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Lampinen V, Gröhn S, Soppela S, Blazevic V, Hytönen VP, Hankaniemi MM. SpyTag/SpyCatcher display of influenza M2e peptide on norovirus-like particle provides stronger immunization than direct genetic fusion. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1216364. [PMID: 37424789 PMCID: PMC10323135 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1216364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Virus-like particles (VLPs) are similar in size and shape to their respective viruses, but free of viral genetic material. This makes VLP-based vaccines incapable of causing infection, but still effective in mounting immune responses. Noro-VLPs consist of 180 copies of the VP1 capsid protein. The particle tolerates C-terminal fusion partners, and VP1 fused with a C-terminal SpyTag self-assembles into a VLP with SpyTag protruding from its surface, enabling conjugation of antigens via SpyCatcher. Methods To compare SpyCatcher-mediated coupling and direct peptide fusion in experimental vaccination, we genetically fused the ectodomain of influenza matrix-2 protein (M2e) directly on the C-terminus of norovirus VP1 capsid protein. VLPs decorated with SpyCatcher-M2e and VLPs with direct M2 efusion were used to immunize mice. Results and discussion We found that direct genetic fusion of M2e on noro-VLP raised few M2e antibodies in the mouse model, presumably because the short linker positions the peptide between the protruding domains of noro-VLP, limiting its accessibility. On the other hand, adding aluminum hydroxide adjuvant to the previously described SpyCatcher-M2e-decorated noro-VLP vaccine gave a strong response against M2e. Surprisingly, simple SpyCatcher-fused M2e without VLP display also functioned as a potent immunogen, which suggests that the commonly used protein linker SpyCatcher-SpyTag may serve a second role as an activator of the immune system in vaccine preparations. Based on the measured anti-M2e antibodies and cellular responses, both SpyCatcher-M2e as well as M2e presented on the noro-VLP via SpyTag/Catcher show potential for the development of universal influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vili Lampinen
- Protein Dynamics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Virology and Vaccine Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Stina Gröhn
- Virology and Vaccine Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Saana Soppela
- Virology and Vaccine Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Vesna Blazevic
- Vaccine Development and Immunology/Vaccine Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Vesa P. Hytönen
- Protein Dynamics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
| | - Minna M. Hankaniemi
- Virology and Vaccine Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
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Stone VM, Utorova R, Butrym M, Sioofy-Khojine AB, Hankaniemi MM, Ringqvist EE, Blanter M, Parajuli A, Pincikova T, Fischler B, Karpati F, Hytönen VP, Hyöty H, Hjelte L, Flodström-Tullberg M. Coxsackievirus B infections are common in Cystic Fibrosis and experimental evidence supports protection by vaccination. iScience 2022; 25:105070. [PMID: 36157581 PMCID: PMC9490033 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral respiratory tract infections exacerbate airway disease and facilitate life-threatening bacterial colonization in cystic fibrosis (CF). Annual influenza vaccination is recommended and vaccines against other common respiratory viruses may further reduce pulmonary morbidity risk. Enteroviruses have been found in nasopharyngeal samples from CF patients experiencing pulmonary exacerbations. Using serology tests, we found that infections by a group of enteroviruses, Coxsackievirus Bs (CVBs), are prevalent in CF. We next showed that a CVB vaccine, currently undergoing clinical development, prevents infection and CVB-instigated lung damage in a murine model of CF. Finally, we demonstrate that individuals with CF have normal vaccine responses to a similar, commonly used enterovirus vaccine (inactivated poliovirus vaccine). Our study demonstrates that CVB infections are common in CF and provides experimental evidence indicating that CVB vaccines could be efficacious in the CF population. The role of CVB infections in contributing to pulmonary exacerbations in CF should be further studied. CVB infections are common in CF A CVB vaccine prevents infection and tissue damage in a model of CF Most people with CF have robust antibody responses to a similar enterovirus vaccine
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia M Stone
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 141 52 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Renata Utorova
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 141 52 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marta Butrym
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 141 52 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Minna M Hankaniemi
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Emma E Ringqvist
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 141 52 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marfa Blanter
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 141 52 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anirudra Parajuli
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 141 52 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Terezia Pincikova
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 141 52 Stockholm, Sweden.,Stockholm CF Center, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden.,Division of Pediatrics, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet and Department of Pediatrics, Karolinska University Hospital, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Björn Fischler
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet and Department of Pediatrics, Karolinska University Hospital, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ferenc Karpati
- Stockholm CF Center, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden.,Division of Pediatrics, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet and Department of Pediatrics, Karolinska University Hospital, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vesa P Hytönen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33014 Tampere, Finland.,Fimlab Laboratories, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Heikki Hyöty
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33014 Tampere, Finland.,Fimlab Laboratories, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Lena Hjelte
- Stockholm CF Center, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden.,Division of Pediatrics, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet and Department of Pediatrics, Karolinska University Hospital, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Malin Flodström-Tullberg
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 141 52 Stockholm, Sweden
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3
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Heinimäki S, Lampinen V, Tamminen K, Hankaniemi MM, Malm M, Hytönen VP, Blazevic V. Antigenicity and immunogenicity of HA2 and M2e influenza virus antigens conjugated to norovirus-like, VP1 capsid-based particles by the SpyTag/SpyCatcher technology. Virology 2021; 566:89-97. [PMID: 34894525 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLPs) modified through different molecular technologies are employed as delivery vehicles or platforms for heterologous antigen display. We have recently created a norovirus (NoV) VLP platform, where two influenza antigens, the extracellular domain of matrix protein M2 (M2e) or the stem domain of the major envelope glycoprotein hemagglutinin (HA2) are displayed on the surface of the NoV VLPs by SpyTag/SpyCatcher conjugation. To demonstrate the feasibility of the platform to deliver foreign antigens, this study examined potential interference of the conjugation with induction of antibodies against conjugated M2e peptide, HA2, and NoV VLP carrier. High antibody response was induced by HA2 but not M2e decorated VLPs. Furthermore, HA2-elicited antibodies did not neutralize the homologous influenza virus in vitro. Conjugated NoV VLPs retained intact receptor binding capacity and self-immunogenicity. The results demonstrate that NoV VLPs could be simultaneously used as a platform to deliver foreign antigens and a NoV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvi Heinimäki
- Vaccine Development and Immunology/Vaccine Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.
| | - Vili Lampinen
- Protein Dynamics Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Kirsi Tamminen
- Vaccine Development and Immunology/Vaccine Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Minna M Hankaniemi
- Protein Dynamics Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Maria Malm
- Vaccine Development and Immunology/Vaccine Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Vesa P Hytönen
- Protein Dynamics Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland; Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
| | - Vesna Blazevic
- Vaccine Development and Immunology/Vaccine Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
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Stone VM, Butrym M, Hankaniemi MM, Sioofy-Khojine AB, Hytönen VP, Hyöty H, Flodström-Tullberg M. Coxsackievirus B Vaccines Prevent Infection-Accelerated Diabetes in NOD Mice and Have No Disease-Inducing Effect. Diabetes 2021; 70:2871-2878. [PMID: 34497136 PMCID: PMC8660981 DOI: 10.2337/db21-0193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Enteroviruses, including the Coxsackievirus Bs (CVB), have been implicated as causal agents in human type 1 diabetes. Immunization of at-risk individuals with a CVB vaccine provides an attractive strategy for elucidating the role of CVBs in the disease etiology. Previously, we have shown that an inactivated whole-virus vaccine covering all CVB serotypes (CVB1-6) is safe to administer and highly immunogenic in preclinical models, including nonhuman primates. Before initiating clinical trials with this type of vaccine, it was also important to address 1) whether the vaccine itself induces adverse immune reactions, including accelerating diabetes onset in a diabetes-prone host, and 2) whether the vaccine can prevent CVB-induced diabetes in a well-established disease model. Here, we present results from studies in which female NOD mice were left untreated, mock-vaccinated, or vaccinated with CVB1-6 vaccine and monitored for insulitis occurrence or diabetes development. We demonstrate that vaccination induces virus-neutralizing antibodies without altering insulitis scores or the onset of diabetes. We also show that NOD mice vaccinated with a CVB1 vaccine are protected from CVB-induced accelerated disease onset. Taken together, these studies show that CVB vaccines do not alter islet inflammation or accelerate disease progression in an animal model that spontaneously develops autoimmune type 1 diabetes. However, they can prevent CVB-mediated disease progression in the same model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia M Stone
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marta Butrym
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Minna M Hankaniemi
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | | | - Vesa P Hytönen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
| | - Heikki Hyöty
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
| | - Malin Flodström-Tullberg
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Hankaniemi MM, Baikoghli MA, Stone VM, Xing L, Väätäinen O, Soppela S, Sioofy-Khojine A, Saarinen NVV, Ou T, Anson B, Hyöty H, Marjomäki V, Flodström-Tullberg M, Cheng RH, Hytönen VP, Laitinen OH. Structural Insight into CVB3-VLP Non-Adjuvanted Vaccine. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8091287. [PMID: 32846899 PMCID: PMC7565060 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8091287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Coxsackievirus B (CVB) enteroviruses are common pathogens that can cause acute and chronic myocarditis, dilated cardiomyopathy, aseptic meningitis, and they are hypothesized to be a causal factor in type 1 diabetes. The licensed enterovirus vaccines and those currently in clinical development are traditional inactivated or live attenuated vaccines. Even though these vaccines work well in the prevention of enterovirus diseases, new vaccine technologies, like virus-like particles (VLPs), can offer important advantages in the manufacturing and epitope engineering. We have previously produced VLPs for CVB3 and CVB1 in insect cells. Here, we describe the production of CVB3-VLPs with enhanced production yield and purity using an improved purification method consisting of tangential flow filtration and ion exchange chromatography, which is compatible with industrial scale production. We also resolved the CVB3-VLP structure by Cryo-Electron Microscopy imaging and single particle reconstruction. The VLP diameter is 30.9 nm on average, and it is similar to Coxsackievirus A VLPs and the expanded enterovirus cell-entry intermediate (the 135s particle), which is ~2 nm larger than the mature virion. High neutralizing and total IgG antibody levels, the latter being a predominantly Th2 type (IgG1) phenotype, were detected in C57BL/6J mice immunized with non-adjuvanted CVB3-VLP vaccine. The structural and immunogenic data presented here indicate the potential of this improved methodology to produce highly immunogenic enterovirus VLP-vaccines in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minna M. Hankaniemi
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland; (O.V.); (S.S.); (A.S.-K.); (N.V.V.S.); (H.H.); (O.H.L.)
- Correspondence: (M.M.H.); (V.P.H.); Tel.: +358-504176882 (M.M.H.); +358-401901517 (V.P.H.)
| | - Mo A. Baikoghli
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (M.A.B.); (L.X.); (T.O.); (B.A.); (R.H.C.)
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, P.O. Box 20, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Virginia M. Stone
- The Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, SE-141 52 Stockholm, Sweden; (V.M.S.); (M.F.-T.)
| | - Li Xing
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (M.A.B.); (L.X.); (T.O.); (B.A.); (R.H.C.)
| | - Outi Väätäinen
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland; (O.V.); (S.S.); (A.S.-K.); (N.V.V.S.); (H.H.); (O.H.L.)
| | - Saana Soppela
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland; (O.V.); (S.S.); (A.S.-K.); (N.V.V.S.); (H.H.); (O.H.L.)
| | - Amirbabak Sioofy-Khojine
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland; (O.V.); (S.S.); (A.S.-K.); (N.V.V.S.); (H.H.); (O.H.L.)
| | - Niila V. V. Saarinen
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland; (O.V.); (S.S.); (A.S.-K.); (N.V.V.S.); (H.H.); (O.H.L.)
| | - Tingwei Ou
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (M.A.B.); (L.X.); (T.O.); (B.A.); (R.H.C.)
| | - Brandon Anson
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (M.A.B.); (L.X.); (T.O.); (B.A.); (R.H.C.)
| | - Heikki Hyöty
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland; (O.V.); (S.S.); (A.S.-K.); (N.V.V.S.); (H.H.); (O.H.L.)
- Fimlab Laboratories, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Varpu Marjomäki
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science/Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland;
| | - Malin Flodström-Tullberg
- The Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, SE-141 52 Stockholm, Sweden; (V.M.S.); (M.F.-T.)
| | - R. Holland Cheng
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (M.A.B.); (L.X.); (T.O.); (B.A.); (R.H.C.)
| | - Vesa P. Hytönen
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland; (O.V.); (S.S.); (A.S.-K.); (N.V.V.S.); (H.H.); (O.H.L.)
- Fimlab Laboratories, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland
- Correspondence: (M.M.H.); (V.P.H.); Tel.: +358-504176882 (M.M.H.); +358-401901517 (V.P.H.)
| | - Olli H. Laitinen
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland; (O.V.); (S.S.); (A.S.-K.); (N.V.V.S.); (H.H.); (O.H.L.)
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Saarinen NVV, Stone VM, Hankaniemi MM, Mazur MA, Vuorinen T, Flodström-Tullberg M, Hyöty H, Hytönen VP, Laitinen OH. Antibody Responses against Enterovirus Proteases are Potential Markers for an Acute Infection. Viruses 2020; 12:E78. [PMID: 31936473 PMCID: PMC7020046 DOI: 10.3390/v12010078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enteroviruses are a group of common non-enveloped RNA viruses that cause symptoms ranging from mild respiratory infections to paralysis. Due to the abundance of enterovirus infections it is hard to distinguish between on-going and previous infections using immunological assays unless the IgM fraction is studied. METHODS In this study we show using Indirect ELISA and capture IgM ELISA that an IgG antibody response against the nonstructural enteroviral proteins 2A and 3C can be used to distinguish between IgM positive (n = 22) and IgM negative (n = 20) human patients with 83% accuracy and a diagnostic odds ratio of 30. Using a mouse model, we establish that the antibody response to the proteases is short-lived compared to the antibody response to the structural proteins in. As such, the protease antibody response serves as a potential marker for an acute infection. CONCLUSIONS Antibody responses against enterovirus proteases are shorter-lived than against structural proteins and can differentiate between IgM positive and negative patients, and therefore they are a potential marker for acute infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niila V. V. Saarinen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland; (N.V.V.S.); (V.M.S.); (M.M.H.); (M.F.-T.); (H.H.); (V.P.H.)
| | - Virginia M. Stone
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland; (N.V.V.S.); (V.M.S.); (M.M.H.); (M.F.-T.); (H.H.); (V.P.H.)
- Karolinska Institutet, The Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska University Hospital, 14152 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Minna M. Hankaniemi
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland; (N.V.V.S.); (V.M.S.); (M.M.H.); (M.F.-T.); (H.H.); (V.P.H.)
| | - Magdalena A. Mazur
- Karolinska Institutet, The Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska University Hospital, 14152 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Tytti Vuorinen
- Turku University Hospital, Clinical Microbiology and University of Turku, Institute of Biomedicine, 20520 Turku, Finland;
| | - Malin Flodström-Tullberg
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland; (N.V.V.S.); (V.M.S.); (M.M.H.); (M.F.-T.); (H.H.); (V.P.H.)
- Karolinska Institutet, The Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska University Hospital, 14152 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Heikki Hyöty
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland; (N.V.V.S.); (V.M.S.); (M.M.H.); (M.F.-T.); (H.H.); (V.P.H.)
| | - Vesa P. Hytönen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland; (N.V.V.S.); (V.M.S.); (M.M.H.); (M.F.-T.); (H.H.); (V.P.H.)
| | - Olli H. Laitinen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland; (N.V.V.S.); (V.M.S.); (M.M.H.); (M.F.-T.); (H.H.); (V.P.H.)
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7
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Heinimäki S, Hankaniemi MM, Sioofy-Khojine AB, Laitinen OH, Hyöty H, Hytönen VP, Vesikari T, Blazevic V. Combination of three virus-derived nanoparticles as a vaccine against enteric pathogens; enterovirus, norovirus and rotavirus. Vaccine 2019; 37:7509-7518. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.09.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Sioofy-Khojine AB, Lehtonen J, Nurminen N, Laitinen OH, Oikarinen S, Huhtala H, Pakkanen O, Ruokoranta T, Hankaniemi MM, Toppari J, Vähä-Mäkilä M, Ilonen J, Veijola R, Knip M, Hyöty H. Coxsackievirus B1 infections are associated with the initiation of insulin-driven autoimmunity that progresses to type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 2018; 61:1193-1202. [PMID: 29404673 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-018-4561-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Islet autoimmunity usually starts with the appearance of autoantibodies against either insulin (IAA) or GAD65 (GADA). This categorises children with preclinical type 1 diabetes into two immune phenotypes, which differ in their genetic background and may have different aetiology. The aim was to study whether Coxsackievirus group B (CVB) infections, which have been linked to the initiation of islet autoimmunity, are associated with either of these two phenotypes in children with HLA-conferred susceptibility to type 1 diabetes. METHODS All samples were from children in the Finnish Type 1 Diabetes Prediction and Prevention (DIPP) study. Individuals are recruited to the DIPP study from the general population of new-born infants who carry defined HLA genotypes associated with susceptibility to type 1 diabetes. Our study cohort included 91 children who developed IAA and 78 children who developed GADA as their first appearing single autoantibody and remained persistently seropositive for islet autoantibodies, along with 181 and 151 individually matched autoantibody negative control children, respectively. Seroconversion to positivity for neutralising antibodies was detected as the surrogate marker of CVB infections in serial follow-up serum samples collected before and at the appearance of islet autoantibodies in each individual. RESULTS CVB1 infections were associated with the appearance of IAA as the first autoantibody (OR 2.4 [95% CI 1.4, 4.2], corrected p = 0.018). CVB5 infection also tended to be associated with the appearance of IAA, however, this did not reach statistical significance (OR 2.3, [0.7, 7.5], p = 0.163); no other CVB types were associated with increased risk of IAA. Children who had signs of a CVB1 infection either alone or prior to infections by other CVBs were at the highest risk for developing IAA (OR 5.3 [95% CI 2.4, 11.7], p < 0.001). None of the CVBs were associated with the appearance of GADA. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION CVB1 infections may contribute to the initiation of islet autoimmunity being particularly important in the insulin-driven autoimmune process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir-Babak Sioofy-Khojine
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, PL 100, 33014 Tampereen yliopisto, Tampere, Finland.
| | - Jussi Lehtonen
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, PL 100, 33014 Tampereen yliopisto, Tampere, Finland
| | - Noora Nurminen
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, PL 100, 33014 Tampereen yliopisto, Tampere, Finland
| | - Olli H Laitinen
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, PL 100, 33014 Tampereen yliopisto, Tampere, Finland
- Vactech Ltd, Tampere, Finland
| | - Sami Oikarinen
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, PL 100, 33014 Tampereen yliopisto, Tampere, Finland
- Fimlab laboratories, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland
| | - Heini Huhtala
- Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | | | | | - Minna M Hankaniemi
- Vactech Ltd, Tampere, Finland
- Biomeditech, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jorma Toppari
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Centre of Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Paediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Mari Vähä-Mäkilä
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Centre of Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Paediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Jorma Ilonen
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Riitta Veijola
- Department of Paediatrics, PEDEGO Research Unit, Medical Research Centre, Oulu University, Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Mikael Knip
- Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Programs Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Tampere Centre for Child Health Research, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heikki Hyöty
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, PL 100, 33014 Tampereen yliopisto, Tampere, Finland
- Fimlab laboratories, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland
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9
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Laitinen OH, Svedin E, Kapell S, Hankaniemi MM, Larsson PG, Domsgen E, Stone VM, Määttä JAE, Hyöty H, Hytönen VP, Flodström-Tullberg M. New Coxsackievirus 2A pro and 3C pro protease antibodies for virus detection and discovery of pathogenic mechanisms. J Virol Methods 2018; 255:29-37. [PMID: 29425680 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Enteroviruses (EVs), such as the Coxsackie B-viruses (CVBs), are common human pathogens, which can cause severe diseases including meningitis, myocarditis and neonatal sepsis. EVs encode two proteases (2Apro and 3Cpro), which perform the proteolytic cleavage of the CVB polyprotein and also cleave host cell proteins to facilitate viral replication. The 2Apro cause direct damage to the infected heart and tools to investigate 2Apro and 3Cpro expression may contribute new knowledge on virus-induced pathologies. Here, we developed new antibodies to CVB-encoded 2Apro and 3Cpro; Two monoclonal 2Apro antibodies and one 3Cpro antibody were produced. Using cells infected with selected viruses belonging to the EV A, B and C species and immunocytochemistry, we demonstrate that the 3Cpro antibody detects all of the EV species B (EV-B) viruses tested and that the 2Apro antibody detects all EV-B viruses apart from Echovirus 9. We furthermore show that the new antibodies work in Western blotting, immunocyto- and immunohistochemistry, and flow cytometry to detect CVBs. Confocal microscopy demonstrated the expression kinetics of 2Apro and 3Cpro, and revealed a preferential cytosolic localization of the proteases in CVB3 infected cells. In summary, the new antibodies detect proteases that belong to EV species B in cells and tissue using multiple applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olli H Laitinen
- The Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine HS, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, 141 86, Sweden
| | - Emma Svedin
- The Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine HS, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, 141 86, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Kapell
- The Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine HS, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, 141 86, Sweden
| | - Minna M Hankaniemi
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, 33520, Finland; Fimlab Laboratories, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Pär G Larsson
- The Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine HS, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, 141 86, Sweden
| | - Erna Domsgen
- The Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine HS, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, 141 86, Sweden
| | - Virginia M Stone
- The Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine HS, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, 141 86, Sweden
| | - Juha A E Määttä
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, 33520, Finland; Fimlab Laboratories, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Heikki Hyöty
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, 33520, Finland; Fimlab Laboratories, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Vesa P Hytönen
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, 33520, Finland; Fimlab Laboratories, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Malin Flodström-Tullberg
- The Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine HS, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, 141 86, Sweden; Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, 33520, Finland.
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10
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Stone VM, Hankaniemi MM, Svedin E, Sioofy-Khojine A, Oikarinen S, Hyöty H, Laitinen OH, Hytönen VP, Flodström-Tullberg M. A Coxsackievirus B vaccine protects against virus-induced diabetes in an experimental mouse model of type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 2018; 61:476-481. [PMID: 29151123 PMCID: PMC6448957 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-017-4492-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Epidemiological studies suggest a role for Coxsackievirus B (CVB) serotypes in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes, but their actual contribution remains elusive. In the present study, we have produced a CVB1 vaccine to test whether vaccination against CVBs can prevent virus-induced diabetes in an experimental model. METHODS NOD and SOCS1-tg mice were vaccinated three times with either a formalin-fixed non-adjuvanted CVB1 vaccine or a buffer control. Serum was collected for measurement of neutralising antibodies using a virus neutralisation assay. Vaccinated and buffer-treated mice were infected with CVB1. Viraemia and viral replication in the pancreas were measured using standard plaque assay and PCR. The development of diabetes was monitored by blood glucose measurements. Histological analysis and immunostaining for viral capsid protein 1 (VP1), insulin and glucagon in formalin-fixed paraffin embedded pancreas was performed. RESULTS The CVB1 vaccine induced strong neutralising antibody responses and protected against viraemia and the dissemination of virus to the pancreas in both NOD mice (n = 8) and SOCS1-tg mice (n = 7). Conversely, 100% of the buffer-treated NOD and SOCS1-tg mice were viraemic on day 3 post infection. Furthermore, half (3/6) of the buffer-treated SOCS1-tg mice developed diabetes upon infection with CVB1, with a loss of the insulin-positive beta cells and damage to the exocrine pancreas. In contrast, all (7/7) vaccinated SOCS1-tg mice were protected from virus-induced diabetes and showed no signs of beta cell loss or pancreas destruction (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION CVB1 vaccine can efficiently protect against both CVB1 infection and CVB1-induced diabetes. This preclinical proof of concept study provides a base for further studies aimed at developing a vaccine for use in elucidating the role of enteroviruses in human type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia M Stone
- The Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, F59, SE-141 86, Stockholm, Sweden
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Minna M Hankaniemi
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Emma Svedin
- The Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, F59, SE-141 86, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Sami Oikarinen
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Heikki Hyöty
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
- Fimlab Laboratories, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland
| | - Olli H Laitinen
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Vesa P Hytönen
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
- Fimlab Laboratories, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland
| | - Malin Flodström-Tullberg
- The Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, F59, SE-141 86, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.
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11
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Saarinen NVV, Laiho JE, Richardson SJ, Zeissler M, Stone VM, Marjomäki V, Kantoluoto T, Horwitz MS, Sioofy-Khojine A, Honkimaa A, Hankaniemi MM, Flodström-Tullberg M, Hyöty H, Hytönen VP, Laitinen OH. A novel rat CVB1-VP1 monoclonal antibody 3A6 detects a broad range of enteroviruses. Sci Rep 2018; 8:33. [PMID: 29311608 PMCID: PMC5758616 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18495-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses (EVs) are common RNA viruses that cause diseases ranging from rash to paralytic poliomyelitis. For example, EV-A and EV-C viruses cause hand-foot and mouth disease and EV-B viruses cause encephalitis and myocarditis, which can result in severe morbidity and mortality. While new vaccines and treatments for EVs are under development, methods for studying and diagnosing EV infections are still limited and therefore new diagnostic tools are required. Our aim was to produce and characterize new antibodies that work in multiple applications and detect EVs in tissues and in vitro. Rats were immunized with Coxsackievirus B1 capsid protein VP1 and hybridomas were produced. Hybridoma clones were selected based on their reactivity in different immunoassays. The most promising clone, 3A6, was characterized and it performed well in multiple techniques including ELISA, immunoelectron microscopy, immunocyto- and histochemistry and in Western blotting, detecting EVs in infected cells and tissues. It recognized several EV-Bs and also the EV-C representative Poliovirus 3, making it a broad-spectrum EV specific antibody. The 3A6 rat monoclonal antibody can help to overcome some of the challenges faced with commonly used EV antibodies: it enables simultaneous use of mouse-derived antibodies in double staining and it is useful in murine models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niila V V Saarinen
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jutta E Laiho
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | | | | | - Virginia M Stone
- Department of Medicine HS, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Varpu Marjomäki
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science/Nanoscience center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Tino Kantoluoto
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science/Nanoscience center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Marc S Horwitz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | - Anni Honkimaa
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Minna M Hankaniemi
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | | | - Heikki Hyöty
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.,Fimlab Laboratories, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland
| | - Vesa P Hytönen
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.,Fimlab Laboratories, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland
| | - Olli H Laitinen
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.
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12
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Hankaniemi MM, Laitinen OH, Stone VM, Sioofy-Khojine A, Määttä JAE, Larsson PG, Marjomäki V, Hyöty H, Flodström-Tullberg M, Hytönen VP. Optimized production and purification of Coxsackievirus B1 vaccine and its preclinical evaluation in a mouse model. Vaccine 2017; 35:3718-3725. [PMID: 28579231 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.05.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Coxsackie B viruses are among the most common enteroviruses, causing a wide range of diseases. Recent studies have also suggested that they may contribute to the development of type 1 diabetes. Vaccination would provide an effective way to prevent CVB infections, and the objective of this study was to develop an efficient vaccine production protocol for the generation of novel CVB vaccines. Various steps in the production of a formalin-inactivated Coxsackievirus B1 (CVB1) vaccine were optimized including the Multiplicity Of Infection (MOI) used for virus amplification, virus cultivation time, type of cell growth medium, virus purification method and formulation of the purified virus. Safety and immunogenicity of the formalin inactivated CVB1 vaccine was characterized in a mouse model. Two of the developed methods were found to be optimal for virus purification: the first employed PEG-precipitation followed by gelatin-chromatography and sucrose cushion pelleting (three-step protocol), yielding 19-fold increase in virus concentration (0.06µg/cm2) as compared to gold standard method. The second method utilized tandem sucrose pelleting without a PEG precipitation step, yielding 83-fold increase in virus concentration (0.24µg/cm2), but it was more labor-intensive and cannot be efficiently scaled up. Both protocols provide radically higher virus yields compared with traditional virus purification protocols involving PEG-precipitation and sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation. Formalin inactivation of CVB1 produced a vaccine that induced a strong, virus-neutralizing antibody response in vaccinated mice, which protected against challenge with CVB1 virus. Altogether, these results provide valuable information for the development of new enterovirus vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minna M Hankaniemi
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland; Fimlab Laboratories, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Olli H Laitinen
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland; Fimlab Laboratories, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Virginia M Stone
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland; The Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine HS, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, F59, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Amirbabak Sioofy-Khojine
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland; Fimlab Laboratories, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Juha A E Määttä
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland; Fimlab Laboratories, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Pär G Larsson
- The Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine HS, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, F59, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Varpu Marjomäki
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science/Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 University of Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Heikki Hyöty
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland; Fimlab Laboratories, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Malin Flodström-Tullberg
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland; The Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine HS, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, F59, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vesa P Hytönen
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland; Fimlab Laboratories, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland.
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13
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Honkanen H, Oikarinen S, Nurminen N, Laitinen OH, Huhtala H, Lehtonen J, Ruokoranta T, Hankaniemi MM, Lecouturier V, Almond JW, Tauriainen S, Simell O, Ilonen J, Veijola R, Viskari H, Knip M, Hyöty H. Detection of enteroviruses in stools precedes islet autoimmunity by several months: possible evidence for slowly operating mechanisms in virus-induced autoimmunity. Diabetologia 2017; 60:424-431. [PMID: 28070615 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016-4177-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS This case-control study was nested in a prospective birth cohort to evaluate whether the presence of enteroviruses in stools was associated with the appearance of islet autoimmunity in the Type 1 Diabetes Prediction and Prevention study in Finland. METHODS Altogether, 1673 longitudinal stool samples from 129 case children who turned positive for multiple islet autoantibodies and 3108 stool samples from 282 matched control children were screened for the presence of enterovirus RNA using RT-PCR. Viral genotype was detected by sequencing. RESULTS Case children had more enterovirus infections than control children (0.8 vs 0.6 infections per child). Time-dependent analysis indicated that this excess of infections occurred more than 1 year before the first detection of islet autoantibodies (6.3 vs 2.1 infections per 10 follow-up years). No such difference was seen in infections occurring less than 1 year before islet autoantibody seroconversion or after seroconversion. The most frequent enterovirus types included coxsackievirus A4 (28% of genotyped viruses), coxsackievirus A2 (14%) and coxsackievirus A16 (11%). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION The results suggest that enterovirus infections diagnosed by detecting viral RNA in stools are associated with the development of islet autoimmunity with a time lag of several months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Honkanen
- Department of Virology, University of Tampere, PL100, 33014, Tampereen yliopisto, Finland.
| | - Sami Oikarinen
- Department of Virology, University of Tampere, PL100, 33014, Tampereen yliopisto, Finland
- Fimlab Laboratories, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland
| | - Noora Nurminen
- Department of Virology, University of Tampere, PL100, 33014, Tampereen yliopisto, Finland
| | - Olli H Laitinen
- Vactech Ltd, Tampere, Finland
- BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Heini Huhtala
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jussi Lehtonen
- Department of Virology, University of Tampere, PL100, 33014, Tampereen yliopisto, Finland
| | | | - Minna M Hankaniemi
- Vactech Ltd, Tampere, Finland
- BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | | | | | | | - Olli Simell
- Department of Pediatrics and Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Jorma Ilonen
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Riitta Veijola
- Department of Pediatrics, PEDEGO Research Unit, Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Hanna Viskari
- Department of Virology, University of Tampere, PL100, 33014, Tampereen yliopisto, Finland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Mikael Knip
- Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Programs Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Pediatrics, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heikki Hyöty
- Department of Virology, University of Tampere, PL100, 33014, Tampereen yliopisto, Finland
- Fimlab Laboratories, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland
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14
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Laitinen OH, Honkanen H, Pakkanen O, Oikarinen S, Hankaniemi MM, Huhtala H, Ruokoranta T, Lecouturier V, André P, Harju R, Virtanen SM, Lehtonen J, Almond JW, Simell T, Simell O, Ilonen J, Veijola R, Knip M, Hyöty H. Coxsackievirus B1 is associated with induction of β-cell autoimmunity that portends type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 2014; 63:446-55. [PMID: 23974921 DOI: 10.2337/db13-0619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The rapidly increasing incidence of type 1 diabetes implies that environmental factors are involved in the pathogenesis. Enteroviruses are among the suspected environmental triggers of the disease, and the interest in exploring the possibilities to develop vaccines against these viruses has increased. Our objective was to identify enterovirus serotypes that could be involved in the initiation of the disease process by screening neutralizing antibodies against 41 different enterovirus types in a unique longitudinal sample series from a large prospective birth-cohort study. The study participants comprised 183 case children testing persistently positive for at least two diabetes-predictive autoantibodies and 366 autoantibody-negative matched control children. Coxsackievirus B1 was associated with an increased risk of β-cell autoimmunity. This risk was strongest when infection occurred a few months before autoantibodies appeared and was attenuated by the presence of maternal antibodies against the virus. Two other coxsackieviruses, B3 and B6, were associated with a reduced risk, with an interaction pattern, suggesting immunological cross-protection against coxsackievirus B1. These results support previous observations suggesting that the group B coxsackieviruses are associated with the risk of type 1 diabetes. The clustering of the risk and protective viruses to this narrow phylogenetic lineage supports the biological plausibility of this phenomenon.
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