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Brown MV, Ostrowski M, Messer LF, Bramucci A, van de Kamp J, Smith MC, Bissett A, Seymour J, Hobday AJ, Bodrossy L. A marine heatwave drives significant shifts in pelagic microbiology. Commun Biol 2024; 7:125. [PMID: 38267685 PMCID: PMC10808424 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05702-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Marine heatwaves (MHWs) cause disruption to marine ecosystems, deleteriously impacting macroflora and fauna. However, effects on microorganisms are relatively unknown despite ocean temperature being a major determinant of assemblage structure. Using data from thousands of Southern Hemisphere samples, we reveal that during an "unprecedented" 2015/16 Tasman Sea MHW, temperatures approached or surpassed the upper thermal boundary of many endemic taxa. Temperate microbial assemblages underwent a profound transition to niche states aligned with sites over 1000 km equatorward, adapting to higher temperatures and lower nutrient conditions bought on by the MHW. MHW conditions also modulate seasonal patterns of microbial diversity and support novel assemblage compositions. The most significant affects of MHWs on microbial assemblages occurred during warmer months, when temperatures exceeded the upper climatological bounds. Trends in microbial response across several MHWs in different locations suggest these are emergent properties of temperate ocean warming, which may facilitate monitoring, prediction and adaptation efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark V Brown
- CSIRO Environment, Hobart, Australia.
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Australia.
| | - Martin Ostrowski
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Australia
| | - Lauren F Messer
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland
| | - Anna Bramucci
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Justin Seymour
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Australia
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Smith MC, Sievenpiper DF. A new synthesis method for complex electric field patterning using a multichannel dense array system with applications in low-intensity noninvasive neuromodulation. Bioelectromagnetics 2023; 44:156-180. [PMID: 37453053 DOI: 10.1002/bem.22476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Multichannel coil array systems offer precise spatiotemporal electronic steering and patterning of electric and magnetic fields without the physical movement of coils or magnets. This capability could potentially benefit a wide range of biomagnetic applications such as low-intensity noninvasive neuromodulation or magnetic drug delivery. In this regard, the objective of this work is to develop a unique synthesis method, that enabled by a multichannel dense array system, generates complex current pattern distributions not previously reported in the literature. Simulations and experimental results verify that highly curved or irregular (e.g., zig-zag) patterns at singular and multiple sites can be efficiently formed using this method. The synthesis method is composed of three primary components; a pixel cell (basic unit of pattern formation), a template array ("virtual array": code that disseminates the coil current weights to the "physical" dense array), and a hexagonal coordinate system. Low-intensity or low-field magnetic stimulation is identified as a potential application that could benefit from this work in the future and as such is used as an example to frame the research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Smith
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Daniel F Sievenpiper
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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3
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Leu AD, Gely MF, Weber MA, Smith MC, Nadlinger DP, Lucas DM. Fast, High-Fidelity Addressed Single-Qubit Gates Using Efficient Composite Pulse Sequences. Phys Rev Lett 2023; 131:120601. [PMID: 37802949 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.120601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
We use electronic microwave control methods to implement addressed single-qubit gates with high speed and fidelity, for ^{43}Ca^{+} hyperfine "atomic clock" qubits in a cryogenic (100 K) surface trap. For a single qubit, we benchmark an error of 1.5×10^{-6} per Clifford gate (implemented using 600 ns π/2 pulses). For 2 qubits in the same trap zone (ion separation 5 μm), we use a spatial microwave field gradient, combined with an efficient four-pulse scheme, to implement independent addressed gates. Parallel randomized benchmarking on both qubits yields an average error 3.4×10^{-5} per addressed π/2 gate. The scheme scales theoretically to larger numbers of qubits in a single register.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Leu
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - M F Gely
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - M A Weber
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - M C Smith
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - D P Nadlinger
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - D M Lucas
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
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Vugmeyster L, Au DF, Smith MC, Ostrovsky D. Comparative Hydrophobic Core Dynamics Between Wild-Type Amyloid-β Fibrils, Glutamate-3 Truncation, and Serine-8 Phosphorylation. Chemphyschem 2022; 23:e202100709. [PMID: 34837296 PMCID: PMC9484291 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202100709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) of amyloid-β (Aβ) species are implicated in the modulation of overall toxicities and aggregation propensities. We investigated the internal dynamics in the hydrophobic core of the truncated ΔE3 mutant fibrils of Aβ1-40 and compared them with prior and new data for wild-type fibrils as well as with phosphorylated S8 fibrils. Deuteron static solid-state NMR techniques, spanning line-shape analysis, longitudinal relaxation, and chemical exchange saturation transfer methods, were employed to assess the rotameric jumps of several methyl-bearing and aromatic groups in the core of the fibrils. Taken together, the results indicate the rather significant influence of the PTMs on the hydrophobic core dynamics, which propagates far beyond the local site of the chemical modification. The phosphorylated S8 fibrils display an overall rigidifying of the core based on the higher activation barriers of motions than the wild-type fibrils, whereas the ΔE3 fibrils induce a broader variety of changes, some of which are thermodynamic in nature rather than the kinetic ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliya Vugmeyster
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Denver, Denver CO USA 80204, corresponding author
| | - Dan Fai Au
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Denver, Denver CO USA 80204
| | - Matthew C. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Denver, Denver CO USA 80204
| | - Dmitry Ostrovsky
- Department of Mathematics, University of Colorado Denver, Denver CO USA 80204
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Chang EH, Sugiyama G, Smith MC, Nealon WH, Gross DJ, Apterbach G, Coppa GF, Alfonso AE, Chung PJ. Obesity and surgical complications of pancreaticoduodenectomy: An observation study utilizing ACS NSQIP. Am J Surg 2019; 220:135-139. [PMID: 31761298 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2019.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An estimated 38% of US adults are obese. Obesity is associated with socioeconomic disparities and increased rates of comorbidities, and is a known risk factor for development of pancreatic cancer. As a fourth leading cause of death in the United States, pancreatic cancer is commonly treated with a pancreatico-duodenectomy (PD), or Whipple procedure. Data regarding the effects of obesity on post-operative complication rate primarily comes from specialized centers, however the results are mixed. Our aim is to elucidate the effects that obesity has on outcomes after PD for pancreatic head cancer using a national prospectively maintained clinical database. METHOD The 2010-2015 American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Project (ACS NSQIP) Participant Use Files (PUF) were used as the data source. We identified cases in which PD was performed (CPT code 48150) in the setting of a postoperative diagnosis of pancreatic cancer (ICD9 code 157.0). We excluded cases that had emergency admissions, BMI ≤18.5 kg/m2, intraoperative wound classification of III or IV, and disseminated cancer. Cases with missing BMI, preoperative albumin, operative time, LOS data were also excluded. Multiple imputation for missing sex, race, functional status, and ASA classification using chained equations was performed.16 Patients that had BMI ≥30 kg/m2 were considered obese, and patients with BMI <30 kg/m2 were used as control. RESULTS 3484 patients underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy for pancreatic cancer. 860 patients were identified as obese. Propensity score analysis was performed matching age, sex, race, functional status, presence of dyspnea, diabetes, hypertension, acute renal failure, dialysis dependence, ascites, steroid use, bleeding disorders, history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), congestive heart failure (CHF), weight loss, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) classification, and preoperative albumin levels. After matching, obese patients had higher risk of 30-day postoperative complications compared to control, including organ space wound infections (OR 1.38, 95% CI 1.07-1.79, p = 0.0128), returning to the operating room (OR 1.39, 95% CI 1.01-1.91, p = 0.0461), failure to extubate for greater than 48 h (OR 1.60, 95% CI 1.09-2.34, p = 0.0153), death (OR 1.68, 95% CI 1.01-2.78, p = 0.0453), septic shock (OR 2.22, 95% CI 1.46-3.38, p = 0.0002), pulmonary embolism (OR 2.42, 95% CI 1.07-5.45, p = 0.0332), renal insufficiency (OR 2.67, 95% CI 1.33-5.38, p = 0.0058). Sensitivity analysis yielded similar results with the exception of risk for return to the operating room, death, and pulmonary embolism, P > .05. CONCLUSION In this large observational study using a national clinical database, obese patients undergoing PD for head of pancreas cancer had increased risk of postoperative complications and mortality in comparison to controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- E H Chang
- State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Brooklyn, NY, USA.
| | - G Sugiyama
- Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra Northwell, Department of Surgery, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - M C Smith
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Division of Trauma and Critical Care, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - W H Nealon
- Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra Northwell, Department of Surgery, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - D J Gross
- State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - G Apterbach
- Hofstra University, Department of Psychology, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - G F Coppa
- Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra Northwell, Department of Surgery, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - A E Alfonso
- Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra Northwell, Department of Surgery, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - P J Chung
- State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Brooklyn, NY, USA; Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra Northwell, Department of Surgery, Hempstead, NY, USA
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Stern JR, Elmously A, Smith MC, Connolly PH, Meltzer AJ, Schneider DB, Ellozy SH. Transradial interventions in contemporary vascular surgery practice. Vascular 2018; 27:110-116. [PMID: 30205780 DOI: 10.1177/1708538118797556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Upper extremity arterial access is often required for endovascular procedures, especially for antegrade access to the visceral aortic branches. Radial arterial access has been shown previously to have low complication rates, and patients tolerate the procedure well and are able to recover quickly. However, transradial access remains relatively uncommon amongst vascular surgeons. METHODS The radial artery was evaluated by ultrasound to evaluate for adequate caliber, and to identify any aberrant anatomy or arterial loops. A modified Barbeau test was performed to ensure sufficient collateral circulation. A cocktail of nitroglycerin, verapamil and heparin was administered intra-arterially to combat vasospasm. Sheaths up to 6 French were utilized for interventions. On completion of the procedure, a compression band was used for hemostasis in all cases. RESULTS Twenty-five interventions were performed in 24 patients. The left radial artery was used in 23/25 cases (92.0%). Procedures included visceral and renal artery interventions; stent graft repair of a renal artery aneurysm; embolization of splenic, pancreaticoduodenal and internal mammary aneurysms; embolization of bilateral hypogastric arteries following blunt pelvic trauma; interventions for peripheral arterial disease; delivery of a renal snorkel graft during endovascular aortic aneurysm repair, and access for diagnostic catheters during thoracic endovascular aortic aneurysm repair. Technical success was 92.0%. There was one post-operative radial artery occlusion (4.3%) which led to paresthesias but resolved with anticoagulation. There were no instances of arterial rupture, hematoma, or hand ischemia requiring intervention. CONCLUSIONS Using the transradial approach, we have demonstrated a high technical success rate over a range of clinical contexts with minimal morbidity and no significant complications such as bleeding or hand ischemia. The safety profile compares favorably to historical complication rates from brachial access. Radial access is a safe and useful skill for vascular surgeons to master.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan R Stern
- 1 Division of Vascular & Endovascular Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,2 Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Adham Elmously
- 3 New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Matthew C Smith
- 3 New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Peter H Connolly
- 3 New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrew J Meltzer
- 3 New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Darren B Schneider
- 3 New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sharif H Ellozy
- 3 New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Abstract
Groups of 5-year-olds, 10-year-olds, and adults completed either an episodic temporal generalization task, in which no stimuli were repeated, or a repeated standard temporal generalization task, in which there was a fixed standard that was repeated on every trial. Significant developmental improvements were found on both tasks. In both tasks, gradients of performance over two different stimulus ranges superimposed well when plotted on the same relative scale. Performance was similar for the adults and 10-year-olds across tasks, but the 5-year-olds performed better on the repeated standard task. These findings suggest that perceptual processes are a source of scalar variability in timing, and that there are developmental changes in levels of such variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- T McCormack
- Department of Psychology, Queen's University, David Keir Building, Malone Road, Belfast, Northern Ireland, BT9 5BP.
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Schierenbeck TM, Smith MC. Path to Impact for Autonomous Field Deployable Chemical Sensors: A Case Study of in Situ Nitrite Sensors. Environ Sci Technol 2017; 51:4755-4771. [PMID: 28332819 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b06171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Natural freshwater systems have been severely affected by excess loading of macronutrients (e.g., nitrogen and phosphorus) from fertilizers, fossil fuels, and human and livestock waste. In the USA, impacts to drinking water quality, biogeochemical cycles, and aquatic ecosystems are estimated to cost US$210 billion annually. Field-deployable nutrient sensors (FDS) offer potential to support research and resource management efforts by acquiring higher resolution data than are currently supported by expensive conventional sampling methods. Following nearly 40 years of research and development, FDS instruments are now starting to penetrate commercial markets. However, instrument uncertainty factors (high cost, reliability, accuracy, and precision) are key drivers impeding the uptake of FDS by the majority of users. Using nitrite sensors as a case study, we review the trends, opportunities, and challenges in producing and implementing FDS from a perspective of innovation and impact. We characterize the user community and consumer needs, identify trends in research approaches, tabulate state-of-the-art examples and specifications, and discuss data life cycle considerations. With further development of FDS through prototyping and testing in real-world applications, these tools can deliver information for protecting and restoring natural waters, enhancing process control for industrial operations and water treatment, and providing novel research insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim M Schierenbeck
- School of Freshwater Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee , 600 E. Greenfield Avenue, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53204, United States
| | - Matthew C Smith
- School of Freshwater Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee , 600 E. Greenfield Avenue, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53204, United States
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Smith MC, Ben-Shlomo Y, Dieppe P, Beswick AD, Adebajo AO, Wilkinson JM, Blom AW. Rates of hip and knee joint replacement amongst different ethnic groups in England: an analysis of National Joint Registry data. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2017; 25:448-454. [PMID: 28159557 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2016.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite a health care system that is free at the point of delivery, ethnic minorities may not always get care equitable to that of White patients in England. We examined whether ethnic differences exist in joint replacement rates and surgical practice in England. DESIGN 373,613 hip and 428,936 knee National Joint Registry (NJR) primary replacement patients had coded ethnicity in Hospital Episode Statistics (HES). Age and gender adjusted observed/expected ratios of hip and knee replacements amongst ethnic groups were compared using indirect standardisation. Associations between ethnic group and type of procedure were explored and effects of demographic, clinical and hospital-related factors examined using multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS Adjusted standardised observed/expected ratios were substantially lower in Blacks and Asians than Whites for hip replacement (Blacks 0.33 [95% CI, 0.31-0.35], Asians 0.20 [CI, 0.19-0.21]) and knee replacement (Blacks 0.64 [CI, 0.61-0.67], Asians 0.86 % [CI, 0.84-0.88]). Blacks were more likely to receive uncemented hip replacements (Blacks 52%, Whites 37%, Asians 44%; P < 0.001). Black men and women aged <70 years were less likely to receive unicondylar or patellofemoral knee replacements than Whites (men 10% vs 15%, P = 0.001; women 6% vs 14%, P < 0.001). After adjustment for demographic, clinical and hospital-related factors, Blacks were more likely to receive uncemented hip replacement (OR 1.43 [CI, 1.11-1.84]). CONCLUSIONS In England, hip and knee replacement rates and prosthesis type given differ amongst ethnic groups. Whether these reflect differences in clinical need or differential access to treatment requires urgent investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Smith
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Y Ben-Shlomo
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - P Dieppe
- University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - A D Beswick
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - A O Adebajo
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - J M Wilkinson
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
| | - A W Blom
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
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Economou EC, Marinelli S, Smith MC, Routt AA, Kravets VV, Chu HW, Spendier K, Celinski ZJ. Magnetic Nanodrug Delivery Through the Mucus Layer of Air-Liquid Interface Cultured Primary Normal Human Tracheobronchial Epithelial Cells. Bionanoscience 2016; 6:235-242. [PMID: 27774374 DOI: 10.1007/s12668-016-0216-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Superparamagnetic iron oxide (Fe3O4) and highly anisotropic barium hexaferrite (BaFe12O19) nanoparticles were coated with an anti-inflammatory drug and magnetically transported through mucus produced by primary human airway epithelial cells. Using wet planetary ball milling, dl-2-amino-3-phosphonopropionic acid-coated BaFe12O19 nano-particles (BaNPs) of 1-100 nm in diameter were prepared in water. BaNPs and conventional 20-30-nm Fe3O4 nanoparticles (FeNPs) were then encased in a polymer (PLGA) loaded with dexamethasone (Dex) and tagged for imaging. PLGA-Dex-coated BaNPs and FeNPs were characterized using dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometry. Both PLGA-Dex-coated BaNPs and FeNPs were transferred to the surface of a ~100-μm thick mucus layer of air-liquid interface cultured primary normal human tracheobronchial epithelial (NHTE) cells. Within 30 min, the nanoparticles were pulled successfully through the mucus layer by a permanent neodymium magnet. The penetration time of the nanomedicine was monitored using confocal microscopy and tailored by varying the thickness of the PLGA-Dex coating around the particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Economou
- Center of the BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado at Colorado Springs, 1420 Austin Bluffs Parkway, Colorado Springs, CO 80918, USA ; Department of Physics and Energy Science, University of Colorado at Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO 80918, USA
| | - S Marinelli
- Center of the BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado at Colorado Springs, 1420 Austin Bluffs Parkway, Colorado Springs, CO 80918, USA
| | - M C Smith
- Center of the BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado at Colorado Springs, 1420 Austin Bluffs Parkway, Colorado Springs, CO 80918, USA
| | - A A Routt
- Center of the BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado at Colorado Springs, 1420 Austin Bluffs Parkway, Colorado Springs, CO 80918, USA
| | - V V Kravets
- Center of the BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado at Colorado Springs, 1420 Austin Bluffs Parkway, Colorado Springs, CO 80918, USA ; Department of Physics and Energy Science, University of Colorado at Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO 80918, USA
| | - H W Chu
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | - K Spendier
- Center of the BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado at Colorado Springs, 1420 Austin Bluffs Parkway, Colorado Springs, CO 80918, USA ; Department of Physics and Energy Science, University of Colorado at Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO 80918, USA
| | - Z J Celinski
- Center of the BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado at Colorado Springs, 1420 Austin Bluffs Parkway, Colorado Springs, CO 80918, USA ; Department of Physics and Energy Science, University of Colorado at Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO 80918, USA
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Giambrone GP, Smith MC, Wu X, Gaber-Baylis LK, Bhat AU, Zabih R, Altorki NK, Fleischut PM, Stiles BM. Variability in length of stay after uncomplicated pulmonary lobectomy: is length of stay a quality metric or a patient metric?†. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2016; 49:e65-71. [PMID: 26823164 PMCID: PMC5006293 DOI: 10.1093/ejcts/ezv476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Previous studies have identified predictors of prolonged length of stay (LOS) following pulmonary lobectomy. LOS is typically described to have a direct relationship to postoperative complications. We sought to determine the LOS and factors associated with variability after uncomplicated pulmonary lobectomy. METHODS Analysing the State Inpatient Databases, Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality database, we reviewed lobectomies performed (2009-11) on patients in California, Florida and New York. LOS and comorbidities were identified. Multivariable regression analysis (MVA) was used to determine factors associated with LOS greater than the median. Patients with postoperative complications or death were excluded. RESULTS Among 22 647 lobectomies performed, we identified 13 099 patients (58%) with uncomplicated postoperative courses (mean age = 66 years; 56% female; 76% white, 57% Medicare; median DEYO comorbidity score = 3, 55% thoracotomy, 45% thoracoscopy/robotic). There was a wide distribution in LOS [median LOS = 5 days; interquartile range (IQR) 4-7]. By MVA, predictors of prolonged LOS included, age ≥ 75 years [odds ratio (OR) 1.7, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.4-2.0], male gender (OR 1.2, 95% CI 1.1-1.2), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.5-1.7) and other comorbidities, Medicaid payer (OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.4-2.1) versus private insurance, thoracotomy (OR 3.0, 95% CI 2.8-3.3) versus video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery/robotic approach and low hospital volume (OR 2.4, 95% CI 2.1-2.6). CONCLUSIONS Variability exists in LOS following even uncomplicated pulmonary lobectomy. Variability is driven by clinical factors such as age, gender, payer and comorbidities, but also by surgical approach and volume. All of these factors should be taken into account when designing clinical care pathways or when allocating payment resources. Attempts to define an optimal LOS depend heavily upon the patient population studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg P Giambrone
- Weill Cornell Medicine, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Matthew C Smith
- Weill Cornell Medicine, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xian Wu
- Weill Cornell Medicine, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | - Nasser K Altorki
- Weill Cornell Medicine, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Peter M Fleischut
- Weill Cornell Medicine, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brendon M Stiles
- Weill Cornell Medicine, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
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12
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Anderson DA, Walz ME, Weil E, Tonellato P, Smith MC. RNA-Seq of the Caribbean reef-building coral Orbicella faveolata (Scleractinia-Merulinidae) under bleaching and disease stress expands models of coral innate immunity. PeerJ 2016; 4:e1616. [PMID: 26925311 PMCID: PMC4768675 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change-driven coral disease outbreaks have led to widespread declines in coral populations. Early work on coral genomics established that corals have a complex innate immune system, and whole-transcriptome gene expression studies have revealed mechanisms by which the coral immune system responds to stress and disease. The present investigation expands bioinformatic data available to study coral molecular physiology through the assembly and annotation of a reference transcriptome of the Caribbean reef-building coral, Orbicella faveolata. Samples were collected during a warm water thermal anomaly, coral bleaching event and Caribbean yellow band disease outbreak in 2010 in Puerto Rico. Multiplex sequencing of RNA on the Illumina GAIIx platform and de novo transcriptome assembly by Trinity produced 70,745,177 raw short-sequence reads and 32,463 O. faveolata transcripts, respectively. The reference transcriptome was annotated with gene ontologies, mapped to KEGG pathways, and a predicted proteome of 20,488 sequences was generated. Protein families and signaling pathways that are essential in the regulation of innate immunity across Phyla were investigated in-depth. Results were used to develop models of evolutionarily conserved Wnt, Notch, Rig-like receptor, Nod-like receptor, and Dicer signaling. O. faveolata is a coral species that has been studied widely under climate-driven stress and disease, and the present investigation provides new data on the genes that putatively regulate its immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Anderson
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America; Department of Marine Sciences, University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico, United States of America
| | - Marcus E Walz
- Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee , Milwaukee, Wisconsin , United States of America
| | - Ernesto Weil
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez , Mayagüez, Puerto Rico , United States of America
| | - Peter Tonellato
- Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America; Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Matthew C Smith
- School of Freshwater Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee , Milwaukee, Wisconsin , United States of America
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Li J, Webster MA, Wright J, Cocker JM, Smith MC, Badakshi F, Heslop‐Harrison P, Gilmartin PM. Integration of genetic and physical maps of the Primula vulgaris S locus and localization by chromosome in situ hybridization. New Phytol 2015; 208:137-48. [PMID: 25865367 PMCID: PMC6680154 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Heteromorphic flower development in Primula is controlled by the S locus. The S locus genes, which control anther position, pistil length and pollen size in pin and thrum flowers, have not yet been characterized. We have integrated S-linked genes, marker sequences and mutant phenotypes to create a map of the P. vulgaris S locus region that will facilitate the identification of key S locus genes. We have generated, sequenced and annotated BAC sequences spanning the S locus, and identified its chromosomal location. We have employed a combination of classical genetics and three-point crosses with molecular genetic analysis of recombinants to generate the map. We have characterized this region by Illumina sequencing and bioinformatic analysis, together with chromosome in situ hybridization. We present an integrated genetic and physical map across the P. vulgaris S locus flanked by phenotypic and DNA sequence markers. BAC contigs encompass a 1.5-Mb genomic region with 1 Mb of sequence containing 82 S-linked genes anchored to overlapping BACs. The S locus is located close to the centromere of the largest metacentric chromosome pair. These data will facilitate the identification of the genes that orchestrate heterostyly in Primula and enable evolutionary analyses of the S locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhong Li
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of East AngliaNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7TJUK
- John Innes CentreNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7UHUK
| | - Margaret A. Webster
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of East AngliaNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7TJUK
- John Innes CentreNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7UHUK
| | - Jonathan Wright
- The Genome Analysis CentreNorwich, Research ParkNorwichNR4 7UHUK
| | - Jonathan M. Cocker
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of East AngliaNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7TJUK
- John Innes CentreNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7UHUK
| | - Matthew C. Smith
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of East AngliaNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7TJUK
- John Innes CentreNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7UHUK
- School of Biological SciencesDurham UniversityDurhamDH1 3LEUK
| | - Farah Badakshi
- Department of BiologyUniversity of LeicesterLeicesterLE1 7RHUK
| | | | - Philip M. Gilmartin
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of East AngliaNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7TJUK
- John Innes CentreNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7UHUK
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Friedman L, Gaines DW, Chi RK, Smith MC, Braunberg RC, Thorpe CW. INTERACTION OF AFLATOXINS AS MEASURED BY THEIR BIOCHEMICAL ACTION ON RAT LIVER SLICES AND HEPATOCYTES. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/107691897229775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Walter GM, Raveh A, Mok SA, McQuade TJ, Arevang CJ, Schultz PJ, Smith MC, Asare S, Cruz PG, Wisen S, Matainaho T, Sherman DH, Gestwicki JE. High-throughput screen of natural product extracts in a yeast model of polyglutamine proteotoxicity. Chem Biol Drug Des 2015; 83:440-9. [PMID: 24636344 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Proteins with expanded polyglutamine (polyQ) segments cause a number of fatal neurodegenerative disorders, including Huntington's disease (HD). Previous high-throughput screens in cellular and biochemical models of HD have revealed compounds that mitigate polyQ aggregation and proteotoxicity, providing insight into the mechanisms of disease and leads for potential therapeutics. However, the structural diversity of natural products has not yet been fully mobilized toward these goals. Here, we have screened a collection of ~11 000 natural product extracts for the ability to recover the slow growth of ΔProQ103-expressing yeast cells in 384-well plates (Z' ~ 0.7, CV ~ 8%). This screen identified actinomycin D as a strong inhibitor of polyQ aggregation and proteotoxicity at nanomolar concentrations (~50-500 ng/mL). We found that a low dose of actinomycin D increased the levels of the heat-shock proteins Hsp104, Hsp70 and Hsp26 and enhanced binding of Hsp70 to the polyQ in yeast. Actinomycin also suppressed aggregation of polyQ in mammalian cells, suggesting a conserved mechanism. These results establish natural products as a rich source of compounds with interesting mechanisms of action against polyQ disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gladis M Walter
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2216, USA; Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2216, USA
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McCormick Z, Margolis S, Temme K, Rivers E, Cameron SA, Smith MC, Rohr A, Zander E, Garvan C, Kennedy DJ, Plastaras C. Concordant pain provocation during transforaminal epidural steroid injection for lumbosacral radiculopathy: effect on pain outcome and predictive factors. Pain Physician 2015; 18:E19-E26. [PMID: 25675066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anecdotal report suggests that provocation of pain during epidural steroid injection (ESI) that is concordant with typical radicular symptoms predicts pain outcome following injection. However, limited evidence exists that substantiates this theory. Additionally, there is a paucity of literature investigating factors associated with the provocation of pain during ESI. OBJECTIVES The goal of this study was to determine whether provocation of concordant radicular pain during transforaminal ESI predicts pain relief immediately after injection and at short-term follow-up. Demographic, radiologic, and procedural factors associated with the pain provocation and pain outcomes at immediate and short-term follow-up were also investigated. STUDY DESIGN Longitudinal cohort study. SETTING Urban academic outpatient interventional spine clinics. METHODS Adults who underwent a fluoroscopically guided transforaminal ESI without sedation between January 1, 2006, and October 29, 2007, for the treatment of lumbosacral radicular pain were included in this study. The relationships between provocation of concordant pain, immediate post-injection, and follow-up visual analogue scale (VAS) pain scores, as well as with demographic, radiologic, and procedural factors were determined using chi-square/Fisher's exact tests for categorical variables and t-tests or ANOVA for numerical variables. RESULTS One thousand twenty one patients, 42.4% (433) male/57.6% (588) female, with a mean (SD) age of 54.1 (16.7) years were included in the study. Concordant pain provocation did not predict the magnitude of pain reduction (P = 0.9255) or the frequency of achieving > 50% pain relief (P = 0.7449) at short-term follow-up. Radiologic evidence of foraminal stenosis or nerve root impingement (P < 0.0001) and the lack of a medial-superior contrast flow pattern (P = 0.0199) were associated with a greater frequency of pain provocation during transforaminal ESI. LIMITATIONS This study is primarily limited by possible selection bias given that patients who did not follow-up in the clinic could not be studied, and an incomplete follow-up rate (66%). Conclusions regarding subacute and long-term pain outcomes cannot be determined from this study as only short-term data were available. CONCLUSIONS Provocation of concordant radicular pain does not predict pain relief at short-term follow-up after a transforaminal ESI. Foraminal stenosis, nerve root impingement, and lack of a medial-superior contrast flow pattern are associated with pain during the transforaminal ESI. Thus, clinicians should be aware of these radiologic and procedural risk factors for inciting pain during transforaminal ESI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary McCormick
- Department of PM&R, Northwestern University/The Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL.; Department of PM&R, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurosurgery, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM
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Pickett JA, Williams IH, Smith MC, Martin AP. Nasonov pheromone of the honey bee,Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera, Apidae). part III. : Regulation of pheromone composition and production. J Chem Ecol 2014; 7:543-54. [PMID: 24420593 DOI: 10.1007/bf00987702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/1980] [Revised: 08/19/1980] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
GC and GC-MS analyses of the multicomponent Nasonov pheromone of the honey bee, and of the air above insects releasing the pheromone, show that constant composition is maintained during release, despite differing volatilities of the components. The regulating mechanism may involve a specific enzyme process, detected in excised Nasonov glands, which converts the major component geraniol into the more volatile (E)-citral. Analysis of honey bees of known ages and at different times of year shows that maximum secretion occurs when foraging is most likely.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Pickett
- Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, England
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18
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Holly SP, Chang JW, Li W, Niessen S, Phillips RM, Piatt R, Black JL, Smith MC, Boulaftali Y, Weyrich AS, Bergmeier W, Cravatt BF, Parise LV. Chemoproteomic discovery of AADACL1 as a regulator of human platelet activation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 20:1125-34. [PMID: 23993462 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2013.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive knowledge of the platelet proteome is necessary for understanding thrombosis and for envisioning antiplatelet therapies. To discover other biochemical pathways in human platelets, we screened platelets with a carbamate library designed to interrogate the serine hydrolase subproteome and used competitive activity-based protein profiling to map the targets of active carbamates. We identified an inhibitor that targets arylacetamide deacetylase-like 1 (AADACL1), a lipid deacetylase originally identified in invasive cancers. Using this compound, along with highly selective second-generation inhibitors of AADACL1, metabolomics, and RNA interference, we show that AADACL1 regulates platelet aggregation, thrombus growth, RAP1 and PKC activation, lipid metabolism, and fibrinogen binding to platelets and megakaryocytes. These data provide evidence that AADACL1 regulates platelet and megakaryocyte activation and highlight the value of this chemoproteomic strategy for target discovery in platelets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Holly
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Smith MC, Scaglione KM, Assimon VA, Patury S, Thompson AD, Dickey CA, Southworth DR, Paulson HL, Gestwicki JE, Zuiderweg ERP. The E3 ubiquitin ligase CHIP and the molecular chaperone Hsc70 form a dynamic, tethered complex. Biochemistry 2013; 52:5354-64. [PMID: 23865999 DOI: 10.1021/bi4009209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The E3 ubiquitin ligase CHIP (C-terminus of Hsc70 Interacting Protein, a 70 kDa homodimer) binds to the molecular chaperone Hsc70 (a 70 kDa monomer), and this complex is important in both the ubiquitination of Hsc70 and the turnover of Hsc70-bound clients. Here we used NMR spectroscopy, biolayer interferometry, and fluorescence polarization to characterize the Hsc70-CHIP interaction. We found that CHIP binds tightly to two molecules of Hsc70 forming a 210 kDa complex, with a Kd of approximately 60 nM, and that the IEEVD motif at the C-terminus of Hsc70 (residues 642-646) is both necessary and sufficient for binding. Moreover, the same motif is required for CHIP-mediated ubiquitination of Hsc70 in vitro, highlighting its functional importance. Relaxation-based NMR experiments on the Hsc70-CHIP complex determined that the two partners move independently in solution, similar to "beads on a string". These results suggest that a dynamic C-terminal region of Hsc70 provides for flexibility between CHIP and the chaperone, allowing the ligase to "search" a large space and engage in productive interactions with a wide range of clients. In support of this suggestion, we find that deleting residues 623-641 of the C-terminal region, while retaining the IEEVD motif, caused a significant decrease in the efficiency of Hsc70 ubiquitination by CHIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Smith
- Departments of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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20
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Ma L, Clayton JR, Walgren RA, Zhao B, Evans RJ, Smith MC, Heinz-Taheny KM, Kreklau EL, Bloem L, Pitou C, Shen W, Strelow JM, Halstead C, Rempala ME, Parthasarathy S, Gillig JR, Heinz LJ, Pei H, Wang Y, Stancato LF, Dowless MS, Iversen PW, Burkholder TP. Discovery and characterization of LY2784544, a small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor of JAK2V617F. Blood Cancer J 2013; 3:e109. [PMID: 23584399 PMCID: PMC3641321 DOI: 10.1038/bcj.2013.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Owing to the prevalence of the JAK2V617F mutation in myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs), its constitutive activity, and ability to recapitulate the MPN phenotype in mouse models, JAK2V617F kinase is an attractive therapeutic target. We report the discovery and initial characterization of the orally bioavailable imidazopyridazine, LY2784544, a potent, selective and ATP-competitive inhibitor of janus kinase 2 (JAK2) tyrosine kinase. LY2784544 was discovered and characterized using a JAK2-inhibition screening assay in tandem with biochemical and cell-based assays. LY2784544 in vitro selectivity for JAK2 was found to be equal or superior to known JAK2 inhibitors. Further studies showed that LY2784544 effectively inhibited JAK2V617F-driven signaling and cell proliferation in Ba/F3 cells (IC50=20 and 55 nM, respectively). In comparison, LY2784544 was much less potent at inhibiting interleukin-3-stimulated wild-type JAK2-mediated signaling and cell proliferation (IC50=1183 and 1309 nM, respectively). In vivo, LY2784544 effectively inhibited STAT5 phosphorylation in Ba/F3-JAK2V617F-GFP (green fluorescent protein) ascitic tumor cells (TED50=12.7 mg/kg) and significantly reduced (P<0.05) Ba/F3-JAK2V617F-GFP tumor burden in the JAK2V617F-induced MPN model (TED50=13.7 mg/kg, twice daily). In contrast, LY2784544 showed no effect on erythroid progenitors, reticulocytes or platelets. These data suggest that LY2784544 has potential for development as a targeted agent against JAK2V617F and may have properties that allow suppression of JAK2V617F-induced MPN pathogenesis while minimizing effects on hematopoietic progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ma
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Ma L, Clayton JR, Walgren RA, Zhao B, Evans RJ, Smith MC, Heinz-Taheny KM, Kreklau EL, Bloem L, Pitou C, Shen W, Strelow JM, Halstead C, Rempala ME, Parthasarathy S, Gillig JR, Heinz LJ, Pei H, Wang Y, Stancato LF, Dowless MS, Iversen PW, Burkholder TP. Discovery and characterization of LY2784544, a small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor of JAK2V617F. Blood Cancer J 2013. [PMID: 23584399 DOI: 10.1038/bcj] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Owing to the prevalence of the JAK2V617F mutation in myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs), its constitutive activity, and ability to recapitulate the MPN phenotype in mouse models, JAK2V617F kinase is an attractive therapeutic target. We report the discovery and initial characterization of the orally bioavailable imidazopyridazine, LY2784544, a potent, selective and ATP-competitive inhibitor of janus kinase 2 (JAK2) tyrosine kinase. LY2784544 was discovered and characterized using a JAK2-inhibition screening assay in tandem with biochemical and cell-based assays. LY2784544 in vitro selectivity for JAK2 was found to be equal or superior to known JAK2 inhibitors. Further studies showed that LY2784544 effectively inhibited JAK2V617F-driven signaling and cell proliferation in Ba/F3 cells (IC50=20 and 55 nM, respectively). In comparison, LY2784544 was much less potent at inhibiting interleukin-3-stimulated wild-type JAK2-mediated signaling and cell proliferation (IC50=1183 and 1309 nM, respectively). In vivo, LY2784544 effectively inhibited STAT5 phosphorylation in Ba/F3-JAK2V617F-GFP (green fluorescent protein) ascitic tumor cells (TED50=12.7 mg/kg) and significantly reduced (P<0.05) Ba/F3-JAK2V617F-GFP tumor burden in the JAK2V617F-induced MPN model (TED50=13.7 mg/kg, twice daily). In contrast, LY2784544 showed no effect on erythroid progenitors, reticulocytes or platelets. These data suggest that LY2784544 has potential for development as a targeted agent against JAK2V617F and may have properties that allow suppression of JAK2V617F-induced MPN pathogenesis while minimizing effects on hematopoietic progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ma
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Andrews RK, Aster RH, Atkinson BT, Barnard MR, Bavry AA, Bayer AS, Beaulieu LM, Berndt MC, Berny-Lang MA, Bhatt DL, Bizzaro N, Bledzka K, Bouchard BA, Brass LF, Bray PF, Briggs C, Bussel JB, Cattaneo M, Chakravorty S, Chong BH, Clemetson J, Clemetson KJ, Coller BS, Covic L, Davì G, del Zoppo GJ, Dowling MR, Dubois C, Eisert WG, Evangelista V, Flaumenhaft R, Freedman JE, Freedman J, Frelinger AL, Furie BC, Furie B, Gardiner C, Gawaz M, Geisler T, Greinacher A, Gurbel PA, Harrison P, Hartwig JH, Hayward CP, Hughes CE, Ikeda Y, Israels SJ, Italiano JE, Jackson S, Jain S, Jones CI, Josefsson EC, Kaplan C, Kile BT, Kimura Y, Klement GL, Kolandaivelu K, Kuliopulos A, Kuter DJ, Lambert MP, Langer HF, Lebois M, Levin J, Lordkipanidzé M, Ma YQ, Mannucci PM, McCrae KR, Merrill-Skoloff G, Michelson AD, Moffat KA, Mutch NJ, Newman DK, Newman PE, Ni H, Nieuwland R, Ouwehand WH, Parsons J, Patrono C, Perrotta PL, Pesho MM, Plow EF, Politt AY, Poncz M, Poon MC, Provost P, Psaila B, Rao AK, Rinder HM, Roberts IA, Rondina MT, Ruggeri ZM, Santilli F, Schwertz H, Shai E, Silveira JR, Smith BR, Smith MC, Smyth SS, Snyder EL, Sobel M, Soranzo N, Stalker TJ, Sturk A, Sudo T, Sullivan S, Tantry US, Tefferi A, Tracy PB, Tsai HM, van der Pol E, Varon D, Vazzana N, Vieira-de-Abreu A, Wannemacher K, Ware J, Warkentin TE, Watson SP, Weyrich AS, White JG, Wilcox DA, Yeaman MR, Zhang P, Zhu L, Zimmerman GA. List of Contributors. Platelets 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-387837-3.00072-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Smith MC, Perfit MR, Jonasson IR. Petrology and geochemistry of basalts from the southern Juan de Fuca Ridge: Controls on the spatial and temporal evolution of mid-ocean ridge basalt. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/93jb02158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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MacArthur GJ, Smith MC, Melotti R, Heron J, Macleod J, Hickman M, Kipping RR, Campbell R, Lewis G. Patterns of alcohol use and multiple risk behaviour by gender during early and late adolescence: the ALSPAC cohort. J Public Health (Oxf) 2012; 34 Suppl 1:i20-30. [PMID: 22363027 PMCID: PMC3284864 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fds006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescent risk behaviours such as smoking, alcohol use and antisocial behaviour are associated with increased risk of morbidity and mortality. Patterns of risk behaviour may vary between genders during adolescence. METHODS Analysis of data from a longitudinal birth cohort to assess the prevalence and distribution of multiple risk behaviours by gender at age 15-16 years with a focus on alcohol use at age 10, 13 and 15 years. RESULTS By age 15 years, over half of boys and girls had consumed alcohol and one-fifth had engaged in binge drinking with no clear difference by gender. At age 15-16 years, the most prevalent risk behaviours were physical inactivity (74%), antisocial and criminal behaviour (42%) and hazardous drinking (34%). Boys and girls engaged in a similar number of behaviours but antisocial and criminal behaviours, cannabis use and vehicle-related risk behaviours were more prevalent among boys, whilst tobacco smoking, self-harm and physical inactivity were more prevalent among girls. CONCLUSION Multiple risk behaviour is prevalent in both genders during adolescence but the pattern of individual risk behaviour varies between boys and girls. Effective interventions at the individual, family, school, community or population level are needed to address gender-specific patterns of risk behaviour during adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J MacArthur
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol BS8 2PS, UK.
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Walter GM, Smith MC, Wisén S, Basrur V, Elenitoba-Johnson KSJ, Duennwald ML, Kumar A, Gestwicki JE. Ordered assembly of heat shock proteins, Hsp26, Hsp70, Hsp90, and Hsp104, on expanded polyglutamine fragments revealed by chemical probes. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:40486-93. [PMID: 21969373 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.284448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In Saccharomyces cerevisae, expanded polyglutamine (polyQ) fragments are assembled into discrete cytosolic aggregates in a process regulated by the molecular chaperones Hsp26, Hsp70, Hsp90, and Hsp104. To better understand how the different chaperones might cooperate during polyQ aggregation, we used sequential immunoprecipitations and mass spectrometry to identify proteins associated with either soluble (Q25) or aggregation-prone (Q103) fragments at both early and later times after induction of their expression. We found that Hsp26, Hsp70, Hsp90, and other chaperones interact with Q103, but not Q25, within the first 2 h. Further, Hsp70 and Hsp90 appear to be partially released from Q103 prior to the maturation of the aggregates and before the recruitment of Hsp104. To test the importance of this seemingly ordered process, we used a chemical probe to artificially enhance Hsp70 binding to Q103. This treatment retained both Hsp70 and Hsp90 on the polyQ fragment and, interestingly, limited subsequent exchange for Hsp26 and Hsp104, resulting in incomplete aggregation. Together, these results suggest that partial release of Hsp70 may be an essential step in the continued processing of expanded polyQ fragments in yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gladis M Walter
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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Li J, Webster MA, Smith MC, Gilmartin PM. Floral heteromorphy in Primula vulgaris: progress towards isolation and characterization of the S locus. Ann Bot 2011; 108:715-726. [PMID: 21803742 PMCID: PMC3170159 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcr181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The common primrose, Primula vulgaris, along with many other species of the Primulaceae, exhibits floral heteromorphy in which different individuals develop one of two possible forms of flower, known as pin and thrum. Both flower types are hermaphrodite and exhibit reciprocal positions of male and female reproductive structures, which together with a sporophytic incompatibility system, prevent self-pollination and promote out-crossing. The development of the two different forms of flower is controlled by a co-adapted linkage group of genes known as the S locus. SCOPE Here progress towards identification and characterization of these genes is described to provide a molecular genetic explanation of the different floral characteristics that define heterostyly in Primula as observed and described by Charles Darwin. Previous work to identify and characterize developmental mutations linked to the P. vulgaris S locus, together with the isolation of S locus-linked genes and polymorphic DNA sequences markers, is summarized. The development of tools are described which will facilitate isolation and characterization of the S locus and its environs, including the creation of two expressed sequence tag libraries from pin and thrum flowers, as well as the construction and screening of two bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) libraries containing thrum genomic DNA. Screening of these libraries with four S locus-linked sequences has enabled us to assemble four BAC contigs representing over 40 individual overlapping BAC clones which represent over 2·2 Mb of S locus-linked genomic sequence. PCR-based approaches for identification of the allelic origin of these BACs are described as well as identification of an additional 14 S locus-linked genes within BAC-end sequences. CONCLUSIONS On-going work to assemble the four S locus-linked contigs into one contiguous sequence spanning the S locus is outlined in preparation for sequence analysis and characterization of the genes located within this region.
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Evans CG, Smith MC, Carolan JP, Gestwicki JE. Improved synthesis of 15-deoxyspergualin analogs using the Ugi multi-component reaction. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:2587-90. [PMID: 21420295 PMCID: PMC3088103 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.02.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Revised: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Spergualin is a natural product that exhibits immunosuppressive, anti-tumor and anti-bacterial activities. Its derivatives, such as 15-deoxyspergualin (15-DSG), have been clinically approved for acute allograft rejection. However, the reported syntheses are cumbersome (>10 steps) and they suffer from low overall yields (∼0.3% to 18%). Moreover, spergualin and its derivatives are chemically unstable and rapidly hydrolyzed in aqueous buffer. Here, we have re-explored these issues and report a modified synthetic route with significantly improved overall yield (∼31% to 47%). The key transformation is a microwave-accelerated Ugi multi-component reaction that is used to generate the peptoid core in a single step. Using the products of this route, we found that modifications of the hemiaminal significantly increased chemical stability. Thus, we anticipate that this synthetic route will improve access to biologically active 15-DSG derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G Evans
- Department of Pathology and The Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2216, USA
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Ahn HK, Huda MS, Smith MC, Mulbry W, Schmidt WF, Reeves JB. Biodegradability of injection molded bioplastic pots containing polylactic acid and poultry feather fiber. Bioresour Technol 2011; 102:4930-4933. [PMID: 21320772 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2010] [Revised: 01/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The biodegradability of three types of bioplastic pots was evaluated by measuring carbon dioxide produced from lab-scale compost reactors containing mixtures of pot fragments and compost inoculum held at 58 °C for 60 days. Biodegradability of pot type A (composed of 100% polylactic acid (PLA)) was very low (13 ± 3%) compared to literature values for other PLA materials. Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) results suggest that the PLA undergoes chemical structural changes during polymer extrusion and injection molding. These changes may be the basis of the low biodegradability value. Biodegradability of pot types B (containing 5% poultry feather, 80% PLA, 15% starch), and C (containing 50% poultry feather, 25% urea, 25% glycerol), were 53 ± 2% and 39 ± 3%, respectively. More than 85% of the total biodegradation of these bioplastics occurred within 38 days. NIRS results revealed that poultry feather was not degraded during composting.
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Affiliation(s)
- H K Ahn
- Animal Environment Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Suwon, South Korea
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Mortazavi B, Conte MH, Chanton JP, Smith MC, Weber JC, Crumsey J, Ghashghaie J. Does the (13)C of foliage-respired CO(2) and biochemical pools reflect the (13)C of recently assimilated carbon? Plant Cell Environ 2009; 32:1310-1323. [PMID: 19453481 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2009.01999.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Isotopic labelling experiments were conducted to assess relationships among (13)C of recently assimilated carbon (deltaC(A)), foliage respiration (deltaC(F)), soluble carbohydrate (deltaC(SC)), leaf waxes (deltaC(LW)) and bulk organic matter (deltaC(OM)). Slash pine, sweetgum and maize were grown under (13)C depleted CO(2) to label biomass and then placed under ambient conditions to monitor the loss of label. In pine and sweetgum, deltaC(F) of labelled plants (approximately -44 and -35 per thousand, respectively) rapidly approached control values but remained depleted by approximately 4-6 per thousand after 3-4 months. For these tree species, no or minimal label was lost from deltaC(SC), deltaC(LW) and deltaC(OM) during the observation periods. deltaC(F) and deltaC(SC) of labelled maize plants rapidly changed and were indistinguishable from controls after 1 month, while deltaC(LW) and deltaC(OM) more slowly approached control values and remained depleted by 2-6 per thousand. Changes in deltaC(F) in slash pine and sweetgum fit a two-pool exponential model, with the fast turnover metabolic pool (approximately 3-4 d half-life) constituting only 1-2% of the total. In maize, change in deltaC(F) fits a single pool model with a half-life of 6.4 d. The (13)C of foliage respiration and biochemical pools reflect temporally integrated values of deltaC(A), with change in isotopic composition dampened by the size of metabolic carbon reserves and turnover rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behzad Mortazavi
- Florida State University, Department of Oceanography, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
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Brown MV, Philip GK, Bunge JA, Smith MC, Bissett A, Lauro FM, Fuhrman JA, Donachie SP. Microbial community structure in the North Pacific ocean. ISME J 2009; 3:1374-86. [PMID: 19626056 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2009.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We report a ribosomal tag pyrosequencing study of the phylogenetic diversity of Archaea, Bacteria and Eucarya over a depth profile at the Hawaii Ocean Time-Series Station, ALOHA. The V9 region of the SSU rRNA gene was amplified from samples representing the epi- (10 m), meso- (800 m) and bathy- (4400 m) pelagia. The primers used are expected to amplify representatives of approximately 80% of known phylogenetic diversity across all three domains. Comparisons of unique sequences revealed a remarkably low degree of overlap between communities at each depth. The 444 147 sequence tags analyzed represented 62 975 unique sequences. Of these, 3707 (5.9%) occurred at two depths, and only 298 (0.5%) were observed at all three depths. At this level of phylogenetic resolution, Bacteria diversity decreased with depth but was still equivalent to that reported elsewhere for different soil types. Archaea diversity was highest in the two deeper samples. Eucarya observations and richness estimates are almost one order of magnitude higher than any previous marine microbial Eucarya richness estimates. The associations of many Eucarya sequences with putative parasitic organisms may have significant impacts on our understanding of the mechanisms controlling host population density and diversity, and point to a more significant role for microbial Eucarya in carbon flux through the microbial loop. We posit that the majority of sequences detected from the deep sea that have closest matches to sequences from non-pelagic sources are indeed native to the marine environment, and are possibly responsible for key metabolic processes in global biogeochemical cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark V Brown
- NASA Astrobiology Institute, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA.
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Shade A, Carey CC, Kara E, Bertilsson S, McMahon KD, Smith MC. Can the black box be cracked? The augmentation of microbial ecology by high-resolution, automated sensing technologies. ISME J 2009; 3:881-8. [PMID: 19458653 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2009.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Automated sensing technologies, 'ASTs,' are tools that can monitor environmental or microbial-related variables at increasingly high temporal resolution. Microbial ecologists are poised to use AST data to couple microbial structure, function and associated environmental observations on temporal scales pertinent to microbial processes. In the context of aquatic microbiology, we discuss three applications of ASTs: windows on the microbial world, adaptive sampling and adaptive management. We challenge microbial ecologists to push AST potential in helping to reveal relationships between microbial structure and function.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION In children as well as adults, adequate access to the craniocervical junction and upper cervical vertebra can usually be achieved with a transoral-transpalatopharyngeal route. However, when access is necessary to achieve the C5 level and the upper cervical spine in children, this is very difficult. This is particularly so when the incisor opening is less than 2.5 cm. The median labiomandibular glossotomy provides such an approach. MATERIALS AND METHODS Our experience with five children is presented in a representative case: a 4-year-old male with a family history of spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia presented with mild quadriparesis, 2 years earlier. This had rapid progression with severe upper cervical kyphosis. A standard transoral-transpalatopharyngeal approach or a lateral extrapharyngeal approach would not achieve exposure of the pathology. Hence, a median labiomandibular glossotomy was utilized for ventral decompression with an anterior interbody fusion between C2 and C4. Crown halo cervical traction was placed intraoperatively before a tracheostomy and tonsillectomy. A median labiomandibular glossotomy was then made with resection of the displaced odontoid process and the vertebral bodies of C3 and C4. This was followed by an anterior interbody fusion between the C2 and C4 vertebrae with costal rib grafts. RESULT AND CONCLUSION He was successfully decannulated during the second postoperative week upon resolution of lingual edema. A planned staged dorsal occipitocervical fusion was performed 6 months later, at which time the ventral fusion was quite solid. He had full neurological recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- James T Brookes
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa, IA, USA
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Abstract
It is now recommended practice to use estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) values to screen for and monitor chronic renal disease. The most frequently used formula in the general population is that described following the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) study whereby serum creatinine is adjusted for age, gender and race. This study evaluates the performance of the MDRD formula in pregnancy by comparing eGFR with measured values obtained by inulin clearance studies in early and late normal pregnancy and in pregnancies complicated by renal disease or pre-eclampsia. Our results indicate that in all situations, MDRD substantially underestimates glomerular filtration rate during pregnancy and cannot be recommended for use in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Smith
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Surgical and Reproductive Sciences, Medical School, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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Smith MC, Steimle G, Ivanov S, Holly M, Fries DP. An integrated portable hand-held analyser for real-time isothermal nucleic acid amplification. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 598:286-94. [PMID: 17719904 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2007] [Revised: 06/30/2007] [Accepted: 07/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A compact hand-held heated fluorometric instrument for performing real-time isothermal nucleic acid amplification and detection is described. The optoelectronic instrument combines a Printed Circuit Board/Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (PCB/MEMS) reaction detection/chamber containing an integrated resistive heater with attached miniature LED light source and photo-detector and a disposable glass waveguide capillary to enable a mini-fluorometer. The fluorometer is fabricated and assembled in planar geometry, rolled into a tubular format and packaged with custom control electronics to form the hand-held reactor. Positive or negative results for each reaction are displayed to the user using an LED interface. Reaction data is stored in FLASH memory for retrieval via an in-built USB connection. Operating on one disposable 3 V lithium battery >12, 60 min reactions can be performed. Maximum dimensions of the system are 150 mm (h) x 48 mm (d) x 40 mm (w), the total instrument weight (with battery) is 140 g. The system produces comparable results to laboratory instrumentation when performing a real-time nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA) reaction, and also displayed comparable precision, accuracy and resolution to laboratory-based real-time nucleic acid amplification instrumentation. A good linear response (R2 = 0.948) to fluorescein gradients ranging from 0.5 to 10 microM was also obtained from the instrument indicating that it may be utilized for other fluorometric assays. This instrument enables an inexpensive, compact approach to in-field genetic screening, providing results comparable to laboratory equipment with rapid user feedback as to the status of the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Smith
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St Petersburg, FL, United States.
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Brodie TM, Smith MC, Morris RV, Titus RG. Immunomodulatory effects of the Lutzomyia longipalpis salivary gland protein maxadilan on mouse macrophages. Infect Immun 2007; 75:2359-65. [PMID: 17339357 PMCID: PMC1865772 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01812-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with Leishmania major is enhanced when the sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis salivary peptide maxadilan (MAX) is injected along with the parasite. Here we determined the effect that MAX has on the secretion of cytokines and nitric oxide (NO) and on parasite survival in macrophages (MPhis). The cytokines produced by MPhis can enhance a type 1 response, which will increase NO and the killing of intracellular pathogens such as L. major, or a type 2 response, leading to antibody production that is ineffective against intracellular pathogens such as L. major. A mouse macrophage cell line (RAW 264.7) was stimulated with various concentrations of MAX and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and the supernatants were collected after 1, 2, and 3 days. Supernatants were assayed for interleukin-12p70 (IL-12p70), IL-10, IL-6, transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta), NO, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha). Our results indicate that the addition of MAX upregulates the cytokines associated with a type 2 response (IL-10, IL-6, and TGF-beta) but downregulates type 1 cytokines (IL-12p70 and TNF-alpha) and NO. MAX was also added to L. major-infected mouse peritoneal exudate cells (PECs), and the parasite load increased significantly. The enhanced parasite load correlated with decreased NO production by PECs that were stimulated with LPS and gamma interferon in the presence of MAX. The ability of MAX to foster a type 2 response, to enhance parasite survival, and to decrease NO argues that MAX may be crucial for the early survival of Leishmania in the vertebrate host, and therefore, MAX holds considerable promise as an antigenic component for a vaccine against Leishmania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tess M Brodie
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, CVMBS, Colorado State University, 1619 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1619, USA.
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Nedrow AJ, Gavalchin J, Smith MC, Stehman SM, Maul JK, McDonough SP, Thonney ML. Antibody and skin-test responses of sheep vaccinated against Johne's Disease. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2007; 116:109-12. [PMID: 17275919 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2006.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2006] [Revised: 12/11/2006] [Accepted: 12/29/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Current vaccines against Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP, Johne's Disease) may cause animals to react positively when tested for Mycobacterium bovis (Bovis). Therefore, the effects of vaccination on MAP serum Ab and skin-test responses to MAP and Bovis PPD were compared in 25 ewes vaccinated against MAP with 24 control ewes in an infected flock 3 years post-vaccination. MAP-specific Ab levels were higher (P<0.001) in vaccinated ewes than in control ewes. All increases in skinfold-thickness from 0 to 48h were greater (P<0.0001) than zero while increases in skinfold-thickness from 48 to 72h were greater (P<0.05) than zero for Johnin but not for Bovis PPD. The Vaccine x PPD x Time interaction for skinfold-thickness was significant (P<0.001) with greater increases to Johnin than to Bovis, but with much greater increases in vaccinated ewes. These data suggest that administration of vaccines against MAP developed from whole organisms increase the likelihood that animals will be classified as "responders" to a Bovis screening test and negative by the follow-up comparative cervical tuberculin test, but they also show that vaccination initiates both humoral and cell-mediated MAP-specific responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Nedrow
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Rubin KH, van der Zander I, Smith MC, Bergmanis EC. Minimum speed limit for ocean ridge magmatism from 210Pb–226Ra–230Th disequilibria. Nature 2005; 437:534-8. [PMID: 16177787 DOI: 10.1038/nature03993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2005] [Accepted: 07/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Although 70 per cent of global crustal magmatism occurs at mid-ocean ridges-where the heat budget controls crustal structure, hydrothermal activity and a vibrant biosphere-the tempo of magmatic inputs in these regions remains poorly understood. Such timescales can be assessed, however, with natural radioactive-decay-chain nuclides, because chemical disruption to secular equilibrium systems initiates parent-daughter disequilibria, which re-equilibrate by the shorter half-life in a pair. Here we use 210Pb-226Ra-230Th radioactive disequilibria and other geochemical attributes in oceanic basalts less than 20 years old to infer that melts of the Earth's mantle can be transported, accumulated and erupted in a few decades. This implies that magmatic conditions can fluctuate rapidly at ridge volcanoes. 210Pb deficits of up to 15 per cent relative to 226Ra occur in normal mid-ocean ridge basalts, with the largest deficits in the most magnesium-rich lavas. The 22-year half-life of 210Pb requires very recent fractionation of these two uranium-series nuclides. Relationships between 210Pb-deficits, (226Ra/230Th) activity ratios and compatible trace-element ratios preclude crustal-magma differentiation or daughter-isotope degassing as the main causes for the signal. A mantle-melting model can simulate observed disequilibria but preservation requires a subsequent mechanism to transport melt rapidly. The likelihood of magmatic disequilibria occurring before melt enters shallow crustal magma bodies also limits differentiation and heat replenishment timescales to decades at the localities studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Rubin
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Hawaii Center for Volcanology, University of Hawaii, 1680 East-West Road, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.
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Daley LP, Gagliardo LF, Duffy MS, Smith MC, Appleton JA. Application of monoclonal antibodies in functional and comparative investigations of heavy-chain immunoglobulins in new world camelids. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2005; 12:380-6. [PMID: 15753251 PMCID: PMC1065209 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.12.3.380-386.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Of the three immunoglobulin G (IgG) isotypes described to occur in camelids, IgG2 and IgG3 are distinct in that they do not incorporate light chains. These heavy-chain antibodies (HCAbs) constitute approximately 50% of the IgG in llama serum and as much as 75% of the IgG in camel serum. We have produced isotype-specific mouse monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) in order to investigate the roles of HCAbs in camelid immunity. Seventeen stable hybridomas were cloned, and three MAbs that were specific for epitopes on the gamma chains of llama IgG1, IgG2, or IgG3 were characterized in detail. Affinity chromatography revealed that each MAb bound its isotype in solution in llama serum. The antibodies bound to the corresponding alpaca IgGs, to guanaco IgG1 and IgG2, and to camel IgG1. Interestingly, anti-IgG2 MAbs bound three heavy-chain species in llama serum, confirming the presence of three IgG2 subisotypes. Two IgG2 subisotypes were detected in alpaca and guanaco sera. The MAbs detected llama serum IgGs when they were bound to antigen in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and were used to discern among isotypes induced during infection with a parasitic nematode. Diseased animals, infected with Parelaphostrongylus tenuis, did not produce antigen-specific HCAbs; rather, they produced the conventional isotype, IgG1, exclusively. Our data document the utility of these MAbs in functional and physiologic investigations of the immune systems of New World camelids.
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Affiliation(s)
- L P Daley
- James A. Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Patterson SS, Casper ET, Garcia-Rubio L, Smith MC, Paul JH. Increased precision of microbial RNA quantification using NASBA with an internal control. J Microbiol Methods 2005; 60:343-52. [PMID: 15649536 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2004.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2004] [Revised: 10/14/2004] [Accepted: 10/14/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Detection and quantification of low abundance target RNA has wide utility in the fields of clinical diagnostics, environmental monitoring, gene expression analysis, and biodefense. Nucleic acid based sequence amplification (NASBA) is an isothermal amplification method that provides the sensitivity needed for these applications. However, the requirement for three separate enzymes in NASBA often results in a greater variability between replicate samples than that seen in PCR-based assays. To overcome this problem, we have adapted the bioMérieux Nuclisens Basic Kit and Nuclisens EasyQ Analyzer along with the introduction of a synthetic internal control RNA (IC-RNA) for quantification of potentially any RNA sequence. Using the rbcL gene from the Florida red tide organism Karenia brevis as our target, we describe a simple method to accurately quantify the native target by computing the ratio of the time to positivity (TTP) values for both the wild-type and IC-RNA, and plotting this ratio against the starting number of target molecules or cells. By utilizing this simple method, we have significantly increased our accuracy and precision of prediction over the standard TTP calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey S Patterson
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, 140 7th Ave., South, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA
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Casper ET, Patterson SS, Smith MC, Paul JH. Development and evaluation of a method to detect and quantify enteroviruses using NASBA and internal control RNA (IC-NASBA). J Virol Methods 2004; 124:149-55. [PMID: 15664063 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2004.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2004] [Revised: 11/18/2004] [Accepted: 11/22/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a rapid, sensitive, and specific assay for the detection and quantification of enteroviruses using nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA). The inclusion of an internal control (IC) increased the precision and accuracy of the method over a standard NASBA assay and provided a way to detect assay inhibition. The assay was sensitive to 10 viral particles with amplification and detection occurring in as little as 18 min. The assay detected a variety of different enteroviruses to the exclusion of non-target viruses. The standard NASBA method resulted in predictions of viral load to within an order of magnitude of the expected number, as compared with prediction to within less than a half order of magnitude using the IC-NASBA method. Rapid and sensitive detection of enteroviruses is important in both clinical samples to diagnose illness and in environmental samples to assess risk of wastewater contamination and potential health hazards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica T Casper
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, 140 7th Ave. S., St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA.
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Smith MC, Ward MK, Sturgiss SN, Milne JE, Davison JM. Sex and the pregnant kidney: Does renal allograft gender influence gestational renal adaptation in renal transplant recipients? Transplant Proc 2004; 36:2639-42. [PMID: 15621111 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2004.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Animal work indicates that ovarian hormones are important in initiating and maintaining enhanced renal function in pregnant rats and that a renal response resembling pregnancy can be provoked in male rats exposed to pregnancy hormones. Women becoming pregnant following renal transplantation provide an opportunity to compare the functional response of male and female allografts to the gestational endocrine environment. METHODS This retrospective observational study included 20 renal allograft recipients (age 29.7 +/- 2.4 yrs) (mean +/- SE) who had 22 pregnancies beyond 24 weeks (gestation at delivery 35.5 +/- 0.6 weeks). Donor characteristics, transplant details, renal follow-up data, and information about pregnancy and allograft function were obtained from hospital notes. RESULTS Thirteen women received male allografts (donor age 30.0 +/- 3.9 years) (mean +/- SEM) and 7 women, female allografts (donor age 45.1 +/- 6.0 years) (P = .04). There were no significant differences between the two groups in maternal recipient age, transplant to pregnancy interval, antenatal complications, pregnancy outcome, or postnatal graft function. Compared to prepregnancy values serum creatinine (SCr) decrements and augmented 24-hour creatinine clearance (CrCl) were observed over the first trimester in both male and female allografts: Delta CrCl from 106.8 +/- 13.2 mL/min to 114.4 +/- 11.4 mL/min (35.6% increase) and 71.8 +/- 7.4 to 89.5 +/- 11.3 mL/min (24.7% increase), respectively, and Delta SCr from 90.1 +/- 5.4 micromol/L to 73.6 +/- 6.6 micromol/L (17.8% decrease) and 99.8 +/- 9.7 micromol/L to 78.0 +/- 5.7 micromol/L (13.5% decrease), respectively. Differences between the two groups did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS Donor gender and/or age do not appear to influence the gestational renal response in kidney transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Smith
- University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne, UK
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Casper ET, Paul JH, Smith MC, Gray M. Detection and quantification of the red tide dinoflagellate Karenia brevis by real-time nucleic acid sequence-based amplification. Appl Environ Microbiol 2004; 70:4727-32. [PMID: 15294808 PMCID: PMC492458 DOI: 10.1128/aem.70.8.4727-4732.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA) is an isothermal method of RNA amplification that has been previously used in clinical diagnostic testing. A real-time NASBA assay has been developed for the detection of rbcL mRNA from the red tide dinoflagellate Karenia brevis. This assay is sensitive to one K. brevis cell and 1.0 fg of in vitro transcript, with occasional detection of lower concentrations of transcript. The assay did not detect rbcL mRNA from a wide range of nontarget organisms and environmental clones, while 10 strains (all tested) of K. brevis were detected. By the use of standard curves based on time to positivity, concentrations of K. brevis in environmental samples were predicted by NASBA and classified into different levels of blooms per the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (FWC) system. NASBA classification matched FWC classification (based on cell counts) 72% of the time. Those samples that did not match were off by only one class. NASBA is sensitive, rapid, and effective and may be used as an additional or alternative method to detect and quantify K. brevis in the marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica T Casper
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA
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Hitchcock DR, McCutcheon SC, Smith MC. Using rotifer population demographic parameters to assess impacts of the degradation products from trinitrotoluene phytoremediation. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2003; 55:143-151. [PMID: 12742360 DOI: 10.1016/s0147-6513(03)00007-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the chronic lethal and sublethal aquatic toxicity effects associated with the phytoremediation of water contaminated with 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) by the wetland plant species Myriophyllum aquaticum (parrot feather). Rotifers (Brachionus calyciflorus) feeding on an algal species (Nannochloropsis spp.) were used as the aquatic test organisms. Continuous flow laboratory microcosms were used to quantify effects on rotifer populations from TNT and the primary degradation product aminodinitrotoluene (ADNT) during and after phytoremediation. Rotifer demographic parameters from life tables, including survivorship, fecundity, reproductive values, net reproductive rate, generation time, intrinsic growth rate, and life expectancy, were used as measures of treatment effects. High-performance liquid chromatography analyses were performed to determine nitroaromatic concentrations. Results from this study have revealed significant differences in rotifer demographic parameters between microcosms with elevated initial TNT concentrations. Significant differences in demographic parameters also existed between the microcosms that did and did not receive phytoremediation treatment and the control microcosms. Study results have indicated that TNT phytoremediation via artificial wetlands not only may clean up hazardous waste at munitions sites but also may encourage the growth of aquatic populations such as rotifers.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Hitchcock
- Biological and Agricultural Engineering Department, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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Newby LK, Bhapkar MV, White HD, Topol EJ, Dougherty FC, Harrington RA, Smith MC, Asarch LF, Califf RM. Predictors of 90-day outcome in patients stabilized after acute coronary syndromes. Eur Heart J 2003; 24:172-81. [PMID: 12573274 DOI: 10.1016/s0195-668x(02)00325-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS We investigated predictors of 90-day risk among patients surviving the early period after an acute coronary syndrome (ACS). METHODS AND RESULTS The study population included 15 904 stabilized ST-segment elevation or non-ST-segment elevation ACS patients randomized in SYMPHONY and 2nd SYMPHONY. We developed risk models for death, death or myocardial infarction (MI), and death, MI, or severe recurrent ischaemia (SRI) using Cox proportional-hazards techniques. Demographic, history, and pre-randomization clinical and medication variables were tested. Validation techniques included development of individual trial models, backward elimination and bootstrapping. Of 118 variables, 17 independently predicted mortality. The strongest associations included greater age (chi(2)=31.1), higher randomization heart rate (chi(2)=27.4), and heart failure (HF) variables (HF between qualifying event and randomization, chi(2)=21.8; history of HF, chi(2)=12.2). Higher creatinine clearance (chi(2)=17.7) and percutaneous coronary intervention between qualifying event and randomization (chi(2)=11.1) most strongly predicted lower risk. Similar characteristics entered the double and triple composite models, but HF variables and age less strongly predicted these end-points. CONCLUSIONS In patients stabilized after ACS, those at highest risk over the next 90 days can be identified. Typical clinical markers are better at identifying risk of death than non-fatal MI or SRI. Novel risk markers are needed for these outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- L K Newby
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC 27715-7969, USA
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Gu W, Jacquamet L, Patil DS, Wang HX, Evans DJ, Smith MC, Millar M, Koch S, Eichhorn DM, Latimer M, Cramer SP. Refinement of the nickel site structure in Desulfovibrio gigas hydrogenase using range-extended EXAFS spectroscopy. J Inorg Biochem 2003; 93:41-51. [PMID: 12538051 DOI: 10.1016/s0162-0134(02)00494-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We have reexamined the Ni EXAFS of oxidized, inactive (as-isolated) and H(2) reduced Desulfovibrio gigas hydrogenase. Better spatial resolution was achieved by analyzing the data over a 50% wider k-range than was previously available. A lower k(min) was obtained using the FEFF code for phase shifts and amplitudes. A higher k(max) was obtained by removing an interfering Cu signal from the raw spectra using multiple energy fluorescence detection. The larger k-range allowed us to better resolve the Ni-S bond lengths and to define more accurately the Ni-O and Ni-Fe bond lengths. We find that as-isolated, hydrogenase has two Ni-S bonds at approximately 2.2 A, but also 1-2 Ni-S bonds in the 2.35+/-0.05 A range. A Ni-O interaction is evident at 1.91 A. The as-isolated Ni-Fe distance cannot be unambiguously determined. Upon H(2) reduction, two short Ni-S bonds persist at approximately 2.2 A, but the remaining Ni-S bonds lengthen to 2.47+/-0.05 A. Good simulations are obtained with a Ni-Fe distance at 2.52 A, in agreement with crystal structures of the reduced enzyme. Although not evident in the crystal structures, an improvement in the fit is obtained by inclusion of one Ni-O interaction at 2.03 A. Implications of these distances for the spin-state of H(2) reduced H(2)ase are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Gu
- Department of Applied Science, University of California, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Smith MC, Rambaut PC, Stadler CR. Skylab nutritional studies. Life Sci Space Res 2002; 15:193-7. [PMID: 11958215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Precise nutritional specifications arising from both physiological and experimental requirements necessitated a comprehensive study of the chemical composition of the Skylab food supply. Each of the approximately seventy different food items was analyzed for digestible and non-digestible carbohydrate, and for protein, amino acids, fat, fatty acids, vitamins and minerals. Menus were formulated to provide at least the National Research Council's Recommended Dietary Allowance of all essential nutrients and, in addition, to provide constant daily intakes of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium and protein. In general, the crew members adhered to their programmed menus. The ability to swallow and digest food was unaffected by prolonged weightlessness. Taste acuity also appeared to be undiminished in flight. The bone and muscle changes which occurred in previous flights were more pronounced in Skylab. It is concluded that these changes did not develop as a result of nutritional deficit. If such changes are nutritionally related, they point to the existence of nutritional requirements in weightlessness which differ quantitatively from those observed on earth.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Smith
- NASA-Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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