1
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Hills RA, Tan TK, Cohen AA, Keeffe JR, Keeble AH, Gnanapragasam PNP, Storm KN, Rorick AV, West AP, Hill ML, Liu S, Gilbert-Jaramillo J, Afzal M, Napier A, Admans G, James WS, Bjorkman PJ, Townsend AR, Howarth MR. Proactive vaccination using multiviral Quartet Nanocages to elicit broad anti-coronavirus responses. Nat Nanotechnol 2024:10.1038/s41565-024-01655-9. [PMID: 38710880 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-024-01655-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Defending against future pandemics requires vaccine platforms that protect across a range of related pathogens. Nanoscale patterning can be used to address this issue. Here, we produce quartets of linked receptor-binding domains (RBDs) from a panel of SARS-like betacoronaviruses, coupled to a computationally designed nanocage through SpyTag/SpyCatcher links. These Quartet Nanocages, possessing a branched morphology, induce a high level of neutralizing antibodies against several different coronaviruses, including against viruses not represented in the vaccine. Equivalent antibody responses are raised to RBDs close to the nanocage or at the tips of the nanoparticle's branches. In animals primed with SARS-CoV-2 Spike, boost immunizations with Quartet Nanocages increase the strength and breadth of an otherwise narrow immune response. A Quartet Nanocage including the Omicron XBB.1.5 'Kraken' RBD induced antibodies with binding to a broad range of sarbecoviruses, as well as neutralizing activity against this variant of concern. Quartet nanocages are a nanomedicine approach with potential to confer heterotypic protection against emergent zoonotic pathogens and facilitate proactive pandemic protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory A Hills
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tiong Kit Tan
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alexander A Cohen
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer R Keeffe
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Anthony H Keeble
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Kaya N Storm
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Annie V Rorick
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Anthony P West
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Michelle L Hill
- James & Lillian Martin Centre, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sai Liu
- James & Lillian Martin Centre, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Javier Gilbert-Jaramillo
- James & Lillian Martin Centre, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Madeeha Afzal
- James & Lillian Martin Centre, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Amy Napier
- James & Lillian Martin Centre, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Gabrielle Admans
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - William S James
- James & Lillian Martin Centre, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Pamela J Bjorkman
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
| | - Alain R Townsend
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Centre for Translational Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Mark R Howarth
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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2
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Arman BY, Brun J, Hill ML, Zitzmann N, von Delft A. An Update on SARS-CoV-2 Clinical Trial Results-What We Can Learn for the Next Pandemic. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:354. [PMID: 38203525 PMCID: PMC10779148 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has claimed over 7 million lives worldwide, providing a stark reminder of the importance of pandemic preparedness. Due to the lack of approved antiviral drugs effective against coronaviruses at the start of the pandemic, the world largely relied on repurposed efforts. Here, we summarise results from randomised controlled trials to date, as well as selected in vitro data of directly acting antivirals, host-targeting antivirals, and immunomodulatory drugs. Overall, repurposing efforts evaluating directly acting antivirals targeting other viral families were largely unsuccessful, whereas several immunomodulatory drugs led to clinical improvement in hospitalised patients with severe disease. In addition, accelerated drug discovery efforts during the pandemic progressed to multiple novel directly acting antivirals with clinical efficacy, including small molecule inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies. We argue that large-scale investment is required to prepare for future pandemics; both to develop an arsenal of broad-spectrum antivirals beyond coronaviruses and build worldwide clinical trial networks that can be rapidly utilised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benediktus Yohan Arman
- Antiviral Drug Discovery Unit, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK; (J.B.); (N.Z.)
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Juliane Brun
- Antiviral Drug Discovery Unit, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK; (J.B.); (N.Z.)
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Michelle L. Hill
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK;
| | - Nicole Zitzmann
- Antiviral Drug Discovery Unit, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK; (J.B.); (N.Z.)
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Annette von Delft
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
- Centre for Medicine Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
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3
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Hills RA, Kit Tan T, Cohen AA, Keeffe JR, Keeble AH, Gnanapragasam PN, Storm KN, Hill ML, Liu S, Gilbert-Jaramillo J, Afzal M, Napier A, James WS, Bjorkman PJ, Townsend AR, Howarth M. Multiviral Quartet Nanocages Elicit Broad Anti-Coronavirus Responses for Proactive Vaccinology. bioRxiv 2023:2023.02.24.529520. [PMID: 36865256 PMCID: PMC9980174 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.24.529520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Defending against future pandemics may require vaccine platforms that protect across a range of related pathogens. The presentation of multiple receptor-binding domains (RBDs) from evolutionarily-related viruses on a nanoparticle scaffold elicits a strong antibody response to conserved regions. Here we produce quartets of tandemly-linked RBDs from SARS-like betacoronaviruses coupled to the mi3 nanocage through a SpyTag/SpyCatcher spontaneous reaction. These Quartet Nanocages induce a high level of neutralizing antibodies against several different coronaviruses, including against viruses not represented on the vaccine. In animals primed with SARS-CoV-2 Spike, boost immunizations with Quartet Nanocages increased the strength and breadth of an otherwise narrow immune response. Quartet Nanocages are a strategy with potential to confer heterotypic protection against emergent zoonotic coronavirus pathogens and facilitate proactive pandemic protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory A. Hills
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1PD, UK
| | - Tiong Kit Tan
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Alexander A. Cohen
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Jennifer R. Keeffe
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Anthony H. Keeble
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1PD, UK
| | | | - Kaya N. Storm
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Michelle L. Hill
- James & Lillian Martin Centre, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Sai Liu
- James & Lillian Martin Centre, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Javier Gilbert-Jaramillo
- James & Lillian Martin Centre, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Madeeha Afzal
- James & Lillian Martin Centre, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Amy Napier
- James & Lillian Martin Centre, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - William S. James
- James & Lillian Martin Centre, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Pamela J. Bjorkman
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Alain R. Townsend
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
- Centre for Translational Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Mark Howarth
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1PD, UK
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4
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Karade SS, Hill ML, Kiappes JL, Manne R, Aakula B, Zitzmann N, Warfield KL, Treston AM, Mariuzza RA. N-Substituted Valiolamine Derivatives as Potent Inhibitors of Endoplasmic Reticulum α-Glucosidases I and II with Antiviral Activity. J Med Chem 2021; 64:18010-18024. [PMID: 34870992 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Most enveloped viruses rely on the host cell endoplasmic reticulum (ER) quality control (QC) machinery for proper folding of glycoproteins. The key ER α-glucosidases (α-Glu) I and II of the ERQC machinery are attractive targets for developing broad-spectrum antivirals. Iminosugars based on deoxynojirimycin have been extensively studied as ER α-glucosidase inhibitors; however, other glycomimetic compounds are less established. Accordingly, we synthesized a series of N-substituted derivatives of valiolamine, the iminosugar scaffold of type 2 diabetes drug voglibose. To understand the basis for up to 100,000-fold improved inhibitory potency, we determined high-resolution crystal structures of mouse ER α-GluII in complex with valiolamine and 10 derivatives. The structures revealed extensive interactions with all four α-GluII subsites. We further showed that N-substituted valiolamines were active against dengue virus and SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. This study introduces valiolamine-based inhibitors of the ERQC machinery as candidates for developing potential broad-spectrum therapeutics against the existing and emerging viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharanbasappa S Karade
- University of Maryland Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States.,Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Michelle L Hill
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, U.K
| | - J L Kiappes
- Department of Chemistry, University College, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K
| | - Rajkumar Manne
- Sai Life Sciences Ltd., Hyderabad, 500032 Telangana, India
| | | | - Nicole Zitzmann
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, U.K
| | - Kelly L Warfield
- Emergent BioSolutions, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20879, United States
| | | | - Roy A Mariuzza
- University of Maryland Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States.,Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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5
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Kaldunski ML, Smith JR, Hayman GT, Brodie K, De Pons JL, Demos WM, Gibson AC, Hill ML, Hoffman MJ, Lamers L, Laulederkind SJF, Nalabolu HS, Thorat K, Thota J, Tutaj M, Tutaj MA, Vedi M, Wang SJ, Zacher S, Dwinell MR, Kwitek AE. The Rat Genome Database (RGD) facilitates genomic and phenotypic data integration across multiple species for biomedical research. Mamm Genome 2021; 33:66-80. [PMID: 34741192 PMCID: PMC8570235 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-021-09932-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Model organism research is essential for discovering the mechanisms of human diseases by defining biologically meaningful gene to disease relationships. The Rat Genome Database (RGD, ( https://rgd.mcw.edu )) is a cross-species knowledgebase and the premier online resource for rat genetic and physiologic data. This rich resource is enhanced by the inclusion and integration of comparative data for human and mouse, as well as other human disease models including chinchilla, dog, bonobo, pig, 13-lined ground squirrel, green monkey, and naked mole-rat. Functional information has been added to records via the assignment of annotations based on sequence similarity to human, rat, and mouse genes. RGD has also imported well-supported cross-species data from external resources. To enable use of these data, RGD has developed a robust infrastructure of standardized ontologies, data formats, and disease- and species-centric portals, complemented with a suite of innovative tools for discovery and analysis. Using examples of single-gene and polygenic human diseases, we illustrate how data from multiple species can help to identify or confirm a gene as involved in a disease and to identify model organisms that can be studied to understand the pathophysiology of a gene or pathway. The ultimate aim of this report is to demonstrate the utility of RGD not only as the core resource for the rat research community but also as a source of bioinformatic tools to support a wider audience, empowering the search for appropriate models for human afflictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Kaldunski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Rat Genome Database, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - J R Smith
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Rat Genome Database, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - G T Hayman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Rat Genome Database, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - K Brodie
- Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - J L De Pons
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Rat Genome Database, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - W M Demos
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Rat Genome Database, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - A C Gibson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Rat Genome Database, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - M L Hill
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Rat Genome Database, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - M J Hoffman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Rat Genome Database, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - L Lamers
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Rat Genome Database, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - S J F Laulederkind
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Rat Genome Database, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - H S Nalabolu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Rat Genome Database, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - K Thorat
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Rat Genome Database, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - J Thota
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Rat Genome Database, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - M Tutaj
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Rat Genome Database, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - M A Tutaj
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Rat Genome Database, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - M Vedi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Rat Genome Database, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - S J Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Rat Genome Database, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - S Zacher
- Information Services, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - M R Dwinell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Rat Genome Database, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - A E Kwitek
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Rat Genome Database, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
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6
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Sayce AC, Martinez FO, Tyrrell BE, Perera N, Hill ML, Dwek RA, Miller JL, Zitzmann N. Pathogen-induced inflammation is attenuated by the iminosugar MON-DNJ via modulation of the unfolded protein response. Immunology 2021; 164:587-601. [PMID: 34287854 PMCID: PMC8517592 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a life-threatening condition involving a dysregulated immune response to infectious agents that cause injury to host tissues and organs. Current treatments are limited to early administration of antibiotics and supportive care. While appealing, the strategy of targeted inhibition of individual molecules in the inflammatory cascade has not proved beneficial. Non-targeted, systemic immunosuppression with steroids has shown limited efficacy and raises concern for secondary infection. Iminosugars are a class of small molecule glycomimetics with distinct inhibition profiles for glycan processing enzymes based on stereochemistry. Inhibition of host endoplasmic reticulum resident glycoprotein processing enzymes has demonstrated efficacy as a broad-spectrum antiviral strategy, but limited consideration has been given to the effects on host glycoprotein production and consequent disruption of signalling cascades. This work demonstrates that iminosugars inhibit dengue virus, bacterial lipopolysaccharide and fungal antigen-stimulated cytokine responses in human macrophages. In spite of decreased inflammatory mediator production, viral replication is suppressed in the presence of iminosugar. Transcriptome analysis reveals the key interaction of pathogen-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress, the resulting unfolded protein response and inflammation. Our work shows that iminosugars modulate these interactions. Based on these findings, we propose a new therapeutic role for iminosugars as treatment for sepsis-related inflammatory disorders associated with excess cytokine secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C. Sayce
- Oxford Glycobiology InstituteDepartment of BiochemistryUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Vanderbilt University School of MedicineVanderbilt UniversityNashvilleTennesseeUSA
| | | | - Beatrice E. Tyrrell
- Oxford Glycobiology InstituteDepartment of BiochemistryUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Nilanka Perera
- Oxford Glycobiology InstituteDepartment of BiochemistryUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Faculty of Medical SciencesUniversity of Sri JayewardenepuraGangodawilaNugegodaSri Lanka
| | - Michelle L. Hill
- Oxford Glycobiology InstituteDepartment of BiochemistryUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Raymond A. Dwek
- Oxford Glycobiology InstituteDepartment of BiochemistryUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Joanna L. Miller
- Oxford Glycobiology InstituteDepartment of BiochemistryUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Nicole Zitzmann
- Oxford Glycobiology InstituteDepartment of BiochemistryUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
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7
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Brun J, Vasiljevic S, Gangadharan B, Hensen M, V. Chandran A, Hill ML, Kiappes J, Dwek RA, Alonzi DS, Struwe WB, Zitzmann N. Assessing Antigen Structural Integrity through Glycosylation Analysis of the SARS-CoV-2 Viral Spike. ACS Cent Sci 2021; 7:586-593. [PMID: 34056088 PMCID: PMC8029450 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.1c00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 is the causative pathogen of the COVID-19 pandemic which as of March 29, 2021, has claimed 2 776 175 lives worldwide. Vaccine development efforts focus on the viral trimeric spike glycoprotein as the main target of the humoral immune response. Viral spikes carry glycans that facilitate immune evasion by shielding specific protein epitopes from antibody neutralization, and antigen efficacy is influenced by spike glycoprotein production in vivo. Therefore, immunogen integrity is important for glycoprotein-based vaccine candidates. Here, we show how site-specific glycosylation differs between virus-derived spikes, wild-type, non-stabilized spikes expressed from a plasmid with a CMV promoter and tPA signal sequence, and commonly used recombinant, engineered spike glycoproteins. Furthermore, we show that their distinctive cellular secretion pathways result in different protein glycosylation and secretion patterns, including shedding of spike monomeric subunits for the non-stabilized wild-type spike tested, which may have implications for the resulting immune response and vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Brun
- Oxford
Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Snežana Vasiljevic
- Oxford
Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Bevin Gangadharan
- Oxford
Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Mario Hensen
- Oxford
Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Anu V. Chandran
- Oxford
Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle L. Hill
- Oxford
Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - J.L. Kiappes
- Oxford
Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Raymond A. Dwek
- Oxford
Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Dominic S. Alonzi
- Oxford
Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Weston B. Struwe
- Physical
and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Nicole Zitzmann
- Oxford
Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
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8
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Miller JL, Hill ML, Brun J, Pountain A, Sayce AC, Zitzmann N. Iminosugars counteract the downregulation of the interferon γ receptor by dengue virus. Antiviral Res 2019; 170:104551. [PMID: 31306674 PMCID: PMC6891261 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.104551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The antiviral mechanism of action of iminosugars against many enveloped viruses is hypothesized to be a consequence of misfolding of viral N-linked glycoproteins through inhibition of host endoplasmic reticulum α-glucosidase enzymes. Iminosugar treatment of dengue virus (DENV) infection results in reduced secretion of virions and hence lower viral titres in vitro and in vivo. We investigated whether iminosugars might also affect host receptors important in DENV attachment and uptake and immune responses to DENV. Using a primary human macrophage model of DENV infection, we investigated the effects of maturation with IL-4, DENV-infection and treatment with N-butyl-1-deoxynojirimycin (NB-DNJ) or N-(9-methoxynonyl)-1-DNJ (MON-DNJ) on expression of 11 macrophage receptors. Whereas iminosugars did not affect surface expression of any of the receptors examined, DENV infection significantly reduced surface IFNγ receptor amongst other changes to total receptor expression. This effect required infectious DENV and was reversed by iminosugar treatment. Treatment also affected signalling of the IFNγ receptor and TNFα receptor. In addition, iminosugars reduced ligand binding to the carbohydrate receptor-binding domain of the mannose receptor. This work demonstrates that iminosugar treatment of primary macrophages affects expression and functionality of some key glycosylated host immune receptors important in the dengue life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna L Miller
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - Michelle L Hill
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Juliane Brun
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Pountain
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew C Sayce
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nicole Zitzmann
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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9
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Kim YC, Lopez-Camacho C, Nettleship JE, Rahman N, Hill ML, Silva-Reyes L, Ortiz-Martinez G, Figueroa-Aguilar G, Mar MA, Vivanco-Cid H, Rollier CS, Zitzmann N, Viveros-Sandoval ME, Owens RJ, Reyes-Sandoval A. Optimization of Zika virus envelope protein production for ELISA and correlation of antibody titers with virus neutralization in Mexican patients from an arbovirus endemic region. Virol J 2018; 15:193. [PMID: 30587198 PMCID: PMC6307127 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-018-1104-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zika virus (ZIKV) has become a global threat with immediate need for accurate diagnostics, efficacious vaccines and therapeutics. Several ZIKV envelope (Env)-based vaccines have been developed recently. However, many commercially available ZIKV Env are based on the African lineage and produced in insect cells. Here, we sought to produce Asian-lineage ZIKV Env in mammalian cells for research and clinical applications. METHODS We designed various gene expression constructs to optimize the production of ZIKV using prM-Env and full or C-terminal truncations of Env; with or without a rat CD4 fusion partner to allow large-scale production of soluble protein in mammalian HEK293 cells. Protein expression was verified by mass spectrometry and western-blot with a pan-flavivirus antibody, a ZIKV Env monoclonal antibody and with immune sera from adenoviral (ChAdOx1) ZIKV Env-vaccinated mice. The resulting Env-CD4 was used as a coating reagent for immunoassay (ELISA) using both mouse and human seropositive sera. RESULTS Replacement of the C-terminus transmembrane Env domain by a rat CD4 and addition of prM supported optimal expression and secretion of Env. Binding between the antigens and the antibodies was similar to binding when using commercially available ZIKV Env reagents. Furthermore, antibodies from ZIKV patients bound ZIKV Env-CD4 in ELISA assays, whereas sera from healthy blood donors yielded minimal OD background. The serological outcomes of this assay correlated also with ZIKV neutralisation capacity in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Results obtained from this study indicate the potential of the Asian-lineage Zika Env-CD4 and Env proteins in ELISA assays to monitor humoral immune responses in upcoming clinical trials as well as a sero-diagnostic tool in ZIKV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Chan Kim
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, The Henry Wellcome Building for Molecular Physiology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building. Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK.,Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, UK
| | - Cesar Lopez-Camacho
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, The Henry Wellcome Building for Molecular Physiology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building. Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Joanne E Nettleship
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, UK.,Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, OPPF-UK, Research Complex at Harwell, Oxford, UK
| | - Nahid Rahman
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, UK.,Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, OPPF-UK, Research Complex at Harwell, Oxford, UK
| | - Michelle L Hill
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Laura Silva-Reyes
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Georgina Ortiz-Martinez
- Laboratorio de Hemostasia y Biología Vascular. División de Estudios de Posgrado. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas y Biológicas "Dr. Ignacio Chávez", Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, UMSNH, Morelia, Mexico.,UMSNH-Oxford University of Oxford Clinical Research Laboratory (UMOCRL), Faculty of Biological and Medical Sciences "Dr. Ignacio Chávez", Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Gloria Figueroa-Aguilar
- Laboratorio Estatal de Salud Pública, Secretaría de Salud de Michoacán, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - María Antonieta Mar
- HGZMF No. 12 Lázaro Cárdenas Michoacán dirección av. Lázaro Cárdenas No. 154 Col. Centro Lázaro Cárdenas Michoacán, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Héctor Vivanco-Cid
- Instituto de Investigaciones Médico-Biológicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Christine S Rollier
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Nicole Zitzmann
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Martha Eva Viveros-Sandoval
- Laboratorio de Hemostasia y Biología Vascular. División de Estudios de Posgrado. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas y Biológicas "Dr. Ignacio Chávez", Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, UMSNH, Morelia, Mexico.,UMSNH-Oxford University of Oxford Clinical Research Laboratory (UMOCRL), Faculty of Biological and Medical Sciences "Dr. Ignacio Chávez", Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Raymond J Owens
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, UK.,Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, OPPF-UK, Research Complex at Harwell, Oxford, UK
| | - Arturo Reyes-Sandoval
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, The Henry Wellcome Building for Molecular Physiology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building. Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK.
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10
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Kiappes JL, Hill ML, Alonzi DS, Miller JL, Iwaki R, Sayce AC, Caputo AT, Kato A, Zitzmann N. ToP-DNJ, a Selective Inhibitor of Endoplasmic Reticulum α-Glucosidase II Exhibiting Antiflaviviral Activity. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:60-65. [PMID: 29161006 PMCID: PMC5824344 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.7b00870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
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Iminosugars
have therapeutic potential against a range of diseases,
due to their efficacy as glycosidase inhibitors. A major challenge
in the development of iminosugar drugs lies in making a compound that
is selective for the glycosidase associated with a given disease.
We report the synthesis of ToP-DNJ, an antiviral iminosugar–tocopherol
conjugate. Tocopherol was incorporated into the design of the iminosugar
in order to direct the drug to the liver and immune cells, specific
tissues of interest for antiviral therapy. ToP-DNJ inhibits ER α-glucosidase
II at low micromolar concentrations and selectively accumulates in
the liver in vivo. In cellular assays, the drug showed
efficacy exclusively in immune cells of the myeloid lineage. Taken
together, these data demonstrate that inclusion of a native metabolite
into an iminosugar provides selectivity with respect to target enzyme,
target cell, and target tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. L. Kiappes
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, U.K
| | - Michelle L. Hill
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, U.K
| | - Dominic S. Alonzi
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, U.K
| | - Joanna L. Miller
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, U.K
| | - Ren Iwaki
- Department
of Hospital Pharmacy, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Andrew C. Sayce
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, U.K
| | - Alessandro T. Caputo
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, U.K
| | - Atsushi Kato
- Department
of Hospital Pharmacy, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Nicole Zitzmann
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, U.K
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11
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Sayce AC, Alonzi DS, Killingbeck SS, Tyrrell BE, Hill ML, Caputo AT, Iwaki R, Kinami K, Ide D, Kiappes JL, Beatty PR, Kato A, Harris E, Dwek RA, Miller JL, Zitzmann N. Iminosugars Inhibit Dengue Virus Production via Inhibition of ER Alpha-Glucosidases--Not Glycolipid Processing Enzymes. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004524. [PMID: 26974655 PMCID: PMC4790851 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It has long been thought that iminosugar antiviral activity is a function of inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum-resident α-glucosidases, and on this basis, many iminosugars have been investigated as therapeutic agents for treatment of infection by a diverse spectrum of viruses, including dengue virus (DENV). However, iminosugars are glycomimetics possessing a nitrogen atom in place of the endocyclic oxygen atom, and the ubiquity of glycans in host metabolism suggests that multiple pathways can be targeted via iminosugar treatment. Successful treatment of patients with glycolipid processing defects using iminosugars highlights the clinical exploitation of iminosugar inhibition of enzymes other than ER α-glucosidases. Evidence correlating antiviral activity with successful inhibition of ER glucosidases together with the exclusion of alternative mechanisms of action of iminosugars in the context of DENV infection is limited. Celgosivir, a bicyclic iminosugar evaluated in phase Ib clinical trials as a therapeutic for the treatment of DENV infection, was confirmed to be antiviral in a lethal mouse model of antibody-enhanced DENV infection. In this study we provide the first evidence of the antiviral activity of celgosivir in primary human macrophages in vitro, in which it inhibits DENV secretion with an EC50 of 5 μM. We further demonstrate that monocyclic glucose-mimicking iminosugars inhibit isolated glycoprotein and glycolipid processing enzymes and that this inhibition also occurs in primary cells treated with these drugs. By comparison to bicyclic glucose-mimicking iminosugars which inhibit glycoprotein processing but do not inhibit glycolipid processing and galactose-mimicking iminosugars which do not inhibit glycoprotein processing but do inhibit glycolipid processing, we demonstrate that inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum-resident α-glucosidases, not glycolipid processing, is responsible for iminosugar antiviral activity against DENV. Our data suggest that inhibition of ER α-glucosidases prevents release of virus and is the primary antiviral mechanism of action of iminosugars against DENV. Current treatment of dengue virus infection is supportive; however, iminosugars have been widely investigated as an antiviral strategy. The means by which these molecules are thought to exert their antiviral effects is through inhibition of host-resident glycoprotein processing enzymes, the endoplasmic reticulum-resident α-glucosidases, but many iminosugars are also capable of inhibiting host glycolipid processing and are utilized clinically for the treatment of lysosomal storage disorders such as Gaucher’s and Niemann-Pick type C diseases. The work presented here is the first to conclusively differentiate the antiviral properties of these two major mechanisms of action of iminosugars, and our data support the long-standing hypothesis that inhibition of glycoprotein processing is the essential antiviral property of iminosugars in the case of dengue virus infection. These results indicate that further development of iminosugars as dengue antivirals should focus on optimization of glycoprotein inhibition efficacy with reduction or elimination of glycolipid modulating properties to minimize off-target effects. These results are supported by the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of the bicyclic iminosugar, celgosivir, which we demonstrate to lack capacity for inhibition of glycosphingolipid processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C. Sayce
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Dominic S. Alonzi
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah S. Killingbeck
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Beatrice E. Tyrrell
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle L. Hill
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alessandro T. Caputo
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ren Iwaki
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Kyoko Kinami
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ide
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - J. L. Kiappes
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - P. Robert Beatty
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Atsushi Kato
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Eva Harris
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Raymond A. Dwek
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna L. Miller
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (JLM); (NZ)
| | - Nicole Zitzmann
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (JLM); (NZ)
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12
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Warfield KL, Plummer EM, Sayce AC, Alonzi DS, Tang W, Tyrrell BE, Hill ML, Caputo AT, Killingbeck SS, Beatty PR, Harris E, Iwaki R, Kinami K, Ide D, Kiappes JL, Kato A, Buck MD, King K, Eddy W, Khaliq M, Sampath A, Treston AM, Dwek RA, Enterlein SG, Miller JL, Zitzmann N, Ramstedt U, Shresta S. Inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum glucosidases is required for in vitro and in vivo dengue antiviral activity by the iminosugar UV-4. Antiviral Res 2016; 129:93-98. [PMID: 26946111 PMCID: PMC5064435 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The antiviral activity of UV-4 was previously demonstrated against dengue virus serotype 2 (DENV2) in multiple mouse models. Herein, step-wise minimal effective dose and therapeutic window of efficacy studies of UV-4B (UV-4 hydrochloride salt) were conducted in an antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) mouse model of severe DENV2 infection in AG129 mice lacking types I and II interferon receptors. Significant survival benefit was demonstrated with 10–20 mg/kg of UV-4B administered thrice daily (TID) for seven days with initiation of treatment up to 48 h after infection. UV-4B also reduced infectious virus production in in vitro antiviral activity assays against all four DENV serotypes, including clinical isolates. A set of purified enzyme, in vitro, and in vivo studies demonstrated that inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) α-glucosidases and not the glycosphingolipid pathway appears to be responsible for the antiviral activity of UV-4B against DENV. Along with a comprehensive safety package, these and previously published data provided support for an Investigational New Drug (IND) filing and Phases 1 and 2 clinical trials for UV-4B with an indication of acute dengue disease. The iminosugar UV-4B has in vitro activity against all 4 dengue virus serotypes. Inhibition of ER α-glucosidases is responsible for UV-4B activity against dengue. In vivo efficacy studies inform clinical trial design for UV-4B treatment of dengue.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emily M Plummer
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Andrew C Sayce
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - Dominic S Alonzi
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - William Tang
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Beatrice E Tyrrell
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - Michelle L Hill
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - Alessandro T Caputo
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - Sarah S Killingbeck
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - P Robert Beatty
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Eva Harris
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Ren Iwaki
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
| | - Kyoko Kinami
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Ide
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
| | - J L Kiappes
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - Atsushi Kato
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
| | - Michael D Buck
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Kevin King
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - William Eddy
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | | | | | | | - Raymond A Dwek
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | | | - Joanna L Miller
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - Nicole Zitzmann
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | | | - Sujan Shresta
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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13
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Lefevre EA, Carr BV, Inman CF, Prentice H, Brown IH, Brookes SM, Garcon F, Hill ML, Iqbal M, Elderfield RA, Barclay WS, Gubbins S, Bailey M, Charleston B. Immune responses in pigs vaccinated with adjuvanted and non-adjuvanted A(H1N1)pdm/09 influenza vaccines used in human immunization programmes. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32400. [PMID: 22427834 PMCID: PMC3302873 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Following the emergence and global spread of a novel H1N1 influenza virus in 2009, two A(H1N1)pdm/09 influenza vaccines produced from the A/California/07/09 H1N1 strain were selected and used for the national immunisation programme in the United Kingdom: an adjuvanted split virion vaccine and a non-adjuvanted whole virion vaccine. In this study, we assessed the immune responses generated in inbred large white pigs (Babraham line) following vaccination with these vaccines and after challenge with A(H1N1)pdm/09 virus three months post-vaccination. Both vaccines elicited strong antibody responses, which included high levels of influenza-specific IgG1 and haemagglutination inhibition titres to H1 virus. Immunisation with the adjuvanted split vaccine induced significantly higher interferon gamma production, increased frequency of interferon gamma-producing cells and proliferation of CD4−CD8+ (cytotoxic) and CD4+CD8+ (helper) T cells, after in vitro re-stimulation. Despite significant differences in the magnitude and breadth of immune responses in the two vaccinated and mock treated groups, similar quantities of viral RNA were detected from the nasal cavity in all pigs after live virus challenge. The present study provides support for the use of the pig as a valid experimental model for influenza infections in humans, including the assessment of protective efficacy of therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Lefevre
- Institute for Animal Health, Compton near Newbury, United Kingdom.
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14
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES The assessment of image quality is a crucial step in the development of a new imaging protocol. Having proposed and reported on a preliminary protocol for sialography using cone beam CT (CBCT), the purpose of this study was to further optimize this protocol by maximizing the image signal difference-to-noise ratio (SDNR) and to relate these new data to previously published dosimetric data for CBCT sialography. METHODS An imaging phantom was constructed using samples with different concentrations of iodine and a water-immersed mandible. The CB MercuRay (Hitachi Medical Systems, Tokyo, Japan) was used to image the phantom using different peak kilovoltage (kVp) and milliamperage (mA) settings. SDNR was then calculated using the raw images based on mean pixel values (MPV) measured in selected regions of interest (ROI). Finally, a figure of merit (FOM) was calculated to examine the trade-off between image SDNR and effective radiation dose. RESULTS The SDNR demonstrated an expected increase as the kVp increased from 60 to 120. Also, images made with the higher mA setting (15) had greater SDNR. The iodine concentration also influenced the image quality such that SDNR increased with increased amounts of iodine. The calculated FOM was greatest for the technique using 80 kVp, with equivalent results for 10 mA and 15 mA. CONCLUSION An optimized protocol for CBCT sialography using CB MercuRay entails a 6 inch field of view with 80 kVp and 10 mA.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Jadu
- Faculty of Dentistry, the University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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15
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Hill ML, Cronkite RC, Ota DT, Yao EC, Kiratli BJ. Validation of home telehealth for pressure ulcer assessment: a study in patients with spinal cord injury. J Telemed Telecare 2009; 15:196-202. [PMID: 19471032 DOI: 10.1258/jtt.2009.081002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The reliability and validity of assessments and diagnoses made via home telehealth was measured in 42 patients with spinal cord injury. Two telehealth modalities were investigated: telephone-only contact and videoconferencing. The results were compared with a reference (gold-standard) method, the in-person assessment and diagnosis of skin integrity and pressure ulcers. The agreement on the presence of a pressure ulcer was excellent for both telephone and videoconferencing approaches (92% for telephone, 97% for videoconferencing). The diagnoses of the stage of pressure ulcer (on an ordinal scale of 0-4) made via telephone and videoconferencing showed substantial to almost perfect agreement with the in-person diagnoses (Spearman's rho of 0.76 and 0.83, respectively). There was a tendency for the measurements of wound volume to be somewhat larger in the telephone and videoconferencing modalities compared to those made in-person. Bland-Altman plots showed that videoconferencing gave substantially narrower 95% limits of agreement. The findings of the study indicate that telephone contact can be a useful tool for identifying the presence of a pressure ulcer, but videoconferencing is required to obtain an evaluation reasonably close to that of a home visit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Hill
- Spinal Cord Injury Center, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, 795 Willow Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
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16
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Hill ML, Shoja MM, Salter EG, Tubbs RS. An unusual muscle of the wrist with potential compression of the ulnar nerve. Folia Morphol (Warsz) 2006; 65:178-80. [PMID: 16773612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
During routine cadaveric dissection of the upper extremity an unusual muscle was discovered arising from the tendon of the flexor carpi ulnaris and inserting into the muscle belly of the flexor digiti minimi. The muscle's course was superficial to the ulnar nerve and artery in Guyon's canal. We review the literature regarding such muscle variations and discuss the potential for compression of the ulnar nerve by such muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Hill
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosurgery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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17
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Abstract
Patients with fibromyalgia syndrome (FS) experience a decreased ability to participate in both vocational and avocational activities. Although many treatment programs advocate activity pacing techniques, 'pacing' is a poorly understood concept for which there are no available measures. The present study describes a brief six-item pacing scale that can be administered as part of the Chronic Pain Coping Inventory (CPCI). Preliminary data indicate that this scale is a valid, reliable index of the pacing construct that is associated with physical impairment in patients with FS and is unrelated to simple task persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- W R Nielson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Western Ontario, ON, London, Canada.
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18
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine morphine pharmacokinetics in premature neonates varying in postconceptional age (PCA) and evaluate behavioral pain response in relationship to serum morphine concentrations. METHODS Premature neonates (n = 48), stratified by weeks of PCA (group 1 = 24-27 weeks, group 2 = 28-31 weeks, group 3 = 32-35 weeks, and group 4 = 36-39 weeks) received morphine infusions. Blood samples were drawn at 48, 60, and 72 hours and at discontinuation of morphine, followed by 3 samples obtained during the next 24 hours. Newborns were videotaped during heel lances and restful states, with morphine at steady-state concentrations and without morphine. Pain was assessed by using the Neonatal Facial Coding System (NFCS). Statistical analysis included regression between NFCS score changes from baseline to painful procedure with and without morphine. RESULTS Morphine clearance for groups 1, 2, 3, and 4 was calculated as 2.27 +/- 1.07, 3.21 +/- 1.57, 4.51 +/- 1.97, and 7.80 +/- 2.67 mL/kg/min, respectively, and correlated with PCA (r = 0.63, P <.001). Pain measured by facial expression was diminished; however, it did not correlate with morphine concentrations. CONCLUSION Morphine clearance in premature neonates is less than reported, increasing with PCA. Facial activity discloses morphine analgesia; however, it is unrelated to morphine concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Scott
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Departments of Pediatrics and Psychology, The University of British Columbia, British Columbia's Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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19
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Brown IH, Hill ML, Harris PA, Alexander DJ, McCauley JW. Genetic characterisation of an influenza A virus of unusual subtype (H1N7) isolated from pigs in England. Arch Virol 1997; 142:1045-50. [PMID: 9191869 DOI: 10.1007/s007050050140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
An H1N7 influenza A virus, isolated from pigs in England in 1992, was examined genetically to determine the characteristics and probable origin of the eight gene segments. Six of the RNA segments encoding PB2, PB1, PA, HA, NP and NS were related most closely to those of human viruses, whilst two of the RNA segments (NA and M) were related most closely to those of equine viruses. The HA gene was most similar to that of A/USSR/90/77 (H1N1) but amino acid differences suggested independent genetic drift. In contrast, there were relatively few changes in the NA and M genes compared to those of A/equine/Prague/1/56 (H7N7).
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Affiliation(s)
- I H Brown
- Central Veterinary Laboratory-Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, U.K
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Kelekis NL, Semelka RC, Hill ML, Meyers DC, Molina PL. Malignant fibrous histiocytoma of the inferior vena cava: appearances on contrast-enhanced spiral CT and MRI. Abdom Imaging 1996; 21:461-3. [PMID: 8832872 DOI: 10.1007/s002619900105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Primary malignant tumors of the inferior vena cava are infrequent. We report a very rare case of primary malignant fibrous histiocytoma of the inferior vena cava and describe the contrast-enhanced spiral computed tomographic and magnetic resonance imaging findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- N L Kelekis
- Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7510, USA
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21
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Vander Heide RS, Hill ML, Reimer KA, Jennings RB. Effect of reversible ischemia on the activity of the mitochondrial ATPase: relationship to ischemic preconditioning. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1996; 28:103-12. [PMID: 8745218 DOI: 10.1006/jmcc.1996.0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The mitochondrial ATPase enzyme accounts for roughly 35-50% of the overall energy demand that leads to ATP depletion under conditions of severe myocardial ischemia. In larger mammalian hearts, this energy squandering action of the ATPase is modulated by an endogenous inhibitor protein. The present studies were undertaken to characterize the time course of inhibition of the mitochondrial ATPase in canine myocardium under conditions of severe regional ischemia in vivo. In addition, we determined if the energy sparing effects of ischemic preconditioning (PC) can be explained by persistent inhibition of the mitochondrial ATPase enzyme. The circumflex coronary artery was ligated for 1.5 min (n = 4), 5 min (n = 6), or 15 min (n = 5). In a separate group (n = 7), hearts were preconditioned by four 5-min periods of ischemia each followed by 5 min of reperfusion. Sub-mitochondrial particles were prepared from the sub-endocardial zone of the ischemic and non-ischemic regions and were assayed for oligomycin-sensitive ATPase activity. ATPase activity was reduced to about 79% at 1.5 min and to approximately 55% at 5 and 15 min of ischemia, relative to non-ischemic tissue from the same heart. The rate of HEP utilization slowed concurrently with the development of ATPase inhibition. In preconditioned myocardium, ATPase activity was not significantly different from control myocardium from the same heart. We conclude that the early inhibition of the mitochondrial ATPase activity slows the utilization of high energy phosphate and thereby serves as an important endogenous cardioprotective mechanism. Nevertheless, altered activity of the ATPase is not the explanation of the energy sparing effect of ischemic preconditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Vander Heide
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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Wikstrand CJ, Hale LP, Batra SK, Hill ML, Humphrey PA, Kurpad SN, McLendon RE, Moscatello D, Pegram CN, Reist CJ. Monoclonal antibodies against EGFRvIII are tumor specific and react with breast and lung carcinomas and malignant gliomas. Cancer Res 1995; 55:3140-8. [PMID: 7606735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Despite molecular biological advances in understanding human cancers, translation into therapy has been less forthcoming; targeting neoplastic cells still requires that tumor-specific markers, preferably those on the cell surface, be identified. The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) exists in a deletion-mutant form, EGFRvIII, which has been identified by genetic and immunological means in a subset of gliomas and non-small cell lung carcinomas. Specific polyvalent antisera to the extracellular portion of the variant were readily induced, but immunization using a synthetic linear peptide representing the unique EGFRvIII primary sequence has been unsuccessful in mice or macaques. We report here five specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) developed through long-term immunization protocols using the EGFRvIII-specific synthetic peptide and the intact variant in different formats that maintained secondary and tertiary conformation. These mAbs identify the EGFRvIII on the cell surface with relatively high affinity (KA range, 0.13 to 2.5 x 10(9) M-1) by live cell Scatchard analysis. These mAbs are specific for EGFRvIII as determined by RIA, ELISA, Western blot, analytical flow cytometry, autophosphorylation, and immunohistochemistry. Isolating specific mAbs enabled us to analyze normal and neoplastic human tissue and establish that EGFRvIII is truly tumor specific for subsets of breast carcinomas and for previously reported non-small cell lung carcinomas and gliomas. Also, this receptor is not expressed by any normal human tissues thus far examined, including elements of the peripheral, central nervous, and lymphoid systems. With mAbs, we identified a higher incidence of EGFRvIII positivity in gliomas than previously described and identified an EGFRvIII-positive subset of breast tumors; also, we observed that the EGFRvIII epitope is not expressed in normal tissues, and we demonstrated the localizing and therapeutic potential of the mAbs for tumors expressing this epitope. Our observations strongly warrant development of this mAb-antigen system as therapy for breast, lung, and central nervous system tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Wikstrand
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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23
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Abstract
The treatment of asymptomatic patients with small pneumothoraces (ie, less than 20% by volume) has included observation, tube thoracostomy, and operation. When observation is used, the anticipated expansion of the lung has been estimated to be 1.25% of the lung volume daily. This study was designed to evaluate the use of inhaled oxygen as a method to accelerate the resolution of a pneumothorax in a rabbit model. Experimental pneumothoraces were created in 23 white New Zealand rabbits. Group 1 (9 rabbits) were placed in a cage with room air and group 2 (11 rabbits) were placed in a cage with high oxygen concentration. Three rabbits died before completion of the study. Serial chest roentgenograms were performed until the pneumothoraces resolved. The majority of rabbits treated with oxygen had resolution of their pneumothoraces by 36 hours, whereas the majority of rabbits treated with room air did not show complete resolution before 48 hours. Biopsies showed no evidence of damage secondary to oxygen treatment. Oxygen treatment was found to be significantly better in the early resolution of pneumothoraces when compared with room air. This establishes an alternative treatment for some pneumothoraces that are small and asymptomatic.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Hill
- Department of Surgery, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown 26506-9238
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Steenbergen C, Hill ML, Jennings RB. Cytoskeletal damage during myocardial ischemia: changes in vinculin immunofluorescence staining during total in vitro ischemia in canine heart. Circ Res 1987; 60:478-86. [PMID: 2439227 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.60.4.478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The role of cytoskeletal damage in the disruption of the plasma membrane observed during myocardial ischemia has been studied using antibodies to vinculin to identify changes in the distribution of this membrane associated cytoskeletal protein. Vinculin is a component of the cytoskeletal attachment complex between the plasma membrane and the Z-line of the underlying myofibrils. The effects of varying periods of total ischemia on the localization of vinculin were assessed by immunofluorescence and evidence of membrane disruption was evaluated by electron microscopy. Thin tissue slices prepared from the ischemic tissue were incubated in oxygenated Krebs-Ringer phosphate buffer at 37 degrees C to assess inulin permeability, ultrastructure, and any changes in the distribution of vinculin associated with incubation. The previously reported costameric pattern of vinculin staining was observed in longitudinal sections of control myocardium, myocardium subjected to 60 minutes of total ischemia, and myocardium subjected to 60 minutes of ischemia followed by 60 minutes of incubation in oxygenated media. Electron microscopy and inulin permeability measurements confirmed that plasma membrane integrity was preserved under these conditions. However, when the duration of total ischemia was extended to 120 minutes or longer, there was a progressive loss of vinculin staining along the lateral margin of myocytes. This change correlates with the appearance of subsarcolemmal blebs and breaks in the plasma membranes observed by electron microscopy and confirmed by the increase in inulin permeability observed in tissue slices.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Reimer KA, Murry CE, Yamasawa I, Hill ML, Jennings RB. Four brief periods of myocardial ischemia cause no cumulative ATP loss or necrosis. Am J Physiol 1986; 251:H1306-15. [PMID: 3789183 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.1986.251.6.h1306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The effect of repetitive periods of coronary occlusion on myocardial adenine nucleotides, lactate, and infarct size was studied. In one series of dogs, the circumflex artery was occluded for one, two, or four 10-min episodes, each separated by 20 min of reperfusion. Hearts were excised and sampled for metabolic assays after one or more periods of ischemia before or after reperfusion. One 10-min period of ischemia caused a 61% loss of ATP and 41% loss of adenine nucleotides from the most severely ischemic subendocardial zone. Reperfusion resulted in rapid restoration of the adenylate charge but in only slight repletion of the adenine nucleotide pool. However, two or even four 10-min periods of ischemia caused no further adenine nucleotide loss. In contrast, 40 min of continuous coronary occlusion caused an 87% depletion of ATP and 67% of the adenine nucleotide pool from the same subendocardial region. Collateral blood flow was similar during all occlusions, but lactate accumulation was less during later occlusions. In a second series of experiments, myocardial necrosis was quantitated 4 days after four 10-min periods of ischemia. Necrosis was observed in only one of six dogs and, in this dog, was only 1.5% of the anatomic area at risk. Thus intermittent reperfusion prevents cumulative metabolic deficits and myocardial ischemic cell death, perhaps by restoring the capacity for high-energy phosphate (HEP) production and/or washing out deleterious catabolites. A first episode of ischemia also slows HEP utilization in subsequent episodes.
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Mitchell WL, Ravenscroft P, Hill ML, Knutsen LJ, Judkins BD, Newton RF, Scopes DI. Synthesis and antiviral properties of 5-(2-substituted vinyl)-6-aza-2'-deoxyuridines. J Med Chem 1986; 29:809-16. [PMID: 3009815 DOI: 10.1021/jm00155a035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The following 5-(2-substituted vinyl)-6-aza-2'-deoxyuridines were synthesized: (E)-5-(2-bromovinyl) (2) (6-aza-BVDU), 5-(2-bromo-2-fluorovinyl) (a mixture of E and Z isomers) (3), (E)-5-(2-chlorovinyl) (4), (E)-5-[2-(methylthio)vinyl] (5), 5-(2,2-dibromovinyl) (6), and 5-(3-furyl) (7). The synthesis of 2-6 utilized Wittig-type reactions on 5-formyl-1-(2'-deoxy-3', 5'-di-O-p-toluoyl-beta-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl)-6-azauracil (16). 6-Aza-BVDU (and its alpha-anomer) was also synthesized from (E)-5-(2-bromovinyl)-6-azauracil (12) by using standard deoxyribosidation methodology. Compound 7 was prepared from 5-(3-furyl)-6-azauracil (33) via a ribosidation/deoxygenation sequence. An attempt to prepare the corresponding 5-(2,2-difluorovinyl) analogue afforded instead a mixture of the 5-[(2,2-difluoro-2-methoxy)ethyl] and 5-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) derivatives 29 and 30. Compounds 2-7, 29, and 30 were tested for in vitro activity against herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (HSV-1, HSV-2). 6-Aza-BVDU (2) exhibited ID50s of 8 micrograms/mL vs. HSV-1 and 190 micrograms/mL vs. HSV-2. BVDU (1) had ID50s of 0.015 and 1.6 micrograms/mL against HSV-1 and HSV-2, respectively. Compound 4 showed a similar profile of activity, but the other analogues were either weakly active or inactive.
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Steenbergen C, Hill ML, Jennings RB. Volume regulation and plasma membrane injury in aerobic, anaerobic, and ischemic myocardium in vitro. Effects of osmotic cell swelling on plasma membrane integrity. Circ Res 1985; 57:864-75. [PMID: 4064260 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.57.6.864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between cell swelling and plasma membrane disruption has been evaluated in thin myocardial slices incubated in oxygenated or anoxic Krebs-Ringer phosphate media. Electron microscopy and measurements of inulin-diffusible space were used to monitor plasma membrane integrity. Inulin is excluded from the intracellular space of intact cells; therefore, an increase in tissue inulin content is an excellent marker of loss of plasma membrane integrity. Cell volume was increased during exposure of aerobic slices to hypotonic media, but the inulin-diffusible space was not increased and electron micrographs showed no detectable plasma membrane alterations. Likewise, during prolonged anoxic isotonic incubation, no evidence of plasma membrane damage was observed. Incubation in anoxic hypotonic media for 60 minutes resulted in a larger increase in cell volume than under aerobic conditions, but plasma membrane integrity was maintained. Extended anoxic hypotonic incubation (300 minutes) produced no further change in tissue water, but the inulin-diffusible space was increased and electron micrographs revealed breaks in the plasma membranes primarily in association with large subsarcolemmal blebs. Likewise, myocardial slices incubated in isotonic anoxic media for 240 minutes and hypotonic anoxic media for 60 minutes had an increased inulin-diffusible space and the ultrastructural appearance was similar. This ultrastructural appearance is indistinguishable from that observed in myocytes lethally injured by ischemia. Measurements of tissue osmolarity during total ischemia showed that osmotically induced cell swelling could occur in ischemic myocardium prior to the onset of plasma membrane disruption. Our results indicate that cell swelling per se is incapable of rupturing plasma membranes; however, after prolonged periods of energy deficiency, the plasma membrane or its cytoskeletal scaffold become injured, which allows the membrane to rupture if the cell is swollen, as might occur during ischemia or reperfusion.
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Jennings RB, Schaper J, Hill ML, Steenbergen C, Reimer KA. Effect of reperfusion late in the phase of reversible ischemic injury. Changes in cell volume, electrolytes, metabolites, and ultrastructure. Circ Res 1985; 56:262-78. [PMID: 3971504 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.56.2.262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The acute effects of reperfusion on myocardium reversibly damaged by 15 minutes of severe ischemia in vivo, were studied. Changes in the adenine nucleotide pool, cell volume regulation, myocardial calcium, and ultrastructure were studied at the end of 15 minutes of ischemia and after 0.5, 3.0, and 20 minutes of reflow. Before reperfusion, adenosine triphosphate and the adenylate pool decreased by 63% and 44% of control, respectively, and the adenylate charge was reduced to 0.65. After 3 minutes of reperfusion, the adenylate charge was restored to control by the rephosphorylation of adenosine mono- and diphosphate, but adenosine triphosphate was still reduced by 45%. Mild tissue edema was detected after 0.5 minute of reflow and persisted throughout 20 minutes of reperfusion. The increased tissue water was accompanied by a slight increase in sodium and a marked increase in tissue potassium. Although massive calcium accumulation develops when irreversibly injured tissue is reperfused, no calcium overload was detected during early reperfusion of reversibly injured myocytes. Reperfusion for 3 minutes exaggerated the mitochondrial swelling induced by 15 minutes of ischemia but after 20 minutes of reperfusion, myocardial ultrastructure was essentially normal except for rare swollen, or disrupted, mitochondria. Thus, the cellular abnormalities associated with brief periods of ischemia persist for variable periods of time after reperfusion of reversibly injured myocytes. First: although adenine nucleotide repletion occurs very slowly, the adenylate charge was restored after 3 minutes, indicating rapid resumption of mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate production. Second: calcium overload was not detected, but myocardial edema and increased potassium persisted throughout the 20 minutes of reperfusion. Third: the ultrastructural consequences of ischemia were nearly reversed after 20 minutes of reperfusion.
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29
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Abstract
Contraction-band necrosis, a striking morphologic lesion, is common to many types of myocardial injury including the calcium paradox and ischaemic injury with reperfusion. This lesion is characterized by explosive swelling, massive calcium overload, and severe disruption of the myofibrils due to the formation of contraction bands. The studies reviewed in this paper provide evidence that in ischaemia and reperfusion, these changes are preceded by sarcolemmal injury that occurs during the period of ischaemia. Sarcolemmal injury was evaluated by electron microscopy and by measurements of inulin diffusible space (IDS) in thin slices of myocardium incubated in vitro. Reversibly injured ischaemic myocytes have ultrastructurally intact plasma membranes which are impermeable to inulin. Longer durations of ischaemia, sufficient to produce contraction-band necrosis during reperfusion, result in fragmentation of plasma membranes during the ischaemic intervals, and the IDS is markedly increased during subsequent incubation. Thus ultrastructural evidence of membrane damage is present early in ischaemia and is associated temporally with the increased IDS. The role of anoxia, per se, in inducing membrane damage was investigated in tissue slices incubated at 37 degrees C in crystalloidal media gassed with nitrogen. Anoxic slices produced lactate and lost ATP and adenine nucleotides, but cell volume and the IDS were not significantly increased for at least five hours (twice the time required for severe membrane damage to develop in total ischaemia) and the plasmalemma remained intact by electron microscopy. Thus, despite depletion of high energy phosphates, membrane damage, detectable by alterations in IDS or ultrastructure, occurs much more slowly during anoxia alone than during ischaemia. These results suggest that anoxia, per se, may not be the cause of membrane damage in ischaemia.
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Reimer KA, Hill ML, Jennings RB. Prolonged depletion of ATP because of delayed repletion of the adenine nucleotide pool following reversible myocardial ischemic injury in dogs. Adv Myocardiol 1983; 4:395-407. [PMID: 6856966 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4757-4441-5_36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Sixty-five percent of the ATP and 50% of the total adenine nucleotide (sigma Ad) pool is lost from the subendocardial myocardium after 15 min of severe ischemia induced by circumflex artery occlusion in open-chest dogs (12). In the present experiment, we assessed the effects of various periods of arterial reflow following 15 min of ischemic injury on resynthesis of ATP and sigma Ad. The circumflex artery was occluded for 15 min and reperfused for 20 or 60 min or 24 or 96 hr. The mean ATP after 15 min of ischemia was reduced 62% from 5.42 +/- 0.33 to 2.08 +/- 0.21 mumol/g; and the total nucleotide content was reduced by 50%. ATP content recovered slightly during the first 20 min of reperfusion but remained markedly depressed for at least 24 hr because of the initial depletion of adenine nucleotides and because minimal salvage of de novo repletion occurred in the injured muscle during this time period. By 4 days, ATP and total adenine nucleotides were still slightly depressed but had recovered to 88% and 91% of control. Electrolyte changes and an increased inulin-diffusible space, which are characteristic of irreversibly injured myocardium, reperfused for 20 or 60 min, were not observed. Also, tissue necrosis was absent in the hearts reperfused for 24 or 96 hr. These observations indicate that the marked depression of ATP and adenine nucleotides and the slow recovery of these metabolites occurred in myocardium that nevertheless was reversibly injured in terms of cellular viability.
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Jones RN, Reimer KA, Hill ML, Jennings RB. Effect of hypothermia on changes in high-energy phosphate production and utilization in total ischemia. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1982; 14 Suppl 3:123-30. [PMID: 7143452 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2828(82)90140-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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32
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Reimer KA, Jennings RB, Hill ML. Total ischemia in dog hearts, in vitro 2. High energy phosphate depletion and associated defects in energy metabolism, cell volume regulation, and sarcolemmal integrity. Circ Res 1981; 49:901-11. [PMID: 7273361 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.49.4.901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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33
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Jennings RB, Reimer KA, Hill ML, Mayer SE. Total ischemia in dog hearts, in vitro. 1. Comparison of high energy phosphate production, utilization, and depletion, and of adenine nucleotide catabolism in total ischemia in vitro vs. severe ischemia in vivo. Circ Res 1981; 49:892-900. [PMID: 7273360 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.49.4.892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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34
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Reimer KA, Hill ML, Jennings RB. Prolonged depletion of ATP and of the adenine nucleotide pool due to delayed resynthesis of adenine nucleotides following reversible myocardial ischemic injury in dogs. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1981; 13:229-39. [PMID: 7265245 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2828(81)90219-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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35
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Hill ML. Unusual lab job provides best of both worlds. Am J Med Technol 1981; 47:19-20. [PMID: 7468630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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36
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McMillin LM, Fleming HE, Hill ML. Atmospheric transmittance of an absorbing gas. 3: A computationally fast and accurate transmittance model for absorbing gases with variable mixing ratios. Appl Opt 1979; 18:1600-1606. [PMID: 20212899 DOI: 10.1364/ao.18.001600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric transmittance models for absorbing gases with constant mixing ratios were described in the two preceding papers of this series. In this paper a method for calculating atmospheric transmittances for absorbing gases with variable mixing ratios is described. Because the model uses only arithmetic operations, it is computationally fast as well as accurate. Details of the computational algorithm are given, including the calculation of the expansion coefficients. In a test of eleven independent profiles, the resulting transmittances agreed with line-by-line calculations in an rms sense to within 0.0090 in the worst case and to within 0.0018 in all other cases. This paper also includes a discussion for computing transmittances when several gases absorb in the same spectral interval. These three papers provide a complete treatment for modeling transmittances in inhomogeneous atmospheres.
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37
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Jennings RB, Hawkins HK, Lowe JE, Hill ML, Klotman S, Reimer KA. Relation between high energy phosphate and lethal injury in myocardial ischemia in the dog. Am J Pathol 1978; 92:187-214. [PMID: 686146 PMCID: PMC2018580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between progressive depletion of high energy phosphate and the onset of lethal cell injury in ischemic myocardium following coronary occlusion has been evaluated. Myocardial ischemia was induced by proximal occlusion of the circumflex coronary artery for 15, 30, 40, or 60 minutes. Cell injury in the severely ischemic posterior papillary muscle (PP) was evaluated by electron microscopy and by measuring the capacity of slices of the injured PP to maintain electrolytes, resynthesize high energy phosphate, and exclude inulin during in vitro incubation. ATP content in the ischemic myocardium decreased to 35%, 9%, 7%, and 5% of control values after 15, 30, 40, and 60 minutes of ischemia, respectively, and was associated with a corresponding depletion of total adenine nucleotides. The loss of 65% of the ATP after 15 minutes of ischemia (reversible injury) was associated with only minimal ultrastructural changes and no significant defects of electrolytes in incubated slices. However, the depletion of over 90% of the ATP after 40 minutes of ischemia (irreversible injury) was associated with significant fine structural changes and markedly altered cell volume regulation. The results suggest a close relationship between the marked depletion of high energy phsophates and the development of lethal injury in acutely ischemic myocardium.
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Ganote CE, Jennings RB, Hill ML, Grochowski E. Experimental myocardial ischemic injury. II. Effect of in vivo ischemia on dog heart slice function in vitro. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1976; 8:189-204. [PMID: 1255740 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2828(76)90036-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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40
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Grochowski EC, Ganote CE, Hill ML, Jennings RB. Experimental myocardial ischemic injury. I. A comparison of Stadie-Riggs and free-hand slicing techniques on tissue ultrastructure, water and electrolytes during in vitro incubation. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1976; 8:173-87. [PMID: 768495 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2828(76)90035-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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41
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Shurtleff DB, Hayden PW, Chapman WH, Broy AB, Hill ML. Myelodysplasia. Problems of long-term survival and social function. West J Med 1975; 122:199-205. [PMID: 807042 PMCID: PMC1129679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Problems of ninety-eight patients with myelodysplasia, ages 13 to 72, were reviewed. They were grouped as follows: Those having thoracic and high lumbar level (L(2) upward arrow) lesions and confined to wheel chairs, those with intermediate paralysis (L(3-5) nerve roots) as walking with aids and those with less paralysis (S(1) downward arrow) as fully ambulatory. Fifty-two percent of the L(2) upward arrow and only 15 percent of of the less severely paralyzed patients were retarded below an IQ level 70 (P<0.01). Thirty-six patients (62 percent) were fully and 26 partially, but appropriately, self-sufficient. Thirty-six patients were found in some form of dependent care. Two of the 71 more paralyzed patients (L(3-5) and L(2) upward arrow) and five of the 28 S(1) downward arrow patients were "naturally continent" but reported stress incontinence of urine. Thirteen of 23 female and five of 28 male patients between ages 16 and 72 years reported sexual activity and accounted for 17 normal offspring. All 23 retarded patients were in some form of custodial care. Dependency among the normal intellect patients could be attributed to neglect of physically deforming complications and emotional disorders, primarily low self-esteem centering around social and sexual identity problems associated with excrement soiling.
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43
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Ray CG, Ching YC, Shurtleff DB, Hill ML, Ansell JS, Wedgwood RJ. Chronic urinary tract infections in children: a double-blind study of medical management. Pediatrics 1970; 45:456-61. [PMID: 4910093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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44
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Jennings RB, Herdson PB, Hill ML. Pyruvate metabolism in mitochondria isolated from dog myocardium. J Transl Med 1969; 20:537-47. [PMID: 5785687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
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45
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Hill ML, Shurtleff DB, Chapman WH, Ansell JS. The myelodysplastic child. Bowel and bladder control. Am J Nurs 1969; 69:548-50. [PMID: 5189801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Hill ML, Shurtleff DB. A device for collecting urine in incontinent male children. Am J Dis Child 1968; 116:158-160. [PMID: 5659291 DOI: 10.1001/archpedi.1968.02100020160006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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