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Johnson NV, Wall SC, Kramer KJ, Holt CM, Periasamy S, Richardson S, Suryadevara N, Andreano E, Paciello I, Pierleoni G, Piccini G, Huang Y, Ge P, Allen JD, Uno N, Shiakolas AR, Pilewski KA, Nargi RS, Sutton RE, Abu-Shmais AA, Parks R, Haynes BF, Carnahan RH, Crowe JE, Montomoli E, Rappuoli R, Bukreyev A, Ross TM, Sautto GA, McLellan JS, Georgiev IS. Discovery and Characterization of a Pan-betacoronavirus S2-binding antibody. bioRxiv 2024:2024.01.15.575741. [PMID: 38293237 PMCID: PMC10827111 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.15.575741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Three coronaviruses have spilled over from animal reservoirs into the human population and caused deadly epidemics or pandemics. The continued emergence of coronaviruses highlights the need for pan-coronavirus interventions for effective pandemic preparedness. Here, using LIBRA-seq, we report a panel of 50 coronavirus antibodies isolated from human B cells. Of these antibodies, 54043-5 was shown to bind the S2 subunit of spike proteins from alpha-, beta-, and deltacoronaviruses. A cryo-EM structure of 54043-5 bound to the pre-fusion S2 subunit of the SARS-CoV-2 spike defined an epitope at the apex of S2 that is highly conserved among betacoronaviruses. Although non-neutralizing, 54043-5 induced Fc-dependent antiviral responses, including ADCC and ADCP. In murine SARS-CoV-2 challenge studies, protection against disease was observed after introduction of Leu234Ala, Leu235Ala, and Pro329Gly (LALA-PG) substitutions in the Fc region of 54043-5. Together, these data provide new insights into the protective mechanisms of non-neutralizing antibodies and define a broadly conserved epitope within the S2 subunit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole V. Johnson
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Steven C. Wall
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville, TN 73232, USA
| | - Kevin J. Kramer
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville, TN 73232, USA
| | - Clinton M. Holt
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Program in Chemical and Physical Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Sivakumar Periasamy
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Simone Richardson
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa
| | | | - Emanuele Andreano
- Monoclonal Antibody Discovery (MAD) Lab, Fondazione Toscana Life Sciences, Siena 53100, Italy
| | - Ida Paciello
- Monoclonal Antibody Discovery (MAD) Lab, Fondazione Toscana Life Sciences, Siena 53100, Italy
| | - Giulio Pierleoni
- Monoclonal Antibody Discovery (MAD) Lab, Fondazione Toscana Life Sciences, Siena 53100, Italy
| | | | - Ying Huang
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port Saint Lucie, FL 34987, USA
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Pan Ge
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port Saint Lucie, FL 34987, USA
| | - James D. Allen
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port Saint Lucie, FL 34987, USA
| | - Naoko Uno
- Department of Infection Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44196, USA
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Andrea R. Shiakolas
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville, TN 73232, USA
| | - Kelsey A. Pilewski
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville, TN 73232, USA
| | - Rachel S. Nargi
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Rachel E. Sutton
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Alexandria A. Abu-Shmais
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville, TN 73232, USA
| | - Robert Parks
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Barton F. Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Departments of Medicine and Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Robert H. Carnahan
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - James E. Crowe
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville, TN 73232, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Emanuele Montomoli
- VisMederi Research S.r.l., Siena 53100, Italy
- VisMederi S.r.l, Siena 53100, Italy
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena 53100, Italy
| | - Rino Rappuoli
- Monoclonal Antibody Discovery (MAD) Lab, Fondazione Toscana Life Sciences, Siena 53100, Italy
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena 53100, Italy
| | - Alexander Bukreyev
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Ted M. Ross
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port Saint Lucie, FL 34987, USA
- Department of Infection Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44196, USA
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Giuseppe A. Sautto
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port Saint Lucie, FL 34987, USA
| | - Jason S. McLellan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Ivelin S. Georgiev
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville, TN 73232, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Vanderbilt University; Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University; Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Program in Computational Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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2
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Pilewski KA, Wall S, Richardson SI, Manamela NP, Clark K, Hermanus T, Binshtein E, Venkat R, Sautto GA, Kramer KJ, Shiakolas AR, Setliff I, Salas J, Mapengo RE, Suryadevara N, Brannon JR, Beebout CJ, Parks R, Raju N, Frumento N, Walker LM, Fechter EF, Qin JS, Murji AA, Janowska K, Thakur B, Lindenberger J, May AJ, Huang X, Sammour S, Acharya P, Carnahan RH, Ross TM, Haynes BF, Hadjifrangiskou M, Crowe JE, Bailey JR, Kalams S, Morris L, Georgiev IS. Functional HIV-1/HCV cross-reactive antibodies isolated from a chronically co-infected donor. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112044. [PMID: 36708513 PMCID: PMC10372200 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite prolific efforts to characterize the antibody response to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) mono-infections, the response to chronic co-infection with these two ever-evolving viruses is poorly understood. Here, we investigate the antibody repertoire of a chronically HIV-1/HCV co-infected individual using linking B cell receptor to antigen specificity through sequencing (LIBRA-seq). We identify five HIV-1/HCV cross-reactive antibodies demonstrating binding and functional cross-reactivity between HIV-1 and HCV envelope glycoproteins. All five antibodies show exceptional HCV neutralization breadth and effector functions against both HIV-1 and HCV. One antibody, mAb688, also cross-reacts with influenza and coronaviruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). We examine the development of these antibodies using next-generation sequencing analysis and lineage tracing and find that somatic hypermutation established and enhanced this reactivity. These antibodies provide a potential future direction for therapeutic and vaccine development against current and emerging infectious diseases. More broadly, chronic co-infection represents a complex immunological challenge that can provide insights into the fundamental rules that underly antibody-antigen specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey A Pilewski
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Steven Wall
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Simone I Richardson
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa
| | - Nelia P Manamela
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa
| | - Kaitlyn Clark
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Tandile Hermanus
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa
| | - Elad Binshtein
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Rohit Venkat
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Giuseppe A Sautto
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Kevin J Kramer
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Andrea R Shiakolas
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Ian Setliff
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jordan Salas
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Rutendo E Mapengo
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa
| | - Naveen Suryadevara
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - John R Brannon
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Connor J Beebout
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Rob Parks
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Nagarajan Raju
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Nicole Frumento
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Lauren M Walker
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | | | - Juliana S Qin
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Amyn A Murji
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | | | - Bhishem Thakur
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | - Aaron J May
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Xiao Huang
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Salam Sammour
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Priyamvada Acharya
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Robert H Carnahan
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Ted M Ross
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Departments of Medicine and Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Maria Hadjifrangiskou
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - James E Crowe
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Justin R Bailey
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Spyros Kalams
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Lynn Morris
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa
| | - Ivelin S Georgiev
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Program in Computational Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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3
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Kramer KJ, Wilfong EM, Voss K, Barone SM, Shiakolas AR, Raju N, Roe CE, Suryadevara N, Walker LM, Wall SC, Paulo A, Schaefer S, Dahunsi D, Westlake CS, Crowe JE, Carnahan RH, Rathmell JC, Bonami RH, Georgiev IS, Irish JM. Single-cell profiling of the antigen-specific response to BNT162b2 SARS-CoV-2 RNA vaccine. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3466. [PMID: 35710908 PMCID: PMC9201272 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31142-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA-based vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 have proven critical to limiting COVID-19 disease severity and spread. Cellular mechanisms driving antigen-specific responses to these vaccines, however, remain uncertain. Here we identify and characterize antigen-specific cells and antibody responses to the RNA vaccine BNT162b2 using multiple single-cell technologies for in depth analysis of longitudinal samples from a cohort of healthy participants. Mass cytometry and unbiased machine learning pinpoint an expanding, population of antigen-specific memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells with characteristics of follicular or peripheral helper cells. B cell receptor sequencing suggest progression from IgM, with apparent cross-reactivity to endemic coronaviruses, to SARS-CoV-2-specific IgA and IgG memory B cells and plasmablasts. Responding lymphocyte populations correlate with eventual SARS-CoV-2 IgG, and a participant lacking these cell populations failed to sustain SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies and experienced breakthrough infection. These integrated proteomic and genomic platforms identify an antigen-specific cellular basis of RNA vaccine-based immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Kramer
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Erin M Wilfong
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Human Immunology Discovery Initiative of the Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Kelsey Voss
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Sierra M Barone
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Andrea R Shiakolas
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Nagarajan Raju
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Caroline E Roe
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | | | - Lauren M Walker
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Steven C Wall
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Ariana Paulo
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Samuel Schaefer
- Human Immunology Discovery Initiative of the Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Debolanle Dahunsi
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Human Immunology Discovery Initiative of the Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Camille S Westlake
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - James E Crowe
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Human Immunology Discovery Initiative of the Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Program in Computational Microbiology and Immunology, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey C Rathmell
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
- Human Immunology Discovery Initiative of the Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
- Vanderbilt Program in Computational Microbiology and Immunology, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
| | - Rachel H Bonami
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
- Human Immunology Discovery Initiative of the Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
- Vanderbilt Program in Computational Microbiology and Immunology, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
| | - Ivelin S Georgiev
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
- Human Immunology Discovery Initiative of the Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
- Vanderbilt Program in Computational Microbiology and Immunology, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
| | - Jonathan M Irish
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
- Human Immunology Discovery Initiative of the Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
- Vanderbilt Program in Computational Microbiology and Immunology, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
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4
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Suryadevara N, Shiakolas AR, VanBlargan LA, Binshtein E, Chen RE, Case JB, Kramer KJ, Armstrong EC, Myers L, Trivette A, Gainza C, Nargi RS, Selverian CN, Davidson E, Doranz BJ, Diaz SM, Handal LS, Carnahan RH, Diamond MS, Georgiev IS, Crowe JE. An antibody targeting the N-terminal domain of SARS-CoV-2 disrupts the spike trimer. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:e159062. [PMID: 35472136 PMCID: PMC9151704 DOI: 10.1172/jci159062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The protective human antibody response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) focuses on the spike (S) protein, which decorates the virion surface and mediates cell binding and entry. Most SARS-CoV-2 protective antibodies target the receptor-binding domain or a single dominant epitope ("supersite") on the N-terminal domain (NTD). Using the single B cell technology called linking B cell receptor to antigen specificity through sequencing (LIBRA-Seq), we isolated a large panel of NTD-reactive and SARS-CoV-2-neutralizing antibodies from an individual who had recovered from COVID-19. We found that neutralizing antibodies against the NTD supersite were commonly encoded by the IGHV1-24 gene, forming a genetic cluster representing a public B cell clonotype. However, we also discovered a rare human antibody, COV2-3434, that recognizes a site of vulnerability on the SARS-CoV-2 S protein in the trimer interface (TI) and possesses a distinct class of functional activity. COV2-3434 disrupted the integrity of S protein trimers, inhibited the cell-to-cell spread of the virus in culture, and conferred protection in human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2-transgenic (ACE2-transgenic) mice against the SARS-CoV-2 challenge. This study provides insight into antibody targeting of the S protein TI region, suggesting this region may be a site of virus vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea R. Shiakolas
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center and
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | | | | | - Rita E. Chen
- Department of Medicine and
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | - Kevin J. Kramer
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center and
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Robert H. Carnahan
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center and
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Michael S. Diamond
- Department of Medicine and
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Ivelin S. Georgiev
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center and
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - James E. Crowe
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center and
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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5
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Kramer KJ, Johnson NV, Shiakolas AR, Suryadevara N, Periasamy S, Raju N, Williams JK, Wrapp D, Zost SJ, Walker LM, Wall SC, Holt CM, Hsieh CL, Sutton RE, Paulo A, Nargi RS, Davidson E, Doranz BJ, Crowe JE, Bukreyev A, Carnahan RH, McLellan JS, Georgiev IS. Potent neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern by an antibody with an uncommon genetic signature and structural mode of spike recognition. Cell Rep 2021; 37:109784. [PMID: 34592170 PMCID: PMC8443366 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) lineages that are more transmissible and resistant to currently approved antibody therapies poses a considerable challenge to the clinical treatment of coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Therefore, the need for ongoing discovery efforts to identify broadly reactive monoclonal antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 is of utmost importance. Here, we report a panel of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies isolated using the linking B cell receptor to antigen specificity through sequencing (LIBRA-seq) technology from an individual who recovered from COVID-19. Of these antibodies, 54042-4 shows potent neutralization against authentic SARS-CoV-2 viruses, including variants of concern (VOCs). A cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of 54042-4 in complex with the SARS-CoV-2 spike reveals an epitope composed of residues that are highly conserved in currently circulating SARS-CoV-2 lineages. Further, 54042-4 possesses uncommon genetic and structural characteristics that distinguish it from other potently neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Together, these findings provide motivation for the development of 54042-4 as a lead candidate to counteract current and future SARS-CoV-2 VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Kramer
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Nicole V Johnson
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Andrea R Shiakolas
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | | | - Sivakumar Periasamy
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Nagarajan Raju
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | | | - Daniel Wrapp
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Seth J Zost
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Lauren M Walker
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Steven C Wall
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Clinton M Holt
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Program in Chemical and Physical Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Ching-Lin Hsieh
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Rachel E Sutton
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Ariana Paulo
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Rachel S Nargi
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | | | | | - James E Crowe
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Alexander Bukreyev
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Robert H Carnahan
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jason S McLellan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| | - Ivelin S Georgiev
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Program in Computational Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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6
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Pilewski KA, Kramer KJ, Georgiev IS. Simultaneous Immunization with Multiple Diverse Immunogens Alters Development of Antigen-Specific Antibody-Mediated Immunity. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9090964. [PMID: 34579201 PMCID: PMC8473051 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9090964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination remains one of the most successful medical interventions in history, significantly decreasing morbidity and mortality associated with, or even eradicating, numerous infectious diseases. Although traditional immunization strategies have recently proven insufficient in the face of many highly mutable and emerging pathogens, modern strategies aim to rationally engineer a single antigen or cocktail of antigens to generate a focused, protective immune response. However, the effect of cocktail vaccination (simultaneous immunization with multiple immunogens) on the antibody response to each individual antigen within the combination, remains largely unstudied. To investigate whether immunization with a cocktail of diverse antigens would result in decreased antibody titer against each unique antigen in the cocktail compared to immunization with each antigen alone, we immunized mice with surface proteins from uropathogenic Escherichia coli, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and Neisseria meningitides, and monitored the development of antigen-specific IgG antibody responses. We found that antigen-specific endpoint antibody titers were comparable across immunization groups by study conclusion (day 70). Further, we discovered that although cocktail-immunized mice initially elicited more robust antibody responses, the rate of titer development decreases significantly over time compared to single antigen-immunized mice. Investigating the basic properties that govern the development of antigen-specific antibody responses will help inform the design of future combination immunization regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey A. Pilewski
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (K.A.P.); (K.J.K.)
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Kevin J. Kramer
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (K.A.P.); (K.J.K.)
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Ivelin S. Georgiev
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (K.A.P.); (K.J.K.)
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Program in Computational Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Correspondence:
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7
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Shiakolas AR, Johnson N, Kramer KJ, Suryadevara N, Wrapp D, Periasamy S, Pilewski KA, Raju N, Nargi R, Sutton RE, Walker L, Setliff I, Crowe JE, Bukreyev A, Carnahan RH, McLellan JS, Georgiev IS. Efficient discovery of potently neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 antibodies using LIBRA-seq with ligand blocking. bioRxiv 2021:2021.06.02.446813. [PMID: 34100018 PMCID: PMC8183015 DOI: 10.1101/2021.06.02.446813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 therapeutic antibody discovery efforts have met with notable success but have been associated with a generally inefficient process, requiring the production and characterization of exceptionally large numbers of candidates for the identification of a small set of leads. Here, we show that incorporating antibody-ligand blocking as part of LIBRA-seq, the high-throughput sequencing platform for antibody discovery, results in efficient identification of ultra-potent neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. LIBRA-seq with ligand blocking is a general platform for functional antibody discovery targeting the disruption of antigen-ligand interactions.
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8
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Shiakolas AR, Kramer KJ, Wrapp D, Richardson SI, Schäfer A, Wall S, Wang N, Janowska K, Pilewski KA, Venkat R, Parks R, Manamela NP, Raju N, Fechter EF, Holt CM, Suryadevara N, Chen RE, Martinez DR, Nargi RS, Sutton RE, Ledgerwood JE, Graham BS, Diamond MS, Haynes BF, Acharya P, Carnahan RH, Crowe JE, Baric RS, Morris L, McLellan JS, Georgiev IS. Cross-reactive coronavirus antibodies with diverse epitope specificities and Fc effector functions. Cell Rep Med 2021; 2:100313. [PMID: 34056628 PMCID: PMC8139315 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The continual emergence of novel coronaviruses (CoV), such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-(SARS)-CoV-2, highlights the critical need for broadly reactive therapeutics and vaccines against this family of viruses. From a recovered SARS-CoV donor sample, we identify and characterize a panel of six monoclonal antibodies that cross-react with CoV spike (S) proteins from the highly pathogenic SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, and demonstrate a spectrum of reactivity against other CoVs. Epitope mapping reveals that these antibodies recognize multiple epitopes on SARS-CoV-2 S, including the receptor-binding domain, the N-terminal domain, and the S2 subunit. Functional characterization demonstrates that the antibodies mediate phagocytosis-and in some cases trogocytosis-but not neutralization in vitro. When tested in vivo in murine models, two of the antibodies demonstrate a reduction in hemorrhagic pathology in the lungs. The identification of cross-reactive epitopes recognized by functional antibodies expands the repertoire of targets for pan-coronavirus vaccine design strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea R. Shiakolas
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Kevin J. Kramer
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Daniel Wrapp
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Simone I. Richardson
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa
- Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
| | - Alexandra Schäfer
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA
| | - Steven Wall
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Nianshuang Wang
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Katarzyna Janowska
- Division of Structural Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kelsey A. Pilewski
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Rohit Venkat
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Program in Chemical and Physical Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Robert Parks
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Nelia P. Manamela
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa
- Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
| | - Nagarajan Raju
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | | | - Clinton M. Holt
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Program in Chemical and Physical Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | | | - Rita E. Chen
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - David R. Martinez
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA
| | - Rachel S. Nargi
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Rachel E. Sutton
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Julie E. Ledgerwood
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Barney S. Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Michael S. Diamond
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Barton F. Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Priyamvada Acharya
- Division of Structural Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Robert H. Carnahan
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - James E. Crowe
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Ralph S. Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA
| | - Lynn Morris
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa
- Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
| | - Jason S. McLellan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Ivelin S. Georgiev
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Program in Computational Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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9
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Howlett-Prieto Q, Feng X, Kramer JF, Kramer KJ, Houston TW, Reder AT. Anti-CD20 therapy corrects a CD8 regulatory T cell deficit in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2021; 27:2170-2179. [PMID: 33783270 DOI: 10.1177/13524585211003301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of long-term anti-CD20 B-cell-depleting treatment on regulatory T cell immune subsets that are subnormal in untreated MS patients. METHODS 30 clinically stable MS patients, before and over 38 months of ocrelizumab treatment, were compared to 13 healthy controls, 29 therapy-naïve MS, 9 interferon-β-treated MS, 3 rituximab-treated MS, and 3 rituximab-treated patients with other autoimmune inflammatory diseases. CD8, CD28, CD4, and FOXP3 expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells was quantitated with flow cytometry. RESULTS CD8+ CD28- regulatory cells rose from one-third of healthy control levels before ocrelizumab treatment (2.68% vs 7.98%), normalized by 12 months (13.5%), and rose to 2.4-fold above healthy controls after 18 months of ocrelizumab therapy (19.0%). CD4+ FOXP3+ regulatory cells were lower in MS than in healthy controls (7.98%) and showed slight long-term decreases with ocrelizumab. CD8+ CD28- and CD4+ FOXP3+ regulatory T cell percentages in IFN-β-treated MS patients were between those of untreated MS and healthy controls. INTERPRETATION Long-term treatment with ocrelizumab markedly enriches CD8+ CD28- regulatory T cells and corrects the low levels seen in MS before treatment, while slightly decreasing CD4+ FOXP3+ regulatory T cells. Homeostatic enrichment of regulatory CD8 T cells provides a mechanism, in addition to B cell depletion, for the benefits of anti-CD20 treatment in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xuan Feng
- Department of Neurology, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - John F Kramer
- St Thomas Medical Partners, Neurology, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kevin J Kramer
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Timothy W Houston
- Department of Neurology, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Anthony T Reder
- Department of Neurology, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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10
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Shiakolas AR, Kramer KJ, Wrapp D, Richardson SI, Schäfer A, Wall S, Wang N, Janowska K, Pilewski KA, Venkat R, Parks R, Manamela NP, Raju N, Fechter EF, Holt CM, Suryadevara N, Chen RE, Martinez DR, Nargi RS, Sutton RE, Ledgerwood JE, Graham BS, Diamond MS, Haynes BF, Acharya P, Carnahan RH, Crowe JE, Baric RS, Morris L, McLellan JS, Georgiev IS. Cross-reactive coronavirus antibodies with diverse epitope specificities and extra-neutralization functions. bioRxiv 2020. [PMID: 33398266 DOI: 10.1101/2020.12.20.414748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The continual emergence of novel coronavirus (CoV) strains, like SARS-CoV-2, highlights the critical need for broadly reactive therapeutics and vaccines against this family of viruses. Coronavirus spike (S) proteins share common structural motifs that could be vulnerable to cross-reactive antibody responses. To study this phenomenon in human coronavirus infection, we applied a high-throughput sequencing method called LIBRA-seq (Linking B cell receptor to antigen specificity through sequencing) to a SARS-CoV-1 convalescent donor sample. We identified and characterized a panel of six monoclonal antibodies that cross-reacted with S proteins from the highly pathogenic SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 and demonstrated a spectrum of reactivity against other coronaviruses. Epitope mapping revealed that these antibodies recognized multiple epitopes on SARS-CoV-2 S, including the receptor binding domain (RBD), N-terminal domain (NTD), and S2 subunit. Functional characterization demonstrated that the antibodies mediated a variety of Fc effector functions in vitro and mitigated pathological burden in vivo . The identification of cross-reactive epitopes recognized by functional antibodies expands the repertoire of targets for pan-coronavirus vaccine design strategies that may be useful for preventing potential future coronavirus outbreaks.
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11
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Setliff I, Shiakolas AR, Pilewski KA, Murji AA, Mapengo RE, Janowska K, Richardson S, Oosthuysen C, Raju N, Ronsard L, Kanekiyo M, Qin JS, Kramer KJ, Greenplate AR, McDonnell WJ, Graham BS, Connors M, Lingwood D, Acharya P, Morris L, Georgiev IS. High-Throughput Mapping of B Cell Receptor Sequences to Antigen Specificity. Cell 2019; 179:1636-1646.e15. [PMID: 31787378 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
B cell receptor (BCR) sequencing is a powerful tool for interrogating immune responses to infection and vaccination, but it provides limited information about the antigen specificity of the sequenced BCRs. Here, we present LIBRA-seq (linking B cell receptor to antigen specificity through sequencing), a technology for high-throughput mapping of paired heavy- and light-chain BCR sequences to their cognate antigen specificities. B cells are mixed with a panel of DNA-barcoded antigens so that both the antigen barcode(s) and BCR sequence are recovered via single-cell next-generation sequencing. Using LIBRA-seq, we mapped the antigen specificity of thousands of B cells from two HIV-infected subjects. The predicted specificities were confirmed for a number of HIV- and influenza-specific antibodies, including known and novel broadly neutralizing antibodies. LIBRA-seq will be an integral tool for antibody discovery and vaccine development efforts against a wide range of antigen targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Setliff
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Program in Chemical and Physical Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Andrea R Shiakolas
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Kelsey A Pilewski
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Amyn A Murji
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Rutendo E Mapengo
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa
| | - Katarzyna Janowska
- Division of Structural Biology, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Simone Richardson
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa
| | - Charissa Oosthuysen
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa
| | - Nagarajan Raju
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Larance Ronsard
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Masaru Kanekiyo
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Juliana S Qin
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Kevin J Kramer
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Allison R Greenplate
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Wyatt J McDonnell
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Translational and Clinical Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Barney S Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mark Connors
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Daniel Lingwood
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Priyamvada Acharya
- Division of Structural Biology, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Lynn Morris
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa; Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - Ivelin S Georgiev
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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12
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Kramer KJ, Raju N, Greenplate A, Pilewski K, Massion P, Georgiev I. Therapeutic antibody discovery in lung tumors by B-cell receptor sequencing. The Journal of Immunology 2019. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.202.supp.138.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Malignancies of the lung are expected to be responsible for over 25% of all cancer-associated mortalities in the United States in 2019. Clinical treatment of lung cancer is complicated by both poor detection of early disease activity and relapse or unresponsiveness to administered therapy. Taken together, these realities of patient outcome underscore the need for alternative therapeutic strategies. Research efforts in the cancer immunology field focus primarily on T cells in the tumor microenvironment, however, there is evidence that B cells may impart a clinical benefit in patients. The formation of tertiary lymphoid structures and antibody secretion in lung tumors associate with positive clinical outcomes yet remain understudied and poorly characterized. In an effort to expand upon these observations, we isolated B cells from cryopreserved human lung cancer tissue and recovered B-cell receptor (BCR) sequences by paired heavy and light chain single cell RNA sequencing. From these experiments, we identified clonally expanded B-cell populations and convergent BCR sequences shared between different patients. We further demonstrated that recombinant antibodies derived from lung cancer patients bind cultured lung cancer cell lines in a dose-dependent manner. This preliminary data supports the notion that tumor-resident B-cells secrete functional antibodies that may additionally be tumor-reactive. Future characterization of these antibodies includes antigen identification and the measurement of in vitro and in vivo cytotoxic activity. Human patient-derived antibodies not only could serve as a novel source for therapeutic and diagnostic agents but may also help inform vaccine design in lung cancer indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Kramer
- 1Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | | | | | | | | | - Ivelin Georgiev
- 1Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
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13
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Latkowski JF, Abbott RP, Aceves S, Anklam T, Cook AW, DeMuth J, Divol L, El-Dasher B, Farmer JC, Flowers D, Fratoni M, Heltemes T, Kane J, Kramer KJ, Kramer R, Lafuente A, Loosmore GA, Morris KR, Moses GA, Olson B, Pantano C, Reyes S, Rhodes M, Sawicki R, Scott H, Tabak M, Wilks S. Chamber Design for the Laser Inertial Fusion Energy (LIFE) Engine. Fusion Science and Technology 2017. [DOI: 10.13182/fst10-318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ryan P. Abbott
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550
| | - Sal Aceves
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550
| | - Tom Anklam
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550
| | - Andrew W. Cook
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550
| | - James DeMuth
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550
| | - Laurent Divol
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550
| | | | | | - Dan Flowers
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550
| | | | - Thad Heltemes
- Department of Engineering Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53706
| | - Jave Kane
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550
| | | | - Richard Kramer
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 61801
| | - Antonio Lafuente
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550
- ETSI Industriales, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Gregory A. Moses
- Department of Engineering Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53706
| | - Britton Olson
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550
| | - Carlos Pantano
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 61801
| | - Susana Reyes
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550
| | - Mark Rhodes
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550
| | - Rick Sawicki
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550
| | - Howard Scott
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550
| | - Max Tabak
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550
| | - Scott Wilks
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550
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14
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Moses EI, de la Rubia TD, Storm E, Latkowski JF, Farmer JC, Abbott RP, Kramer KJ, Peterson PF, Shaw HF, Lehman RF. A Sustainable Nuclear Fuel Cycle Based on Laser Inertial Fusion Energy. Fusion Science and Technology 2017. [DOI: 10.13182/fst09-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edward I. Moses
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave., Livermore, CA 94550
| | | | - Erik Storm
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave., Livermore, CA 94550
| | | | - Joseph C. Farmer
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave., Livermore, CA 94550
| | - Ryan P. Abbott
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave., Livermore, CA 94550
| | - Kevin J. Kramer
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave., Livermore, CA 94550
| | - Per F. Peterson
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave., Livermore, CA 94550
| | - Henry F. Shaw
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave., Livermore, CA 94550
| | - Ronald F. Lehman
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave., Livermore, CA 94550
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15
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Abbott RP, Gerhard MA, Kramer KJ, Latkowski JF, Morris KL, Peterson PF, Seifried JE. Thermal and Mechanical Design Aspects of the LIFE Engine. Fusion Science and Technology 2017. [DOI: 10.13182/fst18-8002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P. Abbott
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94550
| | | | - Kevin J. Kramer
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94550
| | | | - Kevin L. Morris
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94550
- University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720
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16
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Kramer KJ, Latkowski JF, Abbott RP, Boyd JK, Powers JJ, Seifried JE. Neutron Transport and Nuclear Burnup Analysis for the Laser Inertial Confinement Fusion-Fission Energy (LIFE) Engine. Fusion Science and Technology 2017. [DOI: 10.13182/fst18-8132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J. Kramer
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA 94550
- University of California at Berkeley, Department of Nuclear Engineering, 4155 Etcheverry Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | | | - Ryan P. Abbott
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA 94550
| | - John K. Boyd
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA 94550
| | - Jeffrey J. Powers
- University of California at Berkeley, Department of Nuclear Engineering, 4155 Etcheverry Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Jeffrey E. Seifried
- University of California at Berkeley, Department of Nuclear Engineering, 4155 Etcheverry Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720
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17
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Seifried JE, Fratoni M, Kramer KJ, Latkowski JF, Peterson PF, Powers JJ, Taylor JM. Adjoint-Based Uncertainty Analysis for Essential Reactions in a Laser Inertial Fusion Engine. Fusion Science and Technology 2011. [DOI: 10.13182/fst10-291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey E. Seifried
- University of California, Berkeley, Department of Nuclear Engineering 4155 Etcheverry Hall, MC 1730, Berkeley, CA, 94720
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 945502
| | | | - Kevin J. Kramer
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 945502
| | | | - Per F. Peterson
- University of California, Berkeley, Department of Nuclear Engineering 4155 Etcheverry Hall, MC 1730, Berkeley, CA, 94720
| | - Jeffrey J. Powers
- University of California, Berkeley, Department of Nuclear Engineering 4155 Etcheverry Hall, MC 1730, Berkeley, CA, 94720
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 945502
| | - Janine M. Taylor
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 945502
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18
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Kramer KJ, Fratoni M, Latkowski JF, Abbott RP, Anklam TM, Beckett EM, Bayramian AJ, DeMuth JA, Deri RJ, Rubia TDDL, Dunne AM, El-dasher BS, Farmer JC, Lafuente A, Meier WR, Moir RW, Morris KL, Moses EI, Powers JJ, Reyes S, Sawicki RH, Seifried JE, Storm E, Taylor JM. Fusion-Fission Blanket Options for the LIFE Engine. Fusion Science and Technology 2011. [DOI: 10.13182/fst10-295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ryan P. Abbott
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550
| | | | - Elizabeth M. Beckett
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 ETSI Industriales, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Robert J. Deri
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550
| | | | - A. Mike Dunne
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550
| | | | | | - Antonio Lafuente
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 ETSI Industriales, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Wayne R. Meier
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550
| | - Ralph W. Moir
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550
| | | | | | - Jeffrey J. Powers
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Susana Reyes
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550
| | | | - Jeffrey E. Seifried
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Erik Storm
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550
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19
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King WE, Bradley K, Jones ED, Kramer KJ, Latkowski JF, Robel M, Sleaford BW. The application of a figure of merit for nuclear explosive utility as a metric for material attractiveness in a nuclear material theft scenario. Nuclear Engineering and Design 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucengdes.2010.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
N-beta-Alanyldopamine is the major tyrosine metabolite in the hemolymph and cuticle during pupal tanning in the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta L. Its concentration in hemolymph increases over 800-fold above larval levels by the start of tanning and decreases as the pupal cuticle darkens and hardens. It is a major catechol in species representing several insect orders and is the preferred substrate for pupal cuticular o-diphenol oxidase. In insects, N-beta-alanyldopamine appears to be the main precursor for tanning chemicals at certain developmental stages.
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21
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Kramer KJ, Sanburg LL, Kézdy FJ, Law JH. The Juvenile Hormone Binding Protein in the Hemolymph of Manduca sexta Johannson (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 71:493-7. [PMID: 16592141 PMCID: PMC388033 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.71.2.493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
C(18):juvenile hormone is quite soluble in water, yielding a monomeric solution greater than 10(-5) M. In vivo injection or addition of aqueous juvenile hormone to the hemolymph in vitro shows the complexation of juvenile hormone to a protein, as demonstrated by gel permeation chromatography and disc-gel electrophoresis. The protein has an apparent molecular weight of 3.4 x 10(4) and is present in the hemolymph at a concentration in the micromolar range. The binding of the hormone to the protein can be described as a simple thermodynamic equilibrium with a dissociation constant of 3 x 10(-7) M, and the protein has a much higher affinity for the hormone than for the hydrolysis products.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Kramer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill. 60637
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22
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23
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Arakane Y, Muthukrishnan S, Kramer KJ, Specht CA, Tomoyasu Y, Lorenzen MD, Kanost M, Beeman RW. The Tribolium chitin synthase genes TcCHS1 and TcCHS2 are specialized for synthesis of epidermal cuticle and midgut peritrophic matrix. Insect Mol Biol 2005; 14:453-63. [PMID: 16164601 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2005.00576.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Functional analysis of the two chitin synthase genes, TcCHS1 and TcCHS2, in the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, revealed unique and complementary roles for each gene. TcCHS1-specific RNA interference (RNAi) disrupted all three types of moult (larval-larval, larval-pupal and pupal-adult) and greatly reduced whole-body chitin content. Exon-specific RNAi showed that splice variant 8a of TcCHS1 was required for both the larval-pupal and pupal-adult moults, whereas splice variant 8b was required only for the latter. TcCHS2-specific RNAi had no effect on metamorphosis or on total body chitin content. However, RNAi-mediated down-regulation of TcCHS2, but not TcCHS1, led to cessation of feeding, a dramatic shrinkage in larval size and reduced chitin content in the midgut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Arakane
- USDA-ARS-Grain Marketing and Production Research Center, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
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24
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Zimoch L, Hogenkamp DG, Kramer KJ, Muthukrishnan S, Merzendorfer H. Regulation of chitin synthesis in the larval midgut of Manduca sexta. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2005; 35:515-527. [PMID: 15857758 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2005.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2004] [Revised: 01/13/2005] [Accepted: 01/20/2005] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In insects, chitin is not only synthesized by ectodermal cells that form chitinous cuticles, but also by endodermal cells of the midgut that secrete a chitinous peritrophic matrix. Using anti-chitin synthase (CHS) antibodies, we previously demonstrated that in the midgut of Manduca sexta, CHS is expressed by two cell types, tracheal cells forming a basal tracheal network and columnar cells forming the apical brush border [Zimoch and Merzendorfer, 2002, Cell Tissue Res. 308, 287-297]. Now, we show that two different genes, MsCHS1 and MsCHS2, encode CHSs of midgut tracheae and columnar cells, respectively. To investigate MsCHS2 expression and activity in the course of the larval development, we monitored chitin synthesis, enzyme levels as well as mRNA amounts. All of the tested parameters were significantly reduced during molting and in the wandering stage when compared to the values obtained from intermolt feeding larvae. By contrast, MsCHS1 appeared to be inversely regulated because its mRNA was detectable only during the molt at the time when tracheal growth occurs at the basal site of the midgut. To further examine midgut chitin synthesis, we measured enzyme activity in crude midgut extracts and different membrane fractions. When we analysed trypsin-mediated proteolytic activation, a phenomenon previously reported for insect and fungal systems, we recognized that midgut chitin synthesis was only activated in crude extracts, but not in the 12,000 g membrane fraction. However, proteolytic activation by trypsin in the 12,000 g membrane fraction could be reconstituted by re-adding a soluble fraction, indicating that limited proteolysis affects an unknown soluble factor, a process that in turn activates chitin synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Zimoch
- Department of Biology/Chemistry, Division of Animal Physiology, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastr. 11, D-49069 Osnabrück, Germany
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25
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Oppert B, Morgan TD, Hartzer K, Kramer KJ. Compensatory proteolytic responses to dietary proteinase inhibitors in the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2005; 140:53-8. [PMID: 15792623 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2005.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2004] [Revised: 12/22/2004] [Accepted: 01/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Increasing levels of inhibitors that target cysteine and/or serine proteinases were fed to Tribolium castaneum larvae, and the properties of digestive proteinases were compared in vitro. Cysteine proteinases were the major digestive proteinase class in control larvae, and serine proteinase activity was minor. Dietary serine proteinase inhibitors had minimal effects on either the developmental time or proteolytic activity of T. castaneum larvae. However, when larvae ingested cysteine proteinase inhibitors, there was a dramatic shift from primarily cysteine proteinases to serine proteinases in the proteinase profile of the midgut. Moreover, a combination of cysteine and serine proteinase inhibitors in the diet prevented this shift from cysteine proteinase-based digestion to serine proteinase-based digestion, and there was a corresponding substantial retardation in growth. These data suggest that the synergistic inhibitory effect of a combination of cysteine and serine proteinase inhibitors in the diet of T. castaneum larvae on midgut proteolytic activity and beetle developmental time is achieved through the prevention of the adaptive proteolytic response to overcome the activity of either type of inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Oppert
- USDA ARS Grain Marketing and Production Research Center, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA.
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26
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Oppert B, Morgan TD, Hartzer K, Lenarcic B, Galesa K, Brzin J, Turk V, Yoza K, Ohtsubo K, Kramer KJ. Effects of proteinase inhibitors on digestive proteinases and growth of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2003; 134:481-90. [PMID: 12727298 DOI: 10.1016/s1532-0456(03)00042-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The physiology of the gut lumen of the red flour beetle, T. castaneum, was studied to determine the conditions for optimal protein hydrolysis. Although the pH of gut lumen extracts from T. castaneum was 6.5, maximum hydrolysis of casein by gut proteinases occurred at pH 4.2. The synthetic substrate N-alpha-benzoyl-DL-arginine-rho-nitroanilide was hydrolyzed by T. castaneum gut proteinases in both acidic and alkaline buffers, whereas hydrolysis of N-succinyl-ala-ala-pro-phe rho-nitroanilide occurred in alkaline buffer. Inhibitors of T. castaneum digestive proteinases were examined to identify potential biopesticides for incorporation in transgenic seed. Cysteine proteinase inhibitors from potato, Job's tears, and sea anemone (equistatin) were effective inhibitors of in vitro casein hydrolysis by T. castaneum proteinases. Other inhibitors of T. castaneum proteinases included leupeptin, L-trans-epoxysuccinylleucylamido [4-guanidino] butane (E-64), tosyl-L-lysine chloromethyl ketone, and antipain. Casein hydrolysis was inhibited weakly by chymostatin, N-tosyl-L-phenylalanine chloromethyl ketone, and soybean trypsin inhibitor (Kunitz). The soybean trypsin inhibitor had no significant effect on growth when it was bioassayed alone, but it was effective when used in combination with potato cysteine proteinase inhibitor. In other bioassays with single inhibitors, larval growth was suppressed by the cysteine proteinase inhibitors from potato, Job's tears, or sea anemone. Levels of inhibition were similar to that observed with E-64, although the moles of proteinaceous inhibitor tested were approximately 1000-fold less. These proteinaceous inhibitors are promising candidates for transgenic seed technology to reduce seed damage by T. castaneum.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Oppert
- USDA ARS Grain Marketing and Production Research Center, 1515 College Ave., Manhattan, KS 66502, USA.
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27
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Suderman RJ, Andersen SO, Hopkins TL, Kanost MR, Kramer KJ. Characterization and cDNA cloning of three major proteins from pharate pupal cuticle of Manduca sexta. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2003; 33:331-343. [PMID: 12609518 DOI: 10.1016/s0965-1748(02)00247-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Three proteins, MsCP20, MsCP27 and MsCP36, that are secreted in greatest quantity into the pharate pupal cuticle of Manduca sexta ( Hopkins et al., 2000) were purified and their amino acid sequences determined by mass spectrometry and Edman degradation. Although these proteins become sclerotized and insoluble in the pupal exoskeleton, their sequences contain features characteristic for proteins occurring in less sclerotized pliable cuticles, such as arthrodial membranes and soft larval cuticles. These proteins carry a secondary modification attached to a threonine residue, presumably an O-linked sugar moiety. cDNA clones of the genes for MsCP20, MsCP27 and MsCP36 were constructed from pharate pupal integument RNA. Close agreement was found between the amino acid sequences determined by Edman degradation and sequences deduced from the cDNA clones. The molecular masses determined by protein sequencing for MsCP20, MsCP27, and MsCP36 were 17713, 17448, and 29582 Da, respectively, in close agreement with the masses deduced from the corresponding cDNA clones (17711, 17410, and 29638 Da). Temporal expression analysis indicates that MsCP20 and MsCP36 transcripts are present at low levels early in the fifth larval stadium, followed by a large increase in abundance prior to pupal ecdysis. MsCP27 was not detected during development of the fifth larval instar, but its transcript, like those of MsCP20 and MsCP36, increased to a peak level just before pupal ecdysis. Only the MsCP36 transcript was detected in adults. These results support the hypothesis that these proteins are synthesized by the epidermis and are subsequently deposited into the cuticle during the larval-pupal transformation of M. sexta where they become sclerotized in the formation of pupal exocuticle.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Suderman
- Department of Biochemistry, Kansas State University, Willard Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506-3706, USA.
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28
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Fabrick J, Behnke C, Czapla T, Bala K, Rao AG, Kramer KJ, Reeck GR. Effects of a potato cysteine proteinase inhibitor on midgut proteolytic enzyme activity and growth of the southern corn rootworm, Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2002; 32:405-415. [PMID: 11886775 DOI: 10.1016/s0965-1748(01)00117-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The major proteinase activity in extracts of larval midguts from the southern corn rootworm (SCR), Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi, was identified as a cysteine proteinase that prefers substrates containing an arginine residue in the P1 position. Gelatin-zymogram analysis of the midgut proteinases indicated that the artificial diet-fed SCR, corn root-fed SCR, and root-fed western corn rootworms (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera) possess a single major proteinase with an apparent molecular mass of 25kDa and several minor proteinases. Similar proteinase activity pH profiles were exhibited by root-fed and diet-fed rootworms with the optimal activity being slightly acidic. Rootworm larvae reared on corn roots exhibited significantly less caseinolytic activity than those reared on the artificial diet. Midgut proteolytic activity from SCR was most sensitive to inhibition by inhibitors of cysteine proteinases. Furthermore, rootworm proteinase activity was particularly sensitive to inhibition by a commercial protein preparation from potato tubers (PIN-II). One of the proteins, potato cysteine proteinase inhibitor-10', PCPI-10', obtained from PIN-II by ion-exchange chromatography, was the major source of inhibitory activity against rootworm proteinase activity. PCPI-10' and E-64 were of comparable potency as inhibitors of southern corn rootworm proteinase activity (IC(50) =31 and 35nM, respectively) and substantially more effective than chicken egg white cystatin (IC(50) =121nM). Incorporation of PCPI-10' into the diet of SCR larvae in feeding trials resulted in a significant increase in mortality and growth inhibition. We suggest that expression of inhibitors such as PCPI-10' by transgenic corn plants in the field is a potentially attractive method of host plant resistance to these Diabrotica species.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fabrick
- Department of Biochemistry, Willard Hall, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
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29
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Abstract
Manduca sexta (tobacco hornworm) chitinase is a molting enzyme that contains several domains including a catalytic domain, a serine/threonine-rich region, and a C-terminal cysteine-rich domain. Previously we showed that this chitinase acts as a biopesticide in transgenic plants where it disrupts gut physiology. To delineate the role of these domains further and to identify and characterize some of the multiple forms produced in molting fluid and in transgenic plants, three different forms with variable lengths of C-terminal deletions were generated. Appropriately truncated forms of the M. sexta chitinase cDNA were generated, introduced into a baculovirus vector, and expressed in insect cells. Two of the truncated chitinases (Chi 1-407 and Chi 1-477) were secreted into the medium, whereas the one with the longest deletion (Chi 1-376) was retained inside the insect cells. The two larger truncated chitinases and the full-length enzyme (Chi 1-535) were purified and their properties were compared. Differences in carbohydrate compositions, pH-activity profiles, and kinetic constants were observed among the different forms of chitinases. All three of these chitinases had some affinity for chitin, and they also exhibited differences in their ability to hydrolyze colloidal chitin. The results support the hypothesis that multiple forms of this enzyme occur in vivo due to proteolytic processing at the C-terminal end and differential glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
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30
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Zhu YC, Kramer KJ, Dowdy AK, Baker JE. Trypsinogen-like cDNAs and quantitative analysis of mRNA levels from the Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2000; 30:1027-1035. [PMID: 10989289 DOI: 10.1016/s0965-1748(00)00073-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Two cDNA fragments encoding full-length trypsinogen-like proteins were cloned from larvae of two strains (RC688s and HD198r) of the Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner), which differed in their sensitivity to Bacillus thuringiensis protoxins. One cDNA fragment contained 874 nucleotides, including a 780-nucleotide open reading frame that encoded a trypsinogen-like protein (PiT2b). Another cDNA fragment amplified from both P. interpunctella strains contained 864 nucleotides including a 780 bp open reading frame encoding a second trypsinogen-like protein (PiT2c). The cDNA sequence of PiT2b shared 89% sequence identity with PiT2a, a trypsinogen-like protein cloned previously from this species. The cDNA sequences of PiT2a and PiT2c shared 83% identity. The cDNA sequence identity between PiT2b and PiT2c was 80%. The cDNA for PiT2b from strain RC688s was different at six nucleotide positions from that of PiT2b from strain HD198r. Five nucleotide replacements occurred in the open reading frame leading to amino acid changes at all five positions. There were five nucleotide differences in the cDNAs for PiT2c trypsinogen-like proteins from the two strains. Two nucleotide substitutions in the open reading frame resulted in replacements of two amino acid residues in the deduced protein sequences. Amino acid sequences for PiT2a and PiT2b shared 84% identity, but only 50% identity was observed between PiT2c and the other two trypsinogen-like proteins. The deduced amino acid sequences for PiT2b and PiT2c included both signal and zymogen activation peptides and amino acid sequence motifs which are conserved in seven homologous trypsinogen-like proteins from other insects. Typical features of the putative trypsinogen-like proteins from P. interpunctella included the serine proteinase active site triad (His(81), Asp(133), and Ser(233)), three pairs of cysteine residues for disulfide bridges, and three residues, Asp(227), Gly(250), and Gly(260), that help to confer trypsin-like specificity to the enzymes. Quantitative RT-PCR analyses showed that, in fourth instar larvae, RC688s had 1.6-fold higher PiT2a trypsinogen-like mRNA than did HD198r. Expression of PiT2b mRNA was 3.4-fold higher in HD198r than in RC688s. Expression of PiT2c mRNA was 2.8-fold higher in RC688s than in HD198r. Mean accumulation levels of mRNAs for all three trypsinogen-like proteins were slightly higher in RC688s than in HD198r based on total RNA, and 1.3-fold higher in RC688s than in HD198r based on wet weight of larval body tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y C Zhu
- Grain Marketing and Production Research Center, ARS-USDA, 1515 College Avenue, Kansas 66502, Manhattan, USA
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Abstract
Avidin is a glycoprotein found in chicken egg white, that sequesters the vitamin biotin. Here we show that when present in maize at levels of > or =100 p.p.m., avidin is toxic to and prevents development of insects that damage grains during storage. Insect toxicity is caused by a biotin deficiency, as shown by prevention of toxicity with biotin supplementation. The avidin maize is not, however, toxic to mice when administered as the sole component of their diet for 21 days. These dates suggest that avidin expression in food or feed grain crops can be used as a biopesticide against a spectrum of stored-produce insect pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Kramer
- Grain Marketing Production Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
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32
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Zhu YC, Kramer KJ, Oppert B, Dowdy AK. cDNAs of aminopeptidase-like protein genes from Plodia interpunctella strains with different susceptibilities to Bacillus thuringiensis toxins. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2000; 30:215-224. [PMID: 10732989 DOI: 10.1016/s0965-1748(99)00118-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Aminopeptidase N has been reported to be a Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Cry1A toxin-binding protein in several lepidopteran insects. cDNAs of aminopeptidase-like proteins from both Bt-susceptible RC688s and Bt-resistant HD198r strains of the Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella, were cloned and sequenced. They contain 3345 and 3358 nucleotides, respectively, and each has a 3048 bp open reading frame that encodes 1016 amino acids. Putative protein sequences include 10 potential glycosylation sites and a zinc metal binding site motif of HEXXH, which is typical of the active site of zinc-dependent metallopeptidases. Sequence analysis indicated that the deduced protein sequences are most similar to an aminopeptidase from Heliothis virescens with 62% sequence identity and highly similar to three other lepidopteran aminopeptidases from Plutella xylostella, Manduca sexta, Bombyx mori with sequence identities of 51-52%. Four nucleotide differences were observed in the open reading frames that translated into two amino acid differences in the putative protein sequences. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) confirmed an aminopeptidase gene coding difference between RC688s and HD198r strains of P. interpunctella in the PCR amplification of a specific allele (PASA) using preferential primers designed from a single base substitution. The gene mutation for Asp185-->Glu185 was also confirmed in two additional Bt-resistant P. interpunctella strains. This mutation is located within a region homologous to the conserved Cry1Aa toxin binding regions from Bombyx mori and Plutella xylostella. The aminopeptidase-like mRNA expression levels in the Bt-resistant strain were slightly higher than those in the Bt-susceptible strain. The sequences reported in this paper have been deposited in the GenBank database (accession numbers AF034483 for susceptible strain RC688s and AF034484 for resistant strain HD198r).
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Affiliation(s)
- Y C Zhu
- Grain Marketing and Production Research Center, ARS-USDA, Manhattan, Kansas 66502-2736, USA
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Huang X, Zhang H, Zen KC, Muthukrishnan S, Kramer KJ. Homology modeling of the insect chitinase catalytic domain--oligosaccharide complex and the role of a putative active site tryptophan in catalysis. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2000; 30:107-117. [PMID: 10696586 DOI: 10.1016/s0965-1748(99)00101-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge-based protein modeling and substrate docking experiments as well as structural and sequence comparisons were performed to identify potential active-site residues in chitinase, a molting enzyme from the tobacco hornworm, Munduca sexta. We report here the identification of an active-site amino acid residue, W145. Several mutated forms of the gene encoding this protein were generated by site-directed mutagenesis, expressed in a baculovirus-insect cell-line system, and the corresponding mutant proteins were purified and characterized for their catalytic and substrate-binding properties. W145, which is present in the presumptive catalytic site, was selected for mutation to phenylalanine (F) and glycine (G), and the resulting mutant enzymes were characterized to evaluate the mechanistic role of this residue. The wild-type and W145F mutant proteins exhibited similar hydrolytic activities towards a tri-GlcNAc oligosaccharide substrate, but the former was approximately twofold more active towards a polymeric chitin-modified substrate. The W145G mutant protein was inactive towards both substrates, although it still retained its ability to bind chitin. Therefore, W145 is required for optimal catalytic activity but is not essential for binding to chitin. Measurement of kinetic constants of the wild-type and mutant proteins suggests that W145 increases the affinity of the enzyme for the polymeric substrate and also extends the alkaline pH range in which the enzyme is active.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506, USA
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Zhu YC, Oppert B, Kramer KJ, McGaughey WH, Dowdy AK. cDNA sequence, mRNA expression and genomic DNA of trypsinogen from the indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella. Insect Mol Biol 2000; 9:19-26. [PMID: 10672067 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2583.2000.00138.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Trypsin-like enzymes are major insect gut enzymes that digest dietary proteins and proteolytically activate insecticidal proteins produced by the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). Resistance to Bt in a strain of the Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella, was linked to the absence of a major trypsin-like proteinase (Oppert et al., 1997). In this study, trypsin-like proteinases, cDNA sequences, mRNA expression levels and genomic DNAs from Bt-susceptible and -resistant strains of the Indianmeal moth were compared. Proteinase activity blots of gut extracts indicated that the susceptible strain had two major trypsin-like proteinases, whereas the resistant strain had only one. Several trypsinogen-like cDNA clones were isolated and sequenced from cDNA libraries of both strains using a probe deduced from a conserved sequence for a serine proteinase active site. cDNAs of 852 nucleotides from the susceptible strain and 848 nucleotides from the resistant strain contained an open reading frame of 783 nucleotides which encoded a 261-amino acid trypsinogen-like protein. There was a single silent nucleotide difference between the two cDNAs in the open reading frame and the predicted amino acid sequence from the cDNA clones was most similar to sequences of trypsin-like proteinases from the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana, and the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta. The encoded protein included amino acid sequence motifs of serine proteinase active sites, conserved cysteine residues, and both zymogen activation and signal peptides. Northern blotting analysis showed no major difference between the two strains in mRNA expression in fourth-instar larvae, indicating that transcription was similar in the strains. Southern blotting analysis revealed that the restriction sites for the trypsinogen genes from the susceptible and resistant strains were different. Based on an enzyme size comparison, the cDNA isolated in this study corresponded to the gene for the smaller of two trypsin-like proteinases, which is found in both the Bt-susceptible and -resistant strains of the Indianmeal moth. The sequences reported in this paper have been deposited in the GenBank database (accession numbers AF064525 for the RC688 strain and AF064526 for HD198).
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Affiliation(s)
- Y C Zhu
- Grain Marketing and Production Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, Kansas 66502-2736, USA
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Hopkins TL, Krchma LJ, Ahmad SA, Kramer KJ. Pupal cuticle proteins of Manduca sexta: characterization and profiles during sclerotization. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2000; 30:19-27. [PMID: 10646967 DOI: 10.1016/s0965-1748(99)00091-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Proteins in pupal abdominal cuticle of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta, were characterized during the pre-ecdysial and post-ecdysial periods of sclerotization and endocuticle formation. Protein extractability decreased dramatically as the cuticle became sclerotized through 6 h post-ecdysis, but increased rapidly from 9 to 48 h as endocuticular layers were secreted. Nearly 100 proteins that were extracted from pre-ecdysial cuticle became largely insoluble during sclerotization. Three major proteins in this group destined to become exocuticle had apparent molecular masses (Mapp) of 20, 27 and 36 kDa, and were designated MS-PCP20, MS-PCP27, and MS-PCP36. Amino acid analysis revealed glycine to predominate in all three proteins, and alanine, aspartate, glutamate, proline and serine were also relatively abundant. Histidine residues, which provide sites for adduct and cross-link formation with quinone metabolites of N-beta-alanyldopamine during sclerotization of pupal cuticle, ranged from 2 to 3 mol %. N-Terminal amino acid analysis of MSPC-20 and MSPC-36 also revealed some sequence similarities indicating they may be related. An almost entirely new group of proteins appeared by 9 h as endocuticule secretion began, and these increased in abundance through 48 h post-ecdysis. Two of these were major proteins with Mapps of 33 and 34 kDa, and they also had close similarities in their N-terminal amino acid sequences. This study showed that the large number of proteins secreted into the presumptive exocuticle of the pupa before ecdysis are involved in sclerotization reactions and as a consequence become largely insoluble. The epidermis then switches to the secretion of an entirely new group of proteins that are involved in formation of the endocuticle.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Hopkins
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506-4004, USA.
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Kerwin JL, Turecek F, Xu R, Kramer KJ, Hopkins TL, Gatlin CL, Yates JR. Mass spectrometric analysis of catechol-histidine adducts from insect cuticle. Anal Biochem 1999; 268:229-37. [PMID: 10075812 DOI: 10.1006/abio.1998.3069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Adducts of catechols and histidine, which are produced by reactions of 1,2-quinones and p-quinone methides with histidyl residues in proteins incorporated into the insect exoskeleton, were characterized using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESMS), tandem electrospray mass spectrometry (ESMS-MS, collision-induced dissociation), and ion trap mass spectrometry (ITMS). Compounds examined included adducts obtained from acid hydrolysates of Manduca sexta (tobacco hornworm) pupal cuticle exuviae and products obtained from model reactions under defined conditions. The ESMS and ITMS spectra of 6-(N-3')-histidyldopamine [6-(N-3')-His-DA, pi isomer] isolated from M. sexta cuticle were dominated by a [M + H]+ ion at m/z 308, rather than the expected m/z 307. High-resolution fast atom bombardment MS yielded an empirical formula of C14H18N3O5, which was consistent with this compound being 6-(N-1')-histidyl-2-(3, 4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethanol [6-(N-1')-His-DOPET] instead of a DA adduct. Similar results were obtained when histidyl-catechol compounds linked at C-7 of the catechol were examined; the (N-1') isomer was confirmed as a DA adduct, and the (N-3') isomer identified as an (N-1')-DOPET derivative. Direct MS analysis of unfractionated cuticle hydrolysate revealed intense parent and product ions characteristic of 6- and 7-linked adducts of histidine and DOPET. Mass spectrometric analysis of model adducts synthesized by electrochemical oxidative coupling of N-acetyldopamine (NADA) quinone and N-acetylhistidine (NAcH) identified the point of attachment in the two isomers. A prominent product ion corresponding to loss of CO2 from [M + H]+ of 2-NAcH-NADA confirmed this as being the (N-3') isomer. Loss of (H2O + CO) from 6-NAcH-NADA suggested that this adduct was the (N-1') isomer. The results support the hypothesis that insect cuticle sclerotization involves the formation of C-N cross-links between histidine residues in cuticular proteins, and both ring and side-chain carbons of three catechols: NADA, N-beta-alanyldopamine, and DOPET.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Kerwin
- Botany Department, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
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Kramer KJ, Dorten WS, van het Groenewoud H, de Haan E, Kramer GN, Monteiro L, Muntau H, Quevauviller P. Collaborative study to improve the quality control of rare earth element determinations in environmental matrices. J Environ Monit 1999; 1:83-9. [PMID: 11529085 DOI: 10.1039/a807381c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In order to control the quality of rare earth determinations in environmental matrices, the Standards, Measurements and Testing Programme (formerly Community Bureau of Reference, BCR) of the European Commission has started a project, the final aim of which is to certify four types of matrices (tuna muscle, mussel tissue, aquatic plant and estuarine sediment) for their contents of a range of rare earth elements (Sc, Y and the lanthanides: La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb and Lu). The elements U and Th were added to the study. The first part of this project consisted of an interlaboratory study which aimed to test the feasibility of preparation of environmental reference materials and to detect and remove most of the pitfalls observed in rare earth determinations. This paper presents the preparation of the four matrices for the intercomparison study and for the candidate reference material. The main results are presented of the interlaboratory study that was carried out prior to the certification campaign. This collaborative trial is the first attempt ever carried out at this scale to evaluate the state-of-the-art of rare earth determinations in the environment. Its impact on the improvement of chemical measurements will have positive effects on the comparability of data necessary for environmental monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Kramer
- Mermayde, P.O. Box 109, NL-1860 AC Bergen, The Netherlands
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Huang X, Xu R, Hawley MD, Hopkins TL, Kramer KJ. Electrochemical oxidation of N-acyldopamines and regioselective reactions of their quinones with N-acetylcysteine and thiourea. Arch Biochem Biophys 1998; 352:19-30. [PMID: 9521807 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.1997.0567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The metabolism of catechols often involves their oxidation to quinones and subsequent nucleophilic addition reactions with sulfur-containing compounds. Adducts formed during these reactions may play important roles in many biological systems. We have studied the electrochemical oxidation of N-acetyldopamine (NADA) and N-beta-alanyldopamine (NBAD) in the presence of two sulfur-centered nucleophiles, N-acetylcysteine (NACySH) and thiourea (TU), and have characterized the adducts and reaction pathways. NADA and NBAD react similarly, but their adducts with NACySH and TU were formed regioselectively. NACySH yields mainly 5-adducts and TU only 6-adducts. The NACySH adducts are oxidized more easily than the parent N-acyldopamine, and their oxidations are chemically reversible. However, the TU adducts are more difficult to oxidize, and their oxidation products undergo further chemical reactions. An intramolecular base catalysis mechanism for adduct formation with NACySH is proposed, which facilitates removal of the proton from the sulfhydryl group of NACySH and directs formation of the 5-adduct via a 1,6-Michael addition reaction. The absence of a proton on the thioureylene sulfur atom leads to formation of the 6-thioureylene adduct via a 1,4-Michael addition reaction of TU. This mechanism is consistent with the formation of other sulfur-centered adducts of catechols previously reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Huang
- Agricultural Research Service, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
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Ding X, Gopalakrishnan B, Johnson LB, White FF, Wang X, Morgan TD, Kramer KJ, Muthukrishnan S. Insect resistance of transgenic tobacco expressing an insect chitinase gene. Transgenic Res 1998; 7:77-84. [PMID: 9608735 DOI: 10.1023/a:1008820507262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chitinase expression in the insect gut normally occurs only during moulting, where the chitin of the peritrophic membrane is presumably degraded. Thus, insects feeding on plants that constitutively express an insect chitinase gene might be adversely affected, owing to an inappropriately timed exposure to chitinase. This hypothesis was tested by introducing a cDNA encoding a tobacco hornworm (Manduca sexta) chitinase (EC 3.2.1.14) into tobacco via Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. A truncated but enzymatically active chitinase was present in plants expressing the gene. Segregating progeny of high-expressing plants were compared for their ability to support growth of tobacco budworm (Heliothis virescens) larvae and for feeding damage. Both parameters were significantly reduced when budworms fed on transgenic tobacco plants expressing high levels of the chitinase gene. In contrast, hornworm larvae showed no significant growth reduction when fed on the chitinase-expressing transgenics. However, both budworm and hornworm larvae, when fed on chitinase-expressing transgenic plants coated with sublethal concentrations of a Bacillus thuringiensis toxin, were significantly stunted relative to larvae fed on toxin-treated non-transgenic controls. Foliar damage was also reduced. Plants expressing an insect chitinase gene may have agronomic potential for insect control.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Ding
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506-5502, USA
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Zhu YC, Oppert B, Kramer KJ, McGaughey WH, Dowdy AK. cDNAs for a chymotrypsinogen-like protein from two strains of Plodia interpunctella. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 1997; 27:1027-1037. [PMID: 9569643 DOI: 10.1016/s0965-1748(97)00089-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Gut proteinases are involved in the solubilization and activation of insecticidal toxins produced by Bacillus thuringiensis and may also be involved in resistance development. Approximately threefold lower chymotrypsin-like enzyme activity was observed in a Bt(entomocidus)-resistant strain of the Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella, than that in the Bt-susceptible strain. Because chymotrypsin-like proteinases are involved in Bt protoxin activation in P. interpunctella, we compared cDNA sequences, mRNA expression levels, and genomic DNA for chymotrypsin-like enzymes in Bt-susceptible and Bt-resistant strains of P. interpunctella. To isolate cDNA coding for chymotrypsinogen-like proteinases, a probe was developed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of a cDNA library from the Bt-susceptible strain using a vector primer and a degenerate primer corresponding to a conserved sequence in the active site of serine proteinases. This probe was used to screen cDNA libraries from resistant and susceptible strains. Predicted amino acid sequences from cDNA clones of each strain share similarity with sequences of chymotrypsin-like proteinases and are most similar to a chymotrypsin-like proteinase from the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta. cDNAs for putative chymotrypsinogen-like proteins, from both Bt-susceptible and Bt-resistant strains of P. interpunctella share an identical open reading frame of 846 nucleotides. The encoded proteins contain amino acid sequence motifs of serine proteinase active sites, disulfide-bridge cysteine residues, and both zymogen activation and signal peptides. A difference between these cDNAs was observed only in the untranslated region where a substitution of guanine for adenine occurred in the Bt-resistant strain. Southern and Northern blotting analyses indicated that there are no major differences in chymotrypsinogen-like genomic organization and mRNA expression in the two strains. These data suggest that chymotrypsinogen-like proteinase genes and their transcription are similar in the Bt-susceptible and Bt-resistant strains of P. interpunctella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y C Zhu
- Grain Marketing and Production Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS 66502-2736, USA
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Abstract
Chitin, an insoluble structural polysaccharide that occurs in the exoskeletal and gut linings of insects, is a metabolic target of selective pest control agents. One potential biopesticide is the insect molting enzyme, chitinase, which degrades chitin to low molecular weight, soluble and insoluble oligosaccharides. For several years, our laboratories have been characterizing this enzyme and its gene. Most recently, we have been developing chitinase for use as a biopesticide to control insect and also fungal pests. Chitinases have been isolated from the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta, and several other insect species, and some of their chemical, physical, and kinetic properties have been determined. Also, cDNA and genomic clones for the chitinase from the hornworm have been isolated and characterized. Transgenic plants that express hornworm chitinase constitutively have been generated and found to exhibit host plant resistance. A transformed entomopathogenic virus that produces the enzyme displayed enhanced insecticidal activity. Chitinase also potentiated the efficacy of the toxin from the microbial insecticide, Bacillus thuringiensis. Insect chitinase and its gene are now available for biopesticidal applications in integrated pest management programs. Current knowledge regarding the molecular biology and biopesticidal action of insect and several other types of chitinases is described in this mini-review.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Kramer
- Grain Marketing and Production Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS 66502-2736, USA.
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Abstract
Two Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)-resistant strains of the Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella, lack a major gut proteinase that activates Bt protoxins. The absence of this enzyme is genetically linked to larval survival on Bt-treated diets. When considered with previous data supporting the existence of receptor-mediated insect resistance to Bt, these results provide evidence that insect adaptation to these toxins occurs through multiple physiological mechanisms, which complicate efforts to prevent or manage resistance to Bt toxins in insect control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Oppert
- United States Grain Marketing Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Manhattan, Kansas 66502-2736, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Oppert
- USDA-ARS Grain Marketing and Production Research Center, Manhattan, KS 66502-2736, USA.
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Kramer KJ, Bauman KA. Public health in medical education. Hawaii Med J 1997; 56:174-5. [PMID: 9264205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Choi HK, Choi KH, Kramer KJ, Muthukrishnan S. Isolation and characterization of a genomic clone for the gene of an insect molting enzyme, chitinase. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 1997; 27:37-47. [PMID: 9061927 DOI: 10.1016/s0965-1748(96)00066-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Genomic clones for a chitinolytic enzyme were isolated from a library of Sau 3A digested DNA from the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta, using a previously isolated chitinase cDNA clone as a probe [Kramer et al., Insect Biochem. Molec. Biol. 23, 691-701 (1993)]. Restriction enzyme mapping and Southern blot analysis of four genomic clones suggested that these are overlapping clones. Sequence analysis of the genomic clones and Southern blot analysis of total genomic DNA also suggest that the M. sexta genome has only one chitinase gene detectable by the cDNA probe. This gene is organized into at least 11 exons in a region spanning > 11 kb. The sequenced M. sexta chitinase gene has a series of exons corresponding to identifiable structural/functional regions of the protein. Similarities in structure and organization between the M. sexta chitinase gene and chitinase genes from other sources are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- H K Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506-3702, USA
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Quevauviller P, Kramer KJ, Van Der Vlies EM, Dorten W, Griepink B. Interlaboratory studies to improve the quality of mercury determination in seawater. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996; 356:411-5. [PMID: 15045220 DOI: 10.1007/s0021663560411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/1995] [Accepted: 12/12/1995] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Determinations of pollutants in various matrices are routinely performed by a number of organizations for monitoring contamination levels of the marine environment. Projects for improving the quality of determinations of trace metals in seawater have been successfully concluded within the scope of the BCR-Programme (now renamed Standards, Measurements and Testing Programme) of the European Commission; however, the determination of total mercury could not be considered at this stage both because of the poor analytical performances observed and the unsuitability of the containers (polyethylene) used for the seawater certified reference material (CRM 579). A specific project has therefore been organized to improve the state of the art of Hg determination in seawater and to investigate the best way of storing a candidate CRM. Two interlaboratory studies have been concluded and a certification campaign has now started. The materials have been collected in the Southern Bight of the North Sea, carefully prepared (filtered and acidified) and their homogeneity and stability were verified. This paper presents the results of the two interlaboratory studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Quevauviller
- European Commission, Standards, Measurements and Testing Programme (BCR), 200 rue de la Loi, B-1049, Brussels, Belgium
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Oppert B, Kramer KJ, Johnson D, Upton SJ, Mcgaughey WH. Luminal proteinases from Plodia interpunctella and the hydrolysis of Bacillus thuringiensis CryIA(c) protoxin. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 1996; 26:571-583. [PMID: 8969468 DOI: 10.1016/s0965-1748(96)00013-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The ability of proteinases in gut extracts of the Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella, to hydrolyze Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) protoxin, casein, and rho-nitroanilide substrates was investigated. A polyclonal antiserum to protoxin CryIA(c) was used in Western blots to demonstrate slower protoxin processing by gut enzymes from Bt subspecies entomocidus-resistant larvae than enzymes from susceptible or kurstaki-resistant strains. Enzymes from all three strains hydrolyzed N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine rho-nitroanilide, N-succinyl-ala-ala-pro-phenylalanine rho-nitroanilide, and N-succinyl-ala-ala-pro-leucine rho-nitroanilide. Zymograms and activity blots were used to estimate the apparent molecular masses, number of enzymes, and relative activities in each strain. Several serine proteinase inhibitors reduced gut enzyme activities, with two soybean trypsin inhibitors, two potato inhibitors, and chymostatin the most effective in preventing protoxin hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Oppert
- U.S. Grain Marketing Research Laboratory, ARS-USDA, Manhattan, KS 66502-2736, USA.
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Zen KC, Choi HK, Krishnamachary N, Muthukrishnan S, Kramer KJ. Cloning, expression, and hormonal regulation of an insect beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase gene. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 1996; 26:435-444. [PMID: 8763162 DOI: 10.1016/0965-1748(95)00111-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Chitinolytic enzymes such as beta-N-acetylglucosaminidases are major hydrolases involved in insect molting. By screening a Manduca sexta (tobacco hornworm) cDNA library with an antibody against beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase from molting fluid of M. sexta pharate pupae, several putative cDNA clones for this enzyme were isolated. The longest of the cDNA clones has an insert of approximately 3 kb, and the complete nucleotide sequence was determined. Because this clone is missing the initiation codon and nucleotides corresponding to the leader peptide, the mRNA 5'-end sequence was determined by PCR (polymerase chain reaction) amplification and cycle sequencing. The sequence of the encoded protein from positions 23 to 35 is identical to the NH2-terminal sequence of one of the beta-N-acetylglucosaminidases isolated from pharate pupal molting fluid. The amino acid sequence is similar to those of silkworm, human, mouse, bacterial, and several other beta-N-acetylglucosaminidases. Two highly conserved regions in the amino acid sequence were found in all members of this family. Southern blot analysis suggested that the number of genes in the Manduca genome closely related to the cDNA clone may be as few as one. The beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase gene is expressed most abundantly in epidermal and gut tissues on days 6 and 7 of fifth instar larvae. Injection of 20-hydroxyecdysone induced expression of the beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase gene, whereas topical application of the juvenile hormone analog, fenoxycarb, suppressed the inductive effect of molting hormone.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Zen
- Department of Biochemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506-3702, USA
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Feng GH, Richardson M, Chen MS, Kramer KJ, Morgan TD, Reeck GR. alpha-Amylase inhibitors from wheat: amino acid sequences and patterns of inhibition of insect and human alpha-amylases. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 1996; 26:419-426. [PMID: 8763161 DOI: 10.1016/0965-1748(95)00087-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Four alpha-amylase inhibitors, WRP24, WRP25, WRP26, and WRP27, were purified from wheat flour by preparative, reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography. All have polypeptide molecular masses of about 14 kDa and are members of the cereal superfamily of protease and alpha-amylase inhibitors. Sedimentation velocity analysis indicated that WRP25 and WRP27 are monomeric proteins, whereas WRP24 is a dimer. WRP24 is identical in N-terminal amino acid sequence to the well characterized 0.19 dimeric inhibitor from wheat kernels. WRP25 and WRP26 differ in sequence from each other at only three positions and represent previously unseparated forms of the 0.28 wheat inhibitor. WRP27 is a previously uncharacterized inhibitor and is more similar in sequence to the 0.28 inhibitor than to the 0.19 inhibitor. WRP25 and WRP26 inhibited alpha-amylases from the rice weevil, red flour beetle, and the yellow meal worm, but did not inhibit human salivary alpha-amylase. WRP24 inhibited the human as well as the insect alpha-amylases, but inhibited one of the two rice weevil alpha-amylases much more strongly than the other. WRP27 was notable in that, of the enzymes tested, it strongly inhibited only the rice weevil alpha-amylases. We observed that the growth rate of red flour beetle larvae was slowed when purified WRP24 was included in the diet at a level of 10%. Addition of WRP24 to corn starch resulted in greater weight loss of red flour beetle adults than occurred on control diets. Our results support the hypothesis that these alpha-amylase inhibitors provide wheat seeds with a selective evolutionary advantage since the inhibitors can slow the growth of insect pests that attack cereal grains.
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Affiliation(s)
- G H Feng
- Department of Biochemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506, USA
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