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Nedrud JG, Bagheri N, Schön K, Xin W, Bergroth H, Eliasson DG, Lycke NY. Subcomponent vaccine based on CTA1-DD adjuvant with incorporated UreB class II peptides stimulates protective Helicobacter pylori immunity. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83321. [PMID: 24391754 PMCID: PMC3877028 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A mucosal vaccine against Helicobacter pylori infection could help prevent gastric cancers and peptic ulcers. While previous attempts to develop such a vaccine have largely failed because of the requirement for safe and effective adjuvants or large amounts of well defined antigens, we have taken a unique approach to combining our strong mucosal CTA1-DD adjuvant with selected peptides from urease B (UreB). The protective efficacy of the selected peptides together with cholera toxin (CT) was first confirmed. However, CT is a strong adjuvant that unfortunately is precluded from clinical use because of its toxicity. To circumvent this problem we have developed a derivative of CT, the CTA1-DD adjuvant, that has been found safe in non-human primates and equally effective compared to CT when used intranasally. We genetically fused the selected peptides into the CTA1-DD plasmid and found after intranasal immunizations of Balb/c mice using purified CTA1-DD with 3 copies of an H. pylori urease T cell epitope (CTA1-UreB3T-DD) that significant protection was stimulated against a live challenge infection. Protection was, however, weaker than with the gold standard, bacterial lysate+CT, but considering that we only used a single epitope in nanomolar amounts the results convey optimism. Protection was associated with enhanced Th1 and Th17 immunity, but immunizations in IL-17A-deficient mice revealed that IL-17 may not be essential for protection. Taken together, we have provided evidence for the rational design of an effective mucosal subcomponent vaccine against H. pylori infection based on well selected protective epitopes from relevant antigens incorporated into the CTA1-DD adjuvant platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G. Nedrud
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Nayer Bagheri
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Karin Schön
- Mucosal Immunobiology and Vaccine Research Center (MIVAC) and the Department of Microbiolgy and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Wei Xin
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Hilda Bergroth
- Mucosal Immunobiology and Vaccine Research Center (MIVAC) and the Department of Microbiolgy and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Dubravka Grdic Eliasson
- Mucosal Immunobiology and Vaccine Research Center (MIVAC) and the Department of Microbiolgy and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Nils Y. Lycke
- Mucosal Immunobiology and Vaccine Research Center (MIVAC) and the Department of Microbiolgy and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
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Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infects more than half the world's population and in developing nations the incidence can be over 90%. The morbidity and mortality associated with H. pylori-associated diseases including ulcers and gastric cancer therefore, disproportionately impact the developing world. Mice have been used extensively to demonstrate the feasibility of developing a vaccine for H. pylori infection, and for testing antigens, routes of immunization, dose, and adjuvants. These successes however, have not translated well in clinical trials. Although there are examples where immune responses have been activated, there are few instances of achieving a reduced bacterial load. In vivo and in vitro analyses in both mice and humans demonstrates that the host responds to H. pylori infection through the activation of immunoregulatory mechanisms designed to suppress the anti-H. pylori response. Improved vaccine efficacy therefore, will require the inclusion of factors that over-ride or re-program these immunoregulatory rersponse mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamila Zawahir
- Department of Pediatrics; University of Maryland School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Steven J Czinn
- Department of Pediatrics; University of Maryland School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD USA
| | - John G Nedrud
- Department of Pathology; Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine; Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Thomas G Blanchard
- Department of Pediatrics; University of Maryland School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD USA,Correspondence to: Thomas G Blanchard,
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Ding H, Nedrud JG, Blanchard TG, Zagorski BM, Li G, Shiu J, Xu J, Czinn SJ. Th1-mediated immunity against Helicobacter pylori can compensate for lack of Th17 cells and can protect mice in the absence of immunization. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69384. [PMID: 23874957 PMCID: PMC3708891 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection can be significantly reduced by immunization in mice. Th17 cells play an essential role in the protective immune response. Th1 immunity has also been demonstrated to play a role in the protective immune response and can compensate in the absence of IL-17. To further address the potential of Th1 immunity, we investigated the efficacy of immunization in mice deficient in IL-23p19, a cytokine that promotes Th17 cell development. We also examined the course of Helicobacter infection in unimmunized mice treated with Th1 promoting cytokine IL-12. C57BL/6, IL-12 p35 KO, and IL-23 p19 KO mice were immunized and challenged with H. pylori. Protective immunity was evaluated by CFU determination and QPCR on gastric biopsies. Gastric and splenic IL-17 and IFNγ levels were determined by PCR or by ELISA. Balb/c mice were infected with H. felis and treated with IL-12 therapy and the resulting gastric bacterial load and inflammatory response were assessed by histologic evaluation. Vaccine induced reductions in bacterial load that were comparable to wild type mice were observed in both IL-12 p35 and IL-23 p19 KO mice. In the absence of IL-23 p19, IL-17 levels remained low but IFNγ levels increased significantly in both immunized challenged and unimmunized/challenged mice. Additionally, treatment of H. felis-infected Balb/c mice with IL-12 resulted in increased gastric inflammation and the eradication of bacteria in most mice. These data suggest that Th1 immunity can compensate for the lack of IL-23 mediated Th17 responses, and that protective Th1 immunity can be induced in the absence of immunization through cytokine therapy of the infected host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Ding
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - John G. Nedrud
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Thomas G. Blanchard
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Guanghui Li
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jessica Shiu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jinghua Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Steven J. Czinn
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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Nedrud JG, Czinn SJ, Ding H, Zagorski BM, Redline RW, Twaddell W, Blanchard TG. Lack of genetic influence on the innate inflammatory response to helicobacter infection of the gastric mucosa. Front Immunol 2012; 3:181. [PMID: 22783255 PMCID: PMC3389333 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a bacterial pathogen that resides at the gastric mucosa and has a world-wide prevalence of over 50%. Infection usually lasts for the life of the host, and although all infected individuals will develop histologic gastritis only a subset will develop symptomatic gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, gastric MALT lymphoma, or gastric adenocarcinoma. The bacterial and host factors that determine clinical outcome and influence the development of widely varying diseases have not been elucidated. We compared disease in Helicobacter-infected severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice on different genetic backgrounds with their corresponding immunocompetent partners to determine if the genetics of the host significantly impacts the innate inflammatory outcome, independent of variations in bacterial virulence factors. BALB/c SCID and C57BL/6 SCID mice developed equivalent histologic gastritis by 8 weeks of infection. Immunocompetent BALB/c mice and C57BL/6 mice developed significantly lower or higher degrees of inflammation respectively. Innate inflammation in immunodeficient mice on the C57BL/6 background remained low even in the absence of the regulatory cytokine IL-10. These results demonstrate that adaptive immunity is not required for the generation of low level inflammation in response to Helicobacter infection and that the degree of inflammation is consistent among different genetic backgrounds. Additionally, this inflammation is limited even in the absence of regulatory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G Nedrud
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University Cleveland, OH, USA
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Abstract
Helicobacter species are Gram-negative bacteria that colonize the gastric or intestinal mucosa of many mammalian and avian hosts and induce histologic inflammation. The association of H. pylori with gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and gastric cancers makes it a significant human pathogen. Animal models for these diseases are being used to explore the pathogenesis of H. pylori infection and in vaccine development. Both bacterial and host factors contribute to Helicobacter pathogenesis; therefore, the microbiology is very important. This unit describes how to culture the most commonly used gastric Helicobacter species, H. pylori, H. mustelae, and H. felis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G Blanchard
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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DeLyria ES, Nedrud JG, Ernst P, Alam MS, Redline RW, Ding H, Czinn SJ, Xu J, Blanchard T. Vaccine-induced immunity against Helicobacter pylori in the absence of IL-17A. Helicobacter 2011; 16:169-78. [PMID: 21585602 PMCID: PMC3107727 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-5378.2011.00839.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a gram negative bacterium that can cause diseases such as peptic ulcers and gastric cancer. IL-17A, a proinflammatory cytokine that can induce the production of CXC chemokines for neutrophil recruitment, has recently been shown to be elevated in both H. pylori-infected patients and mice. Furthermore, studies in mouse models of vaccination have reported levels significantly increased over infected, unimmunized mice and blocking of IL-17A during the challenge phase in immunized mice reduces protective immunity. Because many aspects of immunity had redundant or compensatory mechanisms, we investigated whether mice could be protectively immunized when IL-17A function is absent during the entire immune response using IL-17A and IL-17A receptor knockout (KO) mice immunized against H. pylori. MATERIALS AND METHODS Gastric biopsies were harvested from naïve, unimmunized/challenged, and immunized/challenged wild type (WT) and KO mice and analyzed for inflammation, neutrophil, and bacterial levels. Groups of IL-17A KO mice were also treated with anti-IFNγ or control antibodies. RESULTS Surprisingly, all groups of immunized KO mice reduced their bacterial loads comparably to WT mice. The gastric neutrophil counts did not vary significantly between IL-17A KO and WT mice, whereas IL-17RA KO mice had on average a four-fold decrease compared to WT. Additionally, we performed an immunization study with CXCR2 KO mice and observed significant gastric neutrophils and reduction in bacterial load. CONCLUSION These data suggest that there are compensatory mechanisms for protection against H. pylori and for neutrophil recruitment in the absence of an IL-17A-CXC chemokine pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth S. DeLyria
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH
| | - John G. Nedrud
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH
| | - Peter Ernst
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - M. Samiul Alam
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Raymond W. Redline
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH
| | - Hua Ding
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Steven J. Czinn
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jinghua Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - T.G. Blanchard
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD,Corresponding author: Thomas G. Blanchard, Dept of Pediatrics, Bressler Research Building, 13-043, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, Voice: (410) 706-1772, Fax: (410) 328-1072,
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Abstract
Helicobacter species are Gram-negative bacteria that colonize the gastric or intestinal mucosa of many mammalian and avian hosts and induce histologic inflammation. The association of H. pylori with gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and gastric cancers makes it a significant human pathogen. Animal models for these diseases are being used to explore the pathogenesis of H. pylori infection and in vaccine development (UNIT ). Both bacterial and host factors contribute to Helicobacter pathogenesis, and therefore the microbiology is very important. This unit describes how to culture the most commonly used gastric Helicobacter species, H. pylori, H. mustelae, and H. felis.
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Chintalacharuvu SR, Yamashita M, Bagheri N, Blanchard TG, Nedrud JG, Lamm ME, Tomino Y, Emancipator SN. T cell cytokine polarity as a determinant of immunoglobulin A (IgA) glycosylation and the severity of experimental IgA nephropathy. Clin Exp Immunol 2008; 153:456-62. [PMID: 18637102 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2008.03703.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin A (IgA) glycosylation, recognized as an important pathogenic factor in IgA nephropathy (IgAN), is apparently controlled by the polarity of T helper (Th) cytokine responses. To examine the role of cytokine polarity in IgAN, inbred mice were immunized by intraperitoneal priming with inactivated Sendai virus (SeV) emulsified in either complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) or incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA), which promote Th1- or Th2-immune response, respectively, and then boosted identically twice orally with aqueous suspensions of inactivated virus. Next, some mice were challenged intranasally with infectious SeV. Mice primed with CFA or IFA had equal reductions in nasal viral titre relative to non-immune controls, and equally increased serum levels of SeV-specific IgA antibody. Mice primed with CFA showed higher SeV-specific IgG than those with IFA. Splenocytes from mice primed with IFA produced copious amounts of interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-5, but little interferon-gamma and IL-2; those primed with CFA had reciprocal cytokine recall responses. Total serum IgA and especially SeV-specific IgA from mice primed with IFA showed a selective defect in sialylation and galactosylation. Although the frequency and intensity of glomerular deposits and haematuria did not differ, glomerulonephritis in mice primed with IFA and challenged with infectious virus was more severe than in those given CFA, as judged by serum creatinine level. We conclude that the polarity of T cell cytokines controls the pattern of IgA glycosylation and exerts direct or indirect effects on functional glomerular responses to immune complex deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Chintalacharuvu
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Abstract
In this unit, protocols for growing Helicobacter organisms on plates or in liquid cultures are presented, followed by protocols for infecting mice with Helicobacter felis and H. pylori and for infecting ferrets with H. mustelae. Also, a procedure is described for adapting an H. pylori isolate to growth in mice. Support protocols describe methods for quantifying numbers of Helicobacter organisms, and how to create a growth curve for Helicobacter cultures. One important technique in investigating Helicobacter infection is assaying the disease processes that occur in the stomach, and a protocol is provided for preparing tissue sections for this purpose. It is also important to confirm that organisms recovered from tissue samples are, in fact, Helicobacter species, and a support protocol describes morphological and biochemical tests for this purpose. Helicobacter bacteria produce large amounts of the enzyme urease, and a support protocol describes how to perform a rapid urease test on animal-tissue biopsies. Assays of Helicobacter-specific immune responses require appropriate antigens, and preparation of both Helicobacter lysates and outer-membrane proteins are detailed for use in these assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Nedrud
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Yamashita M, Chintalacharuvu SR, Kobayashi N, Nedrud JG, Lamm ME, Tomino Y, Emancipator SN. Analysis of innate immune responses in a model of IgA nephropathy induced by Sendai virus. Contrib Nephrol 2007; 157:159-63. [PMID: 17495456 DOI: 10.1159/000102461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
In a model of IgA nephropathy (IgAN) induced by Sendai virus (SeV) without Th1/Th2 polarizing immunization, Th2-prone BALB/c mice develop more severe nephritis with acute renal insufficiency than Th1-prone C3H mice. To determine whether Th1 or Th2 predominance influences the severity of experimental IgAN in mice, we employed polarizing immunizations in a SeV-induced IgAN model in Th1-prone C57Bl/6 mice and Th2-prone BALB/c mice. C57Bl/6 mice, immunized with SeV +CFA or +IFA, showed: (1) clear cytokine polarity by splenocytes in recall assays. (2) Total serum IgA and especially SeV-specific IgA from the IFA group showed a selective defect in galactosylation, not seen in the CFA group, and (3) serum creatinine in the IFA group was higher than in the CFA group or nonimmune controls. However, BALB/c mice did not show clear cytokine polarity with CFA/IFA adjuvant. Moreover, spleen cells from naive BALB/c mice produce IFN-gamma (but not IL-2, -4, -5, or -13) upon stimulation with inactivated SeV in vitro. By flow cytometry, IFN-gamma producing cells are CD3(-), CD19(-), CD49b(+) natural killer cells. IFN-gamma production by naive splenocytes is blocked partially by anti-IL12 blocking Abs, and completely by anti-IL18R blocking Abs. In conclusion, C57Bl/6 mice with polarizing priming with SeV showed clear cytokine polarity and distinct kidney injuries. However, BALB/c mice did not show clear cytokine polarity in the same immunizing system, presumably due to the effects of innate responses to SeV upon antigen-specific lymphocytes. Natural IFN-gamma production may influence the risk of renal failure in IgAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michifumi Yamashita
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7288, USA.
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Abd-Alla MD, Abraham SN, Adams D, Anderson DJ, Arntzen CJ, Atkinson TP, Baekkevold ES, Befus AD, Bergmeier LA, Bergsten G, Berin MC, Bernstein JM, Bevins CL, Bienenstock J, Bishop BL, Bjersing J, Blumberg RS, Bobek LA, Boiko N, Bos NA, Bost KL, Boyaka PN, Brandtzaeg P, Briles DE, Brock JH, Bronson RA, Brown WR, Buckley MG, Butcher EC, Butler JE, Carlsen HS, Cassell GH, Cauci S, Cebra JJ, Challacombe SJ, Cheroutre H, Chikwamba R, Childers NK, Clancy RL, Compans RW, Cone RA, Corbeil LB, Crane-Godreau MA, Cripps AW, Cunningham-Rundles C, Curtiss R, Czerkinsky C, Czinn SJ, de Jong Y, Dent G, Dertzbaugh MT, DiRita VJ, Duchmann R, Elson CO, Emancipator SN, Estes MK, Fargarasan S, Faria AM, Farstad IN, Fidel PL, Fischer H, Fogg G, Fujihashi K, Fusi FM, Fuss IJ, Ganz T, Garofalo RP, Genco RJ, Gewirtz AT, Gleeson M, Godaly G, Goldblum RM, Grant KS, Greenberg HB, Haitchi HM, Hajishengallis G, Hamada H, Hanson LÅ, Hardy RD, Herias MV, Herrler G, Herrmann JE, Hodgins DC, Hoentjen F, Holgate ST, Holloway JH, Holmgren J, Hook EW, Hunt JS, Inman MD, Irjala H, Ishikawa H, Ishikawa T, Ivanyi J, Jackson S, Jalkanen S, Janoff EN, Jiang HQ, Kaetzel CS, Kanamori Y, Karp LC, Kato T, Kehrli ME, Kelsall BL, Kerr MA, Kilian M, Kiyono H, Knight KL, Korotkova M, Kraal G, Kraehenbuhl JP, Krieg AM, Krishna MT, Kroese FG, Kronenberg M, Kurono Y, Kutteh WH, Kweon MN, Lamm ME, Lazarus N, LeFrançois L, Lehner T, Lehrer RI, Leon F, Levine MM, Lim D, Lin TJ, Lomonossoff GP, Lundin KE, Lundstedt AC, Lycke N, MacDonald TT, Mahoney RT, Martin D, Mason HS, Masuyama K, Mayer L, McDonald DM, McElrath MJ, McGhee JR, Mestecky J, Michalek SM, Miller CJ, Miller RD, Mogi G, Molberg Ø, Moldoveanu Z, Monteleone G, Montgomery PC, Moro I, Morrison RP, Mostov K, Mowat AM, Murphy BR, Nataro JP, Nedrud JG, Neutra MR, Nowicki S, O'Byrne PM, Ofek I, Ogra PL, O'Hagan DT, Okamoto Y, Orihuela CJ, Osterhaus AD, O'Sullivan NL, Owen RL, Page RC, Parr MB, Parr EL, Parreño V, Pascual DW, Peppard JV, Petroff MG, Pudney J, Ravdin JI, Renegar KB, Rhee KJ, Rimmelzwaan GF, Robertson AK, Robinson HL, Rosenthal KL, Rothenberg ME, Rouse BT, Rubins JB, Russell MW, Saif LJ, Salmi M, Sampson HA, Samuelsson P, Santi L, Sartor RB, Savage DC, Schmid DS, Sharon N, Shirlaw PJ, Smith PD, Smythies LE, Sollid L, Sparling PF, Spearman PW, Spencer J, Strober W, Su W, Sullivan DA, Svanborg C, Svennerholm AM, Svensson ML, Targan SR, Taubman MA, Telemo E, Tenovuo J, Terhorst C, Tlaskalova-Hogenova H, Tristram DA, Tuomanen E, Underdown BJ, van Egmond M, Vijay-Kumar M, Wahl SW, Walker WA, Ward RL, Weaver CT, Weiner HL, Welliver RC, Wira CR, Woof JM, Wotherspoon AC, Youngman KR, Yuan L, Zeitz M. Contributors. Mucosal Immunol 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-012491543-5/50003-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Czinn SJ, Nedrud JG. Peptic Ulcers and Gastritis. Mucosal Immunol 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-012491543-5/50073-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Amore A, Coppo R, Nedrud JG, Sigmund N, Lamm ME, Emancipator SN. The role of nasal tolerance in a model of IgA nephropathy induced in mice by Sendai virus. Clin Immunol 2004; 113:101-8. [PMID: 15380535 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2004.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2003] [Accepted: 06/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal antigenic exposure is implicated in pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy. Although IgG and/or IgM codeposits may promote disease, protracted mucosal antigenic exposure reduces IgG and IgM antibody, a process termed mucosal tolerance. We immunized mice intranasally with infectious or inactivated Sendai virus for 6 or 14 weeks. Anti-virus IgG remained high in mice given infectious virus for 14 weeks, but decreased after 6 weeks in mice given inactivated virus; IgA antibody remained high in both groups. Upon viral challenge, glomerular IgG and complement deposits and the frequency of hematuria, all equal after 6 weeks of immunization, were lower in mice immunized with inactivated virus for 14 weeks but remained high in mice given infectious virus; glomerular IgA increased over time in both immunized groups. Viremia in a non-tolerized immune host can promote glomerulonephritis with IgG and complement codeposits and glomerular dysfunction. These preliminary experiments may guide future, more mechanistic, investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Amore
- Department of Nephrology and Dialysis, Regina Margherita Hospital, Turin, Italy
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Kobayashi N, Bagheri N, Nedrud JG, Strieter RM, Tomino Y, Lamm ME, Emancipator SN. Differential effects of Sendai virus infection on mediator synthesis by mesangial cells from two mouse strains. Kidney Int 2003; 64:1675-84. [PMID: 14531800 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00258.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, we observed that the severity of glomerulonephritis in an experimental model of immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) induced by Sendai virus differs between C57BL/6 and BALB/c mouse strains. The determinants of differing renal insufficiency are not understood. In the present study, we examine the capacity for mesangial cells to support Sendai viral replication and assess the direct effects of Sendai virus on the production of selected cytokines, chemokines, and eicosanoids by mesangial cells, comparing C57BL/6 to BALB/c mouse strains. METHODS Sendai virus replication was measured by viral plaque assay using LLCMK2 cells. Production of cytokines [interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)], chemokines (JE and KC), and eicosanoids [prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and thromboxane B2 (TxB2)] in culture medium was evaluated by sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or competitive enzyme immunoassay (EIA) after 48 hours' incubation with infectious or inactivated Sendai virus. RESULTS Sendai virus replicates equally well in mesangial cells from both strains, and infection evokes increased IL-6, JE, KC, and PGE2 production in relation to viral dose. BALB/c mesangial cells produce significantly more IL-6 and JE than those from C57BL/6, and the dose response for KC is steeper in BALB/c mesangial cells than those from C57BL/6. Synthesis of PGE2 in BALB/c mesangial cells is higher than that of C57BL/6 mesangial cells, both under basal conditions and in response to infectious Sendai virus, again in a dose-dependent manner. There is no TNF-alpha or thromboxane response to viral stimulation. CONCLUSION We conclude that different mesangial cell responses to this common mucosal viral pathogen might influence the severity of IgAN in our model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyoshi Kobayashi
- Institute of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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Garhart CA, Nedrud JG, Heinzel FP, Sigmund NE, Czinn SJ. Vaccine-induced protection against Helicobacter pylori in mice lacking both antibodies and interleukin-4. Infect Immun 2003; 71:3628-33. [PMID: 12761151 PMCID: PMC155749 DOI: 10.1128/iai.71.6.3628-3633.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To test the hypothesis that a Th2 response to Helicobacter pylori is necessary for protection and to address the possibility that humoral and Th2 cellular responses may compensate for each other, we generated mice deficient in both interleukin-4 (IL-4) and antibodies. The immunized double-knockout mice were protected from H. pylori challenge, as were the parental strains and wild-type C57BL/6 mice. Neutralization of IL-4 in B-cell-deficient mice did not prevent protection. Immunized IL-5-deficient mice were also protected. Thus, IL-4 and IL-5 are not essential for protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine A Garhart
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA.
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Eisenberg JC, Czinn SJ, Garhart CA, Redline RW, Bartholomae WC, Gottwein JM, Nedrud JG, Emancipator SE, Boehm BB, Lehmann PV, Blanchard TG. Protective efficacy of anti-Helicobacter pylori immunity following systemic immunization of neonatal mice. Infect Immun 2003; 71:1820-7. [PMID: 12654796 PMCID: PMC152082 DOI: 10.1128/iai.71.4.1820-1827.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2002] [Revised: 11/26/2002] [Accepted: 01/09/2003] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infection of the gastric mucosa is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality because of its etiologic role in symptomatic gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and gastric adenocarcinoma. Infection occurs in young children; therefore, a prophylactic vaccine would have to be administered within the first year of life, a period thought to be immunologically privileged. We investigated vaccine formulations administered by different routes to confer protective anti-H. pylori immunity in neonatal mice. Neonatal mice immunized with a single dose of vaccine in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) generated antigen-specific gamma interferon-, interleukin-2 (IL-2)-, IL-4-, and IL-5-secreting T cells in numbers similar to those in immunized adult mice, while vaccine administered to neonates in incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) induced such cells in reduced numbers compared to those in adult mice. Both IFA and CFA, however, provided partial protection from a challenge with infectious H. pylori when the vaccine was administered subcutaneously. Neonatal immunized mice also had reduced bacterial loads when immunized intraperitoneally with CFA. In all cases, protection was equivalent to that achieved when adult counterparts were immunized. These studies suggest that an efficacious vaccine might be successfully administered to very young children to prevent perinatal infection of H. pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia C Eisenberg
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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18
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Garhart CA, Heinzel FP, Czinn SJ, Nedrud JG. Vaccine-induced reduction of Helicobacter pylori colonization in mice is interleukin-12 dependent but gamma interferon and inducible nitric oxide synthase independent. Infect Immun 2003; 71:910-21. [PMID: 12540573 PMCID: PMC145373 DOI: 10.1128/iai.71.2.910-921.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies with mice have shown that major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) is required for protection from Helicobacter pylori, while MHC-I and antibodies are not. Thus, CD4(+) T cells are presumed to play an essential role in protective immunity via secretion of cytokines. To determine which cytokines are associated with a reduction of bacterial load in immunized mice, gastric cytokine expression was examined by semiquantitative reverse transcription-PCR in protected (defined as > or =2-log-unit decrease in bacterial load) and unprotected mice 4 weeks after challenge. Elevated levels of mRNA for interleukin-12p40 (IL-12p40), gamma interferon (IFN-gamma), tumor necrosis factor alpha, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were associated with protection in immunized-challenged (I/C) mice, but Th2 cytokine (IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, and IL-13) and chemokine (KC, MIP-2, and MCP-1) expression was not associated with protection. Despite the association of IFN-gamma and iNOS message with protection, I/C mice genetically lacking either of these products were able to reduce the bacterial load as well as the wild-type I/C controls. The I/C mice lacking IL-12p40 were not protected compared to unimmunized-challenged mice. All I/C groups developed gastritis. We conclude that neither IFN-gamma nor iNOS is essential for vaccine-induced protection from H. pylori infection. The p40 subunit of IL-12, which is a component of both IL-12 and IL-23, is necessary for protection in immunized mice. These findings suggest a novel IFN-gamma-independent function of IL-12p40 in effective mucosal immunization against H. pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine A Garhart
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA.
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19
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Abstract
Gastric inflammation is a significant contributor to the disease process associated with Helicobacter pylori infection. It appears that both bacterial genes and differential host responses make interrelated contributions to gastritis and disease outcome after H. pylori infection. While the cag pathogenicity island (PAI) continues to be a focus for much of this investigation on the bacterial side, other bacterial genes/proteins are certainly important as well. On the host cell side, significant progress is being made defining the eucaryotic signaling cascades induced after host cells interact with H. pylori. The role of host cell cytokines, gastric acid, and mast cells is also being actively studied. Prospects for control of H. pylori associated disease continue to include vaccination. The mechanism(s) for vaccine-mediated control of H. pylori infection and disease remain ill-defined but recent evidence from animal models suggests that the inflammatory response may be involved. Manipulating the host response to H. pylori infection in humans to take advantage of the possible beneficial effects of inflammation, while minimizing its detrimental effects is a significant challenge for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G Nedrud
- Institute of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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20
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Garhart CA, Redline RW, Nedrud JG, Czinn SJ. Clearance of Helicobacter pylori Infection and Resolution of Postimmunization Gastritis in a Kinetic Study of Prophylactically Immunized Mice. Infect Immun 2002; 70:3529-38. [PMID: 12065492 PMCID: PMC128038 DOI: 10.1128/iai.70.7.3529-3538.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients infected with Helicobacter pylori mount an immune response which fails to clear the infection and may contribute to disease. Mice can be protected by immunization. To further characterize the H. pylori-mouse model, stomachs of unimmunized or intranasally immunized C57BL/6 mice were quantitatively cultured 3 days and 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, and 52 weeks after challenge with H. pylori. At 3 days and 1 week after challenge, colonization was the same in the immunized and unimmunized mice. By 2 weeks after challenge, the immunized mice had a >2-log decrease in bacterial load, and at all later time points, they either were culture negative or had at least a 2-log decrease in bacterial load. Gastritis in the immunized mice peaked at 1 to 2 weeks after challenge and was characterized by a mixed inflammatory infiltrate and epithelial proliferation centered at the transition between corpus and antrum. By 52 weeks postchallenge, the gastric histology in the immunized mice was not different from that in control unchallenged mice. The unimmunized group began to show a reduction in bacterial load as early as 16 weeks after challenge, and by 52 weeks seven of eight unimmunized mice had developed gastritis and reduced bacterial loads. These results indicate that prophylactic immunization does not prevent colonization by H. pylori but enables mice to clear the infection or significantly reduce the number of colonizing bacteria. The reduction in bacterial load is associated with gastric inflammation that subsides over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine A Garhart
- Departments of Pathology. Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
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21
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Chintalacharuvu SR, Nagy NU, Sigmund N, Nedrud JG, Amm ME, Emancipator SN. T cell cytokines determine the severity of experimental IgA nephropathy by regulating IgA glycosylation. Clin Exp Immunol 2001; 126:326-33. [PMID: 11703378 PMCID: PMC1906199 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2001.01678.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/30/2001] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperfunction of Th2 cells and aberrant glycosylation of IgA have been proposed independently as factors in the pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy (IgAN), the most common form of glomerulonephritis. To investigate the relationship between Th2 cytokines and IgA glycosylation in the genesis of IgAN, we induced IgAN in C3HeB and BALB/c mice by oral immunization and intranasal challenge with Sendai virus. Although both strains of mice developed microhaematuria and glomerular IgA immune deposits to similar degrees, only BALB/c mice developed significant renal insufficiency. More profound reductions of terminal galactosylation and sialylation occurred in Sendai virus-specific IgA from BALB/c versus C3HeB mice, and splenocytes from immunized BALB/c mice produced more Th2 and less Th1 cytokines compared to C3HeB mice when stimulated with antigen in vitro. Furthermore, the decreased glycosylation of IgA elicited by Th2 cytokines in vitro was blunted by the addition of IFN-gamma. We conclude that increased production of Th2 cytokines can lead to abnormalities in IgA glycosylation, which in turn promote heightened phlogistic responses to IgA immune complexes lodging in the glomerulus. We suggest that a relative or absolute increase in Th2 cytokine production in response to mucosal infection is a significant pathogenic factor in human IgAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Chintalacharuvu
- Institute of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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22
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Gottwein JM, Blanchard TG, Targoni OS, Eisenberg JC, Zagorski BM, Redline RW, Nedrud JG, Tary-Lehmann M, Lehmann PV, Czinn SJ. Protective anti-Helicobacter immunity is induced with aluminum hydroxide or complete Freund's adjuvant by systemic immunization. J Infect Dis 2001; 184:308-14. [PMID: 11443556 DOI: 10.1086/322032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2001] [Revised: 04/16/2001] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
To determine whether systemic immunization against Helicobacter pylori could be achieved with an adjuvant approved for human use, the efficacy of vaccination with Helicobacter antigen in combination with aluminum hydroxide (AlOH) was evaluated in a murine model of Helicobacter infection. Immunization with antigen and AlOH induced interleukin-5-secreting, antigen-specific T cells, and immunization with antigen and complete Freund's adjuvant induced interferon-gamma-secreting, antigen-specific T cells, as determined by ELISPOT assay. Both immune responses conferred protection after challenge with either H. pylori or H. felis, as confirmed by the complete absence of any bacteria, as assessed by both histology and culture of gastric biopsy samples. Protection was antibody independent, as demonstrated with antibody-deficient muMT mice (immunoglobulin-gene knockout mice), and CD4(+) spleen T cells from immunized mice were sufficient to transfer protective immunity to otherwise immunodeficient rag1(-/-) recipients. These results suggest an alternative and potentially more expeditious strategy for development of a human-use H. pylori vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Gottwein
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Nedrud
- Institute of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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24
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Arulanandam BP, Raeder RH, Nedrud JG, Bucher DJ, Le J, Metzger DW. IgA immunodeficiency leads to inadequate Th cell priming and increased susceptibility to influenza virus infection. J Immunol 2001; 166:226-31. [PMID: 11123296 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.1.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IgA is considered to be the principal Ab involved in defense against pathogens in the mucosal compartment. Using mice with a targeted disruption in IgA gene expression (IgA(-/-) mice), we have examined the precise role of IgA in protective anti-influenza responses after intranasal vaccination. IgA(-/-) mice immunized intranasally with soluble hemagglutinin (hemagglutinin subtype 1) and neuraminidase (neuraminidase subtype 1) vaccine in the absence of adjuvant were found to be more susceptible to influenza virus infection than IgA(+/+) mice (13 vs 75% survival after virus challenge). Inclusion of IL-12 during immunization restored the protective efficacy of the vaccine to that seen in IgA(+/+) animals. IgA(-/-) mice had no detectable IgA expression, but displayed enhanced serum and pulmonary IgM and IgG Ab levels after IL-12 treatment. Assessment of T cell function revealed markedly depressed splenic lymphoproliferative responses to PHA in IgA(-/-) animals compared with IgA(+/+) mice. Furthermore, IgA(-/-) animals displayed impaired T cell priming to the H1N1 subunit vaccine, with concomitant reduction in recall memory responses due to a defect in APC function. Collectively, these results provide evidence that a major role of IgA is to facilitate presentation of Ag to mucosal T cells. IL-12 treatment can overcome IgA deficiency by providing adequate T cell priming during vaccination.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Intranasal
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Cells, Cultured
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- HN Protein/administration & dosage
- HN Protein/immunology
- IgA Deficiency/genetics
- IgA Deficiency/immunology
- IgA Deficiency/virology
- Immunity, Innate/genetics
- Immunoglobulin A/biosynthesis
- Immunoglobulin A/blood
- Immunologic Memory/genetics
- Influenza A virus/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Interleukin-12/therapeutic use
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Lymphoproliferative Disorders/genetics
- Lymphoproliferative Disorders/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/genetics
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/immunology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/prevention & control
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/virology
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Affiliation(s)
- B P Arulanandam
- Center for Immunology and Microbial Disease Research, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
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25
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26
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Abstract
Immunization can prevent or cure an otherwise chronic helicobacter infection in several animal models despite the chronic nature of natural helicobacter infections. Differences in the antigenic specificity of the antibodies may contribute to the protection observed in these experimental animals. The goal of the present study was to compare the local and systemic antibody responses of humans with chronic Helicobacter pylori infection with those of an individual with spontaneous resolution of infection to find an immunological correlate of protection. Spontaneous resolution of infection was accompanied by a change in immunoblot profiles. Whereas a broad range of H pylori antigens was recognized in chronically infected patients (including the patient who ultimately cleared the infection spontaneously), resolution of infection in the absence of therapeutic agents resulted in the recognition of only several immunodominant antigens. The most dominant antigen was approximately 66 kDa in molecular mass. Immunoblot analysis demonstrated that these antibodies were specific for the structural subunits of the urease enzyme. These studies suggest that the success of antihelicobacter immunization may be due to the ability of vaccination to induce an immune response against antigens that are normally not immunodominant during the course of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- T G Blanchard
- Institute of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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27
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Abstract
Over the last decade animal models have been used extensively to investigate disease processes and therapy for Helicobacter pylori infections. The H. pylori animal models which have been used in pathogenesis and vaccine studies include the gnotobiotic pig, non-human primates, cats, dogs, and several species of rodents including mice, rats, gerbils and guinea pigs. H. felis infection of mice and H. mustelae infection of ferrets have also been used. Recently, investigators have begun using transgenic mice and gene-targeted 'knock-out' mice to investigate Helicobacter infections. Each of these animal models has distinct advantages and disadvantages which are discussed in this minireview. The choice of an animal model is dictated by factors such as cost and an understanding of how each model will or will not allow fulfillment of experimental objectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Nedrud
- Institute of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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28
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Abstract
Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection of primates provides an important model for infection of humans by HIV. Since mucosal epithelium is likely to be an important portal of entry, we decided to study aspects of the interaction of SIV with epithelial cells. SIV was shown to produce virus efficiently in polarized epithelial cells (Vero C1008) transfected with SIVmac239 proviral DNA. The virus titer in the epithelial cell culture fluid reached 10(3) TCID50/ml at day 3 posttransfection. Initially after transfected epithelial cells were plated on a permeable membrane, virus budded at both the apical and the basolateral domains. However, after the cells formed a tight monolayer, 95-100% of the virus particles budded basolaterally, as assessed by release of p27 antigen into the fluid above and below the monolayer. This finding was confirmed by electron microscopy, which showed that the mature virus budded basolaterally in polarized cells. After introduction of the CD4 gene into Vero cells by a retrovirus vector, polarizable cells were able to be infected by cell-free SIVmac239 virus. The virus titer reached 10(4) TCID50/ml in culture fluid and virions also budded basolaterally, the same as the virus from transfected cells. Two viruses (SIVmac1A11 and SIVmac251) that contain truncated TMgp28 instead of TMgp41 also budded basolaterally. Furthermore, we found that HIV-1 with full-length or truncated TMgp41 also budded basolaterally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y T Huang
- Institute of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106, USA
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29
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30
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Ramachandra L, Chu RS, Askew D, Noss EH, Canaday DH, Potter NS, Johnsen A, Krieg AM, Nedrud JG, Boom WH, Harding CV. Phagocytic antigen processing and effects of microbial products on antigen processing and T-cell responses. Immunol Rev 1999; 168:217-39. [PMID: 10399077 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1999.tb01295.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Processing of exogenous antigens and microbes involves contributions by multiple different endocytic and phagocytic compartments. During the processing of soluble antigens, different endocytic compartments have been demonstrated to use distinct antigen-processing mechanisms and to process distinct sets of antigenic epitopes. Processing of particulate and microbial antigens involves phagocytosis and functions contributed by phagocytic compartments. Recent data from our laboratory demonstrate that phagosomes containing antigen-conjugated latex beads are fully competent class II MHC (MHC-II) antigen-processing organelles, which generate peptide:MHC-II complexes. In addition, phagocytosed antigen enters an alternate class I MHC (MHC-I) processing pathway that results in loading of peptides derived from exogenous antigens onto MHC-I molecules, in contrast to the cytosolic antigen source utilized by the conventional MHC-I antigen-processing pathway. Antigen processing and other immune response mechanisms may be activated or inhibited by microbial components to the benefit of either the host or the pathogen. For example, antigen processing and T-cell responses (e.g. Th1 vs Th2 differentiation) are modulated by multiple distinct microbial components, including lipopolysaccharide, cholera toxin, heat labile enterotoxin of Escherichia coli, DNA containing CpG motifs (found in prokaryotic and invertebrate DNA but not mammalian DNA) and components of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ramachandra
- Institute of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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31
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Abstract
Studies in both humans and animals demonstrate that H. pylori is capable of illiciting an innate response that in part is regulated by the genetic makeup of the host. These innate responses includes stimulating immune effector mechanisms at the cellular and biochemical level resulting in the influx of neutrophils into the lamina propria and have even been shown to modify gastric acid secretion. The availability of good animal models of chronic Helicobacter infection has also allowed investigators to begin to examine how the adaptive host immune response prevents and/or exacerbates Helicobacter-induced gastroduodenal disease. The experimental H. felis/mouse model has been utilized by a number of laboratories to investigate mechanisms of host defense against chronic Helicobacter infection. This model and the more recently developed H. pylori rodent model has not only allowed investigators to confirm the feasibility of immunotherapy to prevent and/or cure Helicobacter infection but also to begin to examine how the host immune response prevents and/or exacerbates Helicobacter-induced gastroduodenal disease. Based on these studies a hypothesis is emerging that suggests that protection and/or cure from Helicobacter infection is mediated primarily by an upregulated cellular immune response which may act via an antibody independent mechanism. Paradoxically, following natural infection with H. pylori, a component of the cellular immune response also promotes chronic gastric inflammation without clearance of the organism. The recent development of reliable and reproducible H. pylori/rodent models of disease and the availability of numerous inbred strains, transgenic and knockout animals, will allow investigators to continue to explore the role the host cellular and humoral immune response plays in promoting or preventing this infection.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Administration, Oral
- Animals
- Antibodies, Bacterial/immunology
- Antibody Specificity
- Bacterial Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Bacterial Vaccines/immunology
- Clinical Trials as Topic
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Gastric Acid/metabolism
- Gastric Mucosa/immunology
- Gastrointestinal Diseases/immunology
- Gastrointestinal Diseases/microbiology
- Gastrointestinal Diseases/therapy
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Helicobacter Infections/immunology
- Helicobacter Infections/therapy
- Helicobacter pylori/immunology
- Humans
- Immunity, Active
- Immunity, Cellular
- Immunity, Innate
- Immunity, Mucosal/immunology
- Mice
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- T G Blanchard
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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32
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Blanchard TG, Nedrud JG, Reardon ES, Czinn SJ. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of the local and systemic antibody response in mice and humans with Helicobacter immunity and infection. J Infect Dis 1999; 179:725-8. [PMID: 9952387 DOI: 10.1086/314617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunization can prevent or cure an otherwise chronic gastric Helicobacter infection in several different animal models. The goal of the present study was to compare the titers and specificities of local and systemic antibody responses generated by Helicobacter infection and immunization. Protective immunization results in levels of specific gastric antibody significantly lower than induced by infection. However, antibodies from protectively immunized mice preferentially recognize immunodominant proteins of 10-22 and 30 kDa. Immunoblot analysis of infected mice and humans demonstrated that the serum IgA, but not serum IgG, binding profiles yield an accurate profile of the antigenic specificity of the host's gastric IgA. Therefore, serum IgA may be useful in evaluating the immunodominant antigens at the gastric mucosa of infected persons and possibly in determining the immunogenicity of orally applied Helicobacter vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- T G Blanchard
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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33
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Ågren LC, Ekman L, Löwenadler B, Nedrud JG, Lycke NY. Adjuvanticity of the Cholera Toxin A1-Based Gene Fusion Protein, CTA1-DD, Is Critically Dependent on the ADP-Ribosyltransferase and Ig-Binding Activity. The Journal of Immunology 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.162.4.2432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The ADP-ribosylating enterotoxins, cholera toxin (CT) and Escherichia coli heat-labile toxin, are among the most powerful immunogens and adjuvants yet described. An innate problem, however, is their strong toxic effects, largely due to their promiscuous binding to all nucleated cells via their B subunits. Notwithstanding this, their exceptional immunomodulating ability is attracting increasing attention for use in systemic and mucosal vaccines. Whereas others have separated adjuvanticity from toxicity by disrupting the enzymatic activity of the A1 subunit by site-directed mutagenesis, we have constructed a nontoxic molecule that combines the full enzymatic activity of the A1 subunit with a B cell targeting moiety in a gene fusion protein, the CTA1-DD adjuvant. Despite its more selective binding properties, we found comparable adjuvant effects of the novel CTA1-DD adjuvant to that of CT. Here we unequivocally demonstrate, using a panel of mutant CTA1-DD molecules, that the immunomodulating ability of CTA1-DD is dependent on both an intact enzymatic activity and the Ig-binding ability of the DD dimer. Both agents, CT and CTA1-DD, ADP-ribosylate intact B cells. However, contrary to CT, no increase in intracellular cyclic AMP in the targeted cells was detected, suggesting that cyclic AMP may not be important for adjuvanticity. Most remarkably, CTA1-DD achieves similar immunomodulating effects to CT using a ganglioside-GM1 receptor-independent pathway for internalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena C. Ågren
- *Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Göteborg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Lena Ekman
- *Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Göteborg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Björn Löwenadler
- †Department of Molecular Biology, Astra Hässle AB, Mölndal, Sweden; and
| | - John G. Nedrud
- ‡Institute of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Nils Y. Lycke
- *Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Göteborg, Göteborg, Sweden
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34
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Agren LC, Ekman L, Löwenadler B, Nedrud JG, Lycke NY. Adjuvanticity of the cholera toxin A1-based gene fusion protein, CTA1-DD, is critically dependent on the ADP-ribosyltransferase and Ig-binding activity. J Immunol 1999; 162:2432-40. [PMID: 9973526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
The ADP-ribosylating enterotoxins, cholera toxin (CT) and Escherichia coli heat-labile toxin, are among the most powerful immunogens and adjuvants yet described. An innate problem, however, is their strong toxic effects, largely due to their promiscuous binding to all nucleated cells via their B subunits. Notwithstanding this, their exceptional immunomodulating ability is attracting increasing attention for use in systemic and mucosal vaccines. Whereas others have separated adjuvanticity from toxicity by disrupting the enzymatic activity of the A1 subunit by site-directed mutagenesis, we have constructed a nontoxic molecule that combines the full enzymatic activity of the A1 subunit with a B cell targeting moiety in a gene fusion protein, the CTA1-DD adjuvant. Despite its more selective binding properties, we found comparable adjuvant effects of the novel CTA1-DD adjuvant to that of CT. Here we unequivocally demonstrate, using a panel of mutant CTA1-DD molecules, that the immunomodulating ability of CTA1-DD is dependent on both an intact enzymatic activity and the Ig-binding ability of the DD dimer. Both agents, CT and CTA1-DD, ADP-ribosylate intact B cells. However, contrary to CT, no increase in intracellular cyclic AMP in the targeted cells was detected, suggesting that cyclic AMP may not be important for adjuvanticity. Most remarkably, CTA1-DD achieves similar immunomodulating effects to CT using a ganglioside-GM1 receptor-independent pathway for internalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Agren
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Göteborg, Sweden
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35
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Blanchard TG, Czinn SJ, Redline RW, Sigmund N, Harriman G, Nedrud JG. Antibody-independent protective mucosal immunity to gastric helicobacter infection in mice. Cell Immunol 1999; 191:74-80. [PMID: 9918689 DOI: 10.1006/cimm.1998.1421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infection of the gastric mucosa can result in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease. Although vaccination can induce protective immunity in animal models of Helicobacter infection, the mechanism(s) of protective immunity has not been fully elucidated. This study was designed to determine whether humoral immune responses are required for protective Helicobacter immunity. IgA-deficient or immunoglobulin-deficient mice were orally immunized against Helicobacter felis and then challenged with live H. felis. Both groups were protected at levels comparable to that of wild-type mice. Additionally, inflammation was equivalent in extent and character between wild-type and antibody-deficient mice. Therefore antibody-independent mechanisms of immunity can protect mice against gastric Helicobacter infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- T G Blanchard
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Matousek MP, Nedrud JG, Cieplak W, Harding CV. Inhibition of class II major histocompatibility complex antigen processing by Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin requires an enzymatically active A subunit. Infect Immun 1998; 66:3480-4. [PMID: 9632629 PMCID: PMC108376 DOI: 10.1128/iai.66.7.3480-3484.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) and cholera toxin (CT) were found to inhibit intracellular antigen processing. Processing was not inhibited by mutant LT with attenuated ADP-ribosyltransferase activity, CT B or LT B subunit, which enhanced presentation of preexisting cell surface peptide-class II major histocompatibility complex complexes. Inhibition of antigen processing correlated with A subunit ADP-ribosyltransferase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Matousek
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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Blanchard TG, Lycke N, Czinn SJ, Nedrud JG. Recombinant cholera toxin B subunit is not an effective mucosal adjuvant for oral immunization of mice against Helicobacter felis. Immunol Suppl 1998; 94:22-7. [PMID: 9708182 PMCID: PMC1364326 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.1998.00482.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cholera toxin is a potent oral mucosal adjuvant for enteric immunization. Several studies suggest that commercial cholera toxin B subunit (cCTB; purified from holotoxin) may be an effective non-toxic alternative for oral immunization. The present study was performed, using an infectious disease model, to determine if the oral mucosal adjuvanticity of CTB is dependent on contaminating holotoxin. Mice were orally immunized with Helicobacter felis sonicate and either cholera holotoxin, cCTB or recombinant cholera toxin B subunit (rCTB). Serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) and intestinal immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibody responses were determined and the mice were challenged with live H. felis to determine the degree of protective immunity induced. All orally immunized mice responded with serum IgG antibody titres regardless of the adjuvant used. However, only mice immunized with either holotoxin or the cCTB responded with an intestinal mucosal IgA response. Consistent with the production of mucosal antibodies, mice immunized with either holotoxin or cCTB as adjuvants were protected from challenge while mice receiving H. felis sonicate and rCTB all became infected. cCTB induced the accumulation of cAMP in mouse thymocytes at a level equal to 0.1% of that induced by holotoxin, whereas rCTB was devoid of any activity. These results indicate that CTB possesses no intrinsic mucosal adjuvant activity when administered orally. Therefore, when used as an oral adjuvant, CTB should also include small, non-toxic doses of cholera toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- T G Blanchard
- Institute of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106-4943, USA
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38
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39
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Czinn
- Pediatrics Department, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106-4943, USA
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40
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Matousek MP, Nedrud JG, Harding CV. Distinct effects of recombinant cholera toxin B subunit and holotoxin on different stages of class II MHC antigen processing and presentation by macrophages. J Immunol 1996; 156:4137-45. [PMID: 8666780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Cholera toxin (CT) is a potent mucosal adjuvant with enhancing effects on Ag presentation, although the mechanisms of its adjuvanticity remain poorly understood. Using an in vitro Ag presentation assay, we found CT and recombinant B subunit (rCTB) to have distinct effects on different stages of processing and class II MHC (MHC-II)-restricted presentation of hen egg lysozyme (HEL). CT treatment of macrophages resulted in enhanced presentation of soluble HEL(48-61) peptide to3A9 hybridoma cells. However, CT had inhibitory effects on intracellular processing of soluble native Ag. Thus, CT inhibited presentation when added prior to HEL, whereas presentation was enhanced when CT was added after HEL exposure and the generation of peptide-MHC-II complexes. Pretreatment of macrophages with CT also markedly inhibited phagocytic processing of a Crl-HEL fusion protein (containing the HEL(48-61) epitope) expressed in intact bacteria (Escherichia coli HB101.Crl-HEL or Salmonella typhimurium 14028s.Crl-HEL), whereas addition of CT to macrophages after a 2-h incubation with the bacteria again enhanced presentation. CT produced little effect on overall uptake and catabolism of radiolabeled HEL or HB101.Crl-HEL. In contrast to the holotoxin, purified rCTB subunit did not inhibit intracellular processing of soluble or bacterial Ag, although it similarly enhanced the presentation of surface HEL-(48-61)-I-Ak complexes to 3A9 cells. These data suggest that the inhibitory effects of CT on Ag processing are mediated by the A subunit.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Matousek
- Institute of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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41
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Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Helicobacter infection of the gastric antrum is responsible for a number of gastric disorders. Antibiotic therapy is lengthy and is not always effective. It has been shown previously that oral immunization against Helicobacter felis in mice can prevent colonization after challenge. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of therapeutic immunization in eradicating an established Helicobacter infection and in reducing gastritis. METHODS Domestic ferrets, confirmed to be infected with Helicobacter mustelae by gastric endoscopy, were orally immunized with varying doses of purified Helicobacter pylori urease in combination with the mucosal adjuvant cholera toxin. Ferrets were assessed 1 week and 6 weeks after treatment for infection and pathology. RESULTS Therapeutic immunization eradicated Helicobacter colonization in 30% of all immunized ferrets, although there was no difference in efficacy between the varying doses of antigen tested. The difference was statistically significant when compared with animals administered cholera toxin alone or buffer (P = 0.04). The intensity of inflammation was also significantly reduced in immunized animals (P = 0.0003). CONCLUSIONS Oral immunization with purified H. pylori urease and cholera toxin can eradicate H. mustelae in a natural host pathogen model. Oral immunization of chronically infected animals markedly reduced gastric inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Cuenca
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
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42
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Bromander AK, Ekman L, Kopf M, Nedrud JG, Lycke NY. IL-6-deficient mice exhibit normal mucosal IgA responses to local immunizations and Helicobacter felis infection. The Journal of Immunology 1996. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.156.11.4290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Using IL-6-deficient (IL-6 -/-) or wild-type mice, we investigated whether IL-6 is involved in the intestinal adjuvant activity of cholera toxin (CT) and to what extent IL-6 is required for mucosal IgA responses against soluble protein Ags or live Helicobacter felis infection. In naive IL-6 -/- mice we found normal total IgA levels in serum, bronchial and intestinal lavage and unaltered frequencies of IgA plasma cells in intestinal lamina propria. In Peyer's patches (PP) and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) IgA-producing cells were as frequent in IL-6 -/- as in wild-type mice. Immunohistochemical analysis of PP revealed germinal centers that co-localized IgA+ cells, indicating B cell activation and isotype switching in situ in the intestinal immune inductive site. Phenotypic analysis of the distribution of conventional B-2 cells (B220+CD5-/Mac-1-) and B-1 cells (B220+, CD5+/Mac-1+) in intestine-associated tissues gave comparable results in IL-6 -/- and wild-type mice. The ability to respond with mucosal IgA following oral and intranasal immunization with specific Ag, KLH or OVA, in the presence of CT adjuvant or to live H. felis infection was similar in IL-6 -/- and wild-type mice. CT exerted strong and comparable adjuvant functions in IL-6 -/- and wild-type mice. Repeated oral immunizations with CT alone stimulated immune protection against CT-induced diarrhea in ligated loops that was of similar magnitude in IL-6 -/- and wild-type mice. We conclude that, although IL-6 has been ascribed a crucial role in terminal differentiation of IgA B cells in vitro, we found no evidence to support the notion that IL-6 is critically required for IgA B cell development or specific mucosal IgA responses in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Bromander
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Göteborg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - L Ekman
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Göteborg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - M Kopf
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Göteborg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - J G Nedrud
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Göteborg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - N Y Lycke
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Göteborg, Göteborg, Sweden
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43
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Bromander AK, Ekman L, Kopf M, Nedrud JG, Lycke NY. IL-6-deficient mice exhibit normal mucosal IgA responses to local immunizations and Helicobacter felis infection. J Immunol 1996; 156:4290-7. [PMID: 8666800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Using IL-6-deficient (IL-6 -/-) or wild-type mice, we investigated whether IL-6 is involved in the intestinal adjuvant activity of cholera toxin (CT) and to what extent IL-6 is required for mucosal IgA responses against soluble protein Ags or live Helicobacter felis infection. In naive IL-6 -/- mice we found normal total IgA levels in serum, bronchial and intestinal lavage and unaltered frequencies of IgA plasma cells in intestinal lamina propria. In Peyer's patches (PP) and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) IgA-producing cells were as frequent in IL-6 -/- as in wild-type mice. Immunohistochemical analysis of PP revealed germinal centers that co-localized IgA+ cells, indicating B cell activation and isotype switching in situ in the intestinal immune inductive site. Phenotypic analysis of the distribution of conventional B-2 cells (B220+CD5-/Mac-1-) and B-1 cells (B220+, CD5+/Mac-1+) in intestine-associated tissues gave comparable results in IL-6 -/- and wild-type mice. The ability to respond with mucosal IgA following oral and intranasal immunization with specific Ag, KLH or OVA, in the presence of CT adjuvant or to live H. felis infection was similar in IL-6 -/- and wild-type mice. CT exerted strong and comparable adjuvant functions in IL-6 -/- and wild-type mice. Repeated oral immunizations with CT alone stimulated immune protection against CT-induced diarrhea in ligated loops that was of similar magnitude in IL-6 -/- and wild-type mice. We conclude that, although IL-6 has been ascribed a crucial role in terminal differentiation of IgA B cells in vitro, we found no evidence to support the notion that IL-6 is critically required for IgA B cell development or specific mucosal IgA responses in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Bromander
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Göteborg, Göteborg, Sweden
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44
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Matousek MP, Nedrud JG, Harding CV. Distinct effects of recombinant cholera toxin B subunit and holotoxin on different stages of class II MHC antigen processing and presentation by macrophages. The Journal of Immunology 1996. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.156.11.4137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Cholera toxin (CT) is a potent mucosal adjuvant with enhancing effects on Ag presentation, although the mechanisms of its adjuvanticity remain poorly understood. Using an in vitro Ag presentation assay, we found CT and recombinant B subunit (rCTB) to have distinct effects on different stages of processing and class II MHC (MHC-II)-restricted presentation of hen egg lysozyme (HEL). CT treatment of macrophages resulted in enhanced presentation of soluble HEL(48-61) peptide to3A9 hybridoma cells. However, CT had inhibitory effects on intracellular processing of soluble native Ag. Thus, CT inhibited presentation when added prior to HEL, whereas presentation was enhanced when CT was added after HEL exposure and the generation of peptide-MHC-II complexes. Pretreatment of macrophages with CT also markedly inhibited phagocytic processing of a Crl-HEL fusion protein (containing the HEL(48-61) epitope) expressed in intact bacteria (Escherichia coli HB101.Crl-HEL or Salmonella typhimurium 14028s.Crl-HEL), whereas addition of CT to macrophages after a 2-h incubation with the bacteria again enhanced presentation. CT produced little effect on overall uptake and catabolism of radiolabeled HEL or HB101.Crl-HEL. In contrast to the holotoxin, purified rCTB subunit did not inhibit intracellular processing of soluble or bacterial Ag, although it similarly enhanced the presentation of surface HEL-(48-61)-I-Ak complexes to 3A9 cells. These data suggest that the inhibitory effects of CT on Ag processing are mediated by the A subunit.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Matousek
- Institute of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - J G Nedrud
- Institute of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - C V Harding
- Institute of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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45
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Sellman S, Blanchard TG, Nedrud JG, Czinn SJ. Vaccine strategies for prevention of Helicobacter pylori infection. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1995; 7 Suppl 1:S1-6. [PMID: 8574728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the level and duration of the humoral immune response to Helicobacter felis following oral immunization or infection. DESIGN AND METHODS Germ-free mice were orally immunized with sonicated H. felis plus cholera toxin five times over 6 weeks. One week after immunization was completed, immunized and control non-immunized mice received an oral challenge of live H. felis organisms. The animals were killed at 3-week intervals and serum, gastric washings, intestinal washings and gastric biopsies were obtained. H. felis infection was confirmed by a positive urease test or culture of the gastric biopsy. Serum gastric and intestinal antibody titers were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. CONCLUSION Infection and immunization against H. felis produces a specific humoral response. The humoral response in infection alone is significantly smaller than that of immunized animals until 6 weeks after infection. The humoral response following oral immunization persists for at least 18 weeks without further stimulation. The presence of an H. felis-specific antibody immune response before infection may be needed to protect animals from acute Helicobacter infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sellman
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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46
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Abstract
The traditional role of IgA antibodies in mucosal defense has been considered as providing an immune barrier to keep exogenous substances, including microbial pathogens, from penetrating the mucosa. In this way infections can be prevented. More recently, studies in vitro and in vivo are providing evidence to suggest that IgA may have additional roles in mucosal defense. For example, during their passage through the lining epithelial cells of mucous membranes en route to the secretions, IgA antibodies may have an opportunity to neutralize intracellular pathogens like viruses. Also, IgA antibodies in the mucosal lamina propria have opportunities to complex with antigens and excrete them through the adjacent mucosal epithelium, again by the same route to the secretions that is taken by free IgA. These latter functions could aid in recovery from infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Lamm
- Institute of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106-4907, USA
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47
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Abstract
Experiments were performed to determine the antigenic specificity of a monoclonal antibody (immunoglobulin A [IgA] 71) previously demonstrated to neutralize the ability of Helicobacter felis to colonize mice. Immunoprecipitation of radiolabeled H. felis outer membrane proteins with IgA 71 revealed specificity for a 62-kDa protein. Another of our monoclonal antibodies, IgG 40, precipitated a protein of similar molecular weight. IgA 71 but not IgG 40 also precipitated purified recombinant H. pylori urease. The antigenic specificity of both antibodies was confirmed to be urease by the ability of each to select Escherichia coli clones expressing the H. felis urease genes. The two antibodies were shown to bind nonoverlapping epitopes in a competition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Both IgA 71 and IgG 40 could effectively neutralize H. felis infectivity by incubating the bacteria with the antibodies prior to oral administration to naive mice. The mechanism of protection does not appear to be inhibition of urease activity, as IgA 71 does not inhibit the conversion of urea to ammonia by H. pylori urease in vitro. These results support a protective role for the secretory humoral immune response in Helicobacter immunity and provide further evidence that the urease enzyme can serve as a protective antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- T G Blanchard
- Institute of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
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48
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Abstract
Immunodeficient (SCID) and immunocompetent mice were infected with Helicobacter felis to address the role of autoimmunity in Helicobacter-associated gastritis. The extents of inflammation were equivalent in the two groups. The numbers of H. felis organisms were marginally increased in the SCID mice but did not achieve statistical significance. These results indicate that autoimmunity is not necessary to induce disease and that the presence of an adaptive immune system does not significantly affect H. felis colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- T G Blanchard
- Institute of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
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49
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Lamm
- Institute of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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50
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Mazanec MB, Kaetzel CS, Lamm ME, Fletcher D, Peterra J, Nedrud JG. Intracellular neutralization of Sendai and influenza viruses by IgA monoclonal antibodies. Adv Exp Med Biol 1995; 371A:651-4. [PMID: 8526010 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-1941-6_137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M B Mazanec
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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