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Kim SH, Hind CK, Fernandes GFS, Wu J, Semenya D, Clifford M, Marsh C, Anselmi S, Mason AJ, Bruce KD, Sutton JM, Castagnolo D. Development of Novel Membrane Disrupting Lipoguanidine Compounds Sensitizing Gram-Negative Bacteria to Antibiotics. ACS Med Chem Lett 2024; 15:239-249. [PMID: 38352828 PMCID: PMC10860194 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.3c00460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
A new class of amphiphilic molecules, the lipoguanidines, designed as hybrids of guanidine and fatty acid compounds, has been synthesized and developed. The new molecules present both a guanidine polar head and a lipophilic tail that allow them to disrupt bacterial membranes and to sensitize Gram-negative bacteria to the action of the narrow-spectrum antibiotics rifampicin and novobiocin. The lipoguanidine 5g sensitizes Klebsiella pneumonia, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli to rifampicin, thereby reducing the antibiotic minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) up to 256-fold. Similarly, 5g is able to potentiate novobiocin up to 64-fold, thereby showing a broad spectrum of antibiotic potentiating activity. Toxicity and mechanism studies revealed the potential of 5g to work synergistically with rifampicin through the disruption of bacterial membranes without affecting eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Heun Kim
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte K. Hind
- Antimicrobial
Discovery, Development and Diagnostics, Vaccine Development and Evaluation
Centre, UKHSA Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, United Kingdom
| | - Guilherme F. S. Fernandes
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Jingyue Wu
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Dorothy Semenya
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Melanie Clifford
- Antimicrobial
Discovery, Development and Diagnostics, Vaccine Development and Evaluation
Centre, UKHSA Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, United Kingdom
| | - Caleb Marsh
- Antimicrobial
Discovery, Development and Diagnostics, Vaccine Development and Evaluation
Centre, UKHSA Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia Anselmi
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - A. James Mason
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Kenneth D. Bruce
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - J. Mark Sutton
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
- Antimicrobial
Discovery, Development and Diagnostics, Vaccine Development and Evaluation
Centre, UKHSA Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, United Kingdom
| | - Daniele Castagnolo
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
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Zain NMM, Ter Linden D, Lilley AK, Royall PG, Tsoka S, Bruce KD, Mason AJ, Hatton GB, Allen E, Goldenberg SD, Forbes B. Design and manufacture of a lyophilised faecal microbiota capsule formulation to GMP standards. J Control Release 2022; 350:324-331. [PMID: 35963468 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Faecal microbiota transplant (FMT) is an established and effective treatment for recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) and has many other potential clinical applications. However, preparation and quality of FMT is poorly standardised and clinical studies are hampered by a lack of well-defined FMT formulations that meet regulatory standards for medicines. As an alternative to FMT suspensions for administration by nasojejunal tube or colonoscopy, which is invasive and disliked by many patients, this study aimed to develop a well-controlled, standardised method for manufacture of lyophilised FMT capsules and to provide stability data allowing storage for extended time periods. Faecal donations were collected from healthy, pre-screened individuals, homogenised, filtered and centrifuged to remove dietary matter. The suspension was centrifuged to pellet bacteria, which were resuspended with trehalose and lyophilised to produce a powder which was filled into 5 enteric-coated capsules (size 0). Live-dead bacterial cell quantitative PCR assay showed <10 fold viable bacterial load reduction through the manufacturing process. No significant loss of viable bacterial load was observed after storage at -80 °C for 36 weeks (p = 0.24, n = 5). Initial clinical experience demonstrated that the capsules produced clinical cure in patients with CDI with no adverse events reported (n = 7). We provide the first report of a detailed manufacturing protocol and specification for an encapsulated lyophilised formulation of FMT. As clinical trials into intestinal microbiota interventions proceed, it is important to use a well-controlled investigational medicinal product in the studies so that any beneficial results can be replicated in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Masirah M Zain
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniëlle Ter Linden
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew K Lilley
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul G Royall
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sophia Tsoka
- Department of Informatics, Faculty of Natural, Mathematical and Engineering Sciences, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - Kenneth D Bruce
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - A James Mason
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Grace B Hatton
- Institute of Liver Studies, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Elizabeth Allen
- Early Clinical Development Centre of Excellence, IQVIA, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Simon D Goldenberg
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, King's College London and Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ben Forbes
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
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Patel VC, Lee S, McPhail MJW, Da Silva K, Guilly S, Zamalloa A, Witherden E, Støy S, Manakkat Vijay GK, Pons N, Galleron N, Huang X, Gencer S, Coen M, Tranah TH, Wendon JA, Bruce KD, Le Chatelier E, Ehrlich SD, Edwards LA, Shoaie S, Shawcross DL. Rifaximin-α reduces gut-derived inflammation and mucin degradation in cirrhosis and encephalopathy: RIFSYS randomised controlled trial. J Hepatol 2022; 76:332-342. [PMID: 34571050 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2021.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Rifaximin-α is efficacious for the prevention of recurrent hepatic encephalopathy (HE), but its mechanism of action remains unclear. We postulated that rifaximin-α reduces gut microbiota-derived endotoxemia and systemic inflammation, a known driver of HE. METHODS In a placebo-controlled, double-blind, mechanistic study, 38 patients with cirrhosis and HE were randomised 1:1 to receive either rifaximin-α (550 mg BID) or placebo for 90 days. PRIMARY OUTCOME 50% reduction in neutrophil oxidative burst (OB) at 30 days. SECONDARY OUTCOMES changes in psychometric hepatic encephalopathy score (PHES) and neurocognitive functioning, shotgun metagenomic sequencing of saliva and faeces, plasma and faecal metabolic profiling, whole blood bacterial DNA quantification, neutrophil toll-like receptor (TLR)-2/4/9 expression and plasma/faecal cytokine analysis. RESULTS Patients were well-matched: median MELD (11 rifaximin-α vs. 10 placebo). Rifaximin-α did not lead to a 50% reduction in spontaneous neutrophil OB at 30 days compared to baseline (p = 0.48). However, HE grade normalised (p = 0.014) and PHES improved (p = 0.009) after 30 days on rifaximin-α. Rifaximin-α reduced circulating neutrophil TLR-4 expression on day 30 (p = 0.021) and plasma tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) (p <0.001). Rifaximin-α suppressed oralisation of the gut, reducing levels of mucin-degrading sialidase-rich species, Streptococcus spp, Veillonella atypica and parvula, Akkermansia and Hungatella. Rifaximin-α promoted a TNF-α- and interleukin-17E-enriched intestinal microenvironment, augmenting antibacterial responses to invading pathobionts and promoting gut barrier repair. Those on rifaximin-α were less likely to develop infection (odds ratio 0.21; 95% CI 0.05-0.96). CONCLUSION Rifaximin-α led to resolution of overt and covert HE, reduced the likelihood of infection, reduced oralisation of the gut and attenuated systemic inflammation. Rifaximin-α plays a role in gut barrier repair, which could be the mechanism by which it ameliorates bacterial translocation and systemic endotoxemia in cirrhosis. CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02019784. LAY SUMMARY In this clinical trial, we examined the underlying mechanism of action of an antibiotic called rifaximin-α which has been shown to be an effective treatment for a complication of chronic liver disease which effects the brain (termed encephalopathy). We show that rifaximin-α suppresses gut bacteria that translocate from the mouth to the intestine and cause the intestinal wall to become leaky by breaking down the protective mucus barrier. This suppression resolves encephalopathy and reduces inflammation in the blood, preventing the development of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal C Patel
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 9RS, UK; Institute of Liver Studies, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London SE5 9NU, UK; The Roger Williams Institute of Hepatology (Foundation for Liver Research), 111 Coldharbour Lane, London, SE5 9NT, UK
| | - Sunjae Lee
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Dental Institute, King's College London, UK; Science for Life Laboratory, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, 171 21, Stockholm, Sweden; School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Mark J W McPhail
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 9RS, UK; Institute of Liver Studies, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London SE5 9NU, UK; Imperial College London, Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, London, UK
| | - Kevin Da Silva
- University Paris-Saclay, INRAE, MetaGenoPolis, Jouy-en-Josas, 78350, France
| | - Susie Guilly
- University Paris-Saclay, INRAE, MetaGenoPolis, Jouy-en-Josas, 78350, France
| | - Ane Zamalloa
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 9RS, UK
| | - Elizabeth Witherden
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Dental Institute, King's College London, UK
| | - Sidsel Støy
- Aarhus University Hospital, Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Godhev Kumar Manakkat Vijay
- Institute of Liver Studies, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Nicolas Pons
- University Paris-Saclay, INRAE, MetaGenoPolis, Jouy-en-Josas, 78350, France
| | - Nathalie Galleron
- University Paris-Saclay, INRAE, MetaGenoPolis, Jouy-en-Josas, 78350, France
| | - Xaiohong Huang
- Institute of Liver Studies, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Selin Gencer
- Imperial College London, Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, London, UK
| | - Muireann Coen
- Imperial College London, Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, London, UK
| | - Thomas Henry Tranah
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 9RS, UK; Institute of Liver Studies, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Julia Alexis Wendon
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 9RS, UK; Institute of Liver Studies, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Kenneth D Bruce
- King's College London, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, 5th Floor Franklin-Wilkins Building, London, UK
| | | | | | - Lindsey Ann Edwards
- Institute of Liver Studies, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Saeed Shoaie
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Dental Institute, King's College London, UK; Science for Life Laboratory, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, 171 21, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Debbie Lindsay Shawcross
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 9RS, UK; Institute of Liver Studies, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London SE5 9NU, UK.
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Zain NMM, Webb K, Stewart I, Halliday N, Barrett DA, Nash EF, Whitehouse JL, Honeybourne D, Smyth AR, Forrester DL, Knox AJ, Williams P, Fogarty A, Cámara M, Bruce KD, Barr HL. 2-Alkyl-4-quinolone quorum sensing molecules are biomarkers for culture-independent Pseudomonas aeruginosa burden in adults with cystic fibrosis. J Med Microbiol 2021; 70. [PMID: 34596013 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Pseudomonas aeruginosa produces quorum sensing signalling molecules including 2-alkyl-4-quinolones (AQs), which regulate virulence factor production in the cystic fibrosis (CF) airways.Hypothesis/Gap statement. Culture can lead to condition-dependent artefacts which may limit the potential insights and applications of AQs as minimally-invasive biomarkers of bacterial load.Aim. We aimed to use culture-independent methods to explore the correlations between AQ levels and live P. aeruginosa load in adults with CF.Methodology. Seventy-five sputum samples at clinical stability and 48 paired sputum samples obtained at the beginning and end of IV antibiotics for a pulmonary exacerbation in adults with CF were processed using a viable cell separation technique followed by quantitative P. aeruginosa polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Live P. aeruginosa qPCR load was compared with the concentrations of three AQs (HHQ, NHQ and HQNO) detected in sputum, plasma and urine.Results. At clinical stability and the beginning of IV antibiotics for pulmonary exacerbation, HHQ, NHQ and HQNO measured in sputum, plasma and urine were consistently positively correlated with live P. aeruginosa qPCR load in sputum, compared to culture. Following systemic antibiotics live P. aeruginosa qPCR load decreased significantly (P<0.001) and was correlated with a reduction in plasma NHQ (plasma: r=0.463, P=0.003).Conclusion. In adults with CF, AQ concentrations correlated more strongly with live P. aeruginosa bacterial load measured by qPCR compared to traditional culture. Prospective studies are required to assess the potential of systemic AQs as biomarkers of P. aeruginosa bacterial burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Masirah M Zain
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, UK.,Nottingham NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham MRC Molecular Pathology Node, Nottingham, UK
| | - Karmel Webb
- Nottingham NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham MRC Molecular Pathology Node, Nottingham, UK.,Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Nottingham, City Hospital Campus, Nottingham, UK
| | - Iain Stewart
- Nottingham NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham MRC Molecular Pathology Node, Nottingham, UK.,National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Nigel Halliday
- National Biofilms Innovation Centre, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - David A Barrett
- Centre for Analytical Bioscience, Division of Advanced Materials and Healthcare Technologies, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Edward F Nash
- West Midlands Adult CF Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Joanna L Whitehouse
- West Midlands Adult CF Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - David Honeybourne
- West Midlands Adult CF Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Alan R Smyth
- Nottingham NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham MRC Molecular Pathology Node, Nottingham, UK.,Division of Child Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Douglas L Forrester
- University of Queensland, Northside Clinical Unit, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Thoracic Programme, The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Alan J Knox
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of Nottingham, City Hospital Campus, Nottingham, UK.,Nottingham NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham MRC Molecular Pathology Node, Nottingham, UK
| | - Paul Williams
- National Biofilms Innovation Centre, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Andrew Fogarty
- Nottingham NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham MRC Molecular Pathology Node, Nottingham, UK.,Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Nottingham, City Hospital Campus, Nottingham, UK
| | - Miguel Cámara
- National Biofilms Innovation Centre, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Kenneth D Bruce
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, UK.,Nottingham NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham MRC Molecular Pathology Node, Nottingham, UK
| | - Helen L Barr
- Wolfson Cystic Fibrosis Centre, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK.,Nottingham NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham MRC Molecular Pathology Node, Nottingham, UK
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Webb K, Cámara M, Zain NMM, Halliday N, Bruce KD, Nash EF, Whitehouse JL, Knox A, Forrester D, Smyth AR, Williams P, Fogarty A, Barr HL. Novel detection of specific bacterial quorum sensing molecules in saliva: Potential non-invasive biomarkers for pulmonary Pseudomonas aeruginosa in cystic fibrosis. J Cyst Fibros 2021; 21:626-629. [PMID: 34518117 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2021.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa produces specific signalling molecules, 2-alkyl-4-quinolones (AQs) that are detectable in the sputum of adults with cystic fibrosis (CF) and who have pulmonary infection with this opportunistic pathogen. This study aimed to determine whether AQs could be detected in saliva of patients with CF and known infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Saliva and sputum samples were obtained from 89 adults with CF and analyzed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. AQs were detected in 39/89 (43.8%) saliva samples and 70/77(90.9%) sputum samples. Salivary AQs had a sensitivity of 50% (95%CI; 37.8; 62.2), specificity of 100% (95%CI; 47.8; 100), when compared to a molecular microbiological measure of P. aeruginosa in sputum as measured using polymerase chain reaction. Specific AQs produced by P. aeruginosa can be detected in the saliva and warrant investigation as potential non-invasive biomarkers of pulmonary P. aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karmel Webb
- Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, Nottingham NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, City Hospital Campus, Nottingham, UK; Nottingham MRC Molecular Pathology Node, UK; UK NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
| | - Miguel Cámara
- National Biofilms Innovation Centre, Nottingham University Biodiscovery Institute, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK; Nottingham MRC Molecular Pathology Node, UK
| | - Nur Masirah M Zain
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, UK; Nottingham MRC Molecular Pathology Node, UK; UK NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Nigel Halliday
- National Biofilms Innovation Centre, Nottingham University Biodiscovery Institute, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK; Nottingham MRC Molecular Pathology Node, UK
| | - Kenneth D Bruce
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, UK; Nottingham MRC Molecular Pathology Node, UK; UK NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Edward F Nash
- West Midlands Adult CF Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK; Nottingham MRC Molecular Pathology Node, UK
| | - Joanna L Whitehouse
- West Midlands Adult CF Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK; Nottingham MRC Molecular Pathology Node, UK
| | - Alan Knox
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of Nottingham, City Hospital Campus, Nottingham, UK; Nottingham MRC Molecular Pathology Node, UK; UK NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Douglas Forrester
- Thoracic Programme, The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane, Australia; Nottingham MRC Molecular Pathology Node, UK
| | - Alan R Smyth
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK; UK NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Paul Williams
- National Biofilms Innovation Centre, Nottingham University Biodiscovery Institute, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK; Nottingham MRC Molecular Pathology Node, UK
| | - Andrew Fogarty
- Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, Nottingham NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, City Hospital Campus, Nottingham, UK; Nottingham MRC Molecular Pathology Node, UK; UK NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Helen L Barr
- Wolfson Cystic Fibrosis Centre, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nottingham NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK; Nottingham MRC Molecular Pathology Node, UK; UK NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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6
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Marrs T, Jo JH, Perkin MR, Rivett DW, Witney AA, Bruce KD, Logan K, Craven J, Radulovic S, Versteeg SA, van Ree R, McLean WHI, Strachan DP, Lack G, Kong HH, Flohr C. Gut microbiota development during infancy: Impact of introducing allergenic foods. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021; 147:613-621.e9. [PMID: 33551026 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gut microbiota potentially plays an important role in the immunologic education of the host during early infancy. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine how the infant gut microbiota evolve during infancy, particularly in relation to hygiene-related environmental factors, atopic disorders, and a randomized introduction of allergenic solids. METHODS A total of 1303 exclusively breast-fed infants were enrolled in a dietary randomized controlled trial (Enquiring About Tolerance study) from 3 months of age. In this nested longitudinal study, fecal samples were collected at baseline, with additional sampling of selected cases and controls at 6 and 12 months to study the evolution of their gut microbiota, using 16S ribosomal RNA gene-targeted amplicon sequencing. RESULTS In the 288 baseline samples from exclusively breast-fed infant at 3 months, the gut microbiota was highly heterogeneous, forming 3 distinct clusters: Bifidobacterium-rich, Bacteroides-rich, and Escherichia/Shigella-rich. Mode of delivery was the major discriminating factor. Increased Clostridium sensu stricto relative abundance at 3 months was associated with presence of atopic dermatitis on examination at age 3 and 12 months. From the selected cases and controls with longitudinal samples (n = 70), transition to Bacteroides-rich communities and influx of adult-specific microbes were observed during the first year of life. The introduction of allergenic solids promoted a significant increase in Shannon diversity and representation of specific microbes, such as genera belonging to Prevotellaceae and Proteobacteria (eg, Escherichia/Shigella), as compared with infants recommended to exclusively breast-feed. CONCLUSIONS Specific gut microbiota characteristics of samples from 3-month-old breast-fed infants were associated with cesarean birth, and greater Clostridium sensu stricto abundance was associated with atopic dermatitis. The randomized introduction of allergenic solids from age 3 months alongside breast-feeding was associated with differential dynamics of maturation of the gut microbial communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Marrs
- Paediatric Allergy Research Group, Department of Women and Children's Health, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Children's Allergies Department, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, St Thomas' Hospital, Lambeth, United Kingdom
| | - Jay-Hyun Jo
- Dermatology Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Michael R Perkin
- Population Health Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Damian W Rivett
- Department of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Adam A Witney
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kenneth D Bruce
- Molecular Microbiology Research Laboratory, Pharmaceutical Science Division, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsty Logan
- Paediatric Allergy Research Group, Department of Women and Children's Health, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna Craven
- Paediatric Allergy Research Group, Department of Women and Children's Health, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Suzana Radulovic
- Paediatric Allergy Research Group, Department of Women and Children's Health, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Children's Allergies Department, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, St Thomas' Hospital, Lambeth, United Kingdom
| | - Serge A Versteeg
- Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald van Ree
- Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - W H Irwin McLean
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - David P Strachan
- Population Health Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gideon Lack
- Paediatric Allergy Research Group, Department of Women and Children's Health, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Heidi H Kong
- Dermatology Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Carsten Flohr
- Unit for Population-Based Dermatology Research, St John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
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Vandera KKA, Picconi P, Valero M, González-Gaitano G, Woods A, Zain NMM, Bruce KD, Clifton LA, Skoda MWA, Rahman KM, Harvey RD, Dreiss CA. Antibiotic-in-Cyclodextrin-in-Liposomes: Formulation Development and Interactions with Model Bacterial Membranes. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:2354-2369. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kalliopi-Kelli A. Vandera
- School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, U.K
| | - Pietro Picconi
- School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, U.K
| | - Margarita Valero
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Salamanca, ES E-37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | | | - Arcadia Woods
- School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, U.K
| | - Nur Masirah M. Zain
- School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, U.K
| | - Kenneth D. Bruce
- School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, U.K
| | - Luke A. Clifton
- Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, ISIS, 1-27, R3, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0QX, U.K
| | | | - Khondaker Miraz Rahman
- School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, U.K
| | - Richard D. Harvey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, Vienna, Austria
| | - Cécile A. Dreiss
- School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, U.K
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8
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Cuthbertson L, Walker AW, Oliver AE, Rogers GB, Rivett DW, Hampton TH, Ashare A, Elborn JS, De Soyza A, Carroll MP, Hoffman LR, Lanyon C, Moskowitz SM, O’Toole GA, Parkhill J, Planet PJ, Teneback CC, Tunney MM, Zuckerman JB, Bruce KD, van der Gast CJ. Lung function and microbiota diversity in cystic fibrosis. Microbiome 2020; 8:45. [PMID: 32238195 PMCID: PMC7114784 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-020-00810-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic infection and concomitant airway inflammation is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality for people living with cystic fibrosis (CF). Although chronic infection in CF is undeniably polymicrobial, involving a lung microbiota, infection surveillance and control approaches remain underpinned by classical aerobic culture-based microbiology. How to use microbiomics to direct clinical management of CF airway infections remains a crucial challenge. A pivotal step towards leveraging microbiome approaches in CF clinical care is to understand the ecology of the CF lung microbiome and identify ecological patterns of CF microbiota across a wide spectrum of lung disease. Assessing sputum samples from 299 patients attending 13 CF centres in Europe and the USA, we determined whether the emerging relationship of decreasing microbiota diversity with worsening lung function could be considered a generalised pattern of CF lung microbiota and explored its potential as an informative indicator of lung disease state in CF. RESULTS We tested and found decreasing microbiota diversity with a reduction in lung function to be a significant ecological pattern. Moreover, the loss of diversity was accompanied by an increase in microbiota dominance. Subsequently, we stratified patients into lung disease categories of increasing disease severity to further investigate relationships between microbiota characteristics and lung function, and the factors contributing to microbiota variance. Core taxa group composition became highly conserved within the severe disease category, while the rarer satellite taxa underpinned the high variability observed in the microbiota diversity. Further, the lung microbiota of individual patient were increasingly dominated by recognised CF pathogens as lung function decreased. Conversely, other bacteria, especially obligate anaerobes, increasingly dominated in those with better lung function. Ordination analyses revealed lung function and antibiotics to be main explanators of compositional variance in the microbiota and the core and satellite taxa. Biogeography was found to influence acquisition of the rarer satellite taxa. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that microbiota diversity and dominance, as well as the identity of the dominant bacterial species, in combination with measures of lung function, can be used as informative indicators of disease state in CF. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Cuthbertson
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Alan W. Walker
- Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Geraint B. Rogers
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
- School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Damian W. Rivett
- Department of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Thomas H. Hampton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH USA
| | - Alix Ashare
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH USA
- Department of Medicine, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH USA
| | - J. Stuart Elborn
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Adult Cystic Fibrosis Department, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Health Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Anthony De Soyza
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Ageing, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle, UK
| | - Mary P. Carroll
- Cystic Fibrosis Unit, Southampton University Hospitals NHS Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Lucas R. Hoffman
- Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, WA USA
- Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Clare Lanyon
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Northumbria, Newcastle, UK
| | - Samuel M. Moskowitz
- Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, MA USA
| | - George A. O’Toole
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH USA
| | - Julian Parkhill
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Paul J. Planet
- Pediatric Infectious Disease Division, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
- Sackler Institute of Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY USA
| | | | | | - Jonathan B. Zuckerman
- Maine Medical Center, Portland, ME USA
- School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA USA
| | - Kenneth D. Bruce
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, London, UK
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9
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Amison RT, Faure ME, O'Shaughnessy BG, Bruce KD, Hu Y, Coates A, Page CP. The small quinolone derived compound HT61 enhances the effect of tobramycin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in vitro and in vivo. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2019; 61:101884. [PMID: 31887372 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2019.101884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
HT61 is a small quinolone-derived compound previously demonstrated to exhibit bactericidal activity against gram-positive bacteria including methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). When combined with the classical antibiotics and antiseptics neomycin, gentamicin, mupirocin and chlorhexidine, HT61 demonstrated synergistic bactericidal activity against both MSSA and MRSA infections in vitro. In this study, we investigated the individual antimicrobial activity of HT61 alongside its capability to potentiate the efficacy of tobramycin against both a tobramycin sensitive laboratory reference strain (PAO1) and tobramycin resistant clinical isolates (RP73, NN2) of the gram-negative bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa). Using broth microdilution methods, the MICs of HT61 were assessed against all strains, as well as the effect of HT61 in combination with tobramycin using both the chequerboard method and bacterial time-kill assays. A murine model of pulmonary infection was also used to evaluate the combination therapy of tobramycin and HT61 in vivo. In these studies, we demonstrated significant synergism between HT61 and tobramycin against the tobramycin resistant P. aeruginosa strains RP73 and NN2, whilst an additive/intermediate effect was observed for P. aeruginosa strain PA01 which was further confirmed using bacterial time kill analysis. In addition, the enhancement of tobramycin by HT61 was also evident in in vitro assays of biofilm eradication. Finally, in vivo studies revealed analogous effects to those observed in vitro with HT61 significantly reducing bacterial load when administered in combination with tobramycin against each of the three P. aeruginosa strains at the highest tested dose (10 mg/kg).
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Affiliation(s)
- R T Amison
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 9NH, UK.
| | - M-E Faure
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - B G O'Shaughnessy
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - K D Bruce
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Y Hu
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, St George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 ORE, UK
| | - A Coates
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, St George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 ORE, UK
| | - C P Page
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 9NH, UK
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10
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Vyrides I, Rivett DW, Bruce KD, Lilley AK. Selection and assembly of indigenous bacteria and methanogens from spent metalworking fluids and their potential as a starting culture in a fluidized bed reactor. Microb Biotechnol 2019; 12:1302-1312. [PMID: 31328378 PMCID: PMC6801153 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Waste metalworking fluids (MWFs) are highly biocidal resulting in real difficulties in the, otherwise favoured, bioremediation of these high chemical oxygen deman (COD) wastes anaerobically in bioreactors. We have shown, as a proof of concept, that it is possible to establish an anaerobic starter culture using strains isolated from spent MWFs which are capable of reducing COD or, most significantly, methanogenesis in this biocidal waste stream. Bacterial strains (n = 99) and archaeal methanogens (n = 28) were isolated from spent MWFs. The most common bacterial strains were Clostridium species (n = 45). All methanogens were identified as Methanosarcina mazei. Using a random partitions design (RPD) mesocosm experiment, we found that bacterial diversity and species-species interactions had significant effects on COD reduction but that bacterial composition did not. The RPD study showed similar effects on methanogenesis, except that composition was also significant. We identified bacterial species with positive and negative effects on methane production. A consortium of 16 bacterial species and three methanogens was used to initiate a fluidized bed bioreactor (FBR), in batch mode. COD reduction and methane production were variable, and the reactor was oscillated between continuous and batch feeds. In both microcosm and FBR experiments, periodic inconsistencies in bacterial reduction in fermentative products to formic and acetic acids were identified as a key issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Vyrides
- Molecular Microbiology Research LaboratoryPharmaceutical Science Research DivisionKing's College London150 Stamford Street, Franklin‐Wilkins BuildingLondonSE1 9NHUK
- Present address:
Department of Environmental Science and TechnologyCyprus University of Technology30 Archbishop Kyprianos3036LemesosCyprus
| | - Damian W. Rivett
- Division of Biology and Conservation EcologySchool of Science and the EnvironmentManchester Metropolitan UniversityManchesterUK
| | - Kenneth D. Bruce
- Molecular Microbiology Research LaboratoryPharmaceutical Science Research DivisionKing's College London150 Stamford Street, Franklin‐Wilkins BuildingLondonSE1 9NHUK
| | - Andrew K. Lilley
- Molecular Microbiology Research LaboratoryPharmaceutical Science Research DivisionKing's College London150 Stamford Street, Franklin‐Wilkins BuildingLondonSE1 9NHUK
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11
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Woodley Of Menie MA, Pawlik P, Webb MT, Bruce KD, Devlin PF. Circadian leaf movements facilitate overtopping of neighbors. Prog Biophys Mol Biol 2019; 146:104-111. [PMID: 30597150 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2018.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Many plants exhibit circadian clock-driven leaf movements whereby the leaves are raised during the day to achieve a relatively high angle during the evening, before lowering late in the night. Such leaf movements were first recorded over 2000 years ago but there is still much debate as to their purpose. We investigated whether such leaf movements within Arabidopsis, a ruderal rosette plant, can aid in overtopping leaves of neighboring plants. Wild type and circadian clock mutant plants were grown in an alternating grid system so that their leaves would meet as the plants grew. Experiments were performed using day lengths that matched the endogenous rhythm of either wild type or mutant. Plants grown in a day length shorter than their endogenous rhythm were consistently overtopped by plants which were in synchrony with the day night cycle, demonstrating a clear overtopping advantage resulting from circadian leaf movement rhythms. Furthermore, we found that this leaf overtopping as a result of correctly synchronized circadian leaf movements is additive to leaf overtopping due to shade avoidance. Curiously, this did not apply to plants grown in a day length longer than their endogenous period. Plants grown in a day length longer than their endogenous period were able to adapt their leaf rhythms and suffered no overtopping disadvantage. Crucially, our results show that, in a context-dependent manner, circadian clock-driven leaf movements in resonance with the external light/dark cycle can facilitate overtopping of the leaves of neighboring plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Piotr Pawlik
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, TW20 0EX, UK.
| | - Matthew T Webb
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, TW20 0EX, UK.
| | - Kenneth D Bruce
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, SE1 9NH, UK.
| | - Paul F Devlin
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, TW20 0EX, UK.
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12
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Kvasnovsky CL, Leong L, Abell GC, Papagrigoriadis S, Bruce KD, Rogers GB. Gut Microbiota in Symptomatic Uncomplicated Diverticular Disease. J Am Coll Surg 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2017.07.715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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13
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Rivett DW, Lilley AK, Connett GJ, Carroll MP, Legg JP, Bruce KD. Contributions of Composition and Interactions to Bacterial Respiration Are Reliant on the Phylogenetic Similarity of the Measured Community. Microb Ecol 2017; 74:757-760. [PMID: 28451742 PMCID: PMC5579169 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-017-0982-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial diversity underpins many ecosystem functions; however, the impact of within-species variation on the relationship between diversity and function remains unclear. Processes involving strain differentiation, such as niche radiation, are often overlooked in studies that focus on phylogenetic variation. This study used bacterial isolates assembled in two comparable microcosm experiments to test how species variation affected ecosystem function. We compared the relationship between diversity and activity (CO2 production) in increasingly diverse multispecies microcosms and with multiple ecotypes of a single species. The bacteria used were isolated from a low-diversity environment and are species of potential clinical significance such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa. All isolates were profiled for single carbon source utilisation. These data showed an increased breadth of resource use in the multiple ecotypes when compared to the mixed-species. The study observed significantly increasing respiration in more complex mixed-species assemblages, which was not observed when ecotypes of a single species were combined. We further demonstrate that the variation observed in the bacterial activity was due to the roles of each of the constituent isolates; between different species, the interactions between the isolates drove the variation in activity, whilst in single species, assemblage variation was due to which isolates were present. We conclude that both between- and within-species variations play different roles in community function, although through different mechanisms, and should be included in models of changing diversity and ecosystem functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian W Rivett
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, London, UK
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, UK
| | - Andrew K Lilley
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, London, UK.
| | - Gary J Connett
- UK National Institute for Health Research, Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Mary P Carroll
- UK National Institute for Health Research, Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Julian P Legg
- UK National Institute for Health Research, Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Kenneth D Bruce
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, London, UK
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14
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Rogers GB, Shaw D, Marsh RL, Carroll MP, Serisier DJ, Bruce KD. Republished: Respiratory microbiota: addressing clinical questions, informing clinical practice. Postgrad Med J 2015; 91:463-70. [PMID: 26304986 PMCID: PMC4552901 DOI: 10.1136/postgradmedj-2014-205826rep] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, technological advances have revolutionised efforts to understand the role played by microbes in airways disease. With the application of ever more sophisticated techniques, the literature has become increasingly inaccessible to the non-specialist reader, potentially hampering the translation of these gains into improvements in patient care. In this article, we set out the key principles underpinning microbiota research in respiratory contexts and provide practical guidance on how best such studies can be designed, executed and interpreted. We examine how an understanding of the respiratory microbiota both challenges fundamental assumptions and provides novel clinical insights into lung disease, and we set out a number of important targets for ongoing research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geraint B Rogers
- SAHMRI Infection and Immunity Theme, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Dominick Shaw
- Nottingham Respiratory Research Unit, University of Nottingham, Nottingham City Hospital, Nottingham, Notts, UK
| | - Robyn L Marsh
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Mary P Carroll
- Cystic Fibrosis Unit, Southampton University Hospitals NHS Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - David J Serisier
- Immunity, Infection, and Inflammation Program, Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, and Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Mater Adult Hospital, South Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kenneth D Bruce
- King's College London, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, London, UK
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15
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Rogers GB, Bruce KD, Martin ML, Burr LD, Serisier DJ. Corrections. The effect of long-term macrolide treatment on respiratory microbiota composition in non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis: an analysis from the randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled BLESS trial. Lancet Respir Med 2015; 3:e15. [PMID: 25890660 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-2600(15)00102-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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16
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Rogers GB, Shaw D, Marsh RL, Carroll MP, Serisier DJ, Bruce KD. Respiratory microbiota: addressing clinical questions, informing clinical practice. Thorax 2015; 70:74-81. [PMID: 25035125 PMCID: PMC4283665 DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2014-205826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, technological advances have revolutionised efforts to understand the role played by microbes in airways disease. With the application of ever more sophisticated techniques, the literature has become increasingly inaccessible to the non-specialist reader, potentially hampering the translation of these gains into improvements in patient care. In this article, we set out the key principles underpinning microbiota research in respiratory contexts and provide practical guidance on how best such studies can be designed, executed and interpreted. We examine how an understanding of the respiratory microbiota both challenges fundamental assumptions and provides novel clinical insights into lung disease, and we set out a number of important targets for ongoing research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geraint B Rogers
- SAHMRI Infection and Immunity Theme, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Dominick Shaw
- Nottingham Respiratory Research Unit, University of Nottingham, Nottingham City Hospital, Nottingham, Notts, UK
| | - Robyn L Marsh
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Mary P Carroll
- Cystic Fibrosis Unit, Southampton University Hospitals NHS Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - David J Serisier
- Immunity, Infection, and Inflammation Program, Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, and Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Mater Adult Hospital, South Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kenneth D Bruce
- King's College London, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, London, UK
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17
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Yun Y, Srinivas G, Kuenzel S, Linnenbrink M, Alnahas S, Bruce KD, Steinhoff U, Baines JF, Schaible UE. Environmentally determined differences in the murine lung microbiota and their relation to alveolar architecture. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113466. [PMID: 25470730 PMCID: PMC4254600 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Commensal bacteria control the micro-ecology of metazoan epithelial surfaces with pivotal effect on tissue homeostasis and host defense. In contrast to the upper respiratory tract, the lower respiratory tract of healthy individuals has largely been considered free of microorganisms. To understand airway micro-ecology we studied microbiota of sterilely excised lungs from mice of different origin including outbred wild mice caught in the natural environment or kept under non-specific-pathogen-free (SPF) conditions as well as inbred mice maintained in non-SPF, SPF or germ-free (GF) facilities. High-throughput pyrosequencing of reverse transcribed 16S rRNA revealed metabolically active murine lung microbiota in all but GF mice. The overall composition across samples was similar at the phylum and family level. However, species richness was significantly different between lung microbiota from SPF and non-SPF mice. Non-cultivatable Betaproteobacteria such as Ralstonia spp. made up the major constituents and were also confirmed by 16S rRNA gene cloning analysis. Additionally, Pasteurellaceae, Enterobacteria and Firmicutes were isolated from lungs of non-SPF mice. Bacterial communities were detectable by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) at alveolar epithelia in the absence of inflammation. Notably, higher bacterial abundance in non-SPF mice correlated with more and smaller size alveolae, which was corroborated by transplanting Lactobacillus spp. lung isolates into GF mice. Our data indicate a common microbial composition of murine lungs, which is diversified through different environmental conditions and affects lung architecture. Identification of the microbiota of murine lungs will pave the path to study their influence on pulmonary immunity to infection and allergens using mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeojun Yun
- Research Center Borstel, Cellular Microbiology Group, Department of Molecular Infection Biology, Borstel, Germany
| | - Girish Srinivas
- MPI for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Sven Kuenzel
- MPI for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany
- Evolutionary Genomics, Institute for Experimental Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Miriam Linnenbrink
- MPI for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany
- Evolutionary Genomics, Institute for Experimental Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Safa Alnahas
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Kenneth D. Bruce
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ulrich Steinhoff
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - John F. Baines
- MPI for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany
- Evolutionary Genomics, Institute for Experimental Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ulrich E. Schaible
- Research Center Borstel, Cellular Microbiology Group, Department of Molecular Infection Biology, Borstel, Germany
- * E-mail:
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18
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Slater M, Rivett DW, Williams L, Martin M, Harrison T, Sayers I, Bruce KD, Shaw D. The impact of azithromycin therapy on the airway microbiota in asthma. Thorax 2014; 69:673-4. [PMID: 24287164 PMCID: PMC4078717 DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2013-204517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariel Slater
- Department of Therapeutics and Molecular Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Damian W Rivett
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Lisa Williams
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Matthew Martin
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Tim Harrison
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Ian Sayers
- Department of Therapeutics and Molecular Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Kenneth D Bruce
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Dominick Shaw
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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19
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Green BJ, Wiriyachaiporn S, Grainge C, Rogers GB, Kehagia V, Lau L, Carroll MP, Bruce KD, Howarth PH. Potentially pathogenic airway bacteria and neutrophilic inflammation in treatment resistant severe asthma. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100645. [PMID: 24955983 PMCID: PMC4067344 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Molecular microbiological analysis of airway samples in asthma has demonstrated an altered microbiome in comparison to healthy controls. Such changes may have relevance to treatment-resistant severe asthma, particularly those with neutrophilic airway inflammation, as bacteria might be anticipated to activate the innate immune response, a process that is poorly steroid responsive. An understanding of the relationship between airway bacterial presence and dominance in severe asthma may help direct alternative treatment approaches. Objective We aimed to use a culture independent analysis strategy to describe the presence, dominance and abundance of bacterial taxa in induced sputum from treatment resistant severe asthmatics and correlate findings with clinical characteristics and airway inflammatory markers. Methods Induced sputum was obtained from 28 stable treatment-resistant severe asthmatics. The samples were divided for supernatant IL-8 measurement, cytospin preparation for differential cell count and Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (T-RFLP) profiling for bacterial community analysis. Results In 17/28 patients, the dominant species within the airway bacterial community was Moraxella catarrhalis or a member of the Haemophilus or Streptococcus genera. Colonisation with these species was associated with longer asthma disease duration (mean (SD) 31.8 years (16.7) vs 15.6 years (8.0), p = 0.008), worse post-bronchodilator percent predicted FEV1 (68.0% (24.0) vs 85.5% (19.7), p = 0.025) and higher sputum neutrophil differential cell counts (median (IQR) 80% (67–83) vs 43% (29–67), p = 0.001). Total abundance of these organisms significantly and positively correlated with sputum IL-8 concentration and neutrophil count. Conclusions Airway colonisation with potentially pathogenic micro-organisms in asthma is associated with more severe airways obstruction and neutrophilic airway inflammation. This altered colonisation may have a role in the development of an asthma phenotype that responds less well to current asthma therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J. Green
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences; NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Surasa Wiriyachaiporn
- Molecular Microbiology Research Laboratory, Pharmaceutical Science Division, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Grainge
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences; NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Hunter Medical Research Institute, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Geraint B. Rogers
- Molecular Microbiology Research Laboratory, Pharmaceutical Science Division, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- SAHMRI Infection and Immunity Theme, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Valia Kehagia
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences; NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Laurie Lau
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences; NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Mary P. Carroll
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences; NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Kenneth D. Bruce
- Molecular Microbiology Research Laboratory, Pharmaceutical Science Division, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter H. Howarth
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences; NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Kozlowska J, Rivett DW, Vermeer LS, Carroll MP, Bruce KD, Mason AJ, Rogers GB. A relationship between Pseudomonal growth behaviour and cystic fibrosis patient lung function identified in a metabolomic investigation. Metabolomics 2013; 9:10.1007/s11306-013-0538-5. [PMID: 24367285 PMCID: PMC3868936 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-013-0538-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chronic polymicrobial lung infections in adult cystic fibrosis patients are typically dominated by high levels of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Determining the impact of P. aeruginosa growth on airway secretion composition is fundamental to understanding both the behaviour of this pathogen in vivo, and its relationship with other potential colonising species. We hypothesised that the marked differences in the phenotypes of clinical isolates would be reflected in the metabolite composition of spent culture media. 1H NMR spectroscopy was used to characterise the impact of P. aeruginosa growth on a synthetic medium as part of an in vitro CF lower airways model system. Comparisons of 15 CF clinical isolates were made and four distinct metabolomic clusters identified. Highly significant relationships between P. aeruginosa isolate cluster membership and both patient lung function (FEV1) and spent culture pH were identified. This link between clinical isolate growth behaviour and FEV1 indicates characterisation of P. aeruginosa growth may find application in predicting patient lung function while the significant divergence in metabolite production and consumption observed between CF clinical isolates suggests dominant isolate characteristics have the potential to play both a selective role in microbiota composition and influence pseudomonal behaviour in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Kozlowska
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Damian W. Rivett
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Louic S. Vermeer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Mary P. Carroll
- Cystic Fibrosis Unit, Southampton University Hospitals NHS Trust, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Kenneth D. Bruce
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - A. James Mason
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Geraint B. Rogers
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
- For correspondence:
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Rogers GB, van der Gast CJ, Bruce KD, Marsh P, Collins JE, Sutton J, Wright M. Ascitic microbiota composition is correlated with clinical severity in cirrhosis with portal hypertension. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74884. [PMID: 24086392 PMCID: PMC3783492 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Identification of pathogenic bacteria in ascites correlates with poor clinical outcomes. Ascites samples are commonly reported culture-negative, even where frank infection is indicated. Culture-independent methods have previously reported bacterial DNA in ascites, however, whether this represents viable bacterial populations has not been determined. We report the first application of 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing and quantitative PCR in conjunction with propidium monoazide sample treatment to characterise the viable bacterial composition of ascites. Twenty five cirrhotic patients undergoing paracentesis provided ascites. Samples were treated with propidium monoazide to exclude non-viable bacterial DNA. Total bacterial load was quantified by 16S rRNA Q-PCR with species identity and relative abundance determined by 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing. Correlation of molecular microbiology data with clinical measures and diagnostic microbiology was performed. Viable bacterial signal was obtained in 84% of ascites samples, both by Q-PCR and pyrosequencing. Approximately 190,000 ribosomal pyrosequences were obtained, representing 236 species, including both gut and non gut-associated species. Substantial variation in the species detected was observed between patients. Statistically significant relationships were identified between the bacterial community similarity and clinical measures, including ascitic polymorphonuclear leukocyte count and Child-Pugh class. Viable bacteria are present in the ascites of a majority of patients with cirrhosis including those with no clinical signs of infection. Microbiota composition significantly correlates with clinical measures. Entry of bacteria into ascites is unlikely to be limited to translocation from the gut, raising fundamental questions about the processes that underlie the development of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geraint B. Rogers
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Kenneth D. Bruce
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Marsh
- Health Protection Agency, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Jane E. Collins
- Hepatology Group, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Julian Sutton
- Health Protection Agency, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Wright
- Hepatology Group, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
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Rogers GB, Hoffman LR, Carroll MP, Bruce KD. Interpreting infective microbiota: the importance of an ecological perspective. Trends Microbiol 2013; 21:271-6. [PMID: 23598051 PMCID: PMC3880558 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2013.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Complex microbiota are being reported increasingly across a range of chronic infections, including those of the cystic fibrosis airways. Such diversity fits poorly into classical models of sterile tissue infections, which generally involve one species, and where microbe-outcome associations usually imply causality. It has been suggested that microbiota at sites of infection could represent pathogenic entities, analogous to individual species. We argue that our ability to identify causality in microbiota-disease associations is, however, inherently confounded. Although particular microbiota may be associated with clinical outcomes, niche characteristics at sites of infection will shape microbiota composition through exerting selective pressures. Here, we suggest that ecological theory can inform clinical understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geraint B Rogers
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Molecular Microbiology Research Laboratory, King's College London, London, UK.
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Marrs T, Bruce KD, Logan K, Rivett DW, Perkin MR, Lack G, Flohr C. Is there an association between microbial exposure and food allergy? A systematic review. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2013; 24:311-320.e8. [PMID: 23578298 DOI: 10.1111/pai.12064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The environmental factors driving the recent increase in the prevalence of food allergy (FA) are unclear. Since associations have been demonstrated between microbial exposure and the likelihood of eczema and respiratory allergies, we reviewed the evidence for FA. Medline was systematically searched from inception to the end of July 2012 for studies investigating links between FA and environmental exposures, likely to influence microbial exposure, such as Caesarean delivery, family size, day-care attendance, childhood infections, immunizations and antibiotic use. We selected studies reporting food challenge data, reported doctor-diagnosed (RDD) FA and food sensitization. Methodological differences and study heterogeneity precluded meta-analysis. A total of 46 studies were identified, of which 28 (60.9%) were prospective and 13 (28.3%) used food challenges to diagnose FA. Caesarean delivery was investigated in 13 studies, of which three infant cohorts demonstrated an increase in challenge-proven FA (one cohort) and food sensitization (two cohorts), and one cross-sectional study reported increased RDDFA. Four studies investigated the effect of having siblings, with one infant cohort demonstrating less challenge-proven FA and a cross-sectional study showing a decrease in RDDFA. Attending childcare before 6 months was associated with less challenge-proven FA in one cohort. A cross-sectional survey identified an inverse relationship between hepatitis A serology and peanut sensitization. One of eleven trials investigating probiotics demonstrated a quicker acquisition of milk tolerance amongst allergic infants. Factors influencing microbial exposure may be partly responsible for rising FA burden, but further prospective studies using double-blind placebo controlled food challenges as an outcome are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Marrs
- Department of Paediatric Allergy, Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology, King's College London, London, UK.
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Wolter DJ, Emerson JC, McNamara S, Buccat AM, Qin X, Cochrane E, Houston LS, Rogers GB, Marsh P, Prehar K, Pope CE, Blackledge M, Déziel E, Bruce KD, Ramsey BW, Gibson RL, Burns JL, Hoffman LR. Staphylococcus aureus small-colony variants are independently associated with worse lung disease in children with cystic fibrosis. Clin Infect Dis 2013; 57:384-91. [PMID: 23625938 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cit270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease is associated with diverse bacteria chronically infecting the airways. Slow-growing, antibiotic-resistant mutants of Staphylococcus aureus known as small-colony variants (SCVs) have been isolated from respiratory secretions from European adults and children with CF lung disease using specific but infrequently used culture techniques. Staphylococcus aureus SCVs can be selected either by exposure to specific antibiotics or by growth with another CF pathogen, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. We sought to determine the prevalence, clinical significance, and likely mechanisms of selection of S. aureus SCVs among a US cohort of children with CF. METHODS We performed a 2-year study of 100 children with CF using culture techniques sensitive for S. aureus SCVs, and evaluated associations with clinical characteristics using multivariable regression models. RESULTS Staphylococcus aureus SCV infection was detected among 24% of participants and was significantly associated with a greater drop in lung function during the study (P = .007, adjusted for age and lung function at enrollment). This association persisted after adjusting for infection with other known CF pathogens, including P. aeruginosa and methicillin-resistant S. aureus. Evidence indicated that S. aureus SCVs were likely selected in vivo by treatment with the antibiotic trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and possibly by coinfection with P. aeruginosa. CONCLUSIONS Infection with SCV S. aureus was independently associated with worse CF respiratory outcomes in this pediatric cohort. As many clinical microbiology laboratories do not specifically detect S. aureus SCVs, validation and extension of these findings would require widespread changes in the usual laboratory and clinical approaches to these bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Wolter
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
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Rogers GB, van der Gast CJ, Cuthbertson L, Thomson SK, Bruce KD, Martin ML, Serisier DJ. Clinical measures of disease in adult non-CF bronchiectasis correlate with airway microbiota composition. Thorax 2013; 68:731-7. [PMID: 23564400 DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2012-203105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Despite the potentially important roles for infection in adult non-cystic fibrosis (CF) bronchiectasis disease progression, the bacterial species present in the lower airways of these patients is poorly characterised. OBJECTIVES To provide a comprehensive cross-sectional analysis of bacterial content of lower airway samples from patients with non-CF bronchiectasis using culture-independent microbiology. METHODS Paired induced sputum and bronchoalveolar lavage samples, obtained from 41 adult patients with non-CF bronchiectasis, were analysed by 16S ribosomal RNA gene pyrosequencing. Assessment of species distribution and dispersal allowed 'core' and 'satellite' bacterial populations to be defined for this patient group. Microbiota characteristics correlated with clinical markers of disease. MEASUREMENT AND MAIN RESULTS 140 bacterial species were identified, including those associated with respiratory tract infections and opportunistic infections more generally. A group of core species, consisting of species detected frequently and in high abundance, was defined. Core species included those currently associated with infection in bronchiectasis, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae, and many species that would be unlikely to be reported through standard diagnostic surveillance. These included members of the genera Veillonella, Prevotella and Neisseria. The comparative contribution of core and satellite groups suggested a low level of random species acquisition. Bacterial diversity was significantly positively correlated with forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) and bacterial community composition similarity correlated significantly with FEV1, neutrophil count and Leicester cough score. CONCLUSIONS Characteristics of the lower airways microbiota of adult patients with non-CF bronchiectasis correlate significantly with clinical markers of disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geraint B Rogers
- Molecular Microbiology Research Laboratory, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, UK
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Abstract
Repeated pulmonary exacerbation and progressive lung function decline characterize cystic fibrosis (CF) disease, and represents one of the leading causes of mortality in this patient population. Recent studies have shown, using culture-independent assays, that multiple microbial species can be detected in airway samples from CF patients. Moreover, specific groups of bacteria within these bacterial communities or microbiota, are highly associated with disease-associated factors such as antibiotic administration. This raises the possibility that, as in other human niches, pathogenic processes in the CF airways represent polymicrobial activities and that microbiome composition and perturbations to these communities define patient pulmonary health status. Airway samples are typically collected through the mouth, and are thus susceptible to contamination by upper airway secretions; hence, caution must be exercised in interpreting these data. Nonetheless, given the continuum of the upper and lower respiratory tract, understanding the contribution of these mixed-species assemblages to airway health is essential to improving CF patient care. This article aims to discuss recent advances in the field of CF airway microbiome research and interpret these findings in the context of CF pulmonary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan V Lynch
- Colitis and Crohn's Disease Microbiome Research Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Ellis RJ, Bruce KD, Jenkins C, Stothard JR, Ajarova L, Mugisha L, Viney ME. Comparison of the distal gut microbiota from people and animals in Africa. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54783. [PMID: 23355898 PMCID: PMC3552852 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota plays a key role in the maintenance of healthy gut function as well as many other aspects of health. High-throughput sequence analyses have revealed the composition of the gut microbiota, showing that there is a core signature to the human gut microbiota, as well as variation in its composition between people. The gut microbiota of animals is also being investigated. We are interested in the relationship between bacterial taxa of the human gut microbiota and those in the gut microbiota of domestic and semi-wild animals. While it is clear that some human gut bacterial pathogens come from animals (showing that human--animal transmission occurs), the extent to which the usually non-pathogenic commensal taxa are shared between humans and animals has not been explored. To investigate this we compared the distal gut microbiota of humans, cattle and semi-captive chimpanzees in communities that are geographically sympatric in Uganda. The gut microbiotas of these three host species could be distinguished by the different proportions of bacterial taxa present. We defined multiple operational taxonomic units (OTUs) by sequence similarity and found evidence that some OTUs were common between human, cattle and chimpanzees, with the largest number of shared OTUs occurring between chimpanzees and humans, as might be expected with their close physiological similarity. These results show the potential for the sharing of usually commensal bacterial taxa between humans and other animals. This suggests that further investigation of this phenomenon is needed to fully understand how it drives the composition of human and animal gut microbiotas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Ellis
- Specialist Scientific Support Department, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom.
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Hafiz TH, Cuthbertson LC, Oliver AO, Rogers GB, Bruce KD, Carroll MP, Gast CVVD. P89 The Effect of Sample Handling on Viable Bacterial Community Profiles from Cystic Fibrosis Sputum Samples. Thorax 2012. [DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2012-202678.331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Wiriyachaiporn S, Howarth PH, Bruce KD, Dailey LA. Evaluation of a rapid lateral flow immunoassay for Staphylococcus aureus detection in respiratory samples. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2012; 75:28-36. [PMID: 23102996 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2012.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Revised: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Rapid point-of-care pathogen detection remains a challenge in routine diagnostics. A Staphylococcus aureus-specific lateral flow immunochromatography (LFI) test has been developed using a specific monoclonal antibody to the S. aureus cell-wall peptidoglycan. The LFI test was shown to be specific for S. aureus with no signal development for other Staphylococcal species or common respiratory pathogens. Evaluation of S. aureus isolates spiked into induced sputum and bronchoalveolar lavage samples derived from severe asthmatic patients showed a detection limit of 10(6) CFU/mL for the LFI. The test was also shown to successfully detect S. aureus in 1 sample independently determined to be S. aureus positive by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The ability of the LFI test to rapidly detect S. aureus in clinical respiratory samples suggests that it might be a useful platform for further development of point-of-care diagnostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surasa Wiriyachaiporn
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
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Daniels TWV, Rogers GB, Stressmann FA, van der Gast CJ, Bruce KD, Jones GR, Connett GJ, Legg JP, Carroll MP. Impact of antibiotic treatment for pulmonary exacerbations on bacterial diversity in cystic fibrosis. J Cyst Fibros 2012; 12:22-8. [PMID: 22717533 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2012.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Revised: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A diverse array of bacterial species is present in the CF airways, in addition to those recognised as clinically important. Here, we investigated the relative impact of antibiotics, used predominantly to target Pseudomonas aeruginosa during acute exacerbations, on other non-pseudomonal species. METHODS The relative abundance of viable P. aeruginosa and non-pseudomonal species was determined in sputa from 12 adult CF subjects 21, 14, and 7 days prior to antibiotics, day 3 of treatment, the final day of treatment, and 10-14 days afterwards, by T-RFLP profiling. RESULTS Overall, relative P. aeruginosa abundance increased during antibiotic therapy compared to other bacterial species; mean abundance pre-antibiotic 51.0±36.0% increasing to 71.3±30.4% during antibiotic (ANOVA: F(1,54)=5.16; P<0.027). Further, the number of non-pseudomonal species detected fell; pre-antibiotic 6.0±3.3 decreasing to 3.7±3.3 during treatment (ANOVA: F(1,66)=5.11; P<0.027). CONCLUSIONS Antibiotic treatment directed at P. aeruginosa has an additional significant impact on non-pseudomonal, co-colonising species.
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Affiliation(s)
- T W V Daniels
- Cystic Fibrosis Unit, Southampton University Hospitals NHS Trust, Southampton, UK
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Abstract
The discovery of novel classes of antibiotics has slowed dramatically. This has occurred during a time when the appearance of resistant strains of bacteria has shown a substantial increase. Concern is therefore mounting over our ability to continue to treat infections in an effective manner using the antibiotics that are currently available. While ongoing efforts to discover new antibiotics are important, these must be coupled with strategies that aim to maintain as far as possible the spectrum of activity of existing antibiotics. In many instances, the resistance to antibiotics exhibited by bacteria in chronic infections is mediated not by direct resistance mechanisms, but by the adoption of modes of growth that confer reduced susceptibility. These include the formation of biofilms and the occurrence of subpopulations of 'persister' cells. As our understanding of these processes has increased, a number of new potential drug targets have been revealed. Here, advances in our ability to disrupt these systems that confer reduced susceptibility, and in turn increase the efficacy of antibiotic therapy, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geraint B Rogers
- Molecular Microbiology Research Laboratory, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
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Fernandes ES, Liang L, Smillie SJ, Kaiser F, Purcell R, Rivett DW, Alam S, Howat S, Collins H, Thompson SJ, Keeble JE, Riffo-Vasquez Y, Bruce KD, Brain SD. TRPV1 deletion enhances local inflammation and accelerates the onset of systemic inflammatory response syndrome. J Immunol 2012; 188:5741-51. [PMID: 22547700 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) is primarily localized to sensory nerve fibers and is associated with the stimulation of pain and inflammation. TRPV1 knockout (TRPV1KO) mice show enhanced LPS-induced sepsis compared with wild type (WT). This implies that TRPV1 may have a key modulatory role in increasing the beneficial and reducing the harmful components in sepsis. We investigated immune and inflammatory mechanisms in a cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model of sepsis over 24 h. CLP TRPV1KO mice exhibited significant hypothermia, hypotension, and organ dysfunction compared with CLP WT mice. Analysis of the inflammatory responses at the site of initial infection (peritoneal cavity) revealed that CLP TRPV1KO mice exhibited: 1) decreased mononuclear cell integrity associated with apoptosis, 2) decreased macrophage tachykinin NK(1)-dependent phagocytosis, 3) substantially decreased levels of nitrite (indicative of NO) and reactive oxygen species, 4) increased cytokine levels, and 5) decreased bacteria clearance when compared with CLP WT mice. Therefore, TRPV1 deletion is associated with impaired macrophage-associated defense mechanisms. Thus, TRPV1 acts to protect against the damaging impact of sepsis and may influence the transition from local to a systemic inflammatory state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth S Fernandes
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Research, King's College London, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
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Sadek KH, Cagampang FR, Bruce KD, Shreeve N, Macklon N, Cheong Y. Variation in stability of housekeeping genes in endometrium of healthy and polycystic ovarian syndrome women. Hum Reprod 2011; 27:251-6. [PMID: 22052386 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/der363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of housekeeping genes (HKG) as internal controls for real-time qPCR studies of gene expression is based on the assumption of their inherent stability. However, it is unclear whether this stability is maintained in disease states. In order to test this, the present study investigated the expression of specific HKG in the endometrium of healthy and polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) women. METHODS Endometrial tissue samples were taken from women with PCOS (n= 9) and controls (n= 10). The stability of nine candidate reference genes in the endometrial tissues were evaluated; four encode mitochondrial proteins [ATP5B, succinate dehydrogenase complex subunit A (SDHA), cytochrome c-1, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphatedehydrogenase], two encode ribosomal protein genes (18s ribosomal RNA, ribosomal protein L13A), one for cell structure (SDHA), one for cell signalling (beta actin, ACTB) and one involved in DNA repair (topoisomerase I, TOP1). The expression stability of these HKGs was calculated using geNORM qbasePLUS software, with stability defined by M-values, where higher M-value indicating less stability. In addition, changes in their cycle threshold values were analysed to determine direction of change between groups, and a Mann-Whitney U-test was used to determine statistical differences in expression. RESULTS The most stable HKGs observed across both PCOS endometrium were found to be YWHAZ, CYC1 and ACTB. Further TOP1 demonstrated higher gene expression in the endometrium from PCOS women compared with those from healthy women. CONCLUSIONS Of the nine HKGs examined, only YWHAZ, CYC1 and ACTB were stable in both control and PCOS endometrium: these should therefore be used as internal controls for quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis. Published discrepancies between endometrial gene expression studies may therefore be due in part to in the inappropriate HKG selection, and future gene expression studies should be based on HKG of known stability in both the disease and healthy states to avoid erroneous interpretation of results.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Sadek
- Human Development and Health Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
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Rogers GB, Hoffman LR, Johnson MW, Mayer-Hamblett N, Schwarze J, Carroll MP, Bruce KD. Using bacterial biomarkers to identify early indicators of cystic fibrosis pulmonary exacerbation onset. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2011; 11:197-206. [PMID: 21405970 DOI: 10.1586/erm.10.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Acute periods of pulmonary exacerbation are the single most important cause of morbidity in cystic fibrosis patients, and may be associated with a loss of lung function. Intervening prior to the onset of a substantially increased inflammatory response may limit the associated damage to the airways. While a number of biomarker assays based on inflammatory markers have been developed, providing useful and important measures of disease during these periods, such factors are typically only elevated once the process of exacerbation has been initiated. Identifying biomarkers that can predict the onset of pulmonary exacerbation at an early stage would provide an opportunity to intervene before the establishment of a substantial immune response, with major implications for the advancement of cystic fibrosis care. The precise triggers of pulmonary exacerbation remain to be determined; however, the majority of models relate to the activity of microbes present in the patient's lower airways of cystic fibrosis. Advances in diagnostic microbiology now allow for the examination of these complex systems at a level likely to identify factors on which biomarker assays can be based. In this article, we discuss key considerations in the design and testing of assays that could predict pulmonary exacerbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geraint B Rogers
- Molecular Microbiology Research Laboratory, Pharmaceutical Science Division, 150 Stamford Street, Franklin-Wilkins Building, King's College London, London, SE1 9NH, UK
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Stressmann FA, Rogers GB, Marsh P, Lilley AK, Daniels TWV, Carroll MP, Hoffman LR, Jones G, Allen CE, Patel N, Forbes B, Tuck A, Bruce KD. Does bacterial density in cystic fibrosis sputum increase prior to pulmonary exacerbation? J Cyst Fibros 2011; 10:357-65. [PMID: 21664196 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2011.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2011] [Revised: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cystic Fibrosis (CF) lung disease is characterised by an inexorable decline in lung function, punctuated by periods of symptomatic worsening known as pulmonary exacerbations (referred to here as CFPE). Despite their clinical significance, the cause of CFPE remains undetermined. It has been suggested that an increase in bacterial density may be a trigger, although this has not been shown empirically. METHODS Here, a previously validated quantitative PCR-based approach was used to assess numbers of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and of total bacteria in respiratory secretions from patients during the period leading up to CFPE. Sputum samples collected from 12 adult CF patients were selected retrospectively to fall approximately 21, 14, 7 and 0 days prior to CFPE diagnosis. In addition, the relationships between clinical parameters (FEV(1), temperature and patient reported outcome measures) and microbiological data were investigated. RESULTS No significant changes either in total bacterial or P. aeruginosa numbers were identified prior to CFPE. Of all the correlations tested, only temperature showed a significant correlation with total bacterial numbers in the period leading to CFPE. CONCLUSIONS These findings strongly suggest that CFPE do not generally result from increased bacterial density within the airways. Instead, data presented here are consistent with alternative models of pulmonary exacerbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska A Stressmann
- Molecular Microbiology Research Laboratory, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 150 Stamford Street, Franklin-Wilkins Building, King's College London, London, SE1 9NH, UK
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Rogers GB, Marsh P, Stressmann AF, Allen CE, Daniels TVW, Carroll MP, Bruce KD. The exclusion of dead bacterial cells is essential for accurate molecular analysis of clinical samples. Clin Microbiol Infect 2011; 16:1656-8. [PMID: 20148918 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2010.03189.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The DNA-based techniques used to detect bacteria in clinical samples are unable to discriminate between live bacteria, dead bacteria, and extracellular DNA. This failure to limit analysis to viable bacterial cells represents a significant problem, leading to false-positive results, as well as a failure to resolve the impact of antimicrobial therapy. The use of propidium monoazide treatment significantly reduces the contribution of dead cells and extracellular DNA to such culture-independent analyses. Here, the increased ability to resolve the impact of antibiotic therapy on Pseudomonas aeruginosa load in cystic fibrosis respiratory samples reveals statistically significant changes that would otherwise go undetected.
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Junkes C, Harvey RD, Bruce KD, Dölling R, Bagheri M, Dathe M. Cyclic antimicrobial R-, W-rich peptides: the role of peptide structure and E. coli outer and inner membranes in activity and the mode of action. Eur Biophys J 2011; 40:515-28. [PMID: 21286704 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-011-0671-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2010] [Revised: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 01/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study compares the effect of cyclic R-, W-rich peptides with variations in amino acid sequences and sizes from 5 to 12 residues upon Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria as well as outer membrane-deficient and LPS mutant Escherichia coli (E. coli) strains to analyze the structural determinants of peptide activity. Cyclo-RRRWFW (c-WFW) was the most active and E. coli-selective sequence and bactericidal at the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC). Removal of the outer membrane distinctly reduced peptide activity and the complete smooth LPS was required for maximal activity. c-WFW efficiently permeabilised the outer membrane of E. coli and promoted outer membrane substrate transport. Isothermal titration calorimetric studies with lipid A-, rough-LPS (r-LPS)- and smooth-LPS (s-LPS)-doped POPC liposomes demonstrated the decisive role of O-antigen and outer core polysaccharides for peptide binding and partitioning. Peptide activity against the inner E. coli membrane (IM) was very low. Even at a peptide to lipid ratio of 8/1, c-WFW was not able to permeabilise a phosphatidylglycerol/phosphatidylethanolamine (POPG/POPE) bilayer. Low influx of propidium iodide (PI) into bacteria confirmed a low permeabilising ability of c-WFW against PE-rich membranes at the MIC. Whilst the peptide effect upon eukaryotic cells correlated with the amphipathicity and permeabilisation of neutral phosphatidylcholine bilayers, suggesting a membrane disturbing mode of action, membrane permeabilisation does not seem to be the dominating antimicrobial mechanism of c-WFW. Peptide interactions with the LPS sugar moieties certainly modulate the transport across the outer membrane and are the basis of the E. coli selectivity of this type of peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christof Junkes
- Leibniz Institute of Molecular Pharmacology (FMP), Robert-Roessle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
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Stressmann FA, Rogers GB, Klem ER, Lilley AK, Donaldson SH, Daniels TW, Carroll MP, Patel N, Forbes B, Boucher RC, Wolfgang MC, Bruce KD. Analysis of the bacterial communities present in lungs of patients with cystic fibrosis from American and British centers. J Clin Microbiol 2011; 49:281-91. [PMID: 21068277 PMCID: PMC3020463 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01650-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2010] [Revised: 09/24/2010] [Accepted: 11/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine whether geographical differences impact the composition of bacterial communities present in the airways of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients attending CF centers in the United States or United Kingdom. Thirty-eight patients were matched on the basis of clinical parameters into 19 pairs comprised of one U.S. and one United Kingdom patient. Analysis was performed to determine what, if any, bacterial correlates could be identified. Two culture-independent strategies were used: terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) profiling and 16S rRNA clone sequencing. Overall, 73 different terminal restriction fragment lengths were detected, ranging from 2 to 10 for U.S. and 2 to 15 for United Kingdom patients. The statistical analysis of T-RFLP data indicated that patient pairing was successful and revealed substantial transatlantic similarities in the bacterial communities. A small number of bands was present in the vast majority of patients in both locations, indicating that these are species common to the CF lung. Clone sequence analysis also revealed that a number of species not traditionally associated with the CF lung were present in both sample groups. The species number per sample was similar, but differences in species presence were observed between sample groups. Cluster analysis revealed geographical differences in bacterial presence and relative species abundance. Overall, the U.S. samples showed tighter clustering with each other compared to that of United Kingdom samples, which may reflect the lower diversity detected in the U.S. sample group. The impact of cross-infection and biogeography is considered, and the implications for treating CF lung infections also are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska A. Stressmann
- Molecular Microbiology Research Laboratory, Pharmaceutical Science Research Division, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, Franklin-Wilkins Building, London, SE1 9NH, United Kingdom, Cystic Fibrosis/Pulmonary Research and Treatment Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, Cystic Fibrosis Unit, Southampton University Hospitals NHS Trust, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, United Kingdom, Pharmaceutical Science Division, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, Franklin-Wilkins Building, London, SE1 9NH, United Kingdom, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Geraint B. Rogers
- Molecular Microbiology Research Laboratory, Pharmaceutical Science Research Division, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, Franklin-Wilkins Building, London, SE1 9NH, United Kingdom, Cystic Fibrosis/Pulmonary Research and Treatment Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, Cystic Fibrosis Unit, Southampton University Hospitals NHS Trust, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, United Kingdom, Pharmaceutical Science Division, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, Franklin-Wilkins Building, London, SE1 9NH, United Kingdom, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Erich R. Klem
- Molecular Microbiology Research Laboratory, Pharmaceutical Science Research Division, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, Franklin-Wilkins Building, London, SE1 9NH, United Kingdom, Cystic Fibrosis/Pulmonary Research and Treatment Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, Cystic Fibrosis Unit, Southampton University Hospitals NHS Trust, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, United Kingdom, Pharmaceutical Science Division, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, Franklin-Wilkins Building, London, SE1 9NH, United Kingdom, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Andrew K. Lilley
- Molecular Microbiology Research Laboratory, Pharmaceutical Science Research Division, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, Franklin-Wilkins Building, London, SE1 9NH, United Kingdom, Cystic Fibrosis/Pulmonary Research and Treatment Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, Cystic Fibrosis Unit, Southampton University Hospitals NHS Trust, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, United Kingdom, Pharmaceutical Science Division, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, Franklin-Wilkins Building, London, SE1 9NH, United Kingdom, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Scott H. Donaldson
- Molecular Microbiology Research Laboratory, Pharmaceutical Science Research Division, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, Franklin-Wilkins Building, London, SE1 9NH, United Kingdom, Cystic Fibrosis/Pulmonary Research and Treatment Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, Cystic Fibrosis Unit, Southampton University Hospitals NHS Trust, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, United Kingdom, Pharmaceutical Science Division, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, Franklin-Wilkins Building, London, SE1 9NH, United Kingdom, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Thomas W. Daniels
- Molecular Microbiology Research Laboratory, Pharmaceutical Science Research Division, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, Franklin-Wilkins Building, London, SE1 9NH, United Kingdom, Cystic Fibrosis/Pulmonary Research and Treatment Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, Cystic Fibrosis Unit, Southampton University Hospitals NHS Trust, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, United Kingdom, Pharmaceutical Science Division, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, Franklin-Wilkins Building, London, SE1 9NH, United Kingdom, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Mary P. Carroll
- Molecular Microbiology Research Laboratory, Pharmaceutical Science Research Division, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, Franklin-Wilkins Building, London, SE1 9NH, United Kingdom, Cystic Fibrosis/Pulmonary Research and Treatment Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, Cystic Fibrosis Unit, Southampton University Hospitals NHS Trust, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, United Kingdom, Pharmaceutical Science Division, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, Franklin-Wilkins Building, London, SE1 9NH, United Kingdom, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Nilesh Patel
- Molecular Microbiology Research Laboratory, Pharmaceutical Science Research Division, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, Franklin-Wilkins Building, London, SE1 9NH, United Kingdom, Cystic Fibrosis/Pulmonary Research and Treatment Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, Cystic Fibrosis Unit, Southampton University Hospitals NHS Trust, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, United Kingdom, Pharmaceutical Science Division, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, Franklin-Wilkins Building, London, SE1 9NH, United Kingdom, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Benjamin Forbes
- Molecular Microbiology Research Laboratory, Pharmaceutical Science Research Division, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, Franklin-Wilkins Building, London, SE1 9NH, United Kingdom, Cystic Fibrosis/Pulmonary Research and Treatment Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, Cystic Fibrosis Unit, Southampton University Hospitals NHS Trust, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, United Kingdom, Pharmaceutical Science Division, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, Franklin-Wilkins Building, London, SE1 9NH, United Kingdom, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Richard C. Boucher
- Molecular Microbiology Research Laboratory, Pharmaceutical Science Research Division, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, Franklin-Wilkins Building, London, SE1 9NH, United Kingdom, Cystic Fibrosis/Pulmonary Research and Treatment Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, Cystic Fibrosis Unit, Southampton University Hospitals NHS Trust, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, United Kingdom, Pharmaceutical Science Division, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, Franklin-Wilkins Building, London, SE1 9NH, United Kingdom, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Matthew C. Wolfgang
- Molecular Microbiology Research Laboratory, Pharmaceutical Science Research Division, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, Franklin-Wilkins Building, London, SE1 9NH, United Kingdom, Cystic Fibrosis/Pulmonary Research and Treatment Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, Cystic Fibrosis Unit, Southampton University Hospitals NHS Trust, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, United Kingdom, Pharmaceutical Science Division, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, Franklin-Wilkins Building, London, SE1 9NH, United Kingdom, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Kenneth D. Bruce
- Molecular Microbiology Research Laboratory, Pharmaceutical Science Research Division, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, Franklin-Wilkins Building, London, SE1 9NH, United Kingdom, Cystic Fibrosis/Pulmonary Research and Treatment Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, Cystic Fibrosis Unit, Southampton University Hospitals NHS Trust, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, United Kingdom, Pharmaceutical Science Division, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, Franklin-Wilkins Building, London, SE1 9NH, United Kingdom, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
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Slater FR, Bruce KD, Ellis RJ, Lilley AK, Turner SL. Determining the effects of a spatially heterogeneous selection pressure on bacterial population structure at the sub-millimetre scale. Microb Ecol 2010; 60:873-884. [PMID: 20512486 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-010-9687-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2010] [Accepted: 05/02/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A key interest of microbial ecology is to understand the role of environmental heterogeneity in shaping bacterial diversity and fitness. However, quantifying relevant selection pressures and their effects is challenging due to the number of parameters that must be considered and the multiple scales over which they act. In the current study, a model system was employed to investigate the effects of a spatially heterogeneous mercuric ion (Hg(2+)) selection pressure on a population comprising Hg-sensitive and Hg-resistant pseudomonads. The Hg-sensitive bacteria were Pseudomonas fluorescens SBW25::rfp and Hg-resistant bacteria were P. fluorescens SBW25 carrying a gfp-labelled, Hg resistance plasmid. In the absence of Hg, the plasmid confers a considerable fitness cost on the host, with µ(max) for plasmid-carrying cells relative to plasmid-free cells of only 0.66. Two image analysis techniques were developed to investigate the structure that developed in biofilms about foci of Hg (cellulose fibres imbued with HgCl(2)). Both techniques indicated selection for the resistant phenotype occurred only in small areas of approximately 178-353 μm (manually defined contour region analysis) or 275-350 μm (daime analysis) from foci. Hg also elicited toxic effects that reduced the growth of both Hg-sensitive and Hg-resistant bacteria up to 250 μm from foci. Selection for the Hg resistance phenotype was therefore highly localised when Hg was spatially heterogeneous. As such, for this model system, we define here the spatial scale over which selection operates. The ability to quantify changes in the strength of selection for particular phenotypes over sub-millimetre scales is useful for understanding the scale over which environmental variables affect bacterial populations.
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Rogers GB, Stressmann FA, Walker AW, Carroll MP, Bruce KD. Lung infections in cystic fibrosis: deriving clinical insight from microbial complexity. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2010; 10:187-96. [PMID: 20214537 DOI: 10.1586/erm.09.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Lower respiratory tract bacterial infections, such as those associated with cystic fibrosis lung disease, represent a major healthcare burden. Treatment strategies are currently informed by culture-based routine diagnostics whose limitations, including an inability to isolate all potentially clinically significant bacterial species present in a sample, are well documented. Some advances have resulted from the introduction of culture-independent molecular assays for the detection of specific pathogens. However, the application of bacterial community profiling techniques to the characterization of these infections has revealed much higher levels of microbial diversity than previously recognized. These findings are leading to a fundamental shift in the way such infections are considered. Increasingly, polymicrobial infections are being viewed as complex communities of interacting organisms, with dynamic processes key to their pathogenicity. Such a model requires an analytical strategy that provides insight into the interactions of all members of the infective community. The rapid advance in sequencing technology, along with protocols that limit analysis to viable bacterial cells, are for the first time providing an opportunity to gain such insight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geraint B Rogers
- Molecular Microbiology Research Laboratory, Pharmaceutical Science Division, 150 Stamford Street, Franklin-Wilkins Building, King's College London, London, SE1 9NH, UK.
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Bruce KD. Analysis of mer Gene Subclasses within Bacterial Communities in Soils and Sediments Resolved by Fluorescent-PCR-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Profiling. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 63:4914-9. [PMID: 16535754 PMCID: PMC1389310 DOI: 10.1128/aem.63.12.4914-4919.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial mer (mercury resistance) gene subclasses in mercury-polluted and pristine natural environments have been profiled by Fluorescent-PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (FluRFLP). For FluRFLP, PCR products were amplified from individual mer operons in mercury-resistant bacteria and from DNA isolated directly from bacteria in soil and sediment samples. The primers used to amplify DNA were designed from consensus sequences of the major subclasses of archetypal gram-negative mer operons within Tn501, Tn21, pDU1358, and pKLH2. Two independent PCRs were used to amplify two regions of different lengths (merRT(Delta)P [ca. 1 kb] and merR [ca. 0.4 kb]) starting at the same position in merR. The oligonucleotide primer common to both reactions (FluRX) was labelled at the 5(prm1) end with green (TET) fluorescent dye. Analysis of the mer sequences within databases indicated that the major subclasses could be differentiated on the basis of the length from FluRX to the first FokI restriction endonuclease site. The amplified PCR products were digested with FokI restriction endonuclease, with the restriction digest fragments resolved on an automated DNA sequencing machine which detected only those bands labelled with the fluorescent dye. For each of the individual mer operon sources examined, this single peak (in bases) position was observed in separate digests of either amplified region. These peak positions were as predicted on the basis of DNA sequence. mer PCR products amplified from DNA extracted directly from soil and sediment bacteria were studied in order to determine the profiles of the major mer subclasses present in each natural environment. In addition to peaks of the expected sizes, extra peaks were observed which were not predicted on the basis of DNA sequence. Those appearing in the restriction endonuclease digests of both study regions were presumed to be novel mer types. Genetic heterogeneity within and between mercury-polluted and pristine sites has been studied by this technique. Profiles generated were highly similar for samples taken within the same soil type. The profiles, however, changed markedly on crossing from one soil type to another, with gradients of the different groupings of mer genes identified.
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Rogers GB, Hoffman LR, Whiteley M, Daniels TWV, Carroll MP, Bruce KD. Revealing the dynamics of polymicrobial infections: implications for antibiotic therapy. Trends Microbiol 2010; 18:357-64. [PMID: 20554204 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2010.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2010] [Revised: 04/07/2010] [Accepted: 04/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
As a new generation of culture-independent analytical strategies emerge, the amount of data on polymicrobial infections will increase dramatically. For these data to inform clinical thinking, and in turn to maximise benefits for patients, an appropriate framework for their interpretation is required. Here, we use cystic fibrosis (CF) lower airway infections as a model system to examine how conceptual and technological advances can address two clinical questions that are central to improved management of CF respiratory disease. Firstly, can markers of the microbial community be identified that predict a change in infection dynamics and clinical outcomes? Secondly, can these new strategies directly characterize the impact of antimicrobial therapies, allowing treatment efficacy to be both assessed and optimized?
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Affiliation(s)
- Geraint B Rogers
- King's College London, Molecular Microbiology Research Laboratory, Pharmaceutical Science Division, 150 Stamford Street, Franklin-Wilkins Building, King's College London, London, SE1 9NH, UK
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Stressmann FA, Connett GJ, Goss K, Kollamparambil TG, Patel N, Payne MS, Puddy V, Legg J, Bruce KD, Rogers GB. The use of culture-independent tools to characterize bacteria in endo-tracheal aspirates from pre-term infants at risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. J Perinat Med 2010; 38:333-7. [PMID: 20121490 DOI: 10.1515/jpm.2010.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Although premature infants are increasingly surviving the neonatal period, up to one-third develop bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Despite evidence that bacterial colonization of the neonatal respiratory tract by certain bacteria may be a risk factor in BPD development, little is known about the role these bacteria play. The aim of this study was to investigate the use of culture-independent molecular profiling methodologies to identify potential etiological agents in neonatal airway secretions. This study used terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) and clone sequence analyses to characterize bacterial species in endo-tracheal (ET) aspirates from eight intubated pre-term infants. A wide range of different bacteria was identified in the samples. Forty-seven T-RF band lengths were resolved in the sample set, with a range of 0-15 separate species in each patient. Clone sequence analyses confirmed the identity of individual species detected by T-RFLP. We speculate that the identification of known opportunistic pathogens including S. aureus, Enterobacter sp., Moraxella catarrhalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus sp., within the airways of pre-term infants, might be causally related to the subsequent development of BPD. Further, we suggest that culture-independent techniques, such as T-RFLP, hold important potential for the characterization of neonatal conditions, such as BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska A Stressmann
- Molecular Microbiology Research Laboratory, Pharmaceutical Science Division, 150 Stamford Street, Franklin-Wilkins Building, King's College London, London, SE1 9NH, UK
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Payne MS, Goss KCW, Connett GJ, Kollamparambil T, Legg JP, Thwaites R, Ashton M, Puddy V, Peacock JL, Bruce KD. Molecular microbiological characterization of preterm neonates at risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Pediatr Res 2010; 67:412-8. [PMID: 20035248 DOI: 10.1203/pdr.0b013e3181d026c3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The role of infection in bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is unknown. We present an observational study of 55 premature infants born weighing less than 1.3 kg within two level III neonatal intensive care units. Endotracheal aspirates (ETA) and nasogastric aspirates (NGA) were studied with denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) profiling to elucidate the total bacterial community, and species-specific PCR was used to detect the presence of Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum, and Ureaplasma parvum. DGGE identified bacterial species in 59% of NGA and ETA samples combined. A diverse range of species were identified including several implicated in preterm labor. Species-specific PCR identified M. hominis in 25% of NGA and 11% of ETA samples. Among the 48 infants surviving up to 36 wk-postconceptual age, ordinal logistic regression showed the odds ratio for BPD or death where Ureaplasma was present/absent as 4.80 (95% CI 1.15-20.13). After adjusting for number of days ventilated, this was reduced to 2.04 (0.41-10.25). These data demonstrate how the combined use of DGGE and species-specific PCR identifies a high exposure in utero and around the time of birth to bacteria that might be causally related to preterm delivery and subsequent lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Payne
- Pharmaceutical Science Division, School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, King's College, London, SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
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Rogers GB, Russell LE, Preston PG, Marsh P, Collins JE, Saunders J, Sutton J, Fine D, Bruce KD, Wright M. Characterisation of bacteria in ascites--reporting the potential of culture-independent, molecular analysis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2010; 29:533-41. [PMID: 20238135 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-010-0891-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2010] [Accepted: 02/15/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) is a severe complication of liver disease. A significant proportion of patients have culture-negative ascites, despite having similar signs, symptoms and mortality to those with SBP. Therefore, empirical antibiotic treatment for infection is often started without knowledge of the causative organisms. Here, we investigated the potential of molecular techniques to provide rapid and accurate characterisation of the bacteria present in ascitic fluid. Ascites samples were obtained from 29 cirrhotic patients undergoing clinically indicated therapeutic paracentesis. Bacterial content was determined by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and 16S ribosomal clone sequence analysis. Bacterial signal was detected in all samples, compared to three out of ten using standard methods. Bacterial loads ranged from 5.5 x 10(2) to 5.4 x 10(7) cfu/ml, with a mean value of 1.9 x 10(6) cfu/ml (standard deviation +/- 9.6 x 10(6) cfu/ml). In all but one instance, bacterial species identified by culture were also confirmed by molecular analyses. Preliminary data presented here suggests that culture-independent, molecular analyses could provide rapid characterisation of the bacterial content of ascites fluid, providing a basis for the investigation of SBP development and allowing early and targeted antibiotic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- G B Rogers
- Molecular Microbiology Research Group, PSD, King's College London, London, UK.
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Abstract
The metabolic syndrome (MetS) represents a combination of cardiometabolic risk determinants including obesity (central adiposity), insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, dyslipidaemia, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and hypertension. MetS is rapidly increasing in prevalence worldwide as a consequence of the continued obesity "epidemic", and as a result will have a considerable impact on the global incidence of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. Currently, there is debate concerning whether the risk of cardiovascular disease is greater in patients diagnosed with MetS than that of the sum of the individual risk factors. At present, no unifying origin that can explain the pathogenesis of MetS has been identified and therefore no unique pharmacological treatment is available. This review summarises and critically evaluates the current clinical and scientific evidence supporting the existence of MetS as a multifactorial endocrine disease, for which maternal nutrition may be a common pathogenic mechanism. In addition, we suggest that ectopic fat accumulation (such as visceral and hepatic fat accumulation) and the proinflammatory state are central to the development of the MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- K D Bruce
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Unit, DOHaD Division, Institute of Developmental Sciences, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
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Spasenovski T, Carroll MP, Lilley AK, Payne MS, Bruce KD. Modelling the bacterial communities associated with cystic fibrosis lung infections. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2010; 29:319-28. [PMID: 20099020 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-009-0861-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2009] [Accepted: 12/11/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In many human diseases that cystic fibrosis (CF) patients suffer from, for example, lung infections, bacteria have been considered to grow as biofilms. The ability of key CF pathogens such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa to resist antibiotic therapies may be due to the poor drug penetration of these biofilms. The overall aim of this study was to develop biofilm models in vitro that resembled the bacterial species composition of CF sputa. Here, this was a step towards a longer term goal of forming multiple bacterial biofilm models in vitro that would serve, in turn, as better assays of antibiotic susceptibilities than conventionally grown cells. Biofilm models were constructed from 31 CF sputum samples, using a modified microtitre plate assay. Three forms of assessment of these biofilms were made, namely, the mass, microscopic analysis and species composition. Species composition in sputa and biofilms, characterised by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis of ribosomal gene polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products amplified from directly extracted nucleic acids, indicated that the bacterial community in sputa was well reproduced in the biofilm models. Typically, fresh sputa contained 4.6 +/- 2.3 bacterial species, with the species number decreasing to 4.0 +/- 1.6 over 5 days-this was not statistically significant (p = 0.29). This study outlines a novel methodology by which to generate and study bacterial biofilms communities. It is also hoped that the versatility of this in vitro approach, combined with its simplicity and high reproducibility, will make it an effective system to study CF sputum biofilm development and, in the longer term, serve as a means of assessing antibiotic susceptibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Spasenovski
- Molecular Microbiology Research Laboratory, Pharmaceutical Science Division, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
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Rogers GB, Carroll MP, Hoffman LR, Walker AW, Fine DA, Bruce KD. Comparing the microbiota of the cystic fibrosis lung and human gut. Gut Microbes 2010; 1:85-93. [PMID: 21326915 PMCID: PMC3023585 DOI: 10.4161/gmic.1.2.11350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2009] [Revised: 01/25/2010] [Accepted: 01/29/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Geraint B Rogers
- King's College London; Molecular Microbiology Research Laboratory; Pharmaceutical Science Division; London, UK
| | - Mary P Carroll
- Cystic Fibrosis Unit Southampton University Hospitals NHS Trust; Southampton, UK
| | | | - Alan W Walker
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute; Hinxton, Cambridge UK
| | - David A Fine
- Gastroenterology; Southampton University Hospitals NHS Trust; Southampton, UK
| | - Kenneth D Bruce
- King's College London; Molecular Microbiology Research Laboratory; Pharmaceutical Science Division; London, UK
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Johnson MW, Rogers GB, Bruce KD, Lilley AK, von Herbay A, Forbes A, Ciclitira PJ, Nicholls RJ. Bacterial community diversity in cultures derived from healthy and inflamed ileal pouches after restorative proctocolectomy. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2009; 15:1803-11. [PMID: 19637361 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.21022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2009] [Accepted: 05/11/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pouchitis is believed to occur as a reaction to dysbiosis. In this study we assessed differences between mucosal bacterial communities cultured from noninflamed and inflamed ileal pouches. METHODS Thirty-two ileal pouch patients, 22 with ulcerative colitis (UC) and 10 with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), underwent symptomatic, endoscopic, and histological assessment. The Objective Pouchitis Score (OPS) and the Pouch Disease Activity Index (PDAI) were used to diagnose pouchitis. Seven UC patients had pouchitis (UC+), 15 had a noninflamed pouch (UC-), 9 had a noninflamed pouch (FAP-), and 1 FAP patient had pouchitis (FAP+). Biopsies taken from the ileal mucosa of the pouch were cultured under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Following standardized DNA extraction a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to generate 16S rRNA gene products. A "fingerprint" of the bacterial community within each sample was created using terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) profiling. Species richness and evenness were determined using T-RF band lengths and relative band intensities. RESULTS From the 64 DNA samples, 834 bands were detected, of which 179 represented different species (operational taxonomic units [OTUs]). The average species richness for the FAP-, FAP+, UC-, and UC+ groups was 26, 35, 23.9, and 29.6 per patient, with the average species diversity within the groups of 10.6, 29, 8.3, and 11.4, respectively. Similar trends were observed when the anaerobic and aerobic-derived bacterial groups were analyzed separately. CONCLUSIONS No significant differences were found between the bacterial cultures derived from any of the clinical groups or between pouchitis and nonpouchitis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt W Johnson
- Gastroenterology Surgical Department, St. Mark's Hospital, Harrow, Middlesex, UK
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Abstract
The ability to characterize accurately the cause of infection is fundamental to effective treatment. The impact of any antimicrobial agents used to treat infection will, however, always be constrained by both the appropriateness of their use and our ability to determine their effectiveness. Traditional culture-based diagnostic microbiology is, in many cases, unable to provide this information. Molecular microbiological approaches that assess the content of clinical samples in a culture-independent manner promise to change dramatically the types of data that are obtained routinely from clinical samples. We argue that, in addition to the technical advance that these methodologies offer, a conceptual advance in the way that we reflect on the information generated is also required. Through the development of both of these advances, our understanding of infection, as well as the ways in which infections can be treated, may be improved. In the analysis of the microbiological content of certain clinical samples, such as blood, cerebrospinal fluid, brain and bone biopsy, culture-independent approaches have been well documented. Herein, we discuss how extensions to such studies can shape our understanding of infection at the many sites of the human body where a mixed flora, or in more ecological terms, a community of microbes, is present. To do this, we consider the underlying principles that underpin diagnostic systems, describe the ways in which these systems can be applied to community characterization, and discuss the significance of the data generated. We propose that at all locations within the human body where infection is routinely initiated within the context of a community of microbes, the same principles will apply. To consider this further, we take insights from areas such as the gut, oral cavity and skin. The main focus here is understanding respiratory tract infection, and specifically the infections of the cystic fibrosis lung. The impact that the use of culture-independent, molecular analyses will have on the way we approach the treatment of infections is also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geraint B. Rogers
- Molecular Microbiology Research Laboratory, Pharmaceutical Science Division, Franklin-Wilkins Building, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Mary P. Carroll
- Cystic Fibrosis Unit, Southampton University Hospitals NHS Trust, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Kenneth D. Bruce
- Molecular Microbiology Research Laboratory, Pharmaceutical Science Division, Franklin-Wilkins Building, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
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