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Hassan MH, Awadalla EA, Ali RA, Fouad SS, Abdel-Kahaar E. Thiamine deficiency and oxidative stress induced by prolonged metronidazole therapy can explain its side effects of neurotoxicity and infertility in experimental animals: Effect of grapefruit co-therapy. Hum Exp Toxicol 2020; 39:834-847. [PMID: 31997653 DOI: 10.1177/0960327119867755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to explore the possible neurotoxicity and infertility mechanisms of prolonged metronidazole (MTZ) use and the effects of antioxidant grapefruit (GP) co-therapy on MTZ-induced complications. Sixty male albino Wistar rats were divided into four groups (n = 15 each). Group I (control group) received 1% dimethyl sulfoxide (27 ml/ kg/day), group II (MTZ group) received MTZ (400 mg/kg/day), group III (MTZ + GP) received MTZ (400 mg/kg/ day) plus GP juice (27 ml/kg/ day) and group IV (GP group) received GP juice (27 ml/kg) for 60 days. Semen analyses were performed. Free testosterone, gonadotrophin (follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone) and thiamine levels were measured. Samples of cerebellar, testicular and epididymal tissues were used for both colorimetric assays of oxidative stress markers and histopathological examinations. Significant decreases in the sperm count, percent total sperm motility, serum thiamine levels, free testosterone levels and FSH levels were observed in the MTZ and MTZ + GP groups (p < 0.05 for all parameters). Significantly higher oxidative stress levels (p < 0.05) were observed in the cerebellar and testicular tissue homogenates of these groups than in those of the control group, and associated disruptions in the cerebellar, testicular and epididymal structures were apparent compared to those of the control group. Although the GP group showed a significantly higher sperm count and significantly lower oxidative stress than the control group (p < 0.05), with histological similarity to the control group, the GP group exhibited significantly higher prolactin levels and lower free testosterone and FSH levels than the control group (p < 0.05). Oxidative stress and decreased thiamine levels could explain the MTZ-induced neurotoxicity and infertility side effects that aggravated by GP co-administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Hassan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - E A Awadalla
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt
| | - R A Ali
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - S S Fouad
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - E Abdel-Kahaar
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt.,Institute of Pharmacology of Natural Products and Clinical Pharmacology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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AbuAli AM, Mokhtar DM, Ali RA, Wassif ET, Abdalla KEH. Cellular elements in the developing caecum of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica): morphological, morphometrical, immunohistochemical and electron-microscopic studies. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16241. [PMID: 31700017 PMCID: PMC6838329 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52335-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aims to investigate the histological, histochemical and electron microscopic changes of the caecal proximal part of Japanese quail during both pre- and post-hatching periods starting from the 2nd embryonic day (ED) until four weeks post-hatching. On the 2nd and 3rd ED, the primordia of caeca appeared as bilateral swelling on the wall of the hindgut. On the 7th ED, the lamina propria/submucosa contained the primordia of glands. On the 8th ED, rodlet cells could be observed amongst the epithelial cells. On the 9th ED, the caeca began to divide into three parts with more developed layers. With age, the height and number of villi increased. On the 13th ED, immature microfold cells (M-cells) could be identified between the surface epithelium of the villi. The caecal tonsils (CTs) appeared in the form of aggregations of lymphocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells and different types of leukocytes. Telocytes and crypts of Lieberkuhn were observed at this age. On hatching day, the crypts of Lieberkuhn were well-defined and formed of low columnar epithelium, goblet cells, and enteroendocrine cells. Post-hatching, the lumen was filled with villi that exhibited two forms: (1) tongue-shaped villi with tonsils and (2) finger-shaped ones without tonsils. The villi lining epithelium contained simple columnar cells with microvilli that were dispersed with many goblet cells, in addition to the presence of a high number of intra-epithelial lymphocytes and basophils. Moreover, the submucosa was infiltrated by numerous immune cells. CD3 immunomarker was expressed in intraepithelial lymphocytes, while CD20 immunomarker showed focal positivity in CTs. In conclusion, the caecal immune structures of quails at post-hatching were more developed than those in pre-hatching life. The high frequency of immune cells suggests that this proximal part may be a site for immunological surveillance in the quail caecum. The cellular organisation of the caecum and its relation to the immunity was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aalaa M AbuAli
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Doaa M Mokhtar
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Vet. Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.
| | - Reda A Ali
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Ekbal T Wassif
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - K E H Abdalla
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Vet. Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
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AbuAli AM, Mokhtar DM, Ali RA, Wassif ET, Abdalla KEH. Morphological Characteristics of the Developing Cecum of Japanese Quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Microsc Microanal 2019; 25:1017-1031. [PMID: 31169105 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927619000655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The current investigation was carried out to record the final stages of the development of both middle and distal parts of quail ceca, Coturnix coturnix japonica to understand the role of ceca in digestion, immune system, and absorption. The cellular and subcellular structures, including epithelial cell height, microvillus surface area, the proportion of goblet cells, the thickness of muscle layer, and cecum diameter showed great variations during the development. An undeveloped smooth muscularis mucosa was observed for the first time on the ED5. Primordia of glands were observed on the ED7. On the ED15, the middle part exhibited two shapes of mucosal villi: tongue-shaped villi and U-shaped. The plicae and crypts of Lieberkühn were demonstrated on the hatching day. The lymphatic tissues appeared in the wall of both parts of the ceca at the 4 weeks of age. Scanning electron microscopy revealed a great difference in the mucosal surface between different regions. Telocytes were observed in-between the muscle fibers and formed a network during the post-hatching period. Because of fermentation and other bacterial or chemical processes that have been shown to occur in the ceca, this study supports two hypotheses: the cecal development is related to diet and the cecal epithelium act as a site for primary absorption of nutrients or for re-absorption of electrolytes or amino acids derived from the urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aalaa M AbuAli
- Department of Zoology,Faculty of Science,Assiut University,Assiut,Egypt
| | - Doaa M Mokhtar
- Department of Anatomy and Histology,Faculty of Vet. Medicine,Assiut University,Assiut,Egypt
| | - Reda A Ali
- Department of Zoology,Faculty of Science,Assiut University,Assiut,Egypt
| | - Ekbal T Wassif
- Department of Zoology,Faculty of Science,Assiut University,Assiut,Egypt
| | - K E H Abdalla
- Department of Anatomy and Histology,Faculty of Vet. Medicine,Assiut University,Assiut,Egypt
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Ali RA, Obeisat SM, Tarawneh LH. Improving nursing knowledge and care for neonates with respiratory distress in Jordan. Int Nurs Rev 2019; 66:338-345. [PMID: 30937901 DOI: 10.1111/inr.12510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study evaluates the effectiveness of an educational intervention in the area of nursing knowledge and practice relating to neonatal respiratory distress syndrome. BACKGROUND In Jordan, respiratory distress is the leading cause of death among neonates. Recent studies have revealed a knowledge deficit relating to respiratory distress among nurses in neonatal intensive care units, hence the need for advanced training and specialization in this area. METHODS A quasi-experimental, repeated-measures, one-group pre-test-post-test design was used to assess the effectiveness of the educational intervention. A convenience sample of 48 nurses was recruited from three hospitals in northern Jordan. A self-reporting questionnaire was used to assess the respondents' knowledge of respiratory distress and an observational checklist to assess their practice. The study intervention consisted of 12 two-hour lecture-based interactive teaching sessions lasting 4 weeks. A follow-up assessment was conducted 1 month after the post-test. RESULTS The baseline assessment revealed that more than half of the nurses scored low on knowledge and the majority scored low on practice. One-way repeated ANOVA showed that post-test and follow-up test scores on nursing knowledge and practice were significantly higher than the baseline scores. CONCLUSION The study findings show the efficacy of educational interventions in enhancing nursing knowledge and practice relating to the care of neonates with respiratory distress. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING AND HEALTH POLICY For neonatal nurses, periodic teaching and training interventions are essential to ensuring the quality nursing care required to reduce morbidity and mortality rates among neonates. Health policymakers should support nurses in pursuing educational opportunities aimed at enhancing their knowledge of advanced neonate care.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Ali
- Department of Maternal and Child Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing - Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - S M Obeisat
- Department of Maternal and Child Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing - Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - L H Tarawneh
- Department of Maternal and Child Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing - Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
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Tilley JEN, Grimes JL, Koci MD, Ali RA, Stark CR, Nighot PK, Middleton TF, Fahrenholz AC. Efficacy of feed additives to reduce the effect of naturally occurring mycotoxins fed to turkey hen poults reared to 6 weeks of age. Poult Sci 2018; 96:4236-4244. [PMID: 29053812 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Corn with naturally occurring aflatoxin (AF), wheat with naturally occurring doxynivalenol (DON), and barley with naturally occurring zearalenone (ZEA) were used to make rations for feeding turkey hen poults to 6 weeks of age. Control rations with equal amounts of corn, wheat, and barley were also fed. The control rations did contain some DON while both sets of rations contained ZEA. Within each grain source, there were 4 treatments: the control ration plus 3 rations each with a different feed additive which were evaluated for the potential to lessen potential mycotoxin effects on bird performance and physiology. The additives were Biomin BioFix (2 lb/ton), Kemin Kallsil (4 lb/ton), and Nutriad UNIKE (3 lb/ton). The mycotoxin rations reduced poult body weight (2.31 vs. 2.08 ± 0.02 kg) and increased (worsened) poult feed conversion (1.47 vs. 1.51 ± 0.01) at 6 wk. Feeding the poults the mycotoxin feed also resulted in organ and physiological changes typical of feeding dietary aflatoxin although a combined effect of AF, DON, and ZEA which cannot be dismissed. The feed additives resulted in improved feed conversion to 6 wk in both grain treatment groups. The observed physiological effect of feeding the additives was to reduce relative gizzard weight for both groups and to lessen the increase in relative kidney weight for the birds fed the mycotoxin feed. In conclusion, the feed additives used in this study did alleviate the effect of dietary mycotoxins to some degree, especially with respect to feed conversion. Further studies of longer duration are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E N Tilley
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7608
| | - J L Grimes
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7608
| | - M D Koci
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7608
| | - R A Ali
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7608
| | - C R Stark
- Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506
| | - P K Nighot
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | | | - A C Fahrenholz
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7608
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Fleming A, Schenkel FS, Chen J, Malchiodi F, Bonfatti V, Ali RA, Mallard B, Corredig M, Miglior F. Prediction of milk fatty acid content with mid-infrared spectroscopy in Canadian dairy cattle using differently distributed model development sets. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:5073-5081. [PMID: 28434722 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-12102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The fatty acid profile of milk is a prevailing issue due to the potential negative or positive effects of different fatty acids to human health and nutrition. Mid-infrared spectroscopy can be used to obtain predictions of otherwise costly fatty acid phenotypes in a widespread and rapid manner. The objective of this study was to evaluate the prediction of fatty acid content for the Canadian dairy cattle population from mid-infrared spectral data and to compare the results produced by altering the partial least squares (PLS) model development set used. The PLS model development sets used to develop the predictions were reference fatty acids expressed as (1) grams per 100 g of fatty acid, (2) grams per 100 g of milk, (3) the natural logarithmic transform of grams per 100 g of milk, and (4) subsets of samples randomly selected by removing excess records around the mean to present a more uniform distribution, repeated 10 times. Gas chromatography measured fatty acid concentration and spectral data for 2,023 milk samples of 373 cows from 4 breeds and 44 herds were used in the model development. The coefficient of determination of cross-validation (Rcv2) increased when fatty acids were expressed on a per 100 g of milk basis compared with on a per 100 g of fat basis for all examined fatty acids. The logarithmic transformation used to create a more Gaussian distribution in the development set had little effect on the prediction accuracy. The individual fatty acids C12:0, C14:0, C16:0, C18:0, C18:1n-9 cis, and saturated, monounsaturated, unsaturated, short-chain, medium-chain, and long-chain fatty acid groups had (Rcv2) greater than 0.70. When model development was performed with subsets of the original samples, slight increases in (Rcv2) values were observed for the majority of fatty acids. The difference in (Rcv2) between the top- and bottom-performing prediction equation across the different subsets for a single predicted fatty acid was on average 0.055 depending on which samples were randomly selected to be used in the PLS model development set. Predictions for fatty acids with high accuracies can be used to monitor fatty acid contents for cows in milk recording programs and possibly for genetic evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Fleming
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - F S Schenkel
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - J Chen
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - F Malchiodi
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - V Bonfatti
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science (BCA), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Legnaro, Italy
| | - R A Ali
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics
| | - B Mallard
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - M Corredig
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - F Miglior
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada; Canadian Dairy Network, Guelph, ON, N1K 1E5, Canada
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Ali RA, Saber LM, Al-Harbi AM. A novel association between IL1-Ra (receptor antagonist) gene polymorphism and T1DM in Al-Madina Al-Mounawra. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2015; 19:3701-3708. [PMID: 26502861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL1-Ra) is initiated to terminate the acute pro-inflammatory event and prevent chronic inflammation from damaging healthy cells. We aim to draw the attention of IL1-Ra (VNTR) gene polymorphism and determine whether IL1-Ra confer susceptibility to type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and evaluate the genotype and allele distribution of IL1-Ra gene in a Saudi population. PATIENTS AND METHODS Case control study included (100) T1DM Saudi children, plus 102 healthy unrelated individuals as control group. They were evaluated for variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) of IL1-Ra gene polymorphism. Polymerase chain reaction amplification of VNTR of 86bp in intron 2 of IL1-Ra was performed. RESULTS A1A1 and A1A2 genotypes with alleles A1 and A2 frequency were the most common both in cases and controls (healthy population); prevalence (28%, 56% & 57.8%, 39.2% respectively) and (58%, 38% and 77.5%, 22.5% respectively). In addition IL1-Ra gene polymorphism had higher risk significantly different between diabetic children and controls. (A1/A2) genotype had higher frequency statistically significant in DM patients than controls [56% vs. 39.2%, p < 0.02] and had twice time risk [OR = 1.97, 95% CI = 1.1-3.4, p < 0.02]. With further stratification, there was strong association between diabetic patients carriage IL1-Ra (A2) allele and controls [38% vs. 22.5%, p = 0.001] which had higher risk [OR = 2.11, 95% CI = 1.4-3.2, p = 0.001] for susceptibility of diabetes. CONCLUSIONS This study emphasizes a positive association between IL1-Ra (VNTR) polymorphism and DM among Saudi children. This may suggest that (A2) allele may play important role in disease susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Ali
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Al-Madina Al Mounwara, Kingdom Saudi Arabia.
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Qiu R, Croom J, Ali RA, Ballou AL, Smith CD, Ashwell CM, Hassan HM, Chiang CC, Koci MD. Direct fed microbial supplementation repartitions host energy to the immune system. J Anim Sci 2012; 90:2639-51. [PMID: 22367073 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-4611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct fed microbials and probiotics are used to promote health in livestock and poultry; however, their mechanism of action is still poorly understood. We previously reported that direct fed microbial supplementation in young broilers reduced ileal respiration without changing whole-body energy expenditure. The current studies were conducted to further investigate the effects of a direct fed microbial on energy metabolism in different tissues of broilers. One hundred ninety-two 1-d-old broiler chicks (16 chicks/pen) were randomly assigned to 2 dietary groups: standard control starter diet (CSD) and CSD plus direct fed microbial (DFMD; 0.3%) with 6 pens/treatment. Body weight, feed consumption, whole-body energy expenditure, organ mass, tissue respiration rates, and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) ATP concentrations were measured to estimate changes in energy metabolism. No differences in whole body energy expenditure or BW gain were observed; however, decreased ileal O(2) respiration (P < 0.05) was measured in DFMD fed broilers. In contrast, the respiration rate of the thymus in those broilers was increased (P < 0.05). The PBMC from DFMD fed broilers had increased ATP concentrations and exhibited increased ATP turnover (P < 0.01). To determine if the increased energy consumption by PBMC corresponded with an altered immune response, broilers were immunized with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and assayed for differences in their humoral response. The DFMD-fed broilers had a faster rate of antigen specific IgG production (P < 0.05) and an increase in total IgA (P < 0.05). Collectively, these data indicate that supplementation with the direct fed microbial used in this study resulted in energy re-partitioning to the immune system and an increase in antibody production independent of changes in whole body metabolism or growth performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Qiu
- Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7608, USA
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Ali RA, Rehman AU, Khan SN, Husnain T, Riazuddin S, Friedman TB, Ahmed ZM, Riazuddin S. DFNB86, a novel autosomal recessive non-syndromic deafness locus on chromosome 16p13.3. Clin Genet 2011; 81:498-500. [PMID: 22211675 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2011.01729.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
Beta-1,3/1,6-glucan (beta-glucan) was tested as a possible immunomodulator. Chicken macrophages from a macrophage cell line MQ-NCSU and from abdominal exudate of broiler chickens were exposed to various concentrations of beta-glucan in vitro. In addition, day-old broiler chicks were fed a diet containing 0, 20, and 40 mg/kg beta-glucan in the starter and 0, 20, and 20 mg/kg in the grower diet. Several baseline immune parameters were examined following such exposures. The results showed that beta-glucan exposure increased nitrite and interleukin-1 (IL-1) production as well as induced macrophage to proliferate in culture. However, IL-6 production was not affected. Dietary beta-glucan supplementation increased the macrophage phagocytic activity, anti-sheep red blood cells antibody response post-boost, as well as the PHAP-mediated lymphoproliferative response measured as a toe-web swelling. The percentage of CD4+, CD8+, and CD4+/CD8+ double positive lymphocytes in the intestinal intraepithelial leukocytes was increased in beta-glucan supplemented chicks. Furthermore, the primary and secondary lymphoid organs such as bursa of Fabricius, thymus and spleen were larger in beta-glucan-supplemented chicks as compared to the chicks on basal diet. The findings of these studies which showed that beta-glucan improves several baseline immune responses in the chicken imply that beta-glucan can be used as a possible immunomodulator in food animals such as the chicken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuming Guo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Khuan LY, Bister M, Blanchfield P, Salleh YM, Ali RA, Chan TH. Multiresolution wavelet analysis for efficient analysis, compression and remote display of long-term physiological signals. Australas Phys Eng Sci Med 2006; 29:216-28. [PMID: 16845928 DOI: 10.1007/bf03178896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Increased inter-equipment connectivity coupled with advances in Web technology allows ever escalating amounts of physiological data to be produced, far too much to be displayed adequately on a single computer screen. The consequence is that large quantities of insignificant data will be transmitted and reviewed. This carries an increased risk of overlooking vitally important transients. This paper describes a technique to provide an integrated solution based on a single algorithm for the efficient analysis, compression and remote display of long-term physiological signals with infrequent short duration, yet vital events, to effect a reduction in data transmission and display cluttering and to facilitate reliable data interpretation. The algorithm analyses data at the server end and flags significant events. It produces a compressed version of the signal at a lower resolution that can be satisfactorily viewed in a single screen width. This reduced set of data is initially transmitted together with a set of 'flags' indicating where significant events occur. Subsequent transmissions need only involve transmission of flagged data segments of interest at the required resolution. Efficient processing and code protection with decomposition alone is novel. The fixed transmission length method ensures clutter-less display, irrespective of the data length. The flagging of annotated events in arterial oxygen saturation, electroencephalogram and electrocardiogram illustrates the generic property of the algorithm. Data reduction of 87% to 99% and improved displays are demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Y Khuan
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Malaysia
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Mellenthin K, Fahmy K, Ali RA, Hunding A, Da Rocha S, Baumgartner S. Wingless signaling in a large insect, the blowflyLucilia sericata: A beautiful example of evolutionary developmental biology. Dev Dyn 2006; 235:347-60. [PMID: 16258966 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.20632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Blowflies are the primary facultative agent in causing myiasis of domestic sheep in the whole world and, at the same time, it is an important tool for forensic medicine. Surprisingly, and in contrast to its importance, almost no data regarding the embryology and molecular markers are known for this insect. In this report, we present a detailed description of the blowfly Lucilia sericata embryogenesis and of imaginal disc development. The embryogenesis of Lucilia strongly resembles that of Drosophila, despite their apparent size difference. Moreover, imaginal disc development appears to be equally well conserved. Through cloning, expression, and functional studies, we show that the Lucilia Wingless (Wg) protein is highly conserved between the two species. We further show that parasegments are established in Lucilia, however, engrailed expression shows a more dynamic expression pattern than expected in comparison to Drosophila. Over-expression of Lucilia Wingless in Drosophila shows wingless-like wing phenotypes, suggesting that Lucilia Wingless blocks the signalling activity of Drosophila Wingless. Upon injection of wg dsRNA, we observe a "lawn of denticle" phenotype, closely resembling that of Drosophila. Due to the large size of the insect, the distance over which Wingless exerts signalling activity is up to three times larger than in Drosophila, yet the consequences are very similar. Our data demonstrate long-range wingless signaling mechanisms adapted for patterning large domains of naked cuticle and suggest signaling properties of Lucilia Wingless that are distinct from those of Drosophila Wingless.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Mellenthin
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Ali RA, Mellenthin K, Fahmy K, Da Rocha S, Baumgartner S. Structural conservation of the salivary gland-specific slalom gene in the blowfly Lucilia sericata. Dev Genes Evol 2005; 215:537-43. [PMID: 16003524 DOI: 10.1007/s00427-005-0010-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2005] [Accepted: 05/20/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation and sulfation are two of the essential post-translational modifications of proteins. The slalom gene encodes a 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate transporter, a conserved protein found in organisms as diverse as plants and humans and required for sulfation of proteins. In Drosophila, slalom is exclusively expressed in salivary glands, which is unexpected, taken into account the general function for sulfation of proteins. In this paper, we present a detailed description of the slalom gene in a large insect, the blowfly Lucilia sericata. Our data demonstrate that the slalom gene structure, the protein and the expression pattern are highly conserved between Lucilia and Drosophila. Lucilia slalom promoter analysis, using transgenic Drosophila, demonstrates that the Lucilia slalom promoter can faithfully mimic the expression pattern of both Lucilia and Drosophila slalom in salivary glands. Taken together, these data show the structure and the transcriptional cis-regulatory elements of the slalom gene to be unchanged during evolution, despite the 100 million years of divergence between the two insects. Moreover, it suggests that the salivary gland-specific expression of slalom bears an important and conserved function for sulfation of specific macromolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reda A Ali
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, BMC B13, 22184 Lund, Sweden
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Heggen-Peay CL, Cheema MA, Ali RA, Schat KA, Qureshi MA. Interactions of poult enteritis and mortality syndrome-associated reovirus with various cell types in vitro. Poult Sci 2002; 81:1661-7. [PMID: 12455593 DOI: 10.1093/ps/81.11.1661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An avian reovirus, ARV-CU98, has recently been isolated from poults experiencing poult enteritis and mortality syndrome (PEMS). To further understand ARV-CU98 and its role in PEMS, the current study investigates interactions of ARV-CU98 with various cell types in vitro. When macrophages, B cells, T cells, and liver cells of chicken or turkey origin were co-incubated with ARV-CU98, only cells of liver origin demonstrated cytopathic effects, the presence of viral antigen, and reduced metabolic activity over time. Furthermore, distinctive pockets of viral particles were evident in electron microscopic examination of a chicken hepatocellular carcinoma (LMH) cell line, but not in a chicken macrophage cell line (MQ-NCSU) co-incubated with virus. Additional evidence of viral replication in LMH, cells but not MQ-NCSU cells was demonstrated by the presence of two viral bands (43 and 145 kD size) in cell lysates from LMH cells exposed to ARV-CU98. Although not capable of being infected by ARV-CU98, MQ-NCSU cells do appear to be activated by the virus since IL-1 mRNA expression is increased in MQ-NCSU cells 2 h after addition of the virus. LMH cells exposed to the virus demonstrate a decrease in IL-1 mRNA expression by 8 to 10 h after addition of the virus, perhaps corresponding to the initiation of infection by the virus. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that ARV-CU98 actively infects and replicates in LMH cells, but not in lymphocytes or macrophages, suggesting that the liver may be a target and site of replication of ARV-CU98 in poults experiencing PEMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Heggen-Peay
- Department of Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
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Qureshi MA, Ali RA, Thomas LN, Baloch RN, Briles WE. Alloantigen systems L and P influence phagocytic function independent of the major histocompatability complex (B) in chickens. Poult Sci 2000; 79:1271-5. [PMID: 11020071 DOI: 10.1093/ps/79.9.1271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic parent stocks were designed to produce progeny among which alleles were simultaneously segregating for nine alloantigen systems, including the MHC (B). Chicks from Ancona-derived B19B19 females crossed with White leghorn B19B21 males were blood typed, resulting in genotypic categories for the A-E, C, D, H, I, L, and P loci with the objective of determining which, if any, of the eight non-MHC alloantigen systems influence or interact with the B system genotypes for blood monocyte phagocytic activity. Leukocytes obtained from whole blood at 2 and 4 wk were separated on a Fico/Lite LymphoH, density gradient and were allowed to adhere to glass coverslips. The resulting adherent monocyte monolayers were incubated with viable Escherichia coli for 1 h and stained with Leukostat, and the phagocytic monocytes and numbers of internalized bacteria per phagocytic monocyte were scored microscopically. The combined results from two separate trials demonstrated that the genotypes of the A-E, C, D, H, and I systems did not differ in the percentage of monocytes exhibiting phagocytosis, whereas significant differences were noted relative to the B system genotype at 2 wk of age (B19B21 > B19B19; P = 0.049), L at 4 wk (L1L1 > L1L2; P = 0.009), and P at 4 wk (P4P4 > P1P1; P = 0.047). The data were further analyzed to determine any interactions of P and L alloantigen genotypes with the B system genotypes; no such interaction was observed. These studies suggest that the L and P non-MHC alloantigen systems have the potential to influence immune responses by modulating phagocytic function in chickens. Furthermore, this modulation seems to be independent of the B (MHC) system.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Qureshi
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Department of Poultry Science and Interdisciplinary Program of Immunology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695-7608, USA.
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Wahid SF, Sanusi S, Zawawi MM, Ali RA. A comparison of the pattern of liver involvement in dengue hemorrhagic fever with classic dengue fever. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2000; 31:259-63. [PMID: 11127322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
The impact of dengue on liver function was studied on fifty serologically confirmed dengue cases admitted to Hospital Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (HUKM). Twenty-five of these patients had classic dengue fever (DF) and 25 had grade 1 or 2 dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF). There were more (60%) DHF patients with hepatomegaly compared to DF (40%) but the difference was not statistically significant. Analysis of the liver profile showed that liver dysfunction was commoner in DHF compared to DF, indicating that the degree of liver impairment may be related to the severity of DHF. Hyperbilirubinemia was noted in 3 (12%) DHF and 2 (8%) DF patients. The mean (range) serum bilirubin was higher in DHF [14.2(5-50) micromol/l] compared to DF [10.9(5-30) micromol/l)] (p > 0.05). Elevated levels of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were observed more frequently in DHF (20 and 12 patients respectively) compared to DF (16 and 8 patients respectively). Nine (36%) DHF and 6 (24%) DF patients had concomitant elevation of ALT and ALP levels. The mean (range) serum ALT levels were 109.3(23-325) U/l in DHF and 90.8(13-352) U/l in DF (p > 0.05). The mean (range) serum ALP levels were 102.2(15-319) U/l in DHF and 93.3(34-258) U/l in DF (p > 0.05). The ALT and ALP levels were significantly higher in DHF patients with spontaneous bleeding than those without bleeding (p < 0.05) None of the patients developed fulminant hepatitis. The immunoregulatory cells, which include the T (CD3), B (CD 19), CD4, CD8, CD5 and natural killer (NK) cells were significantly lower in DHF compared to DF patients (p < 0.05). However, the reduction in these cell counts did not correlate with the liver dysfunction seen in DHF patients. In conclusion, hepatomegaly and liver dysfunction were commoner in DHF compared to DF.
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Affiliation(s)
- S F Wahid
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hospital Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Abstract
Bronchoalveolar lavage macrophages isolated from cats were cultured on glass coverslips. Macrophages were exposed to a water-soluble extract of Spirulina platensis in concentration range of 0 to 60 micrograms per mL for two hours. Spirulina-extract exposure did not cause significant macrophage cytotoxicity over untreated control cultures. Macrophage monolayers from treated and control cultures were incubated with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) as well as viable Escherichia coli. The percentages of phagocytic macrophages for both of these particulate antigens were higher (a two-fold increase in SRBC phagocytosis and over 10% increase in Escherichia coli uptake) in cultures treated with various concentrations of Spirulina-extract. However, the numbers of either types of particles internalized by phagocytic macrophage were not different between the control and treated cultures. These data which showed that Spirulina platensis extract enhances macrophage phagocytic function imply that dietary Spirulina supplementation may improve the disease resistance potential in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Qureshi
- Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695-7608, USA
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Abstract
The effects of catecholamines (CA) on various chicken macrophage functions were examined. Macrophage monolayers were exposed to .01, .1, .25, 1, 2, and 5 micrograms/mL of dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (E) for 1 hr. All CA were toxic for macrophages at 1-5 micrograms dose range resulting in 25-50% cell death. All CA at the .1 and .25 micrograms/mL level increased E. coli and sheep red blood cells (SRBC) phagocytosis by macrophages. The percentage of Fc-receptor positive macrophages increased after CA exposure. Prolonged exposure of macrophages (3 hr) reduced SRBC phagocytosis by DA-treated but not in NE- and E-treated macrophages. However, after 1 hr exposure and 3 hr recovery period, CA-induced changes were reversed in all but DA-treated cultures. Apomorphine and metoclopromide blocked DA whereas propranolol blocked NE and E effects suggesting specificity of the observed effects via catecholaminergic receptors on chicken macrophages. Dopamine and NE (.25 micrograms/mL) did not affect but E exposure enhanced LPS-induced tumoricidal factor production. These findings suggest that CA modulate chicken macrophage effector functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Ali
- Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695-7608
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Farooq A, Choudhary MI, Gilani AH, Shaheen F, Ali RA, Noor-e-ain F, Sener B. A new anticholinergic steroidal alkaloid from Fritillaria imperialis of Turkish origin. Planta Med 1994; 60:377-379. [PMID: 7938275 DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-959507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Ali RA, Gilani A, Choudhary MI, Aftab K, Sener B, Turkoz S. Isolation of antihypertensive alkaloids from the rhizomes of Veratrum album. Planta Med 1993; 59:569-571. [PMID: 8302959 DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-959767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Satterlee LD, Kendrick JG, Marshall HF, Jewell DK, Ali RA, Heckman MM, Steinke HF, Larson P, Phillips RD, Sarwar G, Slump P. In vitro assay for predicting protein efficiency ratio as measured by rat bioassay: collaborative study. J Assoc Off Anal Chem 1982; 65:798-809. [PMID: 7118785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Seven laboratories collaborated in testing the calculated protein efficiency ratio (C-PER and DC-PER). The collaborative study required each laboratory to analyze 6 foods and a control protein (ANRC casein) for in vitro apparent protein digestibility, amino acid composition, and PER via rat bioassay. The 6 foods or food ingredients tested were nonfat dry milk, cooked chicken muscle, protein-fortified dry breakfast cereal, textured soy protein, oat-based dry breakfast cereal, and durum wheat flour. Data obtained from the study were analyzed statistically for the intralaboratory variation for each method of analysis (i.e., amino acid analysis, PER, etc.). The ability of the C-PER to rapidly predict rat PER was also measured. The C-PER and DC-PER methods were adopted official first action.
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