1
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Simon NM, Kim Y, Bautista DM, Dutton JR, Brem RB. Stem cell transcriptional profiles from mouse subspecies reveal cis-regulatory evolution at translation genes. bioRxiv 2024:2023.07.18.549406. [PMID: 37503246 PMCID: PMC10370129 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.18.549406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
A key goal of evolutionary genomics is to harness molecular data to draw inferences about selective forces that have acted on genomes. The field progresses in large part through the development of advanced molecular-evolution analysis methods. Here we explored the intersection between classical sequence-based tests for selection and an empirical expression-based approach, using stem cells from Mus musculus subspecies as a model. Using a test of directional, cis-regulatory evolution across genes in pathways, we discovered a unique program of induction of translation genes in stem cells of the Southeast Asian mouse M. m. castaneus relative to its sister taxa. As a complement, we used sequence analyses to find population-genomic signatures of selection in M. m. castaneus, at the upstream regions of the translation genes, including at transcription factor binding sites. We interpret our data under a model of changes in lineage-specific pressures across Mus musculus in stem cells with high translational capacity. Together, our findings underscore the rigor of integrating expression and sequence-based methods to generate hypotheses about evolutionary events from long ago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah M. Simon
- Biology of Aging Doctoral Program, Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA 94945, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley CA 94720, USA
| | - Yujin Kim
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Diana M. Bautista
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley CA 94720
| | - James R. Dutton
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Rachel B. Brem
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA 94945, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley CA 94720, USA
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2
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Lavoie NS, Truong V, Malone D, Pengo T, Patil N, Dutton JR, Parr AM. Human induced pluripotent stem cells integrate, create synapses and extend long axons after spinal cord injury. J Cell Mol Med 2022; 26:1932-1942. [PMID: 35257489 PMCID: PMC8980929 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous interventions have been explored in animal models using cells differentiated from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) in the context of neural injury with some success. Our work seeks to transplant cells that are generated from hiPSCs into regionally specific spinal neural progenitor cells (sNPCs) utilizing a novel accelerated differentiation protocol designed for clinical translation. We chose a xenotransplantation model because our laboratory is focused on the behaviour of human cells in order to bring this potential therapy to translation. Cells were transplanted into adult immunodeficient rats after moderate contusion spinal cord injury (SCI). Twelve weeks later, cells derived from the transplanted sNPCs survived and differentiated into neurons and glia that filled the lesion cavity and produced a thoracic spinal cord transcriptional program in vivo. Furthermore, neurogenesis and ionic channel expression were promoted within the adjacent host spinal cord tissue. Transplanted cells displayed robust integration properties including synapse formation and myelination by host oligodendrocytes. Axons from transplanted hiPSC sNPC‐derived cells extended both rostrally and caudally from the SCI transplant site, rostrally approximately 6 cm into supraspinal structures. Thus, iPSC‐derived sNPCs may provide a patient‐specific cell source for patients with SCI that could provide a relay system across the site of injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Stoflet Lavoie
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Vincent Truong
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Dane Malone
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Thomas Pengo
- University of Minnesota Imaging Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Nandadevi Patil
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - James R Dutton
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Ann M Parr
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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3
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Li R, Walsh P, Truong V, Petersen A, Dutton JR, Hubel A. Differentiation of Human iPS Cells Into Sensory Neurons Exhibits Developmental Stage-Specific Cryopreservation Challenges. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:796960. [PMID: 34970550 PMCID: PMC8712858 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.796960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) generates cell phenotypes valuable for cell therapy and personalized medicine. Successful translation of these hiPSC-derived therapeutic products will rely upon effective cryopreservation at multiple stages of the manufacturing cycle. From the perspective of cryobiology, we attempted to understand how the challenge of cryopreservation evolves between cell phenotypes along an hiPSC-to-sensory neuron differentiation trajectory. Cells were cultivated at three different stages to represent intermediate, differentiated, and matured cell products. All cell stages remained ≥90% viable in a dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)-free formulation but suffered ≥50% loss in DMSO before freezing. Raman spectroscopy revealed higher sensitivity to undercooling in hiPSC-derived neuronal cells with lower membrane fluidity and higher sensitivity to suboptimal cooling rates in stem cell developmental stages with larger cell bodies. Highly viable and functional sensory neurons were obtained following DMSO-free cryopreservation. Our study also demonstrated that dissociating adherent cultures plays an important role in the ability of cells to survive and function after cryopreservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Patrick Walsh
- Anatomic Incorporated, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | | | - Ashley Petersen
- Division of Biostatistics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - James R. Dutton
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Allison Hubel
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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4
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Ruiz-Estevez M, Crane AT, Rodriguez-Villamil P, Ongaratto FL, You Y, Steevens AR, Hill C, Goldsmith T, Webster DA, Sherry L, Lim S, Denman N, Low WC, Carlson DF, Dutton JR, Steer CJ, Gafni O. Liver development is restored by blastocyst complementation of HHEX knockout in mice and pigs. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:292. [PMID: 34011403 PMCID: PMC8132445 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02348-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There are over 17,000 patients in the US waiting to receive liver transplants, and these numbers are increasing dramatically. Significant effort is being made to obtain functional hepatocytes and liver tissue that can for therapeutic use in patients. Blastocyst complementation is a challenging, innovative technology that could fundamentally change the future of organ transplantation. It requires the knockout (KO) of genes essential for cell or organ development in early stage host embryos followed by injection of donor pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) into host blastocysts to generate chimeric offspring in which progeny of the donor cells populate the open niche to develop functional tissues and organs. Methods The HHEX gene is necessary for proper liver development. We engineered loss of HHEX gene expression in early mouse and pig embryos and performed intraspecies blastocyst complementation of HHEX KO embryos with eGFP-labeled PSCs in order to rescue the loss of liver development. Results Loss of HHEX gene expression resulted in embryonic lethality at day 10.5 in mice and produced characteristics of lethality at day 18 in pigs, with absence of liver tissue in both species. Analyses of mouse and pig HHEX KO fetuses confirmed significant loss of liver-specific gene and protein expression. Intraspecies blastocyst complementation restored liver formation and liver-specific proteins in both mouse and pig. Livers in complemented chimeric fetuses in both species were comprised of eGFP-labeled donor-derived cells and survived beyond the previously observed time of HHEX KO embryonic lethality. Conclusions This work demonstrates that loss of liver development in the HHEX KO can be rescued via blastocyst complementation in both mice and pigs. This complementation strategy is the first step towards generating interspecies chimeras for the goal of producing human liver cells, tissues, and potentially complete organs for clinical transplantation. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-021-02348-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ruiz-Estevez
- Recombinetics Inc., Stem Cell Technologies, 3388 Mike Collins Drive, Eagan, MN, 55121, USA
| | - A T Crane
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA.,Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - P Rodriguez-Villamil
- Recombinetics Inc., Stem Cell Technologies, 3388 Mike Collins Drive, Eagan, MN, 55121, USA
| | - F L Ongaratto
- Recombinetics Inc., Stem Cell Technologies, 3388 Mike Collins Drive, Eagan, MN, 55121, USA
| | - Yun You
- Mouse Genetics Laboratory, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - A R Steevens
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA.,Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - C Hill
- Recombinetics Inc., Stem Cell Technologies, 3388 Mike Collins Drive, Eagan, MN, 55121, USA
| | - T Goldsmith
- Recombinetics Inc., Stem Cell Technologies, 3388 Mike Collins Drive, Eagan, MN, 55121, USA
| | - D A Webster
- Recombinetics Inc., Stem Cell Technologies, 3388 Mike Collins Drive, Eagan, MN, 55121, USA
| | - L Sherry
- Recombinetics Inc., Stem Cell Technologies, 3388 Mike Collins Drive, Eagan, MN, 55121, USA
| | - S Lim
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - N Denman
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA.,Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - W C Low
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA.,Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - D F Carlson
- Recombinetics Inc., Stem Cell Technologies, 3388 Mike Collins Drive, Eagan, MN, 55121, USA
| | - J R Dutton
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA.,Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - C J Steer
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA. .,Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA. .,Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware Street SE, MMC 36, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
| | - O Gafni
- Recombinetics Inc., Stem Cell Technologies, 3388 Mike Collins Drive, Eagan, MN, 55121, USA.
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5
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Triplet EM, Kim HN, Yoon H, Radulovic M, Kleppe L, Simon WL, Choi CI, Walsh PJ, Dutton JR, Scarisbrick IA. The thrombin receptor links brain derived neurotrophic factor to neuron cholesterol production, resiliency and repair after spinal cord injury. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 152:105294. [PMID: 33549720 PMCID: PMC8021459 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite concerted efforts to identify CNS regeneration strategies, an incomplete understanding of how the needed molecular machinery is regulated limits progress. Here we use models of lateral compression and FEJOTA clip contusion-compression spinal cord injury (SCI) to identify the thrombin receptor (Protease Activated Receptor 1 (PAR1)) as an integral facet of this machine with roles in regulating neurite growth through a growth factor- and cholesterol-dependent mechanism. Functional recovery and signs of neural repair, including expression of cholesterol biosynthesis machinery and markers of axonal and synaptic integrity, were all increased after SCI in PAR1 knockout female mice, while PTEN was decreased. Notably, PAR1 differentially regulated HMGCS1, a gene encoding a rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol production, across the neuronal and astroglial compartments of the intact versus injured spinal cord. Pharmacologic inhibition of cortical neuron PAR1 using vorapaxar in vitro also decreased PTEN and promoted neurite outgrowth in a cholesterol dependent manner, including that driven by suboptimal brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Pharmacologic inhibition of PAR1 also augmented BDNF-driven HMGCS1 and cholesterol production by murine cortical neurons and by human SH-SY5Y and iPSC-derived neurons. The link between PAR1, cholesterol and BDNF was further highlighted by demonstrating that the deleterious effects of PAR1 over-activation are overcome by supplementing cultures with BDNF, cholesterol or by blocking an inhibitor of adenylate cyclase, Gαi. These findings document PAR1-linked neurotrophic coupling mechanisms that regulate neuronal cholesterol metabolism as an important component of the machinery regulating CNS repair and point to new strategies to enhance neural resiliency after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Triplet
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine and the Mayo Clinic Medical Scientist Training Program Sciences Rochester, United States of America
| | - Ha Neui Kim
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, United States of America
| | - Hyesook Yoon
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, United States of America
| | - Maja Radulovic
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, United States of America
| | - Laurel Kleppe
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, United States of America
| | - Whitney L Simon
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, United States of America
| | - Chan-Il Choi
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, United States of America
| | - Patrick J Walsh
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States of America
| | - James R Dutton
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States of America
| | - Isobel A Scarisbrick
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine and the Mayo Clinic Medical Scientist Training Program Sciences Rochester, United States of America; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, United States of America; Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America.
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6
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Ebeling MC, Geng Z, Kapphahn RJ, Roehrich H, Montezuma SR, Dutton JR, Ferrington DA. Impaired Mitochondrial Function in iPSC-Retinal Pigment Epithelium with the Complement Factor H Polymorphism for Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Cells 2021; 10:cells10040789. [PMID: 33918210 PMCID: PMC8066149 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of vision loss in the elderly, is characterized by loss of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). While the disease mechanism remains unclear, prior studies have linked AMD with RPE mitochondrial defects and genetic polymorphisms in the complement pathway. This study used RPE generated from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC-RPE), which were derived from human donors with or without AMD and genotyped for the complement factor H (CFH) AMD high-risk allele (rs1061170, Y402H) to investigate whether donor disease state or genotype had a detrimental effect on mitochondrial function and inflammation. Results show that cells derived from donors with AMD display decreased mitochondrial function under conditions of stress and elevated expression of inflammatory markers compared to iPSC-RPE from individuals without AMD. A more pronounced reduction in mitochondrial function and increased inflammatory markers was observed in CFH high-risk cells, irrespective of disease state. These results provide evidence for a previously unrecognized link between CFH and mitochondrial function that could contribute to RPE loss in AMD patients harboring the CFH high-risk genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara C. Ebeling
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (M.C.E.); (R.J.K.); (S.R.M.)
| | - Zhaohui Geng
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Rebecca J. Kapphahn
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (M.C.E.); (R.J.K.); (S.R.M.)
| | - Heidi Roehrich
- Histology Core for Vision Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
| | - Sandra R. Montezuma
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (M.C.E.); (R.J.K.); (S.R.M.)
| | - James R. Dutton
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Correspondence: (J.R.D.); (D.A.F.); Tel.: +1-612-626-2762 (J.R.D.); +1-612-624-8267 (D.A.F.)
| | - Deborah A. Ferrington
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (M.C.E.); (R.J.K.); (S.R.M.)
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
- Correspondence: (J.R.D.); (D.A.F.); Tel.: +1-612-626-2762 (J.R.D.); +1-612-624-8267 (D.A.F.)
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7
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Steevens AR, Griesbach MW, You Y, Dutton JR, Low WC, Santi PA. Generation of inner ear sensory neurons using blastocyst complementation in a Neurog1 +/--deficient mouse. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:122. [PMID: 33579352 PMCID: PMC7881691 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02184-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
This research is the first to produce induced pluripotent stem cell-derived inner ear sensory neurons in the Neurog1+/− heterozygote mouse using blastocyst complementation. Additionally, this approach corrected non-sensory deficits associated with Neurog1 heterozygosity, indicating that complementation is specific to endogenous Neurog1 function. This work validates the use of blastocyst complementation as a tool to create novel insight into the function of developmental genes and highlights blastocyst complementation as a potential platform for generating chimeric inner ear cell types that can be transplanted into damaged inner ears to improve hearing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleta R Steevens
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA. .,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA. .,Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | | | - Yun You
- Mouse Genetics Laboratory, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - James R Dutton
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Walter C Low
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Peter A Santi
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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8
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Patil N, Walsh P, Carrabre K, Holmberg EG, Lavoie N, Dutton JR, Parr AM. Regionally Specific Human Pre-Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells Produce Both Oligodendrocytes and Neurons after Transplantation in a Chronically Injured Spinal Cord Rat Model after Glial Scar Ablation. J Neurotrauma 2021; 38:777-788. [PMID: 33107383 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2020.7009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating medical condition. In the acute phase after injury, there is cell loss resulting in chronic axonal damage and loss of sensory and motor function including loss of oligodendrocytes that results in demyelination of axons and further dysfunction. In the chronic phase, the inhibitory environment within the lesion including the glial scar can arrest axonal growth and regeneration and can also potentially affect transplanted cells. We hypothesized that glial scar ablation (GSA) along with cell transplantation may be required as a combinatorial therapy to achieve functional recovery, and therefore we proposed to examine the survival and fate of human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) derived pre-oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (pre-OPCs) transplanted in a model of chronic SCI, whether this was affected by GSA, and whether this combination of treatments would result in functional recovery. In this study, chronically injured athymic nude (ATN) rats were allocated to one of three treatment groups: GSA only, pre-OPCs only, or GSA+pre-OPCs. We found that human iPSC derived pre-OPCs were multi-potent and retained the ability to differentiate into mainly oligodendrocytes or neurons when transplanted into the chronically injured spinal cords of rats. Twelve weeks after cell transplantation, we observed that more of the transplanted cells differentiated into oligodendrocytes when the glial scar was ablated compared with no GSA. Further, we also observed that a higher percentage of transplanted cells differentiated into V2a interneurons and motor neurons in the pre-OPCs only group when compared with GSA+pre-OPCs. This suggests that the local environment created by ablation of the glial scar may have a significant effect on the fate of cells transplanted into the injury site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandadevi Patil
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Patrick Walsh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Kailey Carrabre
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Eric G Holmberg
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Nicolas Lavoie
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - James R Dutton
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Ann M Parr
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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9
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Truong V, Viken K, Geng Z, Barkan S, Johnson B, Ebeling MC, Montezuma SR, Ferrington DA, Dutton JR. Automating Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Culture and Differentiation of iPSC-Derived Retinal Pigment Epithelium for Personalized Drug Testing. SLAS Technol 2020; 26:287-299. [PMID: 33292045 DOI: 10.1177/2472630320972110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Derivation and differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) provide the opportunity to generate medically important cell types from individual patients and patient populations for research and the development of potential cell therapies. This technology allows disease modeling and drug screening to be carried out using diverse population cohorts and with more relevant cell phenotypes than can be accommodated using traditional immortalized cell lines. However, technical complexities in the culture and differentiation of hiPSCs, including lack of scale and standardization and prolonged experimental timelines, limit the adoption of this technology for many large-scale studies, including personalized drug screening. The entry of reproducible end-to-end automated workflows for hiPSC culture and differentiation, demonstrated on commercially available platforms, provides enhanced accessibility of this technology for both research laboratories and commercial pharmaceutical testing. Here we have utilized TECAN Fluent automated cell culture workstations to perform hiPSC culture and differentiation in a reproducible and scalable process to generate patient-derived retinal pigment epithelial cells for downstream use, including drug testing. hiPSCs derived from multiple donors with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) were introduced into our automated workflow, and cell lines were cultured and differentiated into retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Donor hiPSC-RPE lines were subsequently entered in an automated drug testing workflow to measure mitochondrial function after exposure to "mitoactive" compounds. This work demonstrates scalable, reproducible culture and differentiation of hiPSC lines from individuals on the TECAN Fluent platform and illustrates the potential for end-to-end automation of hiPSC-based personalized drug testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Truong
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Kevin Viken
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Zhaohui Geng
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Samantha Barkan
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Blake Johnson
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Mara C Ebeling
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Sandra R Montezuma
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Deborah A Ferrington
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - James R Dutton
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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10
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Walsh P, Truong V, Nayak S, Saldías Montivero M, Low WC, Parr AM, Dutton JR. Accelerated differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells into neural lineages via an early intermediate ectoderm population. Stem Cells 2020; 38:1400-1408. [PMID: 32745311 PMCID: PMC7693041 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) into ectoderm provides neurons and glia useful for research, disease modeling, drug discovery, and potential cell therapies. In current protocols, hPSCs are traditionally differentiated into an obligate rostro-dorsal ectodermal fate expressing PAX6 after 6 to 12 days in vitro when protected from mesendoderm inducers. This rate-limiting step has performed a long-standing role in hindering the development of rapid differentiation protocols for ectoderm-derived cell types, as any protocol requires 6 to 10 days in vitro to simply initiate. Here, we report efficient differentiation of hPSCs into a naive early ectodermal intermediate within 24 hours using combined inhibition of bone morphogenic protein and fibroblast growth factor signaling. The induced population responds immediately to morphogen gradients to upregulate rostro-caudal neurodevelopmental landmark gene expression in a generally accelerated fashion. This method can serve as a new platform for the development of novel, rapid, and efficient protocols for the manufacture of hPSC-derived neural lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Walsh
- Stem Cell InstituteUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and DevelopmentUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - Vincent Truong
- Stem Cell InstituteUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual NeurosciencesUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - Sushmita Nayak
- Stem Cell InstituteUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | | | - Walter C. Low
- Stem Cell InstituteUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
- Department of NeurosurgeryUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - Ann M. Parr
- Stem Cell InstituteUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
- Department of NeurosurgeryUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - James R. Dutton
- Stem Cell InstituteUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and DevelopmentUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
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11
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So S, Lee Y, Choi J, Kang S, Lee JY, Hwang J, Shin J, Dutton JR, Seo EJ, Lee BH, Kim CJ, Mitalipov S, Oh SJ, Kang E. The Rho-associated kinase inhibitor fasudil can replace Y-27632 for use in human pluripotent stem cell research. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233057. [PMID: 32396545 PMCID: PMC7217428 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Poor survival of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) following freezing, thawing, or passaging hinders the maintenance and differentiation of stem cells. Rho-associated kinases (ROCKs) play a crucial role in hPSC survival. To date, a typical ROCK inhibitor, Y-27632, has been the primary agent used in hPSC research. Here, we report that another ROCK inhibitor, fasudil, can be used as an alternative and is cheaper than Y-27632. It increased hPSC growth following thawing and passaging, like Y-27632, and did not affect pluripotency, differentiation ability, and chromosome integrity. Furthermore, fasudil promoted retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) differentiation and the survival of neural crest cells (NCCs) during differentiation. It was also useful for single-cell passaging of hPSCs and during aggregation. These findings suggest that fasudil can replace Y-27632 for use in stem research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongjun So
- Stem Cell Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonmi Lee
- Stem Cell Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwan Choi
- Stem Cell Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seoon Kang
- Stem Cell Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Yoon Lee
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Julie Hwang
- Stem Cell Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joosung Shin
- Stem Cell Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - James R. Dutton
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Eul-Ju Seo
- Medical Genetics Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Beom Hee Lee
- Medical Genetics Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chong Jai Kim
- Department of Pathology, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Shoukhrat Mitalipov
- Center for Embryonic Cell and Gene Therapy, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Soo Jin Oh
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunju Kang
- Stem Cell Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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12
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Li R, Hornberger K, Dutton JR, Hubel A. Cryopreservation of Human iPS Cell Aggregates in a DMSO-Free Solution-An Optimization and Comparative Study. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:1. [PMID: 32039188 PMCID: PMC6987262 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are an important cell source for regenerative medicine products. Effective methods of preservation are critical to their clinical and commercial applications. The use of a dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)-free solution containing all non-toxic molecules offers an effective alternative to the conventional DMSO and alleviates pain points associated with the use of DMSO in the cryopreservation of hiPSCs. Both hiPSCs and cells differentiated from them are commonly multicellular systems, which are more sensitive to stresses of freezing and thawing than single cells. In this investigation, low-temperature Raman spectroscopy visualized freezing behaviors of hiPSC aggregates in different solutions. These aggregates exhibited sensitivity to undercooling in DMSO-containing solutions. We demonstrated the ability to replace DMSO with non-toxic molecules, improve post-thaw cell survival, and reduce sensitivity to undercooling. An accelerated optimization process capitalized on the positive synergy among multiple DMSO-free molecules, which acted in concert to influence ice formation and protect cells during freezing and thawing. A differential evolution algorithm was used to optimize the multi-variable, DMSO-free preservation protocol in 8 experiments. hiPSC aggregates frozen in the optimized solution did not exhibit the same sensitivity to undercooling as those frozen in non-optimized solutions or DMSO, indicating superior adaptability of the optimized solution to different freezing modalities and unplanned deviations. This investigation shows the importance of optimization, explains the mechanisms and advantages of a DMSO-free solution, and enables not only improved cryopreservation of hiPSCs but potentially other cell types for translational regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Kathlyn Hornberger
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - James R Dutton
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States.,Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Allison Hubel
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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13
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Crane AT, Aravalli RN, Asakura A, Grande AW, Krishna VD, Carlson DF, Cheeran MCJ, Danczyk G, Dutton JR, Hackett PB, Hu WS, Li L, Lu WC, Miller ZD, O'Brien TD, Panoskaltsis-Mortari A, Parr AM, Pearce C, Ruiz-Estevez M, Shiao M, Sipe CJ, Toman NG, Voth J, Xie H, Steer CJ, Low WC. Interspecies Organogenesis for Human Transplantation. Cell Transplant 2019; 28:1091-1105. [PMID: 31426664 PMCID: PMC6767879 DOI: 10.1177/0963689719845351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Blastocyst complementation combined with gene editing is an emerging approach in the
field of regenerative medicine that could potentially solve the worldwide problem of organ
shortages for transplantation. In theory, blastocyst complementation can generate fully
functional human organs or tissues, grown within genetically engineered livestock animals.
Targeted deletion of a specific gene(s) using gene editing to cause deficiencies in organ
development can open a niche for human stem cells to occupy, thus generating human
tissues. Within this review, we will focus on the pancreas, liver, heart, kidney, lung,
and skeletal muscle, as well as cells of the immune and nervous systems. Within each of
these organ systems, we identify and discuss (i) the common causes of organ failure; (ii)
the current state of regenerative therapies; and (iii) the candidate genes to knockout and
enable specific exogenous organ development via the use of blastocyst complementation. We
also highlight some of the current barriers limiting the success of blastocyst
complementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T Crane
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Rajagopal N Aravalli
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Atsushi Asakura
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Andrew W Grande
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | | | | | - Maxim C-J Cheeran
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, USA
| | - Georgette Danczyk
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - James R Dutton
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA.,Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Perry B Hackett
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Wei-Shou Hu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Wei-Cheng Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Zachary D Miller
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Timothy D O'Brien
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA.,Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, USA
| | | | - Ann M Parr
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA.,Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Clairice Pearce
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | | | - Maple Shiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | | | - Nikolas G Toman
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Joseph Voth
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Hui Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Clifford J Steer
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA.,Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Walter C Low
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA.,Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
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14
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Joung D, Truong V, Neitzke CC, Guo SZ, Walsh PJ, Monat JR, Meng F, Park SH, Dutton JR, Parr AM, McAlpine MC. 3D Printed Stem-Cell Derived Neural Progenitors Generate Spinal Cord Scaffolds. Adv Funct Mater 2018; 28:1801850. [PMID: 32595422 PMCID: PMC7319181 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201801850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A bioengineered spinal cord is fabricated via extrusion-based multi-material 3D bioprinting, in which clusters of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived spinal neuronal progenitor cells (sNPCs) and oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) are placed in precise positions within 3D printed biocompatible scaffolds during assembly. The location of a cluster of cells, of a single type or multiple types, is controlled using a point-dispensing printing method with a 200 μm center-to-center spacing within 150 μm wide channels. The bioprinted sNPCs differentiate and extend axons throughout microscale scaffold channels, and the activity of these neuronal networks is confirmed by physiological spontaneous calcium flux studies. Successful bioprinting of OPCs in combination with sNPCs demonstrates a multicellular neural tissue engineering approach, where the ability to direct the patterning and combination of transplanted neuronal and glial cells can be beneficial in rebuilding functional axonal connections across areas of central nervous system (CNS) tissue damage. This platform can be used to prepare novel biomimetic, hydrogel-based scaffolds modeling complex CNS tissue architecture in vitro and harnessed to develop new clinical approaches to treat neurological diseases, including spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daeha Joung
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Vincent Truong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Colin C. Neitzke
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Shuang-Zhuang Guo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Patrick J. Walsh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Joseph R. Monat
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Fanben Meng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Sung Hyun Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - James R. Dutton
- Stem Cell Institute, Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Ann M. Parr
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Michael C. McAlpine
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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15
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Patil N, Truong V, Holmberg MH, Lavoie NS, McCoy MR, Dutton JR, Holmberg EG, Parr AM. Safety and Efficacy of Rose Bengal Derivatives for Glial Scar Ablation in Chronic Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurotrauma 2018; 35:1745-1754. [PMID: 29373946 PMCID: PMC6033306 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2017.5398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There are no effective therapies available currently to ameliorate loss of function for patients with spinal cord injuries (SCIs). In addition, proposed treatments that demonstrated functional recovery in animal models of acute SCI have failed almost invariably when applied to chronic injury models. Glial scar formation in chronic injury is a likely contributor to limitation on regeneration. We have removed existing scar tissue in chronically contused rat spinal cord using a rose Bengal-based photo ablation approach. In this study, we compared two chemically modified rose bengal derivatives to unmodified rose bengal, both confirming and expanding on our previously published report. Rats were treated with unmodified rose bengal (RB1) or rose bengal modified with hydrocarbon (RB2) or polyethylene glycol (RB3), to determine the effects on scar components and spared tissue post-treatment. Our results showed that RB1 was more efficacious than RB2, while still maintaining minimal collateral effects on spared tissue. RB3 was not taken up by the cells, likely because of its size, and therefore had no effect. Treatment with RB1 also resulted in an increase in serotonin eight days post-treatment in chronically injured spinal cords. Thus, we suggest that unmodified rose Bengal is a potent candidate agent for the development of a therapeutic strategy for scar ablation in chronic SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandadevi Patil
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Vincent Truong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Mackenzie H. Holmberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, Alaska
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Nicolas S. Lavoie
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Mark R. McCoy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, Alaska
| | - James R. Dutton
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Eric G. Holmberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, Alaska
| | - Ann M. Parr
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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16
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Walsh P, Truong V, Hill C, Stoflet ND, Baden J, Low WC, Keirstead SA, Dutton JR, Parr AM. Defined Culture Conditions Accelerate Small-molecule-assisted Neural Induction for the Production of Neural Progenitors from Human-induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Cell Transplant 2017; 26:1890-1902. [PMID: 29390875 PMCID: PMC5802631 DOI: 10.1177/0963689717737074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of defined conditions for derivation, maintenance, and differentiation of human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) provides a superior experimental platform to discover culture responses to differentiation cues and elucidate the basic requirements for cell differentiation and fate restriction. Adoption of defined systems for reprogramming, undifferentiated growth, and differentiation of hiPSCs was found to significantly influence early stage differentiation signaling requirements and temporal kinetics for the production of primitive neuroectoderm. The bone morphogenic protein receptor agonist LDN-193189 was found to be necessary and sufficient for neural induction in a monolayer system with landmark antigens paired box 6 and sex-determining region Y-box 1 appearing within 72 h. Preliminary evidence suggests this neuroepithelium was further differentiated to generate ventral spinal neural progenitors that produced electrophysiologically active neurons in vitro, maintaining viability posttransplantation in an immunocompromised host. Our findings support current developments in the field, demonstrating that adoption of defined reagents for the culture and manipulation of pluripotent stem cells is advantages in terms of simplification and acceleration of differentiation protocols, which will be critical for future clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Walsh
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Vincent Truong
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Caitlin Hill
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Nicolas D. Stoflet
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jessica Baden
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Walter C. Low
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Susan A. Keirstead
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - James R. Dutton
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Ann M. Parr
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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17
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Ferrington DA, Ebeling MC, Kapphahn RJ, Terluk MR, Fisher CR, Polanco JR, Roehrich H, Leary MM, Geng Z, Dutton JR, Montezuma SR. Altered bioenergetics and enhanced resistance to oxidative stress in human retinal pigment epithelial cells from donors with age-related macular degeneration. Redox Biol 2017; 13:255-265. [PMID: 28600982 PMCID: PMC5466586 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness among older adults. It has been suggested that mitochondrial defects in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) underlies AMD pathology. To test this idea, we developed primary cultures of RPE to ask whether RPE from donors with AMD differ in their metabolic profile compared with healthy age-matched donors. Analysis of gene expression, protein content, and RPE function showed that these cultured cells replicated many of the cardinal features of RPE in vivo. Using the Seahorse Extracellular Flux Analyzer to measure bioenergetics, we observed RPE from donors with AMD exhibited reduced mitochondrial and glycolytic function compared with healthy donors. RPE from AMD donors were also more resistant to oxidative inactivation of these two energy-producing pathways and were less susceptible to oxidation-induced cell death compared with cells from healthy donors. Investigation of the potential mechanism responsible for differences in bioenergetics and resistance to oxidative stress showed RPE from AMD donors had increased PGC1α protein as well as differential expression of multiple genes in response to an oxidative challenge. Based on our data, we propose that cultured RPE from donors phenotyped for the presence or absence of AMD provides an excellent model system for studying "AMD in a dish". Our results are consistent with the ideas that (i) a bioenergetics crisis in the RPE contributes to AMD pathology, and (ii) the diseased environment in vivo causes changes in the cellular profile that are retained in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A. Ferrington
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA,Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA,Corresponding author at: 380 Lions Research Bldg., 2001 6th St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Mara C. Ebeling
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Rebecca J. Kapphahn
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Marcia R. Terluk
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Cody R. Fisher
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA,Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Jorge R. Polanco
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Heidi Roehrich
- Histology Core for Vision Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Michaela M. Leary
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Zhaohui Geng
- Stem Cell Institute and Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - James R. Dutton
- Stem Cell Institute and Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Sandra R. Montezuma
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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18
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Hill CM, Banga A, Abrahante JE, Yuan C, Mutch LA, Janecek J, O'Brien T, Graham ML, Dutton JR. Establishing a Large-Animal Model for In Vivo Reprogramming of Bile Duct Cells into Insulin-Secreting Cells to Treat Diabetes. HUM GENE THER CL DEV 2017; 28:87-95. [PMID: 28363269 DOI: 10.1089/humc.2017.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes manifests as autoimmune destruction of beta cells requiring metabolic management with an exogenous replacement of insulin, either by repeated injection of recombinant insulin or by transplantation of allogeneic islets from cadaveric donors. Both of these approaches have severe limitations. Repeated insulin injection requires intensive blood glucose monitoring, is expensive, and is associated with decreased quality-of-life measures. Islet transplantation, while highly effective, is severely limited by shortage of donor organs. Clinical translation of beta cells derived from pluripotent stem cells is also not yet a reality, and alternative approaches to solving the replacement of lost beta cell function are required. In vivo direct reprogramming offers an attractive approach to generating new endogenous insulin-secreting cells by permanently altering the phenotype of somatic cells after transient expression of transcription factors. Previously, we have successfully restored control of blood glucose in diabetic mice by reprogramming liver cells into glucose-sensitive insulin-secreting cells after the transient, simultaneous delivery of three transcription factors (Pdx1, Ngn3, and MafA) to the liver of diabetic mice, using an adenoviral vector (Ad-PNM). Establishing a clinically relevant, large-animal model is a critical next step in translating this approach beyond the proof-of-principle stage in rodents and allowing investigation of vector design, dose and delivery, host response to vector infusion, and establishment of suitable criteria for measuring safety and efficacy. In this feasibility study we infused Ad-PNM into the liver of three diabetic cynomolgus macaques via portal vein catheter. Vector presence and cargo gene and protein expression were detected in liver tissue after infusion with no adverse effects. Refinement of immune suppression significantly extended the period of exogenous PNM expression. This pilot study establishes the suitability of this large-animal model to examine the translation of this approach for treating diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin M Hill
- 1 Stem Cell Institute, McGuire Translational Research Facility, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Anannya Banga
- 1 Stem Cell Institute, McGuire Translational Research Facility, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Juan E Abrahante
- 2 University of Minnesota Informatics Institute, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Ce Yuan
- 1 Stem Cell Institute, McGuire Translational Research Facility, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota.,5 Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, University of Minnesota , Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Lucas A Mutch
- 3 Department of Surgery, Preclinical Research Center, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Jody Janecek
- 3 Department of Surgery, Preclinical Research Center, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Timothy O'Brien
- 1 Stem Cell Institute, McGuire Translational Research Facility, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota.,4 Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota , St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - Melanie L Graham
- 3 Department of Surgery, Preclinical Research Center, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota.,4 Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota , St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - James R Dutton
- 1 Stem Cell Institute, McGuire Translational Research Facility, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota
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19
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Abstract
Therapeutic uses of cells differentiated from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), either embryonic stem (ES) cells or induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), are now being tested in clinical trials, and it is likely that this will lead to increased commercial interest in the clinical translation of promising hPSC research. Recent technical advances in the use of defined media and culture substrates have significantly improved both the simplicity and predictability of growing hPSCs, allowing a much more straightforward application of current good manufacturing practices (cGMP) to the culture of these cells. In addition, the adoption of cGMP-compliant techniques in research environments will both improve the replication of results and make the transition of promising investigations to the commercial sector significantly less cumbersome. However, passaging methods for hPSCs are inherently unpredictable and rely on operator experience and expertise. This is problematic for the cell manufacturing process where operator time and process predictability are often determining cost drivers. We have adopted a human iPSC system using defined media and a recombinant substrate that employs cell dissociation with a hypertonic citrate solution which eliminates variability during hPSC cell expansion and provides a simple cGMP-compliant technique for hiPSC cultivation that is appropriate in both research and commercial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann M Parr
- Department of Neurosurgery, 420 Delaware Street, MMC 96, Minneapolis, 55455, USA
| | - Patrick J Walsh
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, 2001 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Vincent Truong
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, 2001 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - James R Dutton
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, 2001 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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20
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Lindborg BA, Brekke JH, Vegoe AL, Ulrich CB, Haider KT, Subramaniam S, Venhuizen SL, Eide CR, Orchard PJ, Chen W, Wang Q, Pelaez F, Scott CM, Kokkoli E, Keirstead SA, Dutton JR, Tolar J, O'Brien TD. Rapid Induction of Cerebral Organoids From Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Using a Chemically Defined Hydrogel and Defined Cell Culture Medium. Stem Cells Transl Med 2016; 5:970-9. [PMID: 27177577 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2015-0305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Tissue organoids are a promising technology that may accelerate development of the societal and NIH mandate for precision medicine. Here we describe a robust and simple method for generating cerebral organoids (cOrgs) from human pluripotent stem cells by using a chemically defined hydrogel material and chemically defined culture medium. By using no additional neural induction components, cOrgs appeared on the hydrogel surface within 10-14 days, and under static culture conditions, they attained sizes up to 3 mm in greatest dimension by day 28. Histologically, the organoids showed neural rosette and neural tube-like structures and evidence of early corticogenesis. Immunostaining and quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction demonstrated protein and gene expression representative of forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain development. Physiologic studies showed responses to glutamate and depolarization in many cells, consistent with neural behavior. The method of cerebral organoid generation described here facilitates access to this technology, enables scalable applications, and provides a potential pathway to translational applications where defined components are desirable. SIGNIFICANCE Tissue organoids are a promising technology with many potential applications, such as pharmaceutical screens and development of in vitro disease models, particularly for human polygenic conditions where animal models are insufficient. This work describes a robust and simple method for generating cerebral organoids from human induced pluripotent stem cells by using a chemically defined hydrogel material and chemically defined culture medium. This method, by virtue of its simplicity and use of defined materials, greatly facilitates access to cerebral organoid technology, enables scalable applications, and provides a potential pathway to translational applications where defined components are desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth A Lindborg
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA Bioactive Regenerative Therapeutics, Inc., Two Harbors, Minnesota, USA Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - John H Brekke
- Bioactive Regenerative Therapeutics, Inc., Two Harbors, Minnesota, USA
| | - Amanda L Vegoe
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Connor B Ulrich
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Kerri T Haider
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Sandhya Subramaniam
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Scott L Venhuizen
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Cindy R Eide
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Paul J Orchard
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Weili Chen
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Qi Wang
- Biostatistical Design and Analysis Center, Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Francisco Pelaez
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Carolyn M Scott
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Efrosini Kokkoli
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Susan A Keirstead
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - James R Dutton
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jakub Tolar
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Timothy D O'Brien
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
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21
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Greder LV, Post J, Dutton JR. Using Oct4:MerCreMer Lineage Tracing to Monitor Endogenous Oct4 Expression During the Reprogramming of Fibroblasts into Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs). Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1357:97-110. [PMID: 25687297 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2015_198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The reprogramming of somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) using a combination of defined transcription factors has become one of the most widely used techniques in stem cell biology. A critical, early event in iPSC reprogramming is the induction of the endogenous transcription factor network that maintains pluripotency in iPSCs. Here we describe using a transgenic, conditional Oct4-Cre construct to investigate the spatial and temporal induction of endogenous Oct4 expression during the reprogramming of mouse fibroblasts into iPS cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas V Greder
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Jason Post
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, 2-220 MTRF, 2001 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - James R Dutton
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, 2-220 MTRF, 2001 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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22
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Satzer D, Miller C, Maxon J, Voth J, DiBartolomeo C, Mahoney R, Dutton JR, Low WC, Parr AM. T cell deficiency in spinal cord injury: altered locomotor recovery and whole-genome transcriptional analysis. BMC Neurosci 2015; 16:74. [PMID: 26546062 PMCID: PMC4635574 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-015-0212-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND T cells undergo autoimmunization following spinal cord injury (SCI) and play both protective and destructive roles during the recovery process. T cell-deficient athymic nude (AN) rats exhibit improved functional recovery when compared to immunocompetent Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats following spinal cord transection. METHODS In the present study, we evaluated locomotor recovery in SD and AN rats following moderate spinal cord contusion. To explain variable locomotor outcome, we assessed whole-genome expression using RNA sequencing, in the acute (1 week post-injury) and chronic (8 weeks post-injury) phases of recovery. RESULTS Athymic nude rats demonstrated greater locomotor function than SD rats only at 1 week post-injury, coinciding with peak T cell infiltration in immunocompetent rats. Genetic markers for T cells and helper T cells were acutely enriched in SD rats, while AN rats expressed genes for T(h)2 cells, cytotoxic T cells, NK cells, mast cells, IL-1a, and IL-6 at higher levels. Acute enrichment of cell death-related genes suggested that SD rats undergo secondary tissue damage from T cells. Additionally, SD rats exhibited increased acute expression of voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channel-related genes. However, AN rats demonstrated greater chronic expression of cell death-associated genes and less expression of axon-related genes. Immunostaining for macrophage markers revealed no T cell-dependent difference in the acute macrophage infiltrate. CONCLUSIONS We put forth a model in which T cells facilitate early tissue damage, demyelination, and Kv channel dysregulation in SD rats following contusion SCI. However, compensatory features of the immune response in AN rats cause delayed tissue death and limit long-term recovery. T cell inhibition combined with other neuroprotective treatment may thus be a promising therapeutic avenue.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Satzer
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, D429 Mayo Memorial Building, MMC 96, 420 Delaware Street, SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
| | - Catherine Miller
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, D429 Mayo Memorial Building, MMC 96, 420 Delaware Street, SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
| | - Jacob Maxon
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, D429 Mayo Memorial Building, MMC 96, 420 Delaware Street, SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
| | - Joseph Voth
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
| | - Christina DiBartolomeo
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, D429 Mayo Memorial Building, MMC 96, 420 Delaware Street, SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
| | - Rebecca Mahoney
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
| | - James R Dutton
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
| | - Walter C Low
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, D429 Mayo Memorial Building, MMC 96, 420 Delaware Street, SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
| | - Ann M Parr
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, D429 Mayo Memorial Building, MMC 96, 420 Delaware Street, SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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23
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Ye L, Chang YH, Xiong Q, Zhang P, Zhang L, Somasundaram P, Lepley M, Swingen C, Su L, Wendel JS, Guo J, Jang A, Rosenbush D, Greder L, Dutton JR, Zhang J, Kamp TJ, Kaufman DS, Ge Y, Zhang J. Cardiac repair in a porcine model of acute myocardial infarction with human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiovascular cells. Cell Stem Cell 2015; 15:750-61. [PMID: 25479750 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2014.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 337] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2013] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) hold promise for myocardial repair following injury, but preclinical studies in large animal models are required to determine optimal cell preparation and delivery strategies to maximize functional benefits and to evaluate safety. Here, we utilized a porcine model of acute myocardial infarction (MI) to investigate the functional impact of intramyocardial transplantation of hiPSC-derived cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells, and smooth muscle cells, in combination with a 3D fibrin patch loaded with insulin growth factor (IGF)-encapsulated microspheres. hiPSC-derived cardiomyocytes integrated into host myocardium and generated organized sarcomeric structures, and endothelial and smooth muscle cells contributed to host vasculature. Trilineage cell transplantation significantly improved left ventricular function, myocardial metabolism, and arteriole density, while reducing infarct size, ventricular wall stress, and apoptosis without inducing ventricular arrhythmias. These findings in a large animal MI model highlight the potential of utilizing hiPSC-derived cells for cardiac repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Ye
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA; Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Ying-Hua Chang
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Qiang Xiong
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Pengyuan Zhang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Liying Zhang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Porur Somasundaram
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Mike Lepley
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA; Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Cory Swingen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Liping Su
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Jacqueline S Wendel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Jing Guo
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Albert Jang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Daniel Rosenbush
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Lucas Greder
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - James R Dutton
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Timothy J Kamp
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53705, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Dan S Kaufman
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA; Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Ying Ge
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53705, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Jianyi Zhang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA; Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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24
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Maza I, Caspi I, Zviran A, Chomsky E, Rais Y, Viukov S, Geula S, Buenrostro JD, Weinberger L, Krupalnik V, Hanna S, Zerbib M, Dutton JR, Greenleaf WJ, Massarwa R, Novershtern N, Hanna JH. Transient acquisition of pluripotency during somatic cell transdifferentiation with iPSC reprogramming factors. Nat Biotechnol 2015; 33:769-74. [PMID: 26098448 PMCID: PMC4500825 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.3270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Somatic cells can be transdifferentiated to other cell types without passing through a pluripotent state by ectopic expression of appropriate transcription factors1,2. Recent reports have proposed an alternative transdifferentiation method in which fibroblasts are directly converted to various mature somatic cell types by brief expression of the induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) reprogramming factors Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-Myc (OSKM) followed by cell expansion in media that promote lineage differentiation3–6. Here we test this method using genetic lineage tracing for expression of endogenous Nanog and Oct4 and for X chromosome reactivation, as these events mark acquisition of pluripotency. We show that the vast majority of reprogrammed cardiomyocytes or neural stem cells obtained from mouse fibroblasts by OSKM-induced transdifferentiation pass through a transient pluripotent state, and that their derivation is molecularly coupled to iPSC formation mechanisms. Our findings underscore the importance of defining trajectories during cell reprogramming by different methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itay Maza
- 1] The Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel. [2] The Department of Gastroenterology, Rambam Health Care Campus &Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Inbal Caspi
- The Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Asaf Zviran
- The Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Elad Chomsky
- The Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yoach Rais
- The Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sergey Viukov
- The Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Shay Geula
- The Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Jason D Buenrostro
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Leehee Weinberger
- The Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Vladislav Krupalnik
- The Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Suhair Hanna
- 1] The Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel. [2] The Department of Pediatrics and the Pediatric Immunology Unit, Rambam Health Care Campus &Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Mirie Zerbib
- The Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - James R Dutton
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - William J Greenleaf
- The Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Rada Massarwa
- The Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Noa Novershtern
- The Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Jacob H Hanna
- The Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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25
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Terzic D, Maxon JR, Krevitt L, DiBartolomeo C, Goyal T, Low WC, Dutton JR, Parr AM. Directed Differentiation of Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells From Mouse Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Cell Transplant 2015; 25:411-24. [PMID: 25955415 DOI: 10.3727/096368915x688137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Several neurological disorders, such as multiple sclerosis, the leukodystrophies, and traumatic injury, result in loss of myelin in the central nervous system (CNS). These disorders may benefit from cell-based therapies that prevent further demyelination or are able to restore lost myelin. One potential therapeutic strategy for these disorders is the manufacture of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) by the directed differentiation of pluripotent stem cells, including induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). It has been proposed that OPCs could be transplanted into demyelinated or dysmyelinated regions of the CNS, where they would migrate to the area of injury before terminally differentiating into myelinating oligodendrocytes. OPCs derived from mouse iPSCs are particularly useful for modeling this therapeutic approach and for studying the biology of oligodendrocyte progenitors because of the availability of mouse models of neurological disorders associated with myelin deficiency. Moreover, the utility of miPSC-derived OPCs would be significantly enhanced by the adoption of a consistent, reproducible differentiation protocol that allows OPCs derived from different cell lines to be robustly characterized and compared. Here we describe a standardized, defined protocol that reliably directs the differentiation of miPSCs to generate high yields of OPCs that are capable of maturing into oligodendrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dino Terzic
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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26
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O'Neill KE, Thowfeequ S, Li WC, Eberhard D, Dutton JR, Tosh D, Slack JMW. Hepatocyte-ductal transdifferentiation is mediated by reciprocal repression of SOX9 and C/EBPα. Cell Reprogram 2014; 16:314-23. [PMID: 25153359 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2014.0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary hepatocytes rapidly dedifferentiate when cultured in vitro. We have studied the mechanism of hepatocyte dedifferentiation by using two culture media: one that maintains hepatocytes in a differentiated state and another that allows dedifferentiation. We show that dedifferentiation involves partial transformation of hepatocytes into cells that resemble biliary epithelial cells. Lineage labeling and time-lapse filming confirm that the dedifferentiated cells are derived from hepatocytes and not from contaminating ductal or fibroblastic cells in the original culture. Furthermore, we establish that the conversion of hepatocytes to biliary-like cells is regulated by mutual antagonism of CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha (C/EBPα) and SOX9, which have opposing effects on the expression of hepatocyte and ductal genes. Thus, hepatocyte dedifferentiation induces the biliary gene expression program by alleviating C/EBPα-mediated repression of Sox9. We propose that reciprocal antagonism of C/EBPα and SOX9 also operates in the formation of hepatocytes and biliary ducts from hepatoblasts during normal embryonic development. These data demonstrate that reprogramming of differentiated cells can be used to model the acquisition and maintenance of cell fate in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy E O'Neill
- 1 Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biology & Biochemistry University of Bath , Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
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27
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Zhang S, Dutton JR, Su L, Zhang J, Ye L. The influence of a spatiotemporal 3D environment on endothelial cell differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells. Biomaterials 2014; 35:3786-93. [PMID: 24485793 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Current EC differentiation protocols are inefficient, and the phenotypes of the differentiated ECs are only briefly stable, which significantly inhibits their utility for basic science research. Here, a remarkably more efficient hiPSC-EC differentiation protocol that incorporates a three-dimensional (3D) fibrin scaffold is presented. With this protocol, up to 45% of the differentiated hiPSCs assumed an EC phenotype, and after purification, greater than 95% of the cells displayed the EC phenotype (based on CD31 expression). The hiPSC-ECs continued to display EC characteristics for 4 weeks in vitro. Gene and protein expression levels of CD31, CD144 and von Willebrand factor-8 (vWF-8) were significantly up-regulated in differentiated hiPSC-ECs. hiPSC-ECs also have biological function to up-take Dil-conjugated acetylated LDL (Dil-ac-LDL) and form tubular structures on Matrigel. Collectively, these data demonstrate that a 3D differentiation protocol can efficiently generate ECs from hiPSCs and, furthermore, the differentiated hiPSC-ECs are functional and can maintain EC fate up to 4 weeks in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Zhang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - James R Dutton
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Liping Su
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Jianyi Zhang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Lei Ye
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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28
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Akinci E, Banga A, Tungatt K, Segal J, Eberhard D, Dutton JR, Slack JMW. Reprogramming of various cell types to a beta-like state by Pdx1, Ngn3 and MafA. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82424. [PMID: 24312421 PMCID: PMC3843737 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The three transcription factors, PDX1, NGN3 and MAFA, are very important in pancreatic development. Overexpression of these three factors can reprogram both pancreatic exocrine cells and SOX9-positive cells of the liver into cells resembling pancreatic beta cells. In this study we investigate whether other cell types can be reprogrammed. Eight cell types are compared and the results are consistent with the idea that reprogramming occurs to a greater degree for developmentally related cells (pancreas, liver) than for other types, such as fibroblasts. Using a line of mouse hepatocyte-derived cells we screened 13 compounds for the ability to increase the yield of reprogrammed cells. Three are active and when used in combination they can increase the yield of insulin-immunopositive cells by a factor of six. These results should contribute to the eventual ability to develop a new cure for diabetes based on the ability to reprogram other cells in the body to a beta cell phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ersin Akinci
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Anannya Banga
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Katie Tungatt
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna Segal
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Eberhard
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - James R. Dutton
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Jonathan M. W. Slack
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
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29
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Yang Y, Akinci E, Dutton JR, Banga A, Slack JMW. Stage specific reprogramming of mouse embryo liver cells to a beta cell-like phenotype. Mech Dev 2013; 130:602-12. [PMID: 23994012 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We show that cultures of mouse embryo liver generate insulin-positive cells when transduced with an adenoviral vector encoding the three genes: Pdx1, Ngn3 and MafA (Ad-PNM). Only a proportion of transduced cells become insulin-positive and the highest yield occurs in the period E14-16, declining at later stages. Insulin-positive cells do not divide further although they can persist for several weeks. RT-PCR analysis of their gene expression shows the upregulation of a whole battery of genes characteristic of beta cells including upregulation of the endogenous counterparts of the input genes. Other features, including a relatively low insulin content, the expression of genes for other pancreatic hormones, and the fact that insulin secretion is not glucose-sensitive, indicate that the insulin-positive cells remain immature. The origin of the insulin-positive cells is established both by co-immunostaining for α-fetoprotein and albumin, and by lineage tracing for Sox9, which is expressed in the ductal plate cells giving rise to biliary epithelium. This shows that the majority of insulin-positive cells arise from hepatoblasts with a minority from the ductal plate cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yang
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, 2001 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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30
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Zaidman NA, Dutton JR, Mortari A, O'Grady SM. Differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells into epithelial cells that express membrane transport proteins involved in transepithelial Na
+
and Cl
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transport. FASEB J 2013. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.27.1_supplement.1166.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan A. Zaidman
- Animal Science, Integrative Biology and PhysiologyUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMN
| | | | | | - Scott M. O'Grady
- Animal Science, Integrative Biology and PhysiologyUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMN
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Greder LV, Gupta S, Li S, Abedin MJ, Sajini A, Segal Y, Slack JMW, Dutton JR. Analysis of endogenous Oct4 activation during induced pluripotent stem cell reprogramming using an inducible Oct4 lineage label. Stem Cells 2013; 30:2596-601. [PMID: 22948941 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The activation of endogenous Oct4 transcription is a key step in the reprogramming of somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells but until now it has been difficult to analyze this critical event in the reprogramming process. We have generated a transgenic mouse that expresses the tamoxifen-inducible Cre recombinase MerCreMer under the control of the endogenous Oct4 locus, enabling lineage tracing of Oct4 expression in cells in vivo or in vitro, during either reprogramming or differentiation. Using this novel resource, we have determined the timing and outcome of endogenous Oct4 induction during fibroblast reprogramming. We show that both the initiation of this key reprogramming step and the ability of cells activating endogenous Oct4 expression to complete reprogramming are not influenced by the presence of exogenous c-Myc, although the overall efficiency of the process is increased by c-Myc. Oct4 lineage tracing reveals that new reprogramming events continue to initiate over a period of 3 weeks. Furthermore, the analysis of mixed colonies, where only a subset of daughter cells induce endogenous Oct4 expression, indicates the role of unknown, stochastic events in the progression of reprogramming from the initial events to a pluripotent state. Our transgenic mouse model and cells derived from it provide powerful and precise new tools for the study of iPS cell reprogramming mechanisms and have wider implications for the investigation of the role of Oct4 during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas V Greder
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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Sajini AA, Greder LV, Dutton JR, Slack JM. Corrigendum to “Loss of Oct4 expression during the development of murine embryoid bodies” [Dev. Biol. 371 (2012) 170–179]. Dev Biol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2012.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Sajini AA, Greder LV, Dutton JR, Slack JMW. Loss of Oct4 expression during the development of murine embryoid bodies. Dev Biol 2012; 371:170-9. [PMID: 22960235 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2012.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Revised: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We describe the internal organization of murine embryoid bodies (EBs) in terms of the structures and cell types formed as Oct4 expression becomes progressively lost. This is done by making the EBs from iPS cells carrying a novel Oct4 reporter (Oct4-MerCreMer;mTmG) which is inducible, sensitive, and permanent in all cellular progeny. When these EBs are treated with tamoxifen, the Oct4 expressing cells switch from a red to a green fluorescence color, and this is maintained thereafter by all their progeny. We show that there is no specific pattern in which Oct4 is downregulated, rather it appears to be spatially random. Many of the earliest cells to lose Oct4 expression stain positive for markers of visceral endoderm (DAB2, α-fetoprotein (AFP), HNF4). These are randomly located, although if endoderm differentiation is allowed to commence before EB formation then an external layer is formed. This is true both of EBs made from the reporter iPS cells, or from an embryo-derived mouse ES line (R1 cells). Markers of the early body axis, Brachyury (BRA) and FOXA2, usually showed a concentration of positive cells in one region of the EB, but the morphology is not predictable and there are also scattered cells expressing these markers. These patterns are similar in R1 cells. Use of the Oct4 reporter showed a difference between BRA and FOXA2. BRA, which marks the early mesoderm, node and notochord, arises in Oct4 expressing cells on days 3-4. FOXA2, which marks the floor plate of the neural tube and definitive endoderm, as well as the node and notochord, arises at the same time but mostly in cells that have already lost Oct4 expression. Several clumps of cardiomyocytes are visible by days 7-8 of EB development, both in our iPS cells and in R1 cells. Using the Oct4 reporter we show that the cells forming these clumps lose Oct4 expression between days 3 and 5. Overall, our results indicate that EBs recapitulate normal development quite well in terms of the tempo of events and the appearance of specific markers, but they do not resemble embryos in terms of their morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulrahim A Sajini
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, 2001 Sixth Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Kudva YC, Ohmine S, Greder LV, Dutton JR, Armstrong A, De Lamo JG, Khan YK, Thatava T, Hasegawa M, Fusaki N, Slack JMW, Ikeda Y. Transgene-free disease-specific induced pluripotent stem cells from patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Stem Cells Transl Med 2012. [PMID: 23197849 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2011-0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology enables derivation of patient-specific pluripotent stem cells from adult somatic cells without using an embryonic cell source. Redifferentiation of iPSCs from diabetic patients into pancreatic islets will allow patient-specific disease modeling and autologous cell replacement therapy for failing islets. To date, diabetes-specific iPSCs have been generated from patients with type 1 diabetes using integrating retroviral vectors. However, vector integration into the host genome could compromise the biosafety and differentiation propensities of derived iPSCs. Although various integration-free reprogramming systems have been described, their utility to reprogram somatic cells from patients remains largely undetermined. Here, we used nonintegrating Sendai viral vectors to reprogram cells from patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Sendai vector infection led to reproducible generation of genomic modification-free iPSCs (SV-iPSCs) from patients with diabetes, including an 85-year-old individual with T2D. SV-iPSCs lost the Sendai viral genome and antigens within 8-12 passages while maintaining pluripotency. Genome-wide transcriptome analysis of SV-iPSCs revealed induction of endogenous pluripotency genes and downregulation of genes involved in the oxidative stress response and the INK4/ARF pathways, including p16(INK4a), p15(INK4b), and p21(CIP1). SV-iPSCs and iPSCs made with integrating lentiviral vectors demonstrated remarkable similarities in global gene expression profiles. Thus, the Sendai vector system facilitates reliable reprogramming of patient cells into transgene-free iPSCs, providing a pluripotent platform for personalized diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for diabetes and diabetes-associated complications.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Cells, Cultured
- Chromosomes, Human/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human/metabolism
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p15/genetics
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p15/metabolism
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21/genetics
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/pathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/pathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/therapy
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Genes, p16
- Genetic Vectors/genetics
- Genetic Vectors/metabolism
- Genome, Viral
- Humans
- Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells/metabolism
- Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells/transplantation
- Keratinocytes/cytology
- Keratinocytes/metabolism
- Lentivirus/genetics
- Lentivirus/metabolism
- Male
- Octamer Transcription Factor-3/genetics
- Octamer Transcription Factor-3/metabolism
- Oxidative Stress
- Sendai virus/genetics
- Sendai virus/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Transcriptome
- Transgenes
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogish C Kudva
- Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Watanabe S, Hirai H, Asakura Y, Tastad C, Verma M, Keller C, Dutton JR, Asakura A. MyoD gene suppression by Oct4 is required for reprogramming in myoblasts to produce induced pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cells 2011; 29:505-16. [PMID: 21425413 DOI: 10.1002/stem.598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Expression of the four transcription factors, that is, Oct4, Sox2, cMyc, and Klf4 has been shown to generate induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from many types of specialized differentiated somatic cells. It remains unclear, however, whether fully committed skeletal muscle progenitor cells (myoblasts) have the potency to undergo reprogramming to develop iPSCs in line with previously reported cases. To test this, we have isolated genetically marked myoblasts derived from satellite cell of adult mouse muscles using the Cre-loxP system (Pax7-CreER:R26R and Myf5-Cre:R26R). On infection with retroviral vectors expressing the four factors, these myoblasts gave rise to myogenic lineage tracer lacZ-positive embryonic stem cell (ESC)-like colonies. These cells expressed ESC-specific genes and were competent to differentiate into all three germ layers and germ cells, indicating the successful generation of myoblast-derived iPSCs. Continuous expression of the MyoD gene, a master transcription factor for skeletal muscle specification, inhibited this reprogramming process in myoblasts. In contrast, reprogramming myoblasts isolated from mice lacking the MyoD gene led to an increase in reprogramming efficiency. Our data also indicated that Oct4 acts as a transcriptional suppressor of MyoD gene expression through its interaction with the upstream enhancer region. Taken together, these results indicate that suppression of MyoD gene expression by Oct4 is required for the initial reprogramming step in the development of iPSCs from myoblasts. This data suggests that the skeletal muscle system provides a well-defined differentiation model to further elaborate on the effects of iPSC reprogramming in somatic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuichi Watanabe
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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Coad RA, Dutton JR, Tosh D, Slack JMW. Inhibition of Hes1 activity in gall bladder epithelial cells promotes insulin expression and glucose responsiveness. Biochem Cell Biol 2010; 87:975-87. [PMID: 19935883 DOI: 10.1139/o09-063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The biliary system has a close developmental relationship with the pancreas, evidenced by the natural occurrence of small numbers of biliary-derived beta-cells in the biliary system and by the replacement of biliary epithelium with pancreatic tissue in mice lacking the transcription factor Hes1. In normal pancreatic development, Hes1 is known to repress endocrine cell formation. Here we show that glucose-responsive insulin secretion can be induced in biliary epithelial cells when activity of the transcription factor Hes1 is antagonised. We describe a new culture system for adult murine gall bladder epithelial cells (GBECs), free from fibroblast contamination. We show that Hes1 is expressed both in adult murine gall bladder and in cultured GBECs. We have created a new dominant negative Hes1 (DeltaHes1) by removal of the DNA-binding domain, and show that it antagonises Hes1 function in vivo. When DeltaHes1 is introduced into the GBEC it causes expression of insulin RNA and protein. Furthermore, it confers upon the cells the ability to secrete insulin following exposure to increased external glucose. GBEC cultures are induced to express a wider range of mature beta cell markers when co-transduced with DeltaHes1 and the pancreatic transcription factor Pdx1. Introduction of DeltaHes1 and Pdx1 can therefore initiate a partial respecification of phenotype from biliary epithelial cell towards the pancreatic beta cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Coad
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, MTRF, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Abstract
We show that replication defective adenovirus can be used for localized overexpression of a chosen gene in Xenopus tadpoles. Xenopus contains two homologs of the Coxsackie and Adenovirus Receptor (xCAR1 and 2), both of which can confer sensitivity for adenovirus infection. xCAR1 mRNA is present from the late gastrula stage and xCAR2 throughout development, both being widely expressed in the embryo and tadpole. Consistent with the expression of the receptors, adenovirus will infect a wide range of Xenopus tissues cultured in vitro. It will also infect early embryos when injected into the blastocoel or archenteron cavities. Furthermore, adenovirus can be delivered by localized injection to tadpoles and will infect a patch of cells around the injection site. The expression of green fluorescent protein in infected cells persists for several weeks. This new gene delivery method complements the others that are already available. Developmental Dynamics 238:1412-1421, 2009. (c) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Dutton
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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Dutton JR, Daughters RS, Chen Y, O'Neil KE, Slack J. Use of adenovirus for ectopic gene expression in Xenopus. Dev Dyn 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Dutton JR, Antonellis A, Carney TJ, Rodrigues FSLM, Pavan WJ, Ward A, Kelsh RN. An evolutionarily conserved intronic region controls the spatiotemporal expression of the transcription factor Sox10. BMC Dev Biol 2008; 8:105. [PMID: 18950534 PMCID: PMC2601039 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-8-105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2008] [Accepted: 10/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Background A major challenge lies in understanding the complexities of gene regulation. Mutation of the transcription factor SOX10 is associated with several human diseases. The disease phenotypes reflect the function of SOX10 in diverse tissues including the neural crest, central nervous system and otic vesicle. As expected, the SOX10 expression pattern is complex and highly dynamic, but little is known of the underlying mechanisms regulating its spatiotemporal pattern. SOX10 expression is highly conserved between all vertebrates characterised. Results We have combined in vivo testing of DNA fragments in zebrafish and computational comparative genomics to identify the first regulatory regions of the zebrafish sox10 gene. Both approaches converged on the 3' end of the conserved 1st intron as being critical for spatial patterning of sox10 in the embryo. Importantly, we have defined a minimal region crucial for this function. We show that this region contains numerous binding sites for transcription factors known to be essential in early neural crest induction, including Tcf/Lef, Sox and FoxD3. We show that the identity and relative position of these binding sites are conserved between zebrafish and mammals. A further region, partially required for oligodendrocyte expression, lies in the 5' region of the same intron and contains a putative CSL binding site, consistent with a role for Notch signalling in sox10 regulation. Furthermore, we show that β-catenin, Notch signalling and Sox9 can induce ectopic sox10 expression in early embryos, consistent with regulatory roles predicted from our transgenic and computational results. Conclusion We have thus identified two major sites of sox10 regulation in vertebrates and provided evidence supporting a role for at least three factors in driving sox10 expression in neural crest, otic epithelium and oligodendrocyte domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Dutton
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
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Dutton JR, Chillingworth NL, Eberhard D, Brannon CR, Hornsey MA, Tosh D, Slack JMW. Beta cells occur naturally in extrahepatic bile ducts of mice. J Cell Sci 2006; 120:239-45. [PMID: 17179205 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.03330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-secreting beta cells were thought to reside only in the pancreas. Here, we show that beta cells are also present in the extra-hepatic bile ducts of mice. They are characterised by insulin and C-peptide content, the presence of secretory granules that are immunoreactive for insulin, and the ducts exhibit glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Genetic lineage labelling shows that these beta cells arise from the liver domain rather than the pancreas and, by histological study, they appear to be formed directly from the bile duct epithelium in late embryogenesis. Other endocrine cell types (producing somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide) are also found in close association with the bile-duct-derived beta cells, but exocrine pancreatic tissue is not present. This discovery of beta cells outside the mammalian pancreas has implications for regenerative medicine, indicating that biliary epithelium might offer a new source of beta cells for the treatment of diabetes. The finding also has evolutionary significance, because it is known that certain basal vertebrates usually form all of their beta cells from the bile ducts. The mammalian bile-duct-derived beta cells might therefore represent an extant trace of the evolutionary origin of the vertebrate beta cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Dutton
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
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Lahiri D, Dutton JR, Duarte A, Moorwood K, Graham CF, Ward A. Nephropathy and defective spermatogenesis in mice transgenic for a single isoform of the Wilms' tumour suppressor protein, WT1−KTS, together with one disruptedWt1 Allele. Mol Reprod Dev 2006; 74:300-11. [PMID: 16967512 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.20491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The Wilms' tumour suppressor protein, WT1, is a zinc finger protein essential for the development of several organs, including the kidney and gonads. In each of these tissues WT1 is required at multiple stages of development and its persistent expression in podocytes and Sertoli cells suggests WT1 may also have a role in the maintenance of kidney and testis function throughout adult life. Naturally occurring isoforms of WT1 are generated by alternative mRNA splicing. An altered ratio of the splice isoforms WT1-KTS and WT1 + KTS appears to be sufficient to account for the developmental abnormalities (pseudohermaphroditism and nephropathy) characteristic of Frasier syndrome. We show that mice with a transgene encoding WT1-KTS do not differ from their wild-type littermates unless they are also heterozygous for a null mutation at the endogenous Wt1 locus. Animals with both genetic modifications develop proteinuria, together with multiple glomerular cysts, and male infertility. These pathologic changes may be explained as a consequence of altering the WT1 isoform ratio in tissues that express WT1 during adulthood. The results suggest WT1 misexpression could contribute to human glomerulocystic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diya Lahiri
- Department of Biology & Biochemistry, Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Developmental Biology Program, University of Bath, Bath, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- K Dutton
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Antisense transcripts are typically associated with the down-regulation of gene expression. In this issue, Moorwood et al. present evidence that an antisense RNA can enhance expression of the Wilms' tumour suppressor locus WT1. We suggest that the unusual function of the WT1 antisense RNA might relate to the recent discovery of an antisense transcript that is involved in regulating imprinted expression of the murine Igf2r gene, particularly since there is some evidence that the WT1 gene is regulated by genomic imprinting in humans.
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Abstract
The Aspergillus nidulans Stunted protein (StuAp) regulates multicellular complexity during asexual reproduction by moderating the core developmental program that directs differentiation of uninucleate, terminally differentiated spores from multinucleate, vegetative hyphae. StuAp is also required for ascosporogenesis and multicellular development during sexual reproduction. StuAp is a member of a family of fungal transcription factors that regulate development or cell cycle progression. Further, StuAp characterizes a sub-family possessing the conserved APSES domain. We demonstrate for the first time that the APSES domain is a sequence-specific DNA-binding domain that can be modeled as a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH)-like structure. We have found that StuAp response elements (A/TCGCGT/ANA/C) are located upstream of both critical developmental regulatory genes and cell cycle genes in A.nidulans. StuAp is shown to act as a transcriptional repressor in A.nidulans, but as a weak activator in budding yeast. Our data suggest that the differentiation of pseudohyphal-like sterigmatal cells during multicellular conidiophore development requires correct StuAp-regulated expression of both developmental and cell cycle genes in A.nidulans. The budding pattern of sterigmata may involve processes related to those controlling pseudohyphal growth in budding yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Dutton
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
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