulfate–arginine electrostatic interaction can be tuned by the choice of ligand C3-benzamido structures to favor specific interaction modes and geometries. These results have important general implications for ligand design, as the proper choice of arginine–aromatic interacting partners opens up for ligand-controlled protein conformation that in turn may be systematically exploited in ligand design.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-L Noresson
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis , Department of Chemistry , Lund University , Box 124 , SE-221 00 Lund , Sweden .
| | - O Aurelius
- Section for Biochemistry and Structural Biology , Center for Molecular Protein Science , Department of Chemistry , Lund University , Box 124 , SE-221 00 Lund , Sweden
| | - C T Öberg
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis , Department of Chemistry , Lund University , Box 124 , SE-221 00 Lund , Sweden .
| | - O Engström
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis , Department of Chemistry , Lund University , Box 124 , SE-221 00 Lund , Sweden .
| | - A P Sundin
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis , Department of Chemistry , Lund University , Box 124 , SE-221 00 Lund , Sweden .
| | - M Håkansson
- SARomics Biostructures AB , Medicon Village , SE-223 81 Lund , Sweden
| | - O Stenström
- Biophysical Chemistry , Center for Molecular Protein Science , Department of Chemistry , Lund University , Box 124 , SE-221 00 Lund , Sweden
| | - M Akke
- Biophysical Chemistry , Center for Molecular Protein Science , Department of Chemistry , Lund University , Box 124 , SE-221 00 Lund , Sweden
| | - D T Logan
- Section for Biochemistry and Structural Biology , Center for Molecular Protein Science , Department of Chemistry , Lund University , Box 124 , SE-221 00 Lund , Sweden.,SARomics Biostructures AB , Medicon Village , SE-223 81 Lund , Sweden
| | - H Leffler
- Department of Laboratory Medicine , Section MIG , Lund University , Sölvegatan 23, SE-223 62 , Lund , Sweden
| | - U J Nilsson
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis , Department of Chemistry , Lund University , Box 124 , SE-221 00 Lund , Sweden .
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Proletov I, Sipovskii V, Smirnov A, Hayashi N, Akiyama S, Okuyama H, Matsui Y, Fujimoto K, Atsumi H, Adachi H, Yamaya H, Maruyama S, Imai E, Matsuo S, Yokoyama H, Prasad N, Jaiswal A, Agarwal V, Yadav B, Rai M, Shin DH, Han IM, Moon SJ, Yoo TH, Faria B, Henriques C, Matos AC, Daha MR, Pestana M, Seelen M, Lundberg S, Carlsson MC, Leffler H, Pahlsson P, Segelmark M, Camilla R, Donadio ME, Loiacono E, Peruzzi L, Amore A, Chiale F, Vergano L, Gallo R, Boido A, Conrieri M, Bianciotto M, Bosetti FM, Mengozzi G, Puccinelli MP, Guidi C, Lastauka I, Coppo R, Nishiwaki H, Hasegawa T, Nagayama Y, Komukai D, Kaneshima N, Sasai F, Yoshimura A, Wang CL, Wei XY, Lv L, Jia NY, Vagane AM, Knoop T, Vikse BE, Reisaeter AV, Bjorneklett R, Mezzina N, Brunini F, Trezzi B, Gallieni M, D'Amico M, Stellato T, Santoro D, Ghiggeri GM, Radice A, Sinico RA, Kronbichler A, Kerschbaum J, Mayer G, Rudnicki M, Elena GS, Paula Jara CE, Jorge Enrique RR, Manuel P, Paek J, Hwang E, Park S, Caliskan Y, Aksoy A, Oztop N, Ozluk Y, Artan AS, Yazici H, Kilicaslan I, Sever MS, Yildiz A, Ihara K, Iimori S, Okado T, Rai T, Uchida S, Sasaki S, Stangou M, Bantis C, Skoularopoulou M, Toulkeridis G, Labropoulou I, Kasimatis S, Kouri NM, Papagianni A, Efstratiadis G, Mircescu G, Stancu S, Zugravu A, Petrescu L, Andreiana I, Taran L, Suzuki T, Iyoda M, Yamaguchi Y, Watanabe M, Wada Y, Matsumoto K, Shindo-Hirai Y, Kuno Y, Yamamoto Y, Saito T, Iseri K, Shibata T, Gniewek K, Krajewska M, Jakuszko K, Koscielska-Kasprzak K, Klinger M, Nunes AT, Ferreira I, Neto R, Mariz E, Pereira E, Frazao J, Praca A, Sampaio S, Pestana M, Kim HJ, Lee JE, Proletov I, Galkina O, Bogdanova E, Zubina I, Sipovskii V, Smirnov A, Oliveira CBL, Oliveira ASA, Carvalho CJB, Sette LHBC, Fernandes GV, Cavalcante MA, Valente LM, Ismail G, Andronesi A, Jurubita R, Bobeica R, Finocchietti D, Cantaluppi V, Medica D, Daidola G, Colla L, Besso L, Burdese M, Segoloni GP, Biancone L, Camussi G, Goto S, Nakai K, Ito J, Fujii H, Tasaki K, Suzuki T, Fukami K, Hara S, Nishi S, Hayami N, Ubara Y, Hoshino J, Takaichi K, Suwabe T, Sumida K, Mise K, Wang CL, Tian YQ, Wang H, Saganova E, Proletov I, Galkina O, Bogdanova E, Zubina I, Sipovskii V, Smirnov A, Stancu S, Mandache E, Zugravu A, Petrescu L, Avram A, Mircescu G, Angelini C, Reggiani F, Podesta MA, Cucchiari D, Malesci A, Badalamenti S, Laganovi M, Ars E, ivko M, eljkovic Vrki T, Cori M, Karanovi S, Torra R, Jelakovi B, Jia NY, Wang CL, Zhang YH, Nan L, Nagasawa Y, Yamamoto R, Shinzawa M, Hamahata S, Kida A, Yahiro M, Kuragano T, Shoji T, Hayashi T, Nagatoya K, Yamauchi A, Isaka Y, Nakanishi T, Ivkovic V, Premuzic V, Laganovic M, Dika Z, Kos J, Zeljkovic Vrkic T, Fistrek Prlic M, Zivko M, Jelakovic B, Gigliotti P, Leone F, Lofaro D, Papalia T, Mollica F, Mollica A, Vizza D, Perri A, Bonofilgio R, Meneses G, Viana H, Santos MC, Ferreira C, Calado J, Carvalho F, Remedio F, Nolasco F, Caliskan Y, Oztop N, Aksoy A, Ozluk Y, Artan AS, Turkmen A, Kilicaslan I, Yildiz A, Sever MS, Nagaraju SP, Kosuru S, Parthasarathy R, Bairy M, Prabhu RA, Guddattu V, Koulmane Laxminarayana SL, Oruc A, Gullulu M, Acikgoz E, Aktas N, Yildiz A, Gul B, Premuzic V, Laganovic M, Ivkovic V, Coric M, Zeljkovic Vrkic T, Fodor L, Dika Z, Kos J, Fistrek Prlic M, Zivko M, Jelakovic B, Bale CB, Dighe TA, Kate P, Karnik S, Sajgure A, Sharma A, Korpe J, Jeloka T, Ambekar N, Sadre A, Buch A, Mulay A, Merida E, Huerta A, Gutierrez E, Hernandez E, Sevillano A, Caro J, Cavero T, Morales E, Moreno JA, Praga M. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GLOMERULONEPHRITIDES 1. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfu151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Breimer ME, Hansson GC, Karlsson KA, Larson G, Leffler H. Glycosphingolipid composition of epithelial cells isolated along the villus axis of small intestine of a single human individual. Glycobiology 2012; 22:1721-30. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cws115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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Edén CS, Hagberg L, Hanson LA, Korhonen T, Leffler H, Olling S. Adhesion of Escherichia coli in urinary tract infection. Ciba Found Symp 2008; 80:161-87. [PMID: 6114819 DOI: 10.1002/9780470720639.ch11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In individuals prone to urinary tract infections the intestine is colonized by E. Coli strains that possess a combination of properties determining virulence. Such an E. coli strain may colonize the vaginal and periurethral area and ascend the urinary tract. The ability to attach to the mucosal surface is thought to be essential for E. coli to colonize and to remain in the urinary tract. Most E. coli from patients with urinary tract infection show one or both of two adherence properties. One may depend on the recognition by type 1 fimbriae of mannose-containing residues in the urinary slime. It is measured as mannose-sensitive haemagglutination and is found on most E. coli strains. The second adherence property is detected as attachment to human urinary tract epithelial cells and as mannose-resistant agglutination of human erythrocytes. This may depend on the recognition of globo-series glycolipids in the epithelial cell surface. Possession of this adherence factor is strongly related to virulence. Most strains from patients with acute pyelonephritis and cystitis have this property but it is rare in strains from patients with asymptomatic bacteriuria and strains from normal faeces. Local antibodies may interfere with bacterial attachment, thus possibly preventing the colonization that precedes urinary tract infection or modifying an established infection. Vaginal antibodies are known to coat E. coli from the stools. Antibodies in the urine of patients with acute pyelonephritis inhibit attachment of the infecting strain to uroepithelial cells. Antibodies directed against several bacterial surface structures, for example O antigen and fimbriae, are likely to inhibit attachment by steric hindrance or agglutination. The role of antibodies in adhesion-mediating structure such as fimbriae in susceptibility to and the outcome of human urinary tract infection remains to be investigated.
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Salameh BA, Sundin A, Leffler H, Nilsson UJ. Thioureido N-acetyllactosamine derivatives as potent galectin-7 and 9N inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 14:1215-20. [PMID: 16242339 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2005] [Accepted: 09/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Derivatives of N-acetyllactosamine carrying structurally diverse thioureido groups at galactose C3 were prepared from a C3'-azido N-acetyllactosamine derivative in a three-step reaction sequence involving azide reduction and isothiocyanate formation by thiophosgene treatment of the C3-amine, followed by reaction of the isothiocyanate with a panel of amines. Evaluation of the N-acetyllactosamine thioureas as inhibitors against galectins-1, 3, 7, 8N (N-terminal domain), and 9N (N-terminal domain) revealed thiourea-mediated affinity enhancements for galectins-1, 3, 7, and 9N. In particular, good inhibitors were discovered against galectin-7 and 9N (K(d) 23 and 47 microM, respectively, for a 3-pyridylmethylthiourea derivative), which represents more than an order of magnitude affinity enhancement over the parent natural N-acetyllactosamine.
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9
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Abstract
The binding of a nitroxide spin-labeled analog of N-acetyllactosamine to galectin-3, a mammalian lectin of 26 kD size, is studied to map the binding sites of this small oligosaccharide on the protein surface. Perturbation of intensities of cross-peaks in the (15)N heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC) spectrum of full-length galectin-3 owing to the bound spin label is used qualitatively to identify protein residues proximate to the binding site for N-acetyllactosamine. A protocol for converting intensity measurements to a more quantitative determination of distances between discrete protein amide protons and the bound spin label is then described. This protocol is discussed as part of a drug design strategy in which subsequent perturbation of chemical shifts of distance mapped amide cross-peaks can be used effectively to screen a library of compounds for other ligands that bind to the target protein at distances suitable for chemical linkage to the primary ligand. This approach is novel in that it bypasses the need for structure determination and resonance assignment of the target protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- N U Jain
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
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Capon C, Maes E, Michalski JC, Leffler H, Kim YS. Sd(a)-antigen-like structures carried on core 3 are prominent features of glycans from the mucin of normal human descending colon. Biochem J 2001; 358:657-64. [PMID: 11577689 PMCID: PMC1222115 DOI: 10.1042/bj3580657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes structural characterization by NMR, MS and degradative studies of mucin glycans from normal human descending colon obtained freshly at autopsy. The saccharides were mainly based on core 3 (GlcNAcbeta1-3GalNAc). Among the terminal saccharide determinants Sd(a)/Cad-antigen-like structures were prominent, and Lewis x, sialyl Lewis x and sulphated Lewis x were found as minor components, whereas blood group H and A antigenic determinants were absent. The saccharides were markedly different from those of mucins from colon cancers or colon cancer cell lines analysed so far, in which cores 1 and 2 are prominent features, and in which various other terminal determinants have been found, but not Sd(a)/Cad.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Capon
- Laboratoire de Glycobiologie structurale et fonctionnelle, Unité Mixte du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
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Abstract
The 20 or so galectins expected to be found in man, and their many possible functional effects promise a rich and fruitful research field in the future. At present, the biomedically most promising areas for use of galectins or their ligands are in inflammation, immunity, and cancer. Many good stories can be formulated, but the field lacks the cohesion of knowing basic galectin function. The only basic common denominators among galectins are beta-galactoside binding, and the unusual combination of intra- and extracellular expression with non-classical secretion in between. Maybe that is all there is, and nature has used these properties for multiple, otherwise unrelated functions. Then again, maybe there is some deeper common function that has so far been overlooked. If it exists, this probably lies somewhere in the detailed integration of galectin activity in the complexities of cell physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Leffler
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Glycobiology (MIG), Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Sölvegatan 23, SE 22362 Lund, Sweden
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13
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Medzihradszky KF, Leffler H, Baldwin MA, Burlingame AL. Protein identification by in-gel digestion, high-performance liquid chromatography, and mass spectrometry: peptide analysis by complementary ionization techniques. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2001; 12:215-221. [PMID: 11212006 DOI: 10.1016/s1044-0305(00)00214-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A biologically active protein fraction was isolated from rabbit intestine, purified by one-dimensional SDS-PAGE and stained with Coomassie Brilliant Blue. A predominant band of approximately 110-130 kDa was excised and digested in-gel with trypsin. The resulting peptides were extracted then separated by microbore reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Mass spectrometric data from one HPLC fraction obtained by two different ionization techniques proved to be complementary. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) showed nine peptide masses, which by post source decay analysis and database searching were attributed to two proteins. Nanoflow electrospray analysis performed on a hybrid tandem mass spectrometer of quadrupole-quadrupole-orthogonal acceleration time-of-flight (QqTOF) geometry detected six additional peptide components. On the basis of the additional peptides and superior quality collision-induced dissociation spectra typical of this instrument type, two further proteins were identified. The resolution afforded by the QqTOF instrument permitted charge state determination for the fragment ions while preserving the high detection sensitivity that was essential in obtaining the composition of this mixture of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- K F Medzihradszky
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of California San Francisco, 94143-0446, USA
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14
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Almkvist J, Fäldt J, Dahlgren C, Leffler H, Karlsson A. Lipopolysaccharide-induced gelatinase granule mobilization primes neutrophils for activation by galectin-3 and formylmethionyl-Leu-Phe. Infect Immun 2001; 69:832-7. [PMID: 11159975 PMCID: PMC97959 DOI: 10.1128/iai.69.2.832-837.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have earlier shown that galectin-3, a lactose-binding mammalian lectin that is secreted from activated macrophages, basophils, and mast cells, induces activation of the NADPH oxidase in exudated but not in peripheral blood neutrophils (A. Karlsson, P. Follin, H. Leffler, and C. Dahlgren, Blood 91:3430-3438, 1998). The alteration in responsiveness occurring during extravasation correlated with mobilization of the gelatinase and/or specific granules to the cell surface, indicating a role for mobilizable galectin-3 receptors. In this study we have investigated galectin-3-induced NADPH oxidase activation, measured as superoxide production, in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-primed neutrophils. Upon galectin-3 challenge, the LPS-primed cells produced superoxide, both extracellularly and intracellularly. A primed extracellular response to formylmethionyl-Leu-Phe (fMLF) was also achieved. The exposure of complement receptors 1 and 3 as well as the formyl peptide receptor on the cell surface was markedly increased after LPS treatment, indicating that granule fusion with the plasma membrane had occurred. Further assessment of specific markers for neutrophil granules showed that the LPS treatment had mobilized the gelatinase granules but only a minor fraction of the specific granules. We thus suggest that the mechanism behind LPS priming lies at the level of granule (receptor) mobilization for galectin-3 as well as for fMLF.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Almkvist
- Phagocyte Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Göteborg, Göteborg, Sweden
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Prakobphol A, Xu F, Hoang VM, Larsson T, Bergstrom J, Johansson I, Frängsmyr L, Holmskov U, Leffler H, Nilsson C, Borén T, Wright JR, Strömberg N, Fisher SJ. Salivary agglutinin, which binds Streptococcus mutans and Helicobacter pylori, is the lung scavenger receptor cysteine-rich protein gp-340. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:39860-6. [PMID: 11007786 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m006928200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Salivary agglutinin is a high molecular mass component of human saliva that binds Streptococcus mutans, an oral bacterium implicated in dental caries. To study its protein sequence, we isolated the agglutinin from human parotid saliva. After trypsin digestion, a portion was analyzed by matrix-assisted laser/desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), which gave the molecular mass of 14 unique peptides. The remainder of the digest was subjected to high performance liquid chromatography, and the separated peptides were analyzed by MALDI-TOF/post-source decay; the spectra gave the sequences of five peptides. The molecular mass and peptide sequence information showed that salivary agglutinin peptides were identical to sequences in lung (lavage) gp-340, a member of the scavenger receptor cysteine-rich protein family. Immunoblotting with antibodies that specifically recognized either lung gp-340 or the agglutinin confirmed that the salivary agglutinin was gp-340. Immunoblotting with an antibody specific to the sialyl Le(x) carbohydrate epitope detected expression on the salivary but not the lung glycoprotein, possible evidence of different glycoforms. The salivary agglutinin also interacted with Helicobacter pylori, implicated in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease, Streptococcus agalactiae, implicated in neonatal meningitis, and several oral commensal streptococci. These results identify the salivary agglutinin as gp-340 and suggest it binds bacteria that are important determinants of either the oral ecology or systemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Prakobphol
- Departments of Stomatology, Anatomy, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, and Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
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16
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Feuk-Lagerstedt E, Jordan ET, Leffler H, Dahlgren C, Karlsson A. Identification of CD66a and CD66b as the major galectin-3 receptor candidates in human neutrophils. J Immunol 1999; 163:5592-8. [PMID: 10553088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian lectin galectin-3 is a potent stimulus of human neutrophils, provided that the receptor(s) for the lectin has been mobilized to the cell surface before activation. We have recently shown that the receptors for galectin-3 are stored in intracellular mobilizable granules. Here we show supportive evidence for this in that DMSO-differentiated (neutrophil-like) HL-60 cells, which lack gelatinase and specific granules, are nonresponsive when exposed to galectin-3. Neutrophil granules were subsequently used for isolation of galectin-3 receptors by affinity chromatography. Proteins eluted from a galectin-3-Sepharose column by lactose were analyzed on SDS-polyacrylamide gels and showed two major bands of 100 and 160 kDa and a minor band of 120 kDa. By immunoblotting, these proteins were shown to correspond to CD66a (160 kDa), CD66b (100 kDa), and lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein-1 and -2 (Lamp-1 and -2; 120 kDa). The unresponsive HL-60 cells lacked the CD66 Ags but contained the Lamps, implying that neutrophil CD66a and/or CD66b may be the functional galectin-3 receptors. This conclusion was supported by the subcellular localization of the CD66 proteins to the gelatinase and specific granules in resting neutrophils.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, CD/biosynthesis
- Antigens, CD/blood
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Differentiation/blood
- Antigens, Differentiation/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation/pharmacology
- Carrier Proteins/blood
- Cell Adhesion Molecules
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cytoplasmic Granules/metabolism
- Dimethyl Sulfoxide/pharmacology
- Galectin 3
- Gelatinases/blood
- HL-60 Cells
- Humans
- Lysosomal Membrane Proteins
- Macrophage-1 Antigen/biosynthesis
- Membrane Glycoproteins/biosynthesis
- Neutrophil Activation/immunology
- Neutrophils/immunology
- Neutrophils/metabolism
- Receptors, Mitogen/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Mitogen/blood
- Receptors, Mitogen/metabolism
- Subcellular Fractions/immunology
- Subcellular Fractions/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- E Feuk-Lagerstedt
- The Phagocyte Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Göteborg, Sweden
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17
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Prakobphol A, Tangemann K, Rosen SD, Hoover CI, Leffler H, Fisher SJ. Separate oligosaccharide determinants mediate interactions of the low-molecular-weight salivary mucin with neutrophils and bacteria. Biochemistry 1999; 38:6817-25. [PMID: 10346903 DOI: 10.1021/bi990145m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The low-molecular-weight human salivary mucin (MG2) coats oral surfaces, where it is in a prime location for governing cell adhesion. Since oligosaccharides form many of the interactive facets on mucin molecules, we examined MG2 glycosylation as it relates to the molecule's adhesive functions. Our previous study of MG2 oligosaccharide structures showed that the termini predominantly carry T, sialyl-T, Lewisx (Lex), sialyl Lex (sLex), lactosamine, and sialyl lactosamine determinants [Prakobphol, A., et al. (1998) Biochemistry 37, 4916-4927]. In addition, we showed that sLex determinants confer L-selectin ligand activity to this molecule. Here we studied adhesive interactions between MG2 and cells that traffic in the oral cavity: neutrophils and bacteria. Under flow conditions, neutrophils tethered to MG2-coated surfaces at forces between 1.25 and 2 dyn/cm2, i.e., comparable to the shear stress generated at the tooth surface by salivary flow ( approximately 0.8 dyn/cm2). MG2 was also found in association with neutrophils isolated from the oral cavity, evidence that the cells interact with this mucin in vivo. Since MG2 serves as an adhesion receptor for bacteria, the MG2 saccharides that serve this function were also identified. Seven of 18 oral bacteria strains that were tested adhered to MG2. Importantly, six of these seven strains adhered via T antigen, sialyl-T antigen, and/or lactosamine sequences. No adherence to Lex and sLex epitopes was detected in all the strains that were tested. Together, these results suggest that distinct subsets of MG2 saccharides function as ligands for neutrophil L-selectin and receptors for bacterial adhesion, a finding with interesting implications for both oral health and mucin function.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Prakobphol
- Department of Stomatology, University of California, San Francisco 94143, USA
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18
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Svensson M, Sabharwal H, Håkansson A, Mossberg AK, Lipniunas P, Leffler H, Svanborg C, Linse S. Molecular characterization of alpha-lactalbumin folding variants that induce apoptosis in tumor cells. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:6388-96. [PMID: 10037730 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.10.6388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
This study characterized a protein complex in human milk that induces apoptosis in tumor cells but spares healthy cells. The active fraction was purified from casein by anion exchange chromatography. Unlike other casein components the active fraction was retained by the ion exchanger and eluted after a high salt gradient. The active fraction showed N-terminal amino acid sequence identity with human milk alpha-lactalbumin and mass spectrometry ruled out post-translational modifications. Size exclusion chromatography resolved monomers and oligomers of alpha-lactalbumin that were characterized using UV absorbance, fluorescence, and circular dichroism spectroscopy. The high molecular weight oligomers were kinetically stable against dissociation into monomers and were found to have an essentially retained secondary structure but a less well organized tertiary structure. Comparison with native monomeric and molten globule alpha-lactalbumin showed that the active fraction contains oligomers of alpha-lactalbumin that have undergone a conformational switch toward a molten globule-like state. Oligomerization appears to conserve alpha-lactalbumin in a state with molten globule-like properties at physiological conditions. The results suggest differences in biological properties between folding variants of alpha-lactalbumin.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Svensson
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Section of Microbiology, Immunology, and Glycobiology (MIG), Lund University, Sölvegatan 23, S-223 62 Lund, Sweden.
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19
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Hang L, Haraoka M, Agace WW, Leffler H, Burdick M, Strieter R, Svanborg C. Macrophage inflammatory protein-2 is required for neutrophil passage across the epithelial barrier of the infected urinary tract. J Immunol 1999; 162:3037-44. [PMID: 10072556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
IL-8 is a major human neutrophil chemoattractant at mucosal infection sites. This study examined the C-X-C chemokine response to mucosal infection, and, specifically, the role of macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-2, one of the mouse IL-8 equivalents, for neutrophil-epithelial interactions. Following intravesical Escherichia coli infection, several C-X-C chemokines were secreted into the urine, but only MIP-2 concentrations correlated to neutrophil numbers. Tissue quantitation demonstrated that kidney MIP-2 production was triggered by infection, and immunohistochemistry identified the kidney epithelium as a main source of MIP-2. Treatment with anti-MIP-2 Ab reduced the urine neutrophil numbers, but the mice had normal tissue neutrophil levels. By immunohistochemistry, the neutrophils were found in aggregates under the pelvic epithelium, but in control mice the neutrophils crossed the urothelium into the urine. The results demonstrate that different chemokines direct neutrophil migration from the bloodstream to the lamina propria and across the epithelium and that MIP-2 serves the latter function. These findings suggest that neutrophils cross epithelial cell barriers in a highly regulated manner in response to chemokines elaborated at this site. This is yet another mechanism that defines the mucosal compartment and differentiates the local from the systemic host response.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Hang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Division of Clinical Immunology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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20
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Seetharaman J, Kanigsberg A, Slaaby R, Leffler H, Barondes SH, Rini JM. X-ray crystal structure of the human galectin-3 carbohydrate recognition domain at 2.1-A resolution. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:13047-52. [PMID: 9582341 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.21.13047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectins are a family of lectins which share similar carbohydrate recognition domains (CRDs) and affinity for small beta-galactosides, but which show significant differences in binding specificity for more complex glycoconjugates. We report here the x-ray crystal structure of the human galectin-3 CRD, in complex with lactose and N-acetyllactosamine, at 2.1-A resolution. This structure represents the first example of a CRD determined from a galectin which does not show the canonical 2-fold symmetric dimer organization. Comparison with the published structures of galectins-1 and -2 provides an explanation for the differences in carbohydrate-binding specificity shown by galectin-3, and for the fact that it fails to form dimers by analogous CRD-CRD interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Seetharaman
- Departments of Molecular and Medical Genetics and Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
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21
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Seetharaman J, Kanigsberg A, Slaaby R, Leffler H, Barondes SH, Rini JM. X-ray crystal structure of the human galectin-3 carbohydrate recognition domain at 2.1-A resolution. J Biol Chem 1998. [PMID: 9582341 DOI: 10.2210/pdb1a3k/pdb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectins are a family of lectins which share similar carbohydrate recognition domains (CRDs) and affinity for small beta-galactosides, but which show significant differences in binding specificity for more complex glycoconjugates. We report here the x-ray crystal structure of the human galectin-3 CRD, in complex with lactose and N-acetyllactosamine, at 2.1-A resolution. This structure represents the first example of a CRD determined from a galectin which does not show the canonical 2-fold symmetric dimer organization. Comparison with the published structures of galectins-1 and -2 provides an explanation for the differences in carbohydrate-binding specificity shown by galectin-3, and for the fact that it fails to form dimers by analogous CRD-CRD interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Seetharaman
- Departments of Molecular and Medical Genetics and Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
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22
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Karlsson A, Follin P, Leffler H, Dahlgren C. Galectin-3 activates the NADPH-oxidase in exudated but not peripheral blood neutrophils. Blood 1998; 91:3430-8. [PMID: 9558402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3, a lactose-binding mammalian lectin that is secreted from activated macrophages, basophils, and mast cells, was investigated with respect to its ability to activate the human neutrophil NADPH-oxidase. The galectin-3-induced activity was determined with in vivo exudated cells (obtained from a skin chamber) and compared with that of peripheral blood neutrophils. Galectin-3 was found to be a potent activator of the NADPH-oxidase only in exudated neutrophils and the binding of galectin-3 to the surface of these cells was increased compared with peripheral blood cells. Different in vitro priming protocols resulting in degranulation were used to mimic the exudation process in terms of increasing the receptor exposure on the cell surface. Galectin-3 could induce an oxidative response similar to that in exudated cells only after a significant amount of the intracellular organelles had been mobilized. This increase in oxidative response was paralleled by an increased binding of galectin-3 to the surface of the cells. The major conclusion of the study is that galectin-3 is a potent stimulus of the neutrophil respiratory burst, provided that the cells have first experienced an extravasation process. The results also imply that the neutrophil response to galectin-3 could be mediated through receptors mobilized from intracellular granules, and we report the presence of galectin-3-binding proteins in such organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Karlsson
- The Phagocyte Research Laboratory, the Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Göteborg, Guldhedsgatan 10, S-413 46 Göteborg, Sweden
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23
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Prakobphol A, Thomsson KA, Hansson GC, Rosen SD, Singer MS, Phillips NJ, Medzihradszky KF, Burlingame AL, Leffler H, Fisher SJ. Human low-molecular-weight salivary mucin expresses the sialyl lewisx determinant and has L-selectin ligand activity. Biochemistry 1998; 37:4916-27. [PMID: 9538010 DOI: 10.1021/bi972612a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Previously we showed that the low-molecular-weight mucin (MG2, encoded by MUC7), a major component of human submandibular/sublingual saliva, is a bacterial receptor that coats the tooth surface. Here we tested the hypothesis that the structure of its carbohydrate residues contains important information about its function. Purified MG2 (Mr 120 000) was digested with trypsin, and the resulting Mr 90 000 fragment, which carried primarily O-linked oligosaccharides, was subjected to reductive beta-elimination. The released oligosaccharides were characterized by using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Of the 41 different structures we detected, the most prominent included NeuAcalpha2-->3Galbeta1-->3GalNAc-ol (sialyl-T antigen), Galbeta1-->4(Fucalpha1-->3)GlcNAcbeta1-->6(Galbeta1 -->3)GalNAc-ol [type 2 core with Lewisx (Lex) determinant], and NeuAcalpha2-->3Galbeta1-->4(Fucalpha1-->3)GlcNAcbet a1-->6(Galbeta1--> 3) GalNAc-ol [type 2 core with sialyl Lex (sLex) determinant]. We also detected di-, tri-, and pentasaccharides with one sulfate group. Lex, sLex, and related sulfated structures are ligands for selectins, adhesion molecules that mediate leukocyte trafficking. Therefore, we investigated whether MG2 was a selectin ligand. In an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, L-selectin chimeras interacted with immobilized MG2 in a Ca2+-dependent manner. L-Selectin chimeras also bound to MG2 immobilized on nitrocellulose. Together, these results suggest that the saccharides that MG2 carries could specify some of its important functions, which may include mediating leukocyte interactions in the oral cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Prakobphol
- Department of Stomatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
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24
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Gitt MA, Colnot C, Poirier F, Nani KJ, Barondes SH, Leffler H. Galectin-4 and galectin-6 are two closely related lectins expressed in mouse gastrointestinal tract. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:2954-60. [PMID: 9446608 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.5.2954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectins are a family of carbohydrate-binding proteins that share a conserved sequence and affinity for beta-galactosides. Some, such as galectin-1, are isolated as dimers and have a single carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) in each monomer, whereas others, such as galectin-4, are isolated as monomers and have two CRDs in a single polypeptide chain. In the course of studying mouse colon mRNA for galectin-4, we detected a related mRNA that encodes a new galectin that also has two CRDs in a single peptide chain. The new galectin, galectin-6, lacks a 24-amino acid stretch in the link region between the two CRDs that is present in galectin-4. Otherwise, these two galectins have 83% amino acid identity. Expression of both galectin-4 and galectin-6 is confined to the epithelial cells of the embryonic and adult gastrointestinal tract. Galectin-4 is expressed at about equal levels in colon and small intestine but much less in stomach, whereas galectin-6 is expressed at about equal levels throughout the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Gitt
- Center for Neurobiology and Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-0984, USA
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25
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Gitt MA, Xia YR, Atchison RE, Lusis AJ, Barondes SH, Leffler H. Sequence, structure, and chromosomal mapping of the mouse Lgals6 gene, encoding galectin-6. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:2961-70. [PMID: 9446609 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.5.2961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In the accompanying paper (Gitt, M. A., Colnot, C., Poirier, F., and Barondes, S. H., and Leffler, H. (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273, 2954-2960), we reported that mouse gastrointestinal tract specifically expresses two closely related galectins, galectins-4 and -6, each with two carbohydrate recognition domains in the same peptide. Here, we report the isolation, characterization, and chromosomal mapping of the complete mouse Lgals6 gene, which encodes galectin-6, and of a fragment of a distinct gene, Lgals4, which encodes galectin-4. The coding sequence of galectin-6 is specified by eight exons. The upstream region contains two putative promoters. Both Lgals6 and the closely related Lgals4 are clustered together about 3.2 centimorgans proximal to the apoE gene on mouse chromosome 7. The syntenic human region is 19q13.1-13.3.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Gitt
- Center for Neurobiology and Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-0984, USA
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26
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Capon C, Wieruszeski JM, Lemoine J, Byrd JC, Leffler H, Kim YS. Sulfated lewis X determinants as a major structural motif in glycans from LS174T-HM7 human colon carcinoma mucin. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:31957-68. [PMID: 9405387 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.51.31957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This article describes oligosaccharide structures of mucin isolated from nude mouse xenograft tumors produced by LS174T-HM7 cells, a subline of the human colon carcinoma LS174T with higher metastatic tendency and higher mucin production. A striking feature of the oligosaccharides of the LS174T-HM7 xenograft tumor mucin was a predominance of sulfated Lewis X determinants: HSO3-Galbeta1-4(Fucalpha1-3)GlcNAc. In addition to one previously known saccharide with one sulfated Lewis X determinant, the HM7 xenograft tumor mucin contained multiple novel structures containing one, two, or three sulfated Lewis X determinants. This determinant, known to act as a selectin ligand, has been found previously in minor saccharide components of human milk as well as mucins, but never before as a predominant structure in one mucin source.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Capon
- Laboratoire de Chimie Biologique, CNRS Unité Mixte 111, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
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27
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Prakobphol A, Leffler H, Hoover CI, Fisher SJ. Palmitoyl carnitine, a lysophospholipase-transacylase inhibitor, prevents Candida adherence in vitro. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1997; 151:89-94. [PMID: 9198287 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1097(97)00146-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida adherence is poorly understood. The results of this study indicate that interactions of Candida with the lyso-forms of phospholipids may be one important attachment mechanism. C. tropicalis and C. albicans adhered to purified lysophospholipids immobilized on microtiter wells, as well as to a human laryngeal epidermoid carcinoma (HEp-2) cell line. Adherence to both lysophospholipids and HEp-2 cells was significantly reduced by palmitoyl carnitine, a lysophospholipase-transacylase inhibitor. Over time there was a positive correlation between Candida adherence and its transacylase activity. The data suggest that palmitoyl carnitine interferes with Candida adherence to lysophospholipids and the HEp-2 cell line by blocking the interaction between the Candida-associated transacylase enzyme receptor site and its lysophospholipid substrate ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Prakobphol
- Department of Stomatology, University of California San Francisco 94143, USA
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28
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Huflejt ME, Jordan ET, Gitt MA, Barondes SH, Leffler H. Strikingly different localization of galectin-3 and galectin-4 in human colon adenocarcinoma T84 cells. Galectin-4 is localized at sites of cell adhesion. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:14294-303. [PMID: 9162064 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.22.14294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Two beta-galactoside-binding proteins were found to be prominently expressed in the human colon adenocarcinoma T84 cell line. Cloning and sequencing of one, a 36-kDa protein, identified it as the human homolog of galectin-4, a protein containing two carbohydrate binding domains and previously found only in the epithelial cells of the rat and porcine alimentary tract. The other, a 29-kDa protein, is galectin-3, containing a single carbohydrate binding domain, previously found in a number of different cell types including human intestinal epithelium. Despite the marked similarities in the carbohydrate binding domains of these two galectins, their cellular distribution patterns are strikingly different and vary with cellular conditions. In confluent T84 cells, galectin-4 is mostly cytosolic and concentrated at the basal membrane, whereas galectin-3 tends to be concentrated in large granular inclusions mostly at the apical membrane. In subconfluent T84 cells, each galectin is distributed to specific domains of lamellipodia, with galectin-4 concentrated in the leading edge and galectin-3 more proximally. Such different localization of galectins-4 and -3 within T84 cells implies different targeting mechanisms, ligands, and functions. The localization of galectin-4 suggests a role in cell adhesion which is also supported by the ability of immobilized recombinant galectin-4 to stimulate adhesion of T84 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Huflejt
- Center for Neurobiology and Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
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29
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Rini JM, Kanigsberg AI, Seetharaman J, Kayden CS, Leffler H, Barondes SH. X-ray crystal structures of galectins and their carbohydrate complexes. Acta Crystallogr A 1996. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767396091659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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30
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Mey A, Leffler H, Hmama Z, Normier G, Revillard JP. The animal lectin galectin-3 interacts with bacterial lipopolysaccharides via two independent sites. The Journal of Immunology 1996. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.156.4.1572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Galectin-3 is a beta-galactoside binding protein expressed by activated macrophages, epithelial cells, and certain other cell types. Galectin-3 has a C-terminal carbohydrate binding domain, an N-terminal part consisting of a proline- and glycine-rich repetitive domain, and a small N-terminal domain. Two independent LPS binding sites on galectin-3 were demonstrated by binding of biotinylated LPS to immobilized recombinant galectin-3. One appears to be the carbohydrate binding site in the C-terminal domain that confers binding of LPS from Klebsiella pneumoniae that has a beta-galactoside-containing polysaccharide chain. This binding is best demonstrated using galectin-3 immunocaptured by a mAb to the N-terminal part (M3/38) and is inhibited by lactose. In contrast, Salmonella minnesota R7 LPS (Rd mutant), which is devoid of beta-galactosides, appears to bind to a site within the N-terminal part of galectin-3. This interaction is best demonstrated using galectin-3 directly immobilized in wells, and it is inhibited by the Ab M3/38, but not by lactose. Binding inhibition by polymyxin B and the profile of inhibition by a panel of LPSs with different amounts of the inner and outer cores present indicate that this second binding site recognizes the lipid A/inner core region of LPSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mey
- INSERM Unit 80, E. Herriot Hospital, Lyon, France
| | - H Leffler
- INSERM Unit 80, E. Herriot Hospital, Lyon, France
| | - Z Hmama
- INSERM Unit 80, E. Herriot Hospital, Lyon, France
| | - G Normier
- INSERM Unit 80, E. Herriot Hospital, Lyon, France
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Mey A, Leffler H, Hmama Z, Normier G, Revillard JP. The animal lectin galectin-3 interacts with bacterial lipopolysaccharides via two independent sites. J Immunol 1996; 156:1572-7. [PMID: 8568262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Galectin-3 is a beta-galactoside binding protein expressed by activated macrophages, epithelial cells, and certain other cell types. Galectin-3 has a C-terminal carbohydrate binding domain, an N-terminal part consisting of a proline- and glycine-rich repetitive domain, and a small N-terminal domain. Two independent LPS binding sites on galectin-3 were demonstrated by binding of biotinylated LPS to immobilized recombinant galectin-3. One appears to be the carbohydrate binding site in the C-terminal domain that confers binding of LPS from Klebsiella pneumoniae that has a beta-galactoside-containing polysaccharide chain. This binding is best demonstrated using galectin-3 immunocaptured by a mAb to the N-terminal part (M3/38) and is inhibited by lactose. In contrast, Salmonella minnesota R7 LPS (Rd mutant), which is devoid of beta-galactosides, appears to bind to a site within the N-terminal part of galectin-3. This interaction is best demonstrated using galectin-3 directly immobilized in wells, and it is inhibited by the Ab M3/38, but not by lactose. Binding inhibition by polymyxin B and the profile of inhibition by a panel of LPSs with different amounts of the inner and outer cores present indicate that this second binding site recognizes the lipid A/inner core region of LPSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mey
- INSERM Unit 80, E. Herriot Hospital, Lyon, France
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32
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Leonidas DD, Elbert BL, Zhou Z, Leffler H, Ackerman SJ, Acharya KR. Crystal structure of human Charcot-Leyden crystal protein, an eosinophil lysophospholipase, identifies it as a new member of the carbohydrate-binding family of galectins. Structure 1995; 3:1379-93. [PMID: 8747464 DOI: 10.1016/s0969-2126(01)00275-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Charcot-Leyden crystal (CLC) protein is a major autocrystallizing constituent of human eosinophils and basophils, comprising approximately 10% of the total cellular protein in these granulocytes. Identification of the distinctive hexagonal bipyramidal crystals of CLC protein in body fluids and secretions has long been considered a hallmark of eosinophil-associated allergic inflammation. Although CLC protein possesses lysophospholipase activity, its role(s) in eosinophil or basophil function or associated inflammatory responses has remained speculative. RESULTS The crystal structure of the CLC protein has been determined at 1.8 A resolution using X-ray crystallography. The overall structural fold of CLC protein is highly similar to that of galectins -1 and -2, members of an animal lectin family formerly classified as S-type or S-Lac (soluble lactose-binding) lectins. This is the first structure of an eosinophil protein to be determined and the highest resolution structure so far determined for any member of the galectin family. CONCLUSIONS The CLC protein structure possesses a carbohydrate-recognition domain comprising most, but not all, of the carbohydrate-binding residues that are conserved among the galectins. The protein exhibits specific (albeit weak) carbohydrate-binding activity for simple saccharides including N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and lactose. Despite CLC protein having no significant sequence or structural similarities to other lysophospholipase catalytic triad has also been identified within the CLC structure, making it a unique dual-function polypeptide. These structural findings suggest a potential intracellular and/or extracellular role(s) for the galectin-associated activities of CLC protein in eosinophil and basophil function in allergic diseases and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D D Leonidas
- School of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, UK
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33
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Abstract
L-selectin, the leukocyte selectin, mediates the carbohydrate-dependent attachment of circulating leukocytes to endothelium, preceding emigration into tissues. It functions in inflammatory leukocyte trafficking and in lymphocyte homing to lymph nodes. From previous work, the binding of L-selectin to endothelial-associated glycoprotein ligands, GlyCAM-1 and CD34, requires oligosaccharide sialylation, sulfation, and probably fucosylation. We have recently identified a major capping group in GlyCAM-1 as 6' sulfated sialyl Lewis x, a novel structure which potentially satisfies all of these requirements. In the present study, we define the complete structure of beta-eliminated chains of GlyCAM-1 using metabolic radiolabeling, plant lectin binding, and glycosidase digestions in conjunction with high pH anion-exchange chromatography. The majority of the O-glycans in GlyCAM-1 contain the T-antigen, i.e. Gal beta 1-->3GalNAc, which is incorporated into the core-2 structure, i.e. Gal beta 1-->3[GlcNAc beta 1-->6]GalNAc or larger core structures with additional GlcNAc residues. The structures of two O-glycans, based on core-2, were determined to be: [sequence: see text] The implications of these structures and more complex O-glycans for binding by L-selectin are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hemmerich
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0452, USA
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34
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Gitt MA, Wiser MF, Leffler H, Herrmann J, Xia YR, Massa SM, Cooper DN, Lusis AJ, Barondes SH. Sequence and mapping of galectin-5, a beta-galactoside-binding lectin, found in rat erythrocytes. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:5032-8. [PMID: 7890611 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.10.5032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
A monomeric rat beta-galactoside-binding lectin previously purified from extracts of rat lung has been localized to erythrocytes, and the cDNA encoding it has been isolated from a rat reticulocyte cDNA library. The deduced amino acid sequence of the cDNA predicts a protein with a M(r) of 16,199, with no evidence of a signal peptide. The deduced sequence is identical to the sequences of seven proteolytic peptides derived from the purified lectin. Peptide analysis by mass spectrometry indicates that the N-terminal methionine is cleaved and that serine 2 is acetylated. The lectin shares all the strictly conserved amino acid residues of other members of the mammalian galectin family and is designated galectin-5 (GenBank accession number L36862). Galectin-5 is a weak agglutinin of rat erythrocytes, despite its monomeric structure. The gene encoding galectin-5 (LGALS5) has been mapped in mouse to chromosome 11, approximately 50 centimorgans from the centromere and 1.8 +/- 1.8 centimorgans from the polymorphic marker D11Mit34n, a region syntenic with human chromosome 17q11.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Gitt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0984
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35
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Affiliation(s)
- A Prakobphol
- Department of Stomatology, University of California, San Francisco 94143, USA
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36
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Affiliation(s)
- H Leffler
- Langley Porter Psychiatric Institute, University of California, San Francisco, USA
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37
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Barondes SH, Cooper DN, Gitt MA, Leffler H. Galectins. Structure and function of a large family of animal lectins. J Biol Chem 1994; 269:20807-10. [PMID: 8063692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S H Barondes
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco 94143
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38
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Abstract
Candida species are usually commensal organisms, but they become invasive when the host is immunocompromised. Mechanisms by which these organisms adhere to, colonize, and then invade host tissues are poorly understood. To detect potential host receptors, members of a lipid library were chromatographically separated and then overlaid with Candida tropicalis; components to which the organisms bound were visualized by autoradiography. In initial experiments no interactions with either glycolipids or intact phospholipids were detected. However, lysophospholipids supported adherence of C. tropicalis but not Saccharomyces cerevisiae. These results were confirmed by a second assay; C. tropicalis adhered to certain lysophospholipids, but not intact phospholipids, that were immobilized on microtiter plates. Using [14C]-1-palmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, we showed that C. tropicalis adherence is accompanied by rapid conversion of the labeled lipid to a number of compounds. Thus, the interaction of C. tropicalis with lysophospholipids results in significant changes in both the organism and the lysophospholipid to which it binds. We hypothesize that this interaction could be an important component of the infection process.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Prakobphol
- Department of Stomatology, University of California, San Francisco 94143
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39
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Hemmerich S, Bertozzi CR, Leffler H, Rosen SD. Identification of the sulfated monosaccharides of GlyCAM-1, an endothelial-derived ligand for L-selectin. Biochemistry 1994; 33:4820-9. [PMID: 7512827 DOI: 10.1021/bi00182a010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
L-Selectin, a receptor bearing a C-type lectin domain, mediates the initial attachment of lymphocytes to high endothelial venules of lymph nodes. One of the endothelial-derived ligands for L-selectin is GlyCAM-1 (previously known as Sgp50), a mucin-like glycoprotein with sulfated, sialylated, and fucosylated O-linked oligosaccharide chains. Sialylation, sulfation, and fucosylation appear to be required for the avid interaction of this ligand with L-selectin, but the exact carbohydrate structures involved in recognition remain undefined. In this study, we examine the nature of the sulfate-modified carbohydrates of GlyCAM-1. GlyCAM-1 was metabolically labeled in lymph node organ culture with 35SO4 and a panel of tritiated carbohydrate precursors. Mild hydrolysis conditions were established that released sulfated oligosaccharides without cleavage of sulfate esters. Low molecular weight and singly charged fragments, obtained by a combination of gel filtration and anion-exchange chromatography, were analyzed. The structural identification of the fragments relied on the use of a variety of radiolabeled sugar precursors, further chemical and enzymatic hydrolysis, and high-pH anion-exchange chromatography analysis. Sulfated constituents of GlyCAM-1 were identified as Gal-6-SO4, GlcNAc-6-SO4, (SO4-6)Gal beta 1-->4GlcNAc, and Gal beta 1-->4(SO4-6)GlcNAc. In the accompanying paper [Hemmerich, S., & Rosen, S.D. (1994) Biochemistry 33, 4830-4835] evidence is presented that (SO4-6)Gal beta 1-->4GlcNAc forms the core of a sulfated sialyl Lewis x structure that may comprise a recognition determinant on GlyCAM-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hemmerich
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0452
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41
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Mandrell
- Oak Research Institute, Oakland Childrens Hospital, California 94609
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42
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Lobsanov YD, Gitt MA, Leffler H, Barondes SH, Rini JM. X-ray crystal structure of the human dimeric S-Lac lectin, L-14-II, in complex with lactose at 2.9-A resolution. J Biol Chem 1993; 268:27034-8. [PMID: 8262940 DOI: 10.2210/pdb1hlc/pdb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
S-Lac lectins are a family of soluble lactose-binding animal lectins, some of which have been implicated in modulating cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions through specific carbohydrate-mediated recognition. We report here the x-ray crystal structure of a representative member of this family, the human dimeric S-Lac lectin, L-14-II, in complex with lactose, at 2.9-A resolution. The two-fold symmetric dimer is made up of two extended anti-parallel beta-sheets, which associate in a beta-sandwich motif. Remarkably, the L-14-II monomer shares not only the same topology, but a very similar beta-sheet structure with that of the leguminous plant lectins, suggesting a conserved structure-function relationship. Carbohydrate binding by L-14-II was found to involve protein residues that are very highly conserved among all S-Lac lectins. These residues map to a single DNA exon, suggesting a carbohydrate binding cassette common to all S-Lac lectins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y D Lobsanov
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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43
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Herrmann J, Turck CW, Atchison RE, Huflejt ME, Poulter L, Gitt MA, Burlingame AL, Barondes SH, Leffler H. Primary structure of the soluble lactose binding lectin L-29 from rat and dog and interaction of its non-collagenous proline-, glycine-, tyrosine-rich sequence with bacterial and tissue collagenase. J Biol Chem 1993; 268:26704-11. [PMID: 8253805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A lactose-binding lectin from rat lung (RL-29) and a related lectin from Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells have been analyzed with the primary goal of identifying post-translational modifications. The sequences show that RL-29 and the dog lectin are homologues of a lectin designated here as L-29 and elsewhere as CBP-35, epsilon BP, Mac-2, or L-34. RL-29 has a 140-amino-acid COOH-terminal carbohydrate-binding domain, a 20-amino-acid NH2-terminal domain, and an intervening domain consisting of 11 repeating elements rich in Pro, Gly, and Tyr (R-domain). The dog homologue has 14 repeating elements in its R-domain explaining its larger size. The sensitivity of the R-domain to bacterial collagenase allowed us to isolate the NH2-terminal domain and show that the NH2 terminus was blocked by acetylation and, in the accompanying paper (Huflejt, M. E., Turck, C. W., Lindstedt, R., Barondes, S. H., and Leffler, H. (1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268, 26712-26718), that the NH2-terminal domain is phosphorylated. In addition, we unexpectedly found an endogenous component, resembling 92-kDa type IV collagenase, that co-purified with L-29 and slowly digested the R-domain. Hence, L-29 is a substrate for bacterial and tissue collagenases even though the R-domain is non-collagenous. Moreover, the co-purification suggests a non-enzymatic interaction between 92-kDa collagenase and L-29.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Herrmann
- Department of Psychiatry, Langley Porter Psychiatric Institute, University of California, San Francisco 94143
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44
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Huflejt ME, Turck CW, Lindstedt R, Barondes SH, Leffler H. L-29, a soluble lactose-binding lectin, is phosphorylated on serine 6 and serine 12 in vivo and by casein kinase I. J Biol Chem 1993; 268:26712-8. [PMID: 8253806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
L-29, a mammalian soluble lactose-binding lectin, was previously shown to be phosphorylated in confluent 3T3 fibroblasts (Cowles, E. A., Agrwal, N., Anderson, R. L., and Wang, J. L. (1990) J. Biol. Chem. 265, 17706-17712), which contain a small amount of this protein. We have determined the site of phosphorylation on L-29, taking advantage of the abundance of L-29 (about 1% of total soluble cell protein) in confluent polarized Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. Approximately 15-20% of the L-29 is phosphorylated in these cells. Phosphoamino acid analysis showed phosphate incorporation only at serine. Analysis of chymotryptic and endoproteinase Asp-N-generated NH2-terminal fragments by Edman degradation showed that 90% of the phosphate was at Ser6 and 10% at Ser12. The sequence surrounding Ser6, which is conserved in all known L-29 sequences, indicated that this serine might be phosphorylated by casein kinase I or casein kinase II. Reaction of human recombinant L-29 with [gamma-32P]ATP and each of these casein kinases showed that only casein kinase I catalyzed significant incorporation of 32P into L-29; and, as with the L-29 from the MDCK cell extracts, most of the phosphate was incorporated at Ser6 and a small amount was incorporated at Ser12.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Huflejt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco 94143
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45
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Huflejt ME, Turck CW, Lindstedt R, Barondes SH, Leffler H. L-29, a soluble lactose-binding lectin, is phosphorylated on serine 6 and serine 12 in vivo and by casein kinase I. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)74371-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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46
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Lobsanov YD, Gitt MA, Leffler H, Barondes S, Rini JM. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of the human dimeric S-Lac lectin (L-14-II). J Mol Biol 1993; 233:553-5. [PMID: 8411163 DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.1993.1533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The human recombinant S-Lac lectin, L-14-II, produced in an Escherichia coli expression system, has been co-crystallized in the presence of lactose by the hanging drop vapor diffusion method. The crystals grow in space group P2(1)2(1)2(1) with unit cell dimensions of a = 43.6 A, b = 57.8 A, c = 108.2 A, with a dimer in the asymmetric unit. On a conventional rotating anode the crystals diffract to at least 2.8 A resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y D Lobsanov
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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47
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Lindstedt R, Apodaca G, Barondes SH, Mostov KE, Leffler H. Apical secretion of a cytosolic protein by Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. Evidence for polarized release of an endogenous lectin by a nonclassical secretory pathway. J Biol Chem 1993; 268:11750-7. [PMID: 8505302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
In the classical secretory pathway proteins containing a signal peptide are translocated from the cytoplasm of the cell into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). From the ER they are transported to the Golgi apparatus and finally to the plasma membrane (PM) where they are released into the extracellular compartment. However, some proteins are synthesized without a signal peptide and maintain a predominantly cytosolic distribution until they are released from the cell. As a marker for this nonclassical secretory pathway we have chosen L-29, a soluble lectin of M(r) about 29,000, that has affinity for lactose and other beta-galactoside containing glycoconjugates. We were interested in determining if cultured epithelial cells secrete L-29 and if they do so in a polarized fashion. Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK)-II cells were found to express large quantities of L-29 (about 1% of the detergent soluble protein). The lectin was diffusely distributed in the cytosol, with little or none in vesicular compartments. The polarity of L-29 secretion, when analyzed in pulse-chase experiments, was selectively into the apical compartment of filter-grown MDCK cells. This secretion was not inhibited by brefeldin A or monensin, drugs that are known to inhibit protein transport through the ER-Golgi-PM pathway. Secretion of L-29 was augmented 3-5-fold by the calcium ionophore A23187 and by increasing the temperature to 42 degrees C, whereas lowering the temperature to 20 degrees C or addition of nocodazole prevented secretion. These results demonstrate the polarized secretion of a cytosolic protein by a nonclassical secretory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Lindstedt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco 94143
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48
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Prakobphol A, Leffler H, Fisher SJ. The high-molecular-weight human mucin is the primary salivary carrier of ABH, Le(a), and Le(b) blood group antigens. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 1993; 4:325-33. [PMID: 7690601 DOI: 10.1177/10454411930040031001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Because many bacteria interact with the carbohydrate portions of receptor molecules, factors controlling glycosylation probably influence the ability of salivary components to mediate bacterial adherence/clearance. Important sources of diversity in glycosylation are the ABO, secretor, and Lewis genes, which code for glycosyltransferases that add specific sugar sequences to the termini of carbohydrate chains of glycolipids and glycoproteins. We identified, by Western blotting, salivary glycoproteins carrying the ABH and Le(a) or Le(b) antigens. Samples of whole, unstimulated saliva were obtained from 19 subjects whose blood group was determined by agglutination of red blood cells with specific antisera. After centrifugation, the samples were separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and blotted onto nitrocellulose. Glycoproteins carrying blood group antigens were identified by staining the blot with monoclonal antisera specific for the A, B, H, Le(a), or Le(b) antigens. The most intensely staining component from all the samples migrated at the same position as the high-molecular-weight mucin. Saliva samples from the nonsecretors contained only the Le(a) antigen. Samples from the secretors contained one or more of the ABH antigens and, variably, the Le(b) antigen. In all cases, the salivary blood group antigens corresponded to those found on the red blood cells of the same subject. The functional consequences of the expression of blood group antigens on the high-molecular-weight mucin are not known, but their presence could modulate the adherence of certain oral microorganisms that interact preferentially with this molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Prakobphol
- Division of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco 94143
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49
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Oda Y, Herrmann J, Gitt MA, Turck CW, Burlingame AL, Barondes SH, Leffler H. Soluble lactose-binding lectin from rat intestine with two different carbohydrate-binding domains in the same peptide chain. J Biol Chem 1993; 268:5929-39. [PMID: 8449956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Of the multiple soluble lactose-binding (S-Lac) lectins in rat intestine, the major one, tentatively designated RI-H, was previously isolated as a polypeptide of molecular weight approximately 17,000. We here report the sequence of RI-H, as determined both at the peptide level and at the nucleotide level. Surprisingly the cDNA encodes a protein of molecular weight approximately 36,000, and this protein contains two homologous but distinct domains each with sequence elements that are conserved among all S-Lac lectins. The C-terminal domain, designated domain II, corresponds to the lectin with M(r) of 17,000 previously isolated from intestinal extracts and shown to have lactose binding activity. By preparing recombinant protein containing only the N-terminal domain, designated domain I, we here directly demonstrate that it too binds lactose and a related range of sugars that are roughly similar to domain II, but clearly distinct. The new lectin, which we designate L-36, is highly expressed in full-length form in rat small and large intestine and stomach but was not detected in eight other tissues including lung, liver, kidney, and spleen. Each domain has approximately 35% sequence identity with the other domain and with the carbohydrate-binding domain of L-29, another S-Lac lectin, but only about 15% identity with other known S-Lac lectins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Oda
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco 94143
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50
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Oda Y, Herrmann J, Gitt M, Turck C, Burlingame A, Barondes S, Leffler H. Soluble lactose-binding lectin from rat intestine with two different carbohydrate-binding domains in the same peptide chain. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)53409-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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