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Willette RN, Mangrolia P, Pondell SM, Lee CYW, Yoo S, Rudoltz MS, Cowen BR, Welsch DJ. Modulation of Oxidative Phosphorylation with IM156 Attenuates Mitochondrial Metabolic Reprogramming and Inhibits Pulmonary Fibrosis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2021; 379:290-300. [PMID: 34593558 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.121.000811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming of the myofibroblast plays a fundamental role in the pathogenesis of fibrosing interstitial lung diseases. Here, we characterized the in vitro and in vivo metabolic and anti-fibrotic effects of IM156, an oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) modulator that acts by inhibiting Protein Complex 1 (PC1). In vitro, IM156 inhibited TGFβ-dependent increases in mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate and expression of myofibroblast markers in human pulmonary fibroblasts without altering cell viability or adding to TGF-β induced increases in the extracellular acidification rate (ECAR). IM156 significantly increased cellular AMPK phosphorylation and was 60-fold more potent than metformin. In vivo, chronic oral administration of IM156 was highly distributed to major peripheral organs (i.e. lung, liver, kidney, heart) and had significant dose-related effects on the plasma metabolome consistent with OXPHOS modulation and AMPK activation. IM156 increased glycolysis, lipolysis, β-oxidation and amino acids, and decreased free fatty acids, TCA cycle activity and protein synthesis. In the murine bleomycin model of pulmonary fibrosis, daily oral administration of IM156 administered 7 days after lung injury, attenuated body/lung weight changes, and reduced lung fibrosis and inflammatory cell infiltration. The plasma exposures of IM156 were comparable to well-tolerated doses in human studies. In conclusion, the metabolic and anti-fibrotic effects of IM156 suggest that OXPHOS modulation can attenuate myofibroblast metabolic reprogramming and support testing IM156 as a therapy for IPF and other fibrotic diseases. Significance Statement Fibrosing Interstitial Lung Diseases (FILD) have a poor prognosis and current anti-fibrotic treatments have significant limitations. This study demonstrates that attenuation of fibrogenic metabolic remodeling, by modulation of OXPHOS with IM156, prevents the myofibroblast phenotype/collagen deposition and is a potentially effective and translational anti-fibrotic strategy.
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Moench I, Aravindhan K, Kuziw J, Schnackenberg CG, Willette RN, Toomey JR, Gatto GJ. High FGF23 Levels Failed to Predict Cardiac Hypertrophy in Animal Models of Hyperphosphatemia and Chronic Renal Failure. J Endocr Soc 2021; 5:bvab066. [PMID: 34268460 PMCID: PMC8275024 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvab066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) levels are an independent predictor for adverse cardiac events suggesting a role as a link that drives cardiomyopathic changes in cardiorenal syndrome. The search for the underlying mechanism driving this interaction has led to the hypothesis that FGF23 causes pathogenic changes in the heart. Increased serum FGF23 has been independently shown to cause increased cardiac morbidity, mortality, and hypertrophy by signalling through FGF receptor 4. This mechanistic concept was based on preclinical studies demonstrating inhibition of FGF23 signaling through FGF4, which led to suppression of left ventricular hypertrophy and fibrosis in a 2-week rat 5/6 nephrectomy study and a 12-week (2%) high-phosphate diet mouse model in which FGF23 levels were markedly elevated. In this report, renal dysfunction was observed in the 5/6 nephrectomy model, and FGF23 levels were significantly elevated, whereas no changes in left ventricular hypertrophy were observed at 2 or 4 weeks postnephrectomy. Mice placed on a high-phosphate diet that did not cause significant renal dysfunction resulted in significantly elevated FGF23 but no changes in left ventricular hypertrophy. The in vivo studies reported here, which were performed to recapitulate the observations of FGF23 as a driver of cardiac hypertrophy, did not lend support to the FGF23-driven cardiac remodelling hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Moench
- Novel Human Genetics Research Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, 19426, USA
| | - Karpagam Aravindhan
- Novel Human Genetics Research Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, 19426, USA
| | - Joanne Kuziw
- Novel Human Genetics Research Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, 19426, USA
| | | | - Robert N Willette
- Novel Human Genetics Research Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, 19426, USA
| | - John R Toomey
- Novel Human Genetics Research Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, 19426, USA
| | - Gregory J Gatto
- Novel Human Genetics Research Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, 19426, USA
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Savira F, Kompa AR, Edgley AJ, Jucker BM, Willette RN, Kelly DJ, Wang BH. RE: ASK1, a new target in treating cardiorenal syndrome (CRS). Int J Cardiol 2020; 316:207. [PMID: 32891263 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2020.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Feby Savira
- Biomarker Discovery Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Monash Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andrew R Kompa
- Monash Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, St Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Australia
| | - Amanda J Edgley
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, St Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Australia
| | - Beat M Jucker
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA, USA
| | - Robert N Willette
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA, USA
| | - Darren J Kelly
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, St Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Australia
| | - Bing H Wang
- Biomarker Discovery Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Monash Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
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Savira F, Edgley AJ, Jucker BM, Willette RN, Krum H, Kelly DJ, Kompa AR, Wang BH. RE: Inhibition of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 might be a novel therapeutic target in the treatment of cardiorenal syndrome. Int J Cardiol 2020; 323:260. [PMID: 32920075 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2020.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Feby Savira
- Biomarker Discovery Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Amanda J Edgley
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, St Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Australia
| | - Beat M Jucker
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA, USA
| | - Robert N Willette
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA, USA
| | - Henry Krum
- Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Darren J Kelly
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, St Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Australia
| | - Andrew R Kompa
- Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, St Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Australia
| | - Bing H Wang
- Biomarker Discovery Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
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Gipson DS, Hladunewich MA, Lafayette R, Sedor JR, Rovin BH, Barbour SJ, McMahon A, Jennette JC, Nachman PH, Willette RN, Paglione M, Gao F, Ross Terres JA, Vallow S, Holland MC, Thorneloe KS, Sprecher DL. Assessing the Impact of Losmapimod on Proteinuria in Idiopathic Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis. Kidney Int Rep 2020; 5:1228-1239. [PMID: 32775822 PMCID: PMC7403548 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2020.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Idiopathic focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is a leading cause of nephrotic syndrome and end-stage renal disease. In preclinical models and biopsies of human FSGS kidneys, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) has demonstrated enhanced activity; and p38 MAPK inhibition has improved disease markers. This proof-of-concept trial aimed to assess efficacy, safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of losmapimod, an oral p38 MAPK inhibitor, in humans with FSGS. Methods A single-arm, multicenter, open-label, Phase II trial (NCT02000440) was conducted in adults with FSGS; proteinuria ≥2.0 g/d; estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) ≥45 ml/min per 1.73 m2; blood pressure <140/90 mm Hg. Collapsing and genetic forms of FSGS were excluded. The primary endpoint was number of patients with ≥50% proteinuria reduction and eGFR ≥70% of baseline after receiving losmapimod twice-daily for 16 to 24 weeks. Results Seventeen patients received ≥1 losmapimod dose. No patients achieved the primary endpoint; therefore, the study was terminated following a prespecified interim analysis. At week 24, proteinuria reductions between 20% and <50% were observed in 4 patients and proteinuria increases >20% in 3 patients. One patient achieved a proteinuria response (≥50% reduction) at week 2 but subsequently relapsed. Losmapimod pharmacokinetics were consistent with prior studies. No serious adverse events (AEs) were reported. Conclusion p38 MAPK inhibition with losmapimod did not result in ≥50% reduction of proteinuria in patients with FSGS. However, study population heterogeneity may have contributed to our negative findings and therefore this does not eliminate the potential to demonstrate benefit in a population more sensitive to p38 MAPK inhibition if identifiable in the future by precision-medicine methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debbie S Gipson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Michelle A Hladunewich
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard Lafayette
- Department of Internal Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - John R Sedor
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Brad H Rovin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Sean J Barbour
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Alan McMahon
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - J Charles Jennette
- Department of Pathology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Patrick H Nachman
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | | | | | - Feng Gao
- GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Sue Vallow
- Worldwide Clinical Trials, Morrisville, North Carolina, USA
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Savira F, Wang BH, Edgley AJ, Jucker BM, Willette RN, Krum H, Kelly DJ, Kompa AR. Inhibition of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 ameliorates left ventricular dysfunction by reducing hypertrophy and fibrosis in a rat model of cardiorenal syndrome. Int J Cardiol 2020; 310:128-136. [PMID: 32305147 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2020.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) is a major health burden worldwide in need of novel therapies, as current treatments remain suboptimal. The present study assessed the therapeutic potential of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) inhibition in a rat model of CRS. METHODS Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent surgery for myocardial infarction (MI) (week 0) followed by 5/6 subtotal nephrectomy (STNx) at week 4 to induce to induce a combined model of heart and kidney dysfunction. At week 6, MI + STNx animals were randomized to receive either 0.5% carboxymethyl cellulose (Vehicle, n = 15, Sham = 10) or G226 (15 mg/kg daily, n = 11). Cardiac and renal function was assessed by echocardiography and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) respectively, prior to treatment at week 6 and endpoint (week 14). Haemodynamic measurements were determined at endpoint prior to tissue analysis. RESULTS G226 treatment attenuated the absolute change in left ventricular (LV) fractional shortening and posterior wall thickness compared to Vehicle. G226 also attenuated the reduction in preload recruitable stroke work. Increased myocyte cross sectional area, cardiac interstitial fibrosis, immunoreactivity of cardiac collagen-I and III and cardiac TIMP-2 activation, were significantly reduced following G226 treatment. Although we did not observe improvement in GFR, G226 significantly reduced renal interstitial fibrosis, diminished renal collagen-I and -IV, kidney injury molecule-1 immunoreactivity as well as macrophage infiltration and SMAD2 phosphorylation. CONCLUSION Inhibition of ASK1 ameliorated LV dysfunction and diminished cardiac hypertrophy and cardiorenal fibrosis in a rat model of CRS. This suggests that ASK1 is a critical pathway with therapeutic potential in the CRS setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feby Savira
- Biomarker Discovery Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Bing H Wang
- Biomarker Discovery Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Amanda J Edgley
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, St Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Australia
| | - Beat M Jucker
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA, USA
| | - Robert N Willette
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA, USA
| | - Henry Krum
- Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Darren J Kelly
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, St Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Australia
| | - Andrew R Kompa
- Biomarker Discovery Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, St Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Australia.
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Guo Y, Sui JY, Kim K, Zhang Z, Qu XA, Nam YJ, Willette RN, Barnett JV, Knollmann BC, Force T, Lal H. Cardiomyocyte Homeodomain-Interacting Protein Kinase 2 Maintains Basal Cardiac Function via Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase Signaling. Circulation 2019; 140:1820-1833. [PMID: 31581792 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.119.040740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac kinases play a critical role in the development of heart failure, and represent potential tractable therapeutic targets. However, only a very small fraction of the cardiac kinome has been investigated. To identify novel cardiac kinases involved in heart failure, we used an integrated transcriptomics and bioinformatics analysis and identified Homeodomain-Interacting Protein Kinase 2 (HIPK2) as a novel candidate kinase. The role of HIPK2 in cardiac biology is unknown. METHODS We used the Expression2Kinase algorithm for the screening of kinase targets. To determine the role of HIPK2 in the heart, we generated cardiomyocyte (CM)-specific HIPK2 knockout and heterozygous mice. Heart function was examined by echocardiography, and related cellular and molecular mechanisms were examined. Adeno-associated virus serotype 9 carrying cardiac-specific constitutively active MEK1 (TnT-MEK1-CA) was administrated to rescue cardiac dysfunction in CM-HIPK2 knockout mice. RESULTS To our knowledge, this is the first study to define the role of HIPK2 in cardiac biology. Using multiple HIPK2 loss-of-function mouse models, we demonstrated that reduction of HIPK2 in CMs leads to cardiac dysfunction, suggesting a causal role in heart failure. It is important to note that cardiac dysfunction in HIPK2 knockout mice developed with advancing age, but not during development. In addition, CM-HIPK2 knockout mice and CM-HIPK2 heterozygous mice exhibited a gene dose-response relationship of CM-HIPK2 on heart function. HIPK2 expression in the heart was significantly reduced in human end-stage ischemic cardiomyopathy in comparison to nonfailing myocardium, suggesting a clinical relevance of HIPK2 in cardiac biology. In vitro studies with neonatal rat ventricular CMscorroborated the in vivo findings. Specifically, adenovirus-mediated overexpression of HIPK2 suppressed the expression of heart failure markers, NPPA and NPPB, at basal condition and abolished phenylephrine-induced pathological gene expression. An array of mechanistic studies revealed impaired extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 signaling in HIPK2-deficient hearts. An in vivo rescue experiment with adeno-associated virus serotype 9 TnT-MEK1-CA nearly abolished the detrimental phenotype of knockout mice, suggesting that impaired extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling mediated apoptosis as the key factor driving the detrimental phenotype in CM-HIPK2 knockout mice hearts. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these findings suggest that CM-HIPK2 is required to maintain normal cardiac function via extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjun Guo
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (Y.G., J.Y.S., Z.Z., Y.-J.N., T.F., H.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.,Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (Y. Guo, J.V.B.)
| | - Jennifer Y Sui
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (Y.G., J.Y.S., Z.Z., Y.-J.N., T.F., H.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Kyungsoo Kim
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology (K.K., B.C.K.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Zhentao Zhang
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (Y.G., J.Y.S., Z.Z., Y.-J.N., T.F., H.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology (Z.Z., Y.-J.N.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN.,Vanderbilt Center for Stem Cell Biology (Z.Z., Y.-J.N.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Xiaoyan A Qu
- PAREXEL International, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC (X.A.Q.)
| | - Young-Jae Nam
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (Y.G., J.Y.S., Z.Z., Y.-J.N., T.F., H.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology (Z.Z., Y.-J.N.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN.,Vanderbilt Center for Stem Cell Biology (Z.Z., Y.-J.N.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Robert N Willette
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit, Metabolic Pathways and Cardiovascular Therapeutic Area GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA (R.N.W.)
| | - Joey V Barnett
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (Y. Guo, J.V.B.)
| | - Bjorn C Knollmann
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology (K.K., B.C.K.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Thomas Force
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (Y.G., J.Y.S., Z.Z., Y.-J.N., T.F., H.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Hind Lal
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (Y.G., J.Y.S., Z.Z., Y.-J.N., T.F., H.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.,Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL (H.L.)
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Feric NT, Pallotta I, Singh R, Bogdanowicz DR, Gustilo M, Chaudhary K, Willette RN, Chendrimada T, Xu X, Graziano MP, Aschar-Sobbi R. Engineered Cardiac Tissues Generated in the Biowire™ II: A Platform for Human-Based Drug Discovery. Toxicol Sci 2019; 172:89-97. [PMID: 31385592 PMCID: PMC6813749 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in techniques to differentiate human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) hold the promise of an unlimited supply of human derived cardiac cells from both healthy and disease populations. That promise has been tempered by the observation that hiPSC-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) typically retain a fetal-like phenotype, raising concern about the translatability of the in vitro data obtained to drug safety, discovery and development studies. The Biowire™ II platform was used to generate 3D engineered cardiac tissues (ECTs) from hiPSC-CMs and cardiac fibroblasts. Long term electrical stimulation was employed to obtain ECTs that possess a phenotype like that of adult human myocardium including a lack of spontaneous beating, the presence of a positive force-frequency response from 1-4Hz and prominent post-rest potentiation. Pharmacology studies were performed in the ECTs to confirm the presence and functionality of pathways that modulate cardiac contractility in humans. Canonical responses were observed for compounds that act via the β-adrenergic/cAMP-mediated pathway, e.g. isoproterenol and milrinone; the L-type calcium channel, e.g. FPL64176 and nifedipine; and indirectly effect intracellular Ca2+ concentrations, e.g. digoxin. Expected positive inotropic responses were observed for compounds that modulate proteins of the cardiac sarcomere, e.g. omecamtiv mecarbil and levosimendan. ECTs generated in the BiowireTM II platform display adult-like properties and have canonical responses to cardiotherapeutic and cardiotoxic agents that affect contractility in humans via a variety of mechanisms. These data demonstrate that this human-based model can be used to assess the effects of novel compounds on contractility early in the drug discovery and development process.
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Arbeeny CM, Ling H, Smith MM, O'Brien S, Wawersik S, Ledbetter SR, McAlexander A, Schopfer FJ, Willette RN, Jorkasky DK. CXA-10, a Nitrated Fatty Acid, Is Renoprotective in Deoxycorticosterone Acetate-Salt Nephropathy. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2019; 369:503-510. [PMID: 30894457 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.118.254755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Underlying pathogenic mechanisms in chronic kidney disease (CKD) include chronic inflammation, oxidant stress, and matrix remodeling associated with dysregulated nuclear factor-κ B, nuclear factor-κ B, and SMAD signaling pathways, respectively. Important cytoprotective mechanisms activated by oxidative inflammatory conditions are mediated by nitrated fatty acids that covalently modify proteins to limit inflammation and oxidant stress. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of chronic treatment with CXA-10 (10-nitro-9(E)-octadec-9-enoic acid) in the uninephrectomized deoxycorticosterone acetate-high-salt mouse model of CKD. After 4 weeks of treatment, CXA-10 [2.5 millligrams per kilogram (mpk), p.o.] significantly attenuated increases in plasma cholesterol, heart weight, and kidney weight observed in the model without impacting systemic arterial blood pressure. CXA-10 also reduced albuminuria, nephrinuria, glomerular hypertrophy, and glomerulosclerosis in the model. Inflammatory MCP-1 and fibrosis (collagen, fibronectin, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, and osteopontin) renal biomarkers were significantly reduced in the CXA-10 (2.5 mpk) group. The anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic effects, as well as glomerular protection, were not observed in the enalapril-treated group. Also, CXA-10 appears to exhibit hormesis as all protective effects observed in the low-dose group were absent in the high-dose group (12.5 mpk). Taken together, these findings demonstrate that, at the appropriate dose, the nitrated fatty acid CXA-10 exhibits anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic effects in the kidney and limits renal injury in a model of CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia M Arbeeny
- Sanofi, Framingham (C.M.A., M.M.S., S.R.L.), Novartis (H.L., S.O.) and Scholar Rock (S.W.), Cambridge, Massachusetts; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (F.J.S) and Complexa, Inc., Berwyn, Pennsylvania (A.M., R.N.W., D.K.J.)
| | - Hong Ling
- Sanofi, Framingham (C.M.A., M.M.S., S.R.L.), Novartis (H.L., S.O.) and Scholar Rock (S.W.), Cambridge, Massachusetts; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (F.J.S) and Complexa, Inc., Berwyn, Pennsylvania (A.M., R.N.W., D.K.J.)
| | - Mandy M Smith
- Sanofi, Framingham (C.M.A., M.M.S., S.R.L.), Novartis (H.L., S.O.) and Scholar Rock (S.W.), Cambridge, Massachusetts; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (F.J.S) and Complexa, Inc., Berwyn, Pennsylvania (A.M., R.N.W., D.K.J.)
| | - Stephen O'Brien
- Sanofi, Framingham (C.M.A., M.M.S., S.R.L.), Novartis (H.L., S.O.) and Scholar Rock (S.W.), Cambridge, Massachusetts; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (F.J.S) and Complexa, Inc., Berwyn, Pennsylvania (A.M., R.N.W., D.K.J.)
| | - Stefan Wawersik
- Sanofi, Framingham (C.M.A., M.M.S., S.R.L.), Novartis (H.L., S.O.) and Scholar Rock (S.W.), Cambridge, Massachusetts; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (F.J.S) and Complexa, Inc., Berwyn, Pennsylvania (A.M., R.N.W., D.K.J.)
| | - Steven R Ledbetter
- Sanofi, Framingham (C.M.A., M.M.S., S.R.L.), Novartis (H.L., S.O.) and Scholar Rock (S.W.), Cambridge, Massachusetts; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (F.J.S) and Complexa, Inc., Berwyn, Pennsylvania (A.M., R.N.W., D.K.J.)
| | - Allen McAlexander
- Sanofi, Framingham (C.M.A., M.M.S., S.R.L.), Novartis (H.L., S.O.) and Scholar Rock (S.W.), Cambridge, Massachusetts; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (F.J.S) and Complexa, Inc., Berwyn, Pennsylvania (A.M., R.N.W., D.K.J.)
| | - Francisco J Schopfer
- Sanofi, Framingham (C.M.A., M.M.S., S.R.L.), Novartis (H.L., S.O.) and Scholar Rock (S.W.), Cambridge, Massachusetts; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (F.J.S) and Complexa, Inc., Berwyn, Pennsylvania (A.M., R.N.W., D.K.J.)
| | - Robert N Willette
- Sanofi, Framingham (C.M.A., M.M.S., S.R.L.), Novartis (H.L., S.O.) and Scholar Rock (S.W.), Cambridge, Massachusetts; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (F.J.S) and Complexa, Inc., Berwyn, Pennsylvania (A.M., R.N.W., D.K.J.)
| | - Diane K Jorkasky
- Sanofi, Framingham (C.M.A., M.M.S., S.R.L.), Novartis (H.L., S.O.) and Scholar Rock (S.W.), Cambridge, Massachusetts; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (F.J.S) and Complexa, Inc., Berwyn, Pennsylvania (A.M., R.N.W., D.K.J.)
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Thorneloe KS, Cheung M, Holt DA, Willette RN. PROPERTIES OF THE TRPV4 AGONIST GSK1016790A AND the TRPV4 ANTAGONIST GSK2193874. Physiol Rev 2019; 97:1231-1232. [PMID: 28794166 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00019.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mui Cheung
- GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania
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11
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Sheehy SP, Grosberg A, Qin P, Behm DJ, Ferrier JP, Eagleson MA, Nesmith AP, Krull D, Falls JG, Campbell PH, McCain ML, Willette RN, Hu E, Parker KK. Toward improved myocardial maturity in an organ-on-chip platform with immature cardiac myocytes. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2017; 242:1643-1656. [PMID: 28343439 PMCID: PMC5786366 DOI: 10.1177/1535370217701006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro studies of cardiac physiology and drug response have traditionally been performed on individual isolated cardiomyocytes or isotropic monolayers of cells that may not mimic desired physiological traits of the laminar adult myocardium. Recent studies have reported a number of advances to Heart-on-a-Chip platforms for the fabrication of more sophisticated engineered myocardium, but cardiomyocyte immaturity remains a challenge. In the anisotropic musculature of the heart, interactions between cardiac myocytes, the extracellular matrix (ECM), and neighboring cells give rise to changes in cell shape and tissue architecture that have been implicated in both development and disease. We hypothesized that engineered myocardium fabricated from cardiac myocytes cultured in vitro could mimic the physiological characteristics and gene expression profile of adult heart muscle. To test this hypothesis, we fabricated engineered myocardium comprised of neonatal rat ventricular myocytes with laminar architectures reminiscent of that observed in the mature heart and compared their sarcomere organization, contractile performance characteristics, and cardiac gene expression profile to that of isolated adult rat ventricular muscle strips. We found that anisotropic engineered myocardium demonstrated a similar degree of global sarcomere alignment, contractile stress output, and inotropic concentration-response to the β-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol. Moreover, the anisotropic engineered myocardium exhibited comparable myofibril related gene expression to muscle strips isolated from adult rat ventricular tissue. These results suggest that tissue architecture serves an important developmental cue for building in vitro model systems of the myocardium that could potentially recapitulate the physiological characteristics of the adult heart. Impact statement With the recent focus on developing in vitro Organ-on-Chip platforms that recapitulate tissue and organ-level physiology using immature cells derived from stem cell sources, there is a strong need to assess the ability of these engineered tissues to adopt a mature phenotype. In the present study, we compared and contrasted engineered tissues fabricated from neonatal rat ventricular myocytes in a Heart-on-a-Chip platform to ventricular muscle strips isolated from adult rats. The results of this study support the notion that engineered tissues fabricated from immature cells have the potential to mimic mature tissues in an Organ-on-Chip platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean P Sheehy
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, and John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Anna Grosberg
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, and John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Pu Qin
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit, Metabolic Pathways and Cardiovascular Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA
| | - David J Behm
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit, Metabolic Pathways and Cardiovascular Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA
| | - John P Ferrier
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, and John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Mackenzie A Eagleson
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, and John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Alexander P Nesmith
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, and John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - David Krull
- Safety Assessment Unit, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA
| | - James G Falls
- Safety Assessment Unit, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA
| | - Patrick H Campbell
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, and John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Megan L McCain
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, and John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Robert N Willette
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit, Metabolic Pathways and Cardiovascular Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA
| | - Erding Hu
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit, Metabolic Pathways and Cardiovascular Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA
| | - Kevin K Parker
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, and John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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12
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Zhou J, Li J, Rosenbaum DM, Zhuang J, Poon C, Qin P, Rivera K, Lepore J, Willette RN, Hu E, Barone FC. The prolyl 4-hydroxylase inhibitor GSK360A decreases post-stroke brain injury and sensory, motor, and cognitive behavioral deficits. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184049. [PMID: 28880966 PMCID: PMC5589177 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There is interest in pharmacologic preconditioning for end-organ protection by targeting the HIF system. This can be accomplished by inhibition of prolyl 4-hydroxylase (PHD). GSK360A is an orally active PHD inhibitor that has been previously shown to protect the failing heart. We hypothesized that PHD inhibition can also protect the brain from injuries and resulting behavioral deficits that can occur as a result of surgery. Thus, our goal was to investigate the effect of pre-stroke surgery brain protection using a verified GSK360A PHD inhibition paradigm on post-stroke surgery outcomes. Vehicle or an established protective dose (30 mg/kg, p.o.) of GSK360A was administered to male Sprague-Dawley rats. Initially, GSK360A pharmacokinetics and organ distribution were determined, and then PHD-HIF pharmacodynamic markers were measured (i.e., to validate the pharmacological effects of the GSK360A administration regimen). Results obtained using this validated PHD dose-regimen indicated significant improvement by GSK360A (30mg/kg); administered at 18 and 5 hours prior to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (stroke). GSK360A exposure and plasma, kidney and brain HIF-PHD pharmacodynamics endpoints (e.g., erythropoietin; EPO and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor; VEGF) were measured. GSK360A provided rapid exposure in plasma (7734 ng/ml), kidney (45–52% of plasma level) and brain (1–4% of plasma level), and increased kidney EPO mRNA (80-fold) and brain VEGF mRNA (2-fold). We also observed that GSK360A increased plasma EPO (300-fold) and VEGF (2-fold). Further assessments indicated that GSK360A reduced post-stroke surgery neurological deficits (47–64%), cognitive dysfunction (60–75%) and brain infarction (30%) 4 weeks later. Thus, PHD inhibition using GSK360A pretreatment produced long-term post-stroke brain protection and improved behavioral functioning. These data support PHD inhibition, specifically by GSK360A, as a potential strategy for pre-surgical use to reduce brain injury and functional decline due to surgery-related cerebral injury.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Oral
- Animals
- Behavior, Animal/drug effects
- Brain/drug effects
- Brain/metabolism
- Brain/pathology
- Brain Injuries/blood
- Brain Injuries/drug therapy
- Brain Injuries/etiology
- Brain Injuries/physiopathology
- Cognition Disorders/drug therapy
- Cognition Disorders/etiology
- Erythropoietin/blood
- Erythropoietin/genetics
- Glycine/administration & dosage
- Glycine/analogs & derivatives
- Glycine/pharmacokinetics
- Glycine/pharmacology
- Glycine/therapeutic use
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/metabolism
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/blood
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/complications
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/pathology
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/physiopathology
- Male
- Motor Activity/drug effects
- Organ Specificity/drug effects
- Prolyl Hydroxylases/metabolism
- Prolyl-Hydroxylase Inhibitors/administration & dosage
- Prolyl-Hydroxylase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Prolyl-Hydroxylase Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Quinolones/administration & dosage
- Quinolones/pharmacokinetics
- Quinolones/pharmacology
- Quinolones/therapeutic use
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Sensation/drug effects
- Stroke/blood
- Stroke/complications
- Stroke/physiopathology
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/blood
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhou
- Department of Neurology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Neurology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Daniel M. Rosenbaum
- Department of Neurology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
- Robert F. Furchgott Foundation, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Jian Zhuang
- Department of Neurology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Carrie Poon
- Department of Neurology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Pu Qin
- Cardiac Biology, Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Katrina Rivera
- Cardiac Biology, Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - John Lepore
- Cardiac Biology, Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Robert N. Willette
- Cardiac Biology, Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Erding Hu
- Cardiac Biology, Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Frank C. Barone
- Department of Neurology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
- Robert F. Furchgott Foundation, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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13
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Cheung M, Bao W, Behm DJ, Brooks CA, Bury MJ, Dowdell SE, Eidam HS, Fox RM, Goodman KB, Holt DA, Lee D, Roethke TJ, Willette RN, Xu X, Ye G, Thorneloe KS. Discovery of GSK2193874: An Orally Active, Potent, and Selective Blocker of Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 4. ACS Med Chem Lett 2017; 8:549-554. [PMID: 28523109 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.7b00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) is a member of the Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) superfamily of cation channels. TRPV4 is expressed in the vascular endothelium in the lung and regulates the integrity of the alveolar septal barrier. Increased pulmonary vascular pressure evokes TRPV4-dependent pulmonary edema, and therefore, inhibition of TRPV4 represents a novel approach for the treatment of pulmonary edema associated with conditions such as congestive heart failure. Herein we report the discovery of an orally active, potent, and selective TRPV4 blocker, 3-(1,4'-bipiperidin-1'-ylmethyl)-7-bromo-N-(1-phenylcyclopropyl)-2-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4-quinolinecarboxamide (GSK2193874, 28) after addressing an unexpected off-target cardiovascular liability observed from in vivo studies. GSK2193874 is a selective tool for elucidating TRPV4 biology both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mui Cheung
- GlaxoSmithKline, Heart Failure
Discovery Performance Unit, Metabolic Pathways and
Cardiovascular Therapeutic Area, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, United States
| | - Weike Bao
- GlaxoSmithKline, Heart Failure
Discovery Performance Unit, Metabolic Pathways and
Cardiovascular Therapeutic Area, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, United States
| | - David J. Behm
- GlaxoSmithKline, Heart Failure
Discovery Performance Unit, Metabolic Pathways and
Cardiovascular Therapeutic Area, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, United States
| | - Carl A. Brooks
- GlaxoSmithKline, Heart Failure
Discovery Performance Unit, Metabolic Pathways and
Cardiovascular Therapeutic Area, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, United States
| | - Michael J. Bury
- GlaxoSmithKline, Heart Failure
Discovery Performance Unit, Metabolic Pathways and
Cardiovascular Therapeutic Area, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, United States
| | - Sarah E. Dowdell
- GlaxoSmithKline, Heart Failure
Discovery Performance Unit, Metabolic Pathways and
Cardiovascular Therapeutic Area, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, United States
| | - Hilary S. Eidam
- GlaxoSmithKline, Heart Failure
Discovery Performance Unit, Metabolic Pathways and
Cardiovascular Therapeutic Area, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, United States
| | - Ryan M. Fox
- GlaxoSmithKline, Heart Failure
Discovery Performance Unit, Metabolic Pathways and
Cardiovascular Therapeutic Area, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, United States
| | - Krista B. Goodman
- GlaxoSmithKline, Heart Failure
Discovery Performance Unit, Metabolic Pathways and
Cardiovascular Therapeutic Area, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, United States
| | - Dennis A. Holt
- GlaxoSmithKline, Heart Failure
Discovery Performance Unit, Metabolic Pathways and
Cardiovascular Therapeutic Area, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, United States
| | - Dennis Lee
- GlaxoSmithKline, Heart Failure
Discovery Performance Unit, Metabolic Pathways and
Cardiovascular Therapeutic Area, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, United States
| | - Theresa J. Roethke
- GlaxoSmithKline, Heart Failure
Discovery Performance Unit, Metabolic Pathways and
Cardiovascular Therapeutic Area, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, United States
| | - Robert N. Willette
- GlaxoSmithKline, Heart Failure
Discovery Performance Unit, Metabolic Pathways and
Cardiovascular Therapeutic Area, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, United States
| | - Xiaoping Xu
- GlaxoSmithKline, Heart Failure
Discovery Performance Unit, Metabolic Pathways and
Cardiovascular Therapeutic Area, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, United States
| | - Guosen Ye
- GlaxoSmithKline, Heart Failure
Discovery Performance Unit, Metabolic Pathways and
Cardiovascular Therapeutic Area, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, United States
| | - Kevin S. Thorneloe
- GlaxoSmithKline, Heart Failure
Discovery Performance Unit, Metabolic Pathways and
Cardiovascular Therapeutic Area, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, United States
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14
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Qin P, Arabacilar P, Bernard RE, Bao W, Olzinski AR, Guo Y, Lal H, Eisennagel SH, Platchek MC, Xie W, Del Rosario J, Nayal M, Lu Q, Roethke T, Schnackenberg CG, Wright F, Quaile MP, Halsey WS, Hughes AM, Sathe GM, Livi GP, Kirkpatrick RB, Qu XA, Rajpal DK, Faelth Savitski M, Bantscheff M, Joberty G, Bergamini G, Force TL, Gatto GJ, Hu E, Willette RN. Activation of the Amino Acid Response Pathway Blunts the Effects of Cardiac Stress. J Am Heart Assoc 2017; 6:JAHA.116.004453. [PMID: 28487390 PMCID: PMC5524058 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.116.004453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The amino acid response (AAR) is an evolutionarily conserved protective mechanism activated by amino acid deficiency through a key kinase, general control nonderepressible 2. In addition to mobilizing amino acids, the AAR broadly affects gene and protein expression in a variety of pathways and elicits antifibrotic, autophagic, and anti-inflammatory activities. However, little is known regarding its role in cardiac stress. Our aim was to investigate the effects of halofuginone, a prolyl-tRNA synthetase inhibitor, on the AAR pathway in cardiac fibroblasts, cardiomyocytes, and in mouse models of cardiac stress and failure. METHODS AND RESULTS Consistent with its ability to inhibit prolyl-tRNA synthetase, halofuginone elicited a general control nonderepressible 2-dependent activation of the AAR pathway in cardiac fibroblasts as evidenced by activation of known AAR target genes, broad regulation of the transcriptome and proteome, and reversal by l-proline supplementation. Halofuginone was examined in 3 mouse models of cardiac stress: angiotensin II/phenylephrine, transverse aortic constriction, and acute ischemia reperfusion injury. It activated the AAR pathway in the heart, improved survival, pulmonary congestion, left ventricle remodeling/fibrosis, and left ventricular function, and rescued ischemic myocardium. In human cardiac fibroblasts, halofuginone profoundly reduced collagen deposition in a general control nonderepressible 2-dependent manner and suppressed the extracellular matrix proteome. In human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes, halofuginone blocked gene expression associated with endothelin-1-mediated activation of pathologic hypertrophy and restored autophagy in a general control nonderepressible 2/eIF2α-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS Halofuginone activated the AAR pathway in the heart and attenuated the structural and functional effects of cardiac stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Qin
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit, Metabolic Pathways and Cardiovascular Therapy Area GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA
| | - Pelin Arabacilar
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit, Metabolic Pathways and Cardiovascular Therapy Area GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA
| | - Roberta E Bernard
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit, Metabolic Pathways and Cardiovascular Therapy Area GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA
| | - Weike Bao
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit, Metabolic Pathways and Cardiovascular Therapy Area GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA
| | - Alan R Olzinski
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit, Metabolic Pathways and Cardiovascular Therapy Area GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA
| | - Yuanjun Guo
- Basic & Translational Research, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Hind Lal
- Basic & Translational Research, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Stephen H Eisennagel
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit, Metabolic Pathways and Cardiovascular Therapy Area GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA
| | - Michael C Platchek
- Target and Pathway Validation, Target Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA
| | - Wensheng Xie
- Target and Pathway Validation, Target Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA
| | - Julius Del Rosario
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit, Metabolic Pathways and Cardiovascular Therapy Area GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA
| | - Mohamad Nayal
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit, Metabolic Pathways and Cardiovascular Therapy Area GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA
| | - Quinn Lu
- Target and Pathway Validation, Target Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA
| | - Theresa Roethke
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit, Metabolic Pathways and Cardiovascular Therapy Area GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA
| | - Christine G Schnackenberg
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit, Metabolic Pathways and Cardiovascular Therapy Area GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA
| | - Fe Wright
- Preclinical and Translational Imaging, Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA
| | - Michael P Quaile
- Preclinical and Translational Imaging, Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA
| | - Wendy S Halsey
- Target and Pathway Validation, Target Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA
| | - Ashley M Hughes
- Target and Pathway Validation, Target Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA
| | - Ganesh M Sathe
- Target and Pathway Validation, Target Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA
| | - George P Livi
- Target and Pathway Validation, Target Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA
| | | | - Xiaoyan A Qu
- Computational Biology, Projects Clinical Platforms and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA
| | - Deepak K Rajpal
- Computational Biology, Projects Clinical Platforms and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA
| | | | | | - Gerard Joberty
- Cellzome GmbH, A GSK Company, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA
| | | | - Thomas L Force
- Basic & Translational Research, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Gregory J Gatto
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit, Metabolic Pathways and Cardiovascular Therapy Area GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA
| | - Erding Hu
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit, Metabolic Pathways and Cardiovascular Therapy Area GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA
| | - Robert N Willette
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit, Metabolic Pathways and Cardiovascular Therapy Area GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA
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15
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Balakrishna S, Song W, Achanta S, Doran SF, Liu B, Kaelberer MM, Yu Z, Sui A, Cheung M, Leishman E, Eidam HS, Ye G, Willette RN, Thorneloe KS, Bradshaw HB, Matalon S, Jordt SE. TRPV4 inhibition counteracts edema and inflammation and improves pulmonary function and oxygen saturation in chemically induced acute lung injury. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2014; 307:L158-72. [PMID: 24838754 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00065.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The treatment of acute lung injury caused by exposure to reactive chemicals remains challenging because of the lack of mechanism-based therapeutic approaches. Recent studies have shown that transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4), an ion channel expressed in pulmonary tissues, is a crucial mediator of pressure-induced damage associated with ventilator-induced lung injury, heart failure, and infarction. Here, we examined the effects of two novel TRPV4 inhibitors in mice exposed to hydrochloric acid, mimicking acid exposure and acid aspiration injury, and to chlorine gas, a severe chemical threat with frequent exposures in domestic and occupational environments and in transportation accidents. Postexposure treatment with a TRPV4 inhibitor suppressed acid-induced pulmonary inflammation by diminishing neutrophils, macrophages, and associated chemokines and cytokines, while improving tissue pathology. These effects were recapitulated in TRPV4-deficient mice. TRPV4 inhibitors had similar anti-inflammatory effects in chlorine-exposed mice and inhibited vascular leakage, airway hyperreactivity, and increase in elastance, while improving blood oxygen saturation. In both models of lung injury we detected increased concentrations of N-acylamides, a class of endogenous TRP channel agonists. Taken together, we demonstrate that TRPV4 inhibitors are potent and efficacious countermeasures against severe chemical exposures, acting against exaggerated inflammatory responses, and protecting tissue barriers and cardiovascular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrilatha Balakrishna
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Weifeng Song
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Satyanarayana Achanta
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Stephen F Doran
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Boyi Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Melanie M Kaelberer
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Zhihong Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Aiwei Sui
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Mui Cheung
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit-Metabolic Pathways and Cardiovascular Therapy Unit, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania
| | - Emma Leishman
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana; and
| | - Hilary S Eidam
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit-Metabolic Pathways and Cardiovascular Therapy Unit, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania
| | - Guosen Ye
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit-Metabolic Pathways and Cardiovascular Therapy Unit, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania
| | - Robert N Willette
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit-Metabolic Pathways and Cardiovascular Therapy Unit, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kevin S Thorneloe
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit-Metabolic Pathways and Cardiovascular Therapy Unit, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania
| | - Heather B Bradshaw
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana; and
| | - Sadis Matalon
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Sven-Eric Jordt
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut;
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16
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Bao W, Ballard VL, Needle S, Hoang B, Lenhard SC, Tunstead JR, Jucker BM, Willette RN, Pipes GT. Cardioprotection by systemic dosing of thymosin beta four following ischemic myocardial injury. Front Pharmacol 2013; 4:149. [PMID: 24348421 PMCID: PMC3843122 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2013.00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Thymosin beta 4 (Tβ4) was previously shown to reduce infarct size and improve contractile performance in chronic myocardial ischemic injury via two phases of action: an acute phase, just after injury, when Tβ4 preserves ischemic myocardium via antiapoptotic or anti-inflammatory mechanisms; and a chronic phase, when Tβ4 activates the growth of vascular or cardiac progenitor cells. In order to differentiate between the effects of Tβ4 during the acute and during the chronic phases, and also in order to obtain detailed hemodynamic and biomarker data on the effects of Tβ4 treatment suitable for use in clinical studies, we tested Tβ4 in a rat model of chronic myocardial ischemia using two dosing regimens: short term dosing (Tβ4 administered only during the first 3 days following injury), and long term dosing (Tβ4 administered during the first 3 days following injury and also every third day until the end of the study). Tβ4 administered throughout the study reduced infarct size and resulted in significant improvements in hemodynamic performance; however, chamber volumes and ejection fractions were not significantly improved. Tβ4 administered only during the first 3 days following injury tended to reduce infarct size, chamber volumes and improve hemodynamic performance. Plasma biomarkers of myocyte injury were significantly reduced by Tβ4 treatment during the acute injury period, and plasma ANP levels were significantly reduced in both dosing groups. Surprisingly, neither acute nor chronic Tβ4 treatment significantly increased blood vessel density in peri-infarct regions. These results suggest the following: repeated dosing may be required to achieve clinically measureable improvements in cardiac function post-myocardial infarction (MI); improvement in cardiac function may be observed in the absence of a high degree of angiogenesis; and that plasma biomarkers of cardiac function and myocardial injury are sensitive pharmacodynamic biomarkers of the effects of Tβ4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weike Bao
- Metabolic Pathways and Cardiovascular Unit, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals King of Prussia, PA, USA
| | - Victoria L Ballard
- Metabolic Pathways and Cardiovascular Unit, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals King of Prussia, PA, USA
| | - Saul Needle
- Metabolic Pathways and Cardiovascular Unit, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals King of Prussia, PA, USA
| | - Bao Hoang
- Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals King of Prussia, PA, USA
| | - Stephen C Lenhard
- Metabolic Pathways and Cardiovascular Unit, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals King of Prussia, PA, USA
| | - James R Tunstead
- Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals King of Prussia, PA, USA
| | - Beat M Jucker
- Metabolic Pathways and Cardiovascular Unit, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals King of Prussia, PA, USA
| | - Robert N Willette
- Metabolic Pathways and Cardiovascular Unit, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals King of Prussia, PA, USA
| | - G Teg Pipes
- Metabolic Pathways and Cardiovascular Unit, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals King of Prussia, PA, USA
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17
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Bao W, Holt LJ, Prince RD, Jones GX, Aravindhan K, Szapacs M, Barbour AM, Jolivette LJ, Lepore JJ, Willette RN, DeAngelis E, Jucker BM. Novel fusion of GLP-1 with a domain antibody to serum albumin prolongs protection against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in the rat. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2013; 12:148. [PMID: 24125539 PMCID: PMC3852957 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-12-148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and its mimetics reduce infarct size in the setting of acute myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. However, the short serum half-life of GLP-1 and its mimetics may limit their therapeutic use in acute myocardial ischemia. Domain antibodies to serum albumin (AlbudAbs) have been developed to extend the serum half-life of short lived therapeutic proteins, peptides and small molecules. In this study, we compared the effect of a long acting GLP-1 agonist, DPP-IV resistant GLP-1 (7–36, A8G) fused to an AlbudAb (GAlbudAb), with the effect of the GLP-1 mimetic, exendin-4 (short half-life GLP-1 agonist) on infarct size following acute myocardial I/R injury. Methods Male Sprague–Dawley rats (8-week-old) were treated with vehicle, GAlbudAb or exendin-4. Myocardial ischemia was induced 2 h following the final dose for GAlbudAb and 30 min post the final dose for exendin-4. In a subgroup of animals, the final dose of exendin-4 was administered (1 μg/kg, SC, bid for 2 days) 6 h prior to myocardial ischemia when plasma exendin-4 was at its minimum concentration (Cmin). Myocardial infarct size, area at risk and cardiac function were determined 24 h after myocardial I/R injury. Results GAlbudAb and exendin-4 significantly reduced myocardial infarct size by 28% and 23% respectively, compared to vehicle (both p < 0.01 vs. vehicle) after I/R injury. Moreover, both GAlbudAb and exendin-4 markedly improved post-ischemic cardiac contractile function. Body weight loss and reduced food intake consistent with the activation of GLP-1 receptors was observed in all treatment groups. However, exendin-4 failed to reduce infarct size when administered 6 h prior to myocardial ischemia, suggesting continuous activation of the GLP-1 receptors is needed for cardioprotection. Conclusions Cardioprotection provided by GAlbudAb, a long acting GLP-1 mimetic, following myocardial I/R injury was comparable in magnitude, but more sustained in duration than that produced by short-acting exendin-4. Very low plasma concentrations of exendin-4 failed to protect the heart from myocardial I/R injury, suggesting that sustained GLP-1 receptor activation plays an important role in providing cardioprotection in the setting of acute myocardial I/R injury. Long-acting GLP-1 agonists such as GAlbudAb may warrant additional evaluation as novel therapeutic agents to reduce myocardial I/R injury during acute coronary syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weike Bao
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit, Metabolic Pathways and Cardiovascular Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA.
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18
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Thorneloe KS, Cheung M, Bao W, Alsaid H, Lenhard S, Jian MY, Costell M, Maniscalco-Hauk K, Krawiec JA, Olzinski A, Gordon E, Lozinskaya I, Elefante L, Qin P, Matasic DS, James C, Tunstead J, Donovan B, Kallal L, Waszkiewicz A, Vaidya K, Davenport EA, Larkin J, Burgert M, Casillas LN, Marquis RW, Ye G, Eidam HS, Goodman KB, Toomey JR, Roethke TJ, Jucker BM, Schnackenberg CG, Townsley MI, Lepore JJ, Willette RN. An orally active TRPV4 channel blocker prevents and resolves pulmonary edema induced by heart failure. Sci Transl Med 2013; 4:159ra148. [PMID: 23136043 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3004276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary edema resulting from high pulmonary venous pressure (PVP) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in heart failure (HF) patients, but current treatment options demonstrate substantial limitations. Recent evidence from rodent lungs suggests that PVP-induced edema is driven by activation of pulmonary capillary endothelial transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) channels. To examine the therapeutic potential of this mechanism, we evaluated TRPV4 expression in human congestive HF lungs and developed small-molecule TRPV4 channel blockers for testing in animal models of HF. TRPV4 immunolabeling of human lung sections demonstrated expression of TRPV4 in the pulmonary vasculature that was enhanced in sections from HF patients compared to controls. GSK2193874 was identified as a selective, orally active TRPV4 blocker that inhibits Ca(2+) influx through recombinant TRPV4 channels and native endothelial TRPV4 currents. In isolated rodent and canine lungs, TRPV4 blockade prevented the increased vascular permeability and resultant pulmonary edema associated with elevated PVP. Furthermore, in both acute and chronic HF models, GSK2193874 pretreatment inhibited the formation of pulmonary edema and enhanced arterial oxygenation. Finally, GSK2193874 treatment resolved pulmonary edema already established by myocardial infarction in mice. These findings identify a crucial role for TRPV4 in the formation of HF-induced pulmonary edema and suggest that TRPV4 blockade is a potential therapeutic strategy for HF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin S Thorneloe
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit, Metabolic Pathways and Cardiovascular Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA.
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19
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Ivashchenko CY, Pipes GC, Lozinskaya IM, Lin Z, Xiaoping X, Needle S, Grygielko ET, Hu E, Toomey JR, Lepore JJ, Willette RN. Human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes exhibit temporal changes in phenotype. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2013; 305:H913-22. [PMID: 23832699 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00819.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPS-CMs) have been recently derived and are used for basic research, cardiotoxicity assessment, and phenotypic screening. However, the hiPS-CM phenotype is dependent on their derivation, age, and culture conditions, and there is disagreement as to what constitutes a functional hiPS-CM. The aim of the present study is to characterize the temporal changes in hiPS-CM phenotype by examining five determinants of cardiomyocyte function: gene expression, ion channel functionality, calcium cycling, metabolic activity, and responsiveness to cardioactive compounds. Based on both gene expression and electrophysiological properties, at day 30 of differentiation, hiPS-CMs are immature cells that, with time in culture, progressively develop a more mature phenotype without signs of dedifferentiation. This phenotype is characterized by adult-like gene expression patterns, action potentials exhibiting ventricular atrial and nodal properties, coordinated calcium cycling and beating, suggesting the formation of a functional syncytium. Pharmacological responses to pathological (endothelin-1), physiological (IGF-1), and autonomic (isoproterenol) stimuli similar to those characteristic of isolated adult cardiac myocytes are present in maturing hiPS-CMs. In addition, thyroid hormone treatment of hiPS-CMs attenuated the fetal gene expression in favor of a more adult-like pattern. Overall, hiPS-CMs progressively acquire functionality when maintained in culture for a prolonged period of time. The description of this evolving phenotype helps to identify optimal use of hiPS-CMs for a range of research applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Y Ivashchenko
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit, Metabolic and Cardiovascular Therapeutic Area, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania
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20
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Washburn DG, Holt DA, Dodson J, McAtee JJ, Terrell LR, Barton L, Manns S, Waszkiewicz A, Pritchard C, Gillie DJ, Morrow DM, Davenport EA, Lozinskaya IM, Guss J, Basilla JB, Negron LK, Klein M, Willette RN, Fries RE, Jensen TC, Xu X, Schnackenberg CG, Marino JP. The discovery of potent blockers of the canonical transient receptor channels, TRPC3 and TRPC6, based on an anilino-thiazole pharmacophore. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:4979-84. [PMID: 23886683 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Lead optimization of piperidine amide HTS hits, based on an anilino-thiazole core, led to the identification of analogs which displayed low nanomolar blocking activity at the canonical transient receptor channels 3 and 6 (TRPC3 & 6) based on FLIPR (carbachol stimulated) and electrophysiology (OAG stimulated) assays. In addition, the anilino-thiazole amides displayed good selectivity over other TRP channels (TRPA1, TRPV1, and TRPV4), as well as against cardiac ion channels (CaV1.2, hERG, and NaV1.5). The high oxidation potential of the aliphatic piperidine and aniline groups, as well as the lability of the thiazole amide group contributed to the high clearance observed for this class of compounds. Conversion of an isoquinoline amide to a naphthyridine amide markedly reduced clearance for the bicyclic piperidines, and improved oral bioavailability for this compound series, however TRPC3 and TRPC6 blocking activity was reduced substantially. Although the most potent anilino-thiazole amides ultimately lacked oral exposure in rodents and were not suitable for chronic dosing, analogs such as 14-19, 22, and 23 are potentially valuable in vitro tool compounds for investigating the role of TRPC3 and TRPC6 in cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Washburn
- Department of Chemistry, Heart Failure Disease Performance Unit, Metabolic Pathways and Cardiovascular Therapeutic Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, PA 19406, United States
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21
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Auger-Messier M, Accornero F, Goonasekera SA, Bueno OF, Lorenz JN, van Berlo JH, Willette RN, Molkentin JD. Unrestrained p38 MAPK activation in Dusp1/4 double-null mice induces cardiomyopathy. Circ Res 2012; 112:48-56. [PMID: 22993413 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.112.272963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are activated in the heart by disease-inducing and stress-inducing stimuli, where they participate in hypertrophy, remodeling, contractility, and heart failure. A family of dual-specificity phosphatases (DUSPs) directly inactivates each of the MAPK terminal effectors, potentially serving a cardioprotective role. OBJECTIVE To determine the role of DUSP1 and DUSP4 in regulating p38 MAPK function in the heart and the effect on disease. METHODS AND RESULTS Here, we generated mice and mouse embryonic fibroblasts lacking both Dusp1 and Dusp4 genes. Although single nulls showed no molecular effects, combined disruption of Dusp1/4 promoted unrestrained p38 MAPK activity in both mouse embryonic fibroblasts and the heart, with no change in the phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinases or extracellular signal-regulated kinases at baseline or with stress stimulation. Single disruption of either Dusp1 or Dusp4 did not result in cardiac pathology, although Dusp1/4 double-null mice exhibited cardiomyopathy and increased mortality with aging. Pharmacological inhibition of p38 MAPK with SB731445 ameliorated cardiomyopathy in Dusp1/4 double-null mice, indicating that DUSP1/4 function primarily through p38 MAPK in affecting disease. At the cellular level, unrestrained p38 MAPK activity diminished cardiac contractility and Ca2+ handling, which was acutely reversed with a p38 inhibitory compound. Poor function in Dusp1/4 double-null mice also was partially rescued by phospholamban deletion. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that Dusp1 and Dusp4 are cardioprotective genes that play a critical role in the heart by dampening p38 MAPK signaling that would otherwise reduce contractility and induce cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mannix Auger-Messier
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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22
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Elkhawad M, Rudd JHF, Sarov-Blat L, Cai G, Wells R, Davies LC, Collier DJ, Marber MS, Choudhury RP, Fayad ZA, Tawakol A, Gleeson FV, Lepore JJ, Davis B, Willette RN, Wilkinson IB, Sprecher DL, Cheriyan J. Effects of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibition on vascular and systemic inflammation in patients with atherosclerosis. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2012; 5:911-22. [PMID: 22974804 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2012.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2011] [Revised: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study sought to determine the effects of a p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor, losmapimod, on vascular inflammation, by (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography imaging. BACKGROUND The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade plays an important role in the initiation and progression of inflammatory diseases, including atherosclerosis. METHODS Patients with atherosclerosis on stable statin therapy (n = 99) were randomized to receive losmapimod 7.5 mg once daily (lower dose [LD]), twice daily (higher dose [HD]) or placebo for 84 days. Vascular inflammation was assessed by FDG positron emission tomography/computed tomography imaging of the carotid arteries and aorta; analyses focused on the index vessel (the artery with the highest average maximum tissue-to-background ratio [TBR] at baseline). Serum inflammatory biomarkers and FDG uptake in visceral and subcutaneous fat were also measured. RESULTS The primary endpoint, change from baseline in average TBR across all segments in the index vessel, was not significantly different between HD and placebo (ΔTBR: -0.04 [95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.14 to +0.06], p = 0.452) or LD and placebo (ΔTBR: -0.02 [95% CI: -0.11 to +0.06], p = 0.579). However, there was a statistically significant reduction in average TBR in active segments (TBR ≥1.6) (HD vs. placebo: ΔTBR: -0.10 [95% CI: -0.19 to -0.02], p = 0.0125; LD vs. placebo: ΔTBR: -0.10 [95% CI: -0.18 to -0.02], p = 0.0194). The probability of a segment being active was also significantly reduced for HD when compared with placebo (OR: 0.57 [95% CI: 0.41 to 0.81], p = 0.002). Within the HD group, reductions were observed in placebo-corrected inflammatory biomarkers including high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (% reduction: -28% [95% CI: -46 to -5], p = 0.023) as well as FDG uptake in visceral fat (ΔSUV: -0.05 [95% CI: -0.09 to -0.01], p = 0.018), but not subcutaneous fat. CONCLUSIONS Despite nonsignificant changes for the primary endpoint of average vessel TBR, HD losmapimod reduced vascular inflammation in the most inflamed regions, concurrent with a reduction in inflammatory biomarkers and FDG uptake in visceral fat. These results suggest a systemic anti-inflammatory effect. (A Study to Evaluate the Effects of 3 Months Dosing With GW856553, as Assessed FDG-PET/CT Imaging; NCT00633022).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maysoon Elkhawad
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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23
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Costell MH, Ancellin N, Bernard RE, Zhao S, Upson JJ, Morgan LA, Maniscalco K, Olzinski AR, Ballard VLT, Herry K, Grondin P, Dodic N, Mirguet O, Bouillot A, Gellibert F, Coatney RW, Lepore JJ, Jucker BM, Jolivette LJ, Willette RN, Schnackenberg CG, Behm DJ. Comparison of soluble guanylate cyclase stimulators and activators in models of cardiovascular disease associated with oxidative stress. Front Pharmacol 2012; 3:128. [PMID: 22783192 PMCID: PMC3389674 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2012.00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC), the primary mediator of nitric oxide (NO) bioactivity, exists as reduced (NO-sensitive) and oxidized (NO-insensitive) forms. We tested the hypothesis that the cardiovascular protective effects of NO-insensitive sGC activation would be potentiated under conditions of oxidative stress compared to those of NO-sensitive sGC stimulation. The cardiovascular effects of the NO-insensitive sGC activator GSK2181236A [a low, non-depressor dose, and a high dose which lowered mean arterial pressure (MAP) by 5-10 mmHg] and those of equi-efficacious doses of the NO-sensitive sGC stimulator BAY 60-4552 were assessed in (1) Sprague Dawley rats during coronary artery ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) and (2) spontaneously hypertensive stroke prone rats (SHR-SP) on a high salt/fat diet (HSFD). In I/R, neither compound reduced infarct size 24 h after reperfusion. In SHR-SP, HSFD increased MAP, urine output, microalbuminuria, and mortality, caused left ventricular hypertrophy with preserved ejection fraction, and impaired endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation. The low dose of BAY 60-4552, but not that of GSK2181236A, decreased urine output, and improved survival. Conversely, the low dose of GSK2181236A, but not that of BAY 60-4552, attenuated the development of cardiac hypertrophy. The high doses of both compounds similarly attenuated cardiac hypertrophy and improved survival. In addition to these effects, the high dose of BAY 60-4552 reduced urine output and microalbuminuria and attenuated the increase in MAP to a greater extent than did GSK2181236A. Neither compound improved endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation. In SHR-SP isolated aorta, the vasodilatory responses to the NO-dependent compounds carbachol and sodium nitroprusside were attenuated by HSFD. In contrast, the vasodilatory responses to both GSK2181236A and BAY 60-4552 were unaltered by HSFD, indicating that reduced NO-bioavailability and not changes in the oxidative state of sGC is responsible for the vascular dysfunction. In summary, GSK2181236A and BAY 60-4552 provide partial benefit against hypertension-induced end-organ damage. The differential beneficial effects observed between these compounds could reflect tissue-specific changes in the oxidative state of sGC and might help direct the clinical development of these novel classes of therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa H. Costell
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit, Metabolic Pathways and Cardiovascular Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKlineKing of Prussia, PA, USA
| | - Nicolas Ancellin
- Lipid Metabolism Discovery Performance Unit, Metabolic Pathways and Cardiovascular Therapy Area UnitGlaxoSmithKline, Les Ulis, France
| | - Roberta E. Bernard
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit, Metabolic Pathways and Cardiovascular Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKlineKing of Prussia, PA, USA
| | - Shufang Zhao
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit, Metabolic Pathways and Cardiovascular Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKlineKing of Prussia, PA, USA
| | - John J. Upson
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit, Metabolic Pathways and Cardiovascular Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKlineKing of Prussia, PA, USA
| | - Lisa A. Morgan
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit, Metabolic Pathways and Cardiovascular Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKlineKing of Prussia, PA, USA
| | - Kristeen Maniscalco
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit, Metabolic Pathways and Cardiovascular Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKlineKing of Prussia, PA, USA
| | - Alan R. Olzinski
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit, Metabolic Pathways and Cardiovascular Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKlineKing of Prussia, PA, USA
| | - Victoria L. T. Ballard
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit, Metabolic Pathways and Cardiovascular Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKlineKing of Prussia, PA, USA
| | - Kenny Herry
- Lipid Metabolism Discovery Performance Unit, Metabolic Pathways and Cardiovascular Therapy Area UnitGlaxoSmithKline, Les Ulis, France
| | - Pascal Grondin
- Lipid Metabolism Discovery Performance Unit, Metabolic Pathways and Cardiovascular Therapy Area UnitGlaxoSmithKline, Les Ulis, France
| | - Nerina Dodic
- Lipid Metabolism Discovery Performance Unit, Metabolic Pathways and Cardiovascular Therapy Area UnitGlaxoSmithKline, Les Ulis, France
| | - Olivier Mirguet
- Lipid Metabolism Discovery Performance Unit, Metabolic Pathways and Cardiovascular Therapy Area UnitGlaxoSmithKline, Les Ulis, France
| | - Anne Bouillot
- Lipid Metabolism Discovery Performance Unit, Metabolic Pathways and Cardiovascular Therapy Area UnitGlaxoSmithKline, Les Ulis, France
| | - Francoise Gellibert
- Lipid Metabolism Discovery Performance Unit, Metabolic Pathways and Cardiovascular Therapy Area UnitGlaxoSmithKline, Les Ulis, France
| | - Robert W. Coatney
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit, Metabolic Pathways and Cardiovascular Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKlineKing of Prussia, PA, USA
| | - John J. Lepore
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit, Metabolic Pathways and Cardiovascular Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKlineKing of Prussia, PA, USA
| | - Beat M. Jucker
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit, Metabolic Pathways and Cardiovascular Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKlineKing of Prussia, PA, USA
| | - Larry J. Jolivette
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit, Metabolic Pathways and Cardiovascular Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKlineKing of Prussia, PA, USA
| | - Robert N. Willette
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit, Metabolic Pathways and Cardiovascular Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKlineKing of Prussia, PA, USA
| | - Christine G. Schnackenberg
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit, Metabolic Pathways and Cardiovascular Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKlineKing of Prussia, PA, USA
| | - David J. Behm
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit, Metabolic Pathways and Cardiovascular Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKlineKing of Prussia, PA, USA
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24
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Townsley MI, Jian MY, Cheung M, Willette RN, Thorneloe KS. The Selective TRPV4 Antagonist GSK2263095A Attenuates High Venous Pressure‐Induced Lung Injury In Murine And Canine Lung. FASEB J 2012. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.26.1_supplement.696.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mui Cheung
- Heart Failure DPUGlaxoSmithKlineKing of PrussiaPA
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25
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Bao W, Aravindhan K, Alsaid H, Chendrimada T, Szapacs M, Citerone DR, Harpel MR, Willette RN, Lepore JJ, Jucker BM. Albiglutide, a long lasting glucagon-like peptide-1 analog, protects the rat heart against ischemia/reperfusion injury: evidence for improving cardiac metabolic efficiency. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23570. [PMID: 21887274 PMCID: PMC3162574 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cardioprotective effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and analogs have been previously reported. We tested the hypothesis that albiglutide, a novel long half-life analog of GLP-1, may protect the heart against I/R injury by increasing carbohydrate utilization and improving cardiac energetic efficiency. METHODS/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with albiglutide and subjected to 30 min myocardial ischemia followed by 24 h reperfusion. Left ventricle infarct size, hemodynamics, function and energetics were determined. In addition, cardiac glucose disposal, carbohydrate metabolism and metabolic gene expression were assessed. Albiglutide significantly reduced infarct size and concomitantly improved post-ischemic hemodynamics, cardiac function and energetic parameters. Albiglutide markedly increased both in vivo and ex vivo cardiac glucose uptake while reducing lactate efflux. Analysis of metabolic substrate utilization directly in the heart showed that albiglutide increased the relative carbohydrate versus fat oxidation which in part was due to an increase in both glucose and lactate oxidation. Metabolic gene expression analysis indicated upregulation of key glucose metabolism genes in the non-ischemic myocardium by albiglutide. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE Albiglutide reduced myocardial infarct size and improved cardiac function and energetics following myocardial I/R injury. The observed benefits were associated with enhanced myocardial glucose uptake and a shift toward a more energetically favorable substrate metabolism by increasing both glucose and lactate oxidation. These findings suggest that albiglutide may have direct therapeutic potential for improving cardiac energetics and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weike Bao
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit, Metabolic Pathways and Cardiovascular Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Karpagam Aravindhan
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit, Metabolic Pathways and Cardiovascular Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Hasan Alsaid
- Clinical Imaging Center, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Thimmaiah Chendrimada
- Clinical Imaging Center, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Matthew Szapacs
- Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - David R. Citerone
- Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Mark R. Harpel
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit, Metabolic Pathways and Cardiovascular Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Robert N. Willette
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit, Metabolic Pathways and Cardiovascular Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - John J. Lepore
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit, Metabolic Pathways and Cardiovascular Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Beat M. Jucker
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit, Metabolic Pathways and Cardiovascular Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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26
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Alsaid H, Bao W, Rambo MV, Logan GA, Figueroa DJ, Lenhard SC, Kotzer CJ, Burgert ME, Willette RN, Ferrari VA, Jucker BM. Serial MRI characterization of the functional and morphological changes in mouse lung in response to cardiac remodeling following myocardial infarction. Magn Reson Med 2011; 67:191-200. [DOI: 10.1002/mrm.22973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Revised: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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27
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Costell MH, Bernard RE, McCafferty GP, Roethke TJ, Jolivette LJ, Willette RN, Cheung M, Thorneloe KS, Schnackenberg CG. Sodium and water homeostasis is maintained in rats with chronic TRPV4 blockade. FASEB J 2011. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.25.1_supplement.1079.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa H. Costell
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance UnitMetabolic Pathways Center for Excellence in Drug DiscoveryGlaxoSmithKlineKing of PrussiaPA
| | - Roberta E. Bernard
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance UnitMetabolic Pathways Center for Excellence in Drug DiscoveryGlaxoSmithKlineKing of PrussiaPA
| | - Gerald P. McCafferty
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance UnitMetabolic Pathways Center for Excellence in Drug DiscoveryGlaxoSmithKlineKing of PrussiaPA
| | - Theresa J. Roethke
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance UnitMetabolic Pathways Center for Excellence in Drug DiscoveryGlaxoSmithKlineKing of PrussiaPA
| | - Larry J. Jolivette
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance UnitMetabolic Pathways Center for Excellence in Drug DiscoveryGlaxoSmithKlineKing of PrussiaPA
| | - Robert N. Willette
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance UnitMetabolic Pathways Center for Excellence in Drug DiscoveryGlaxoSmithKlineKing of PrussiaPA
| | - Mui Cheung
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance UnitMetabolic Pathways Center for Excellence in Drug DiscoveryGlaxoSmithKlineKing of PrussiaPA
| | - Kevin S. Thorneloe
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance UnitMetabolic Pathways Center for Excellence in Drug DiscoveryGlaxoSmithKlineKing of PrussiaPA
| | - Christine G. Schnackenberg
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance UnitMetabolic Pathways Center for Excellence in Drug DiscoveryGlaxoSmithKlineKing of PrussiaPA
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28
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Cheriyan J, Webb AJ, Sarov-Blat L, Elkhawad M, Wallace SML, Mäki-Petäjä KM, Collier DJ, Morgan J, Fang Z, Willette RN, Lepore JJ, Cockcroft JR, Sprecher DL, Wilkinson IB. Inhibition of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase improves nitric oxide-mediated vasodilatation and reduces inflammation in hypercholesterolemia. Circulation 2011; 123:515-23. [PMID: 21262998 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.110.971986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidized low-density lipoprotein reduces endothelial nitric oxide production (an important mediator of vasoregulation) and activates p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), a mediator of vascular inflammation. Animal models of vascular stress have previously predicted improvements in vascular function after p38 MAPK inhibition. We hypothesized that a selective p38α/β MAPK inhibitor (losmapimod; GW856553) would improve compromised nitric oxide-mediated vasoregulation in patients with hypercholesterolemia. METHODS AND RESULTS Untreated hypercholesterolemic patients (low-density lipoprotein cholesterol >4.1 mmol/L) were randomized to receive losmapimod 7.5 mg (n=27) or placebo (n=29) twice daily for 28 days. Patients with known vascular disorders (eg, diabetes mellitus, coronary heart disease) were excluded. Forearm blood flow was measured by venous occlusion plethysmography in response to serial intra-arterial infusion of acetylcholine, sodium nitroprusside, and N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA). Acetylcholine and L-NMMA responses were significantly impaired (P=0.01 and P=0.03) compared with responses in control subjects (n=12). In hypercholesterolemic patients treated with losmapimod, responses to acetylcholine were improved by 25% (95% confidence interval, 5 to 48; P=0.01), to sodium nitroprusside by 20% (95% confidence interval, 3 to 40; P=0.02), and to L-NMMA by 10% (95% confidence interval, -1 to 23; P=0.07) compared with placebo. C-reactive protein was reduced by 57% (95% confidence interval, -81 to -6%; P<0.05) in patients treated with losmapimod compared with placebo. CONCLUSIONS Losmapimod improves nitric oxide-mediated vasodilatation in hypercholesterolemic patients, which is consistent with findings in previous translational animal models. These data support the hypothesis that attenuating the inflammatory milieu by inhibiting p38 MAPK activity improves NO activity. This suggests p38 MAPK as a novel target for patients with cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Cheriyan
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK.
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29
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Behm DJ, Aiyar NV, Olzinski AR, McAtee JJ, Hilfiker MA, Dodson JW, Dowdell SE, Wang GZ, Goodman KB, Sehon CA, Harpel MR, Willette RN, Neeb MJ, Leach CA, Douglas SA. GSK1562590, a slowly dissociating urotensin-II receptor antagonist, exhibits prolonged pharmacodynamic activity ex vivo. Br J Pharmacol 2010; 161:207-28. [PMID: 20718751 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00889.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Recently identified antagonists of the urotensin-II (U-II) receptor (UT) are of limited utility for investigating the (patho)physiological role of U-II due to poor potency and limited selectivity and/or intrinsic activity. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The pharmacological properties of two novel UT antagonists, GSK1440115 and GSK1562590, were compared using multiple bioassays. KEY RESULTS GSK1440115 (pK(i)= 7.34-8.64 across species) and GSK1562590 (pK(i)= 9.14-9.66 across species) are high affinity ligands of mammalian recombinant (mouse, rat, cat, monkey, human) and native (SJRH30 cells) UT. Both compounds exhibited >100-fold selectivity for UT versus 87 distinct mammalian GPCR, enzyme, ion channel and neurotransmitter uptake targets. GSK1440115 showed competitive antagonism at UT in arteries from all species tested (pA(2)= 5.59-7.71). In contrast, GSK1562590 was an insurmountable UT antagonist in rat, cat and hUT transgenic mouse arteries (pK(b)= 8.93-10.12 across species), but a competitive antagonist in monkey arteries (pK(b)= 8.87-8.93). Likewise, GSK1562590 inhibited the hU-II-induced systemic pressor response in anaesthetized cats at a dose 10-fold lower than that of GSK1440115. The antagonistic effects of GSK1440115, but not GSK1562590, could be reversed by washout in rat isolated aorta. In ex vivo studies, GSK1562590 inhibited hU-II-induced contraction of rat aorta for at least 24 h following dosing. Dissociation of GSK1562590 binding was considerably slower at rat than monkey UT. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Whereas both GSK1440115 and GSK1562590 represent high-affinity/selective UT antagonists suitable for assessing the (patho)physiological role of U-II, only GSK1562590 exhibited sustained UT residence time and improved preclinical efficacy in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Behm
- Metabolic Pathways Center of Excellence for Drug Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA, USA.
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30
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Sarov-Blat L, Morgan JM, Fernandez P, James R, Fang Z, Hurle MR, Baidoo C, Willette RN, Lepore JJ, Jensen SE, Sprecher DL. Inhibition of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase reduces inflammation after coronary vascular injury in humans. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2010; 30:2256-63. [PMID: 20689074 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.110.209205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether a p38α/β mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor, SB-681323, would limit the elevation of an inflammatory marker, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), after a percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). METHODS AND RESULTS Coronary artery stents provide benefit by maintaining lumen patency but may incur vascular trauma and inflammation, leading to myocardial damage. A key mediator for such stress signaling is p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. Patients with angiographically documented coronary artery disease receiving stable statin therapy and about to undergo PCI were randomly selected to receive SB-681323, 7.5 mg (n=46), or placebo (n=46) daily for 28 days, starting 3 days before PCI. On day 3, before PCI, hsCRP was decreased in the SB-681323 group relative to the placebo group (29% lower; P=0.02). After PCI, there was a statistically significant attenuation in the increase in hsCRP in the SB-681323 group relative to the placebo group (37% lower on day 5 [P=0.04]; and 40% lower on day 28 [P=0.003]). There were no adverse safety signals after 28 days of treatment with SB-681323. CONCLUSIONS In the setting of statin therapy, SB-681323 significantly attenuated the post-PCI inflammatory response, as measured by hsCRP. This inflammatory dampening implicates p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in the poststent response, potentially defining an avenue to limit poststent restenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Sarov-Blat
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit, Metabolic Pathways Center of Excellence for Drug Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline, 709 Swedeland Rd, UW2301, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA
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31
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Wang T, McCefferty GP, Schnackenberg CG, Jucker BM, Willette RN, Behm DJ. The Novel Soluble Guanylate Cyclase Activator PPCA Reverses Acute Hypoxia‐induced Pulmonary Hypertension in Dogs. FASEB J 2010. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.24.1_supplement.1023.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- BiologyGlaxoSmithKlineKing of PrussiaPA
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32
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Olzinski AR, Turner GH, Bernard RE, Karr H, Cornejo CA, Aravindhan K, Hoang B, Ringenberg MA, Qin P, Goodman KB, Willette RN, Macphee CH, Jucker BM, Sehon CA, Gough PJ. Pharmacological inhibition of C-C chemokine receptor 2 decreases macrophage infiltration in the aortic root of the human C-C chemokine receptor 2/apolipoprotein E-/- mouse: magnetic resonance imaging assessment. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2009; 30:253-9. [PMID: 19965779 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.109.198812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Purpose- This study assessed the pharmacological effect of a novel selective C-C chemokine receptor (CCR) 2 antagonist (GSK1344386B) on monocyte/macrophage infiltration into atherosclerotic plaque using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in an atherosclerotic mouse model. METHODS AND RESULTS Apolipoprotein E(-/-) mice expressing human CCR2 were fed a Western diet (vehicle group) or a Western diet plus10 mg/kg per day of GSK1344386B (GSK1344386B group). After the baseline MRI, mice were implanted with osmotic pumps containing angiotensin II, 1000 ng/kg per minute, to accelerate lesion formation. After five weeks of angiotensin II administration, mice received ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide, an MRI contrast agent for the assessment of monocyte/macrophage infiltration to the plaque, and underwent imaging. After imaging, mice were euthanized, and the heart and aorta were harvested for ex vivo MRI and histopathological examination. After 5 weeks of dietary dosing, there were no significant differences between groups in body or liver weight or plasma cholesterol concentrations. An in vivo MRI reflected a decrease in ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide contrast agent uptake in the aortic arch of the GSK1344386B group (P<0.05). An ex vivo MRI of the aortic root also reflected decreased ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide uptake in the GSK1344386B group and was verified by absolute iron analysis (P<0.05). Although there was no difference in aortic root lesion area between groups, there was a 30% reduction in macrophage area observed in the GSK1344386B group (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS An MRI was used to noninvasively assess the decreased macrophage content in the atherosclerotic plaque after selective CCR2 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan R Olzinski
- Cardiovascular and Urogenital Center of Excellence in Drug Discovery, King of Prussia, PA, USA
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Turner GH, Olzinski AR, Bernard RE, Aravindhan K, Boyle RJ, Newman MJ, Gardner SD, Willette RN, Gough PJ, Jucker BM. Assessment of macrophage infiltration in a murine model of abdominal aortic aneurysm. J Magn Reson Imaging 2009; 30:455-60. [PMID: 19629967 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.21843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the use of an ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO) contrast agent as a marker for the detection of macrophage in a preclinical abdominal aortic aneurysm animal (AAA) model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Osmotic pumps were implanted subcutaneously in apoE(-/-) mice for continuous infusion of Angiotensin II (Ang-II). Weekly bright-blood gradient echo scans were performed on the suprarenal abdominal aorta to evaluate aneurysm development. Once an AAA was detected, animals were administered 1000 mumol/kg of the USPIO contrast agent ferumoxtran-10 (Combidex) followed by in vivo scanning 24 h post-USPIO administration. After in vivo imaging, aortas were harvested for ex vivo imaging, histology, iron quantification, and gene expression analysis. RESULTS Reduced signal intensity was evident in the post-USPIO transverse images of the abdominal aorta. The areas of reduced signal were primarily along the aneurysm shoulder and outer perianeurysm areas and corresponded to regions of macrophage infiltration and colocalized USPIO determination by means of histological staining. The absolute iron content measured significantly correlated to the area of signal reduction in the ex vivo images (r = 0.9; P < 0.01). In the AAA tissue, the macrophage-driven cytokine gene expression was up-regulated along with a matrix metalloproteinase known to mediate extracellular matrix breakdown in this disease model. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate the feasibility of using an USPIO contrast agent as a surrogate for detecting the acute inflammatory process involved in the development of abdominal aneurysms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory H Turner
- Cardiovascular and Urogenital Center of Excellence for Drug Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, USA
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34
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Willette RN, Eybye ME, Olzinski AR, Behm DJ, Aiyar N, Maniscalco K, Bentley RG, Coatney RW, Zhao S, Westfall TD, Doe CP. Differential effects of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitors in a model of cardiovascular disease. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2009; 330:964-70. [PMID: 19556450 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.109.154443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The evidence is compelling for a role of inflammation in cardiovascular diseases; however, the chronic use of anti-inflammatory drugs for these indications has been disappointing. The recent study compares the effects of two anti-inflammatory agents [cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) and p38 inhibitors] in a model of cardiovascular disease. The vascular, renal, and cardiac effects of 4-(4-methylsulfonylphenyl)-3-phenyl-5H-furan-2-one (rofecoxib; a COX2 inhibitor) and 6-{5-[(cyclopropylamino)carbonyl]-3-fluoro-2-methylphenyl}-N-(2,2-dimethylpropyl)-3-pyridinecarboxamide [GSK-AHAB, a selective p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor], were examined in the spontaneously hypertensive stroke-prone rat (SHR-SP). In SHR-SPs receiving a salt-fat diet (SFD), chronic treatment with GSK-AHAB significantly and dose-dependently improved survival, endothelial-dependent and -independent vascular relaxation, and indices of renal function, and it attenuated dyslipidemia, hypertension, cardiac remodeling, plasma renin activity (PRA), aldosterone, and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta). In contrast, chronic treatment with a COX2-selective dose of rofecoxib exaggerated the harmful effects of the SFD, i.e., increasing vascular and renal dysfunction, dyslipidemia, hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy, PRA, aldosterone, and IL-1beta. The protective effects of a p38 MAPK inhibitor are clearly distinct from the deleterious effects of a selective COX2 inhibitor in the SHR-SP and suggest that anti-inflammatory agents can have differential effects in cardiovascular disease. The results also suggest a method for evaluating long-term cardiovascular efficacy and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert N Willette
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceutics, 709 Swedeland Rd., King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA.
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35
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Turner GH, Olzinski AR, Bernard RE, Aravindhan K, Karr HW, Mirabile RC, Willette RN, Gough PJ, Jucker BM. In Vivo Serial Assessment of Aortic Aneurysm Formation in Apolipoprotein E–Deficient Mice via MRI. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2008; 1:220-6. [DOI: 10.1161/circimaging.108.787358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background—
Hyperlipidimic mice administered angiotensin II have been used for the study of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs). The purpose of this study was to examine the use of MRI for studying AAA development and for examining the effects of pharmacological intervention on AAA development in the apolipoprotein E–deficient mouse.
Methods and Results—
Suprarenal aortic aneurysms were generated in apolipoprotein E–deficient mice administered angiotensin II (1000 ng/kg per min) for up to 28 days. In vivo MRI was performed serially (once weekly) to assess AAA development and rupture. Comparison of AAA size as measured by in vivo and ex vivo MRI resulted in excellent agreement (
r
=0.96,
P
<0.0001). In addition, MRI correlated with histology-derived AAA area assessment (in vivo versus histology:
r
=0.84,
P
<0.0001; ex vivo versus histology:
r
=0.89,
P
<0.0001). In a separate study, angiotensin II–administered apolipoprotein E–deficient mice were treated with doxycycline (broad-based matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor; 30 mg/kg per day for 28 days). MRI was able to noninvasively assess a reduced rate of AAA development (46% versus 71%,
P
<0.05), a decreased AAA area (2.56 versus 4.02 mm
2
,
P
<0.01), and decreased incidence of rupture (43% versus 100%) in treated versus control animals. Inhibition of aorta matrix metalloproteinase 2/9 activity was observed in the treated animals.
Conclusions—
These results demonstrate the use of MRI to noninvasively and temporally assess AAA development on pharmacological intervention in this preclinical cardiovascular disease model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory H. Turner
- From the Cardiovascular and Urogenital Center of Excellence for Drug Discovery (G.H.T., A.R.O., R.E.B., K.A., H.W.K., R.N.W., P.J.G., B.M.J.), and Safety Assessment (R.C.M.), GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pa
| | - Alan R. Olzinski
- From the Cardiovascular and Urogenital Center of Excellence for Drug Discovery (G.H.T., A.R.O., R.E.B., K.A., H.W.K., R.N.W., P.J.G., B.M.J.), and Safety Assessment (R.C.M.), GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pa
| | - Roberta E. Bernard
- From the Cardiovascular and Urogenital Center of Excellence for Drug Discovery (G.H.T., A.R.O., R.E.B., K.A., H.W.K., R.N.W., P.J.G., B.M.J.), and Safety Assessment (R.C.M.), GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pa
| | - Karpagam Aravindhan
- From the Cardiovascular and Urogenital Center of Excellence for Drug Discovery (G.H.T., A.R.O., R.E.B., K.A., H.W.K., R.N.W., P.J.G., B.M.J.), and Safety Assessment (R.C.M.), GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pa
| | - Heather W. Karr
- From the Cardiovascular and Urogenital Center of Excellence for Drug Discovery (G.H.T., A.R.O., R.E.B., K.A., H.W.K., R.N.W., P.J.G., B.M.J.), and Safety Assessment (R.C.M.), GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pa
| | - Rosanna C. Mirabile
- From the Cardiovascular and Urogenital Center of Excellence for Drug Discovery (G.H.T., A.R.O., R.E.B., K.A., H.W.K., R.N.W., P.J.G., B.M.J.), and Safety Assessment (R.C.M.), GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pa
| | - Robert N. Willette
- From the Cardiovascular and Urogenital Center of Excellence for Drug Discovery (G.H.T., A.R.O., R.E.B., K.A., H.W.K., R.N.W., P.J.G., B.M.J.), and Safety Assessment (R.C.M.), GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pa
| | - Peter J. Gough
- From the Cardiovascular and Urogenital Center of Excellence for Drug Discovery (G.H.T., A.R.O., R.E.B., K.A., H.W.K., R.N.W., P.J.G., B.M.J.), and Safety Assessment (R.C.M.), GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pa
| | - Beat M. Jucker
- From the Cardiovascular and Urogenital Center of Excellence for Drug Discovery (G.H.T., A.R.O., R.E.B., K.A., H.W.K., R.N.W., P.J.G., B.M.J.), and Safety Assessment (R.C.M.), GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pa
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Zeng H, Gordon E, Lin Z, Lozinskaya IM, Willette RN, Xu X. 1-[1-Hexyl-6-(methyloxy)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-2-methyl-1-propanone, a Potent and Highly Selective Small Molecule Blocker of the Large-Conductance Voltage-Gated and Calcium-Dependent K+Channel. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2008; 327:168-77. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.108.139733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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37
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Willette RN, Bao W, Nerurkar S, Yue TL, Doe CP, Stankus G, Turner GH, Ju H, Thomas H, Fishman CE, Sulpizio A, Behm DJ, Hoffman S, Lin Z, Lozinskaya I, Casillas LN, Lin M, Trout REL, Votta BJ, Thorneloe K, Lashinger ESR, Figueroa DJ, Marquis R, Xu X. Systemic activation of the transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype 4 channel causes endothelial failure and circulatory collapse: Part 2. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2008; 326:443-52. [PMID: 18499744 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.107.134551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The transient receptor potential (TRP) vanilloid subtype 4 (V4) is a nonselective cation channel that exhibits polymodal activation and is expressed in the endothelium, where it contributes to intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis and regulation of cell volume. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the systemic cardiovascular effects of GSK1016790A, a novel TRPV4 activator, and to examine its mechanism of action. In three species (mouse, rat, and dog), the i.v. administration of GSK1016790A induced a dose-dependent reduction in blood pressure, followed by profound circulatory collapse. In contrast, GSK1016790A had no acute cardiovascular effects in the TRPV4-/- null mouse. Hemodynamic analyses in the dog and rat demonstrate a profound reduction in cardiac output. However, GSK1016790A had no effect on rate or contractility in the isolated, buffer-perfused rat heart, and it produced potent endothelial-dependent relaxation of rodent-isolated vascular ring segments that were abolished by nitric-oxide synthase (NOS) inhibition (N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester; L-NAME), ruthenium red, and endothelial NOS (eNOS) gene deletion. However, the in vivo circulatory collapse was not altered by NOS inhibition (L-NAME) or eNOS gene deletion but was associated with (concentration and time appropriate) profound vascular leakage and tissue hemorrhage in the lung, intestine, and kidney. TRPV4 immunoreactivity was localized in the endothelium and epithelium in the affected organs. GSK1016790A potently induced rapid electrophysiological and morphological changes (retraction/condensation) in cultured endothelial cells. In summary, inappropriate activation of TRPV4 produces acute circulatory collapse associated with endothelial activation/injury and failure of the pulmonary microvascular permeability barrier. It will be important to determine the role of TRPV4 in disorders associated with edema and microvascular congestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert N Willette
- Investigative and Cardiac Biology, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, 709 Swedeland Road, UW2510, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA.
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38
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Schnackenberg CG, Costell MH, Hoang B, Duddy G, Willette RN. Serum and glucocorticoid‐regulated kinase mediates hypertension and end organ damage in DOCA‐salt hypertension. FASEB J 2008. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.22.1_supplement.969.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bao Hoang
- Discovery Technology GroupGlaxoSmithKlineKing of PrussiaPA
| | - Graham Duddy
- Discovery Technology GroupGlaxoSmithKlineHarlowUnited Kingdom
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39
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Schnackenberg CG, Costell MH, Eybye ME, Cui J, Maniscalco K, Bentley R, Willette RN, Yue T, Doe CP. Chronic inhibition of 11beta‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity reduces cardiovascular comorbidities in corpulent and stroke‐prone SHR. FASEB J 2008. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.22.1_supplement.947.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jianqi Cui
- Investigative & Cardiac BiologyGlaxoSmithKlineKing of PrussiaPA
| | | | - Ross Bentley
- Investigative & Cardiac BiologyGlaxoSmithKlineKing of PrussiaPA
| | | | - Tian‐Li Yue
- Investigative & Cardiac BiologyGlaxoSmithKlineKing of PrussiaPA
| | - Chris P. Doe
- Investigative & Cardiac BiologyGlaxoSmithKlineKing of PrussiaPA
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Yue TL, Nerurkar SS, Bao W, Jucker BM, Sarov-Blat L, Steplewski K, Ohlstein EH, Willette RN. In vivo activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-delta protects the heart from ischemia/reperfusion injury in Zucker fatty rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2008; 325:466-74. [PMID: 18287212 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.107.135327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-delta is a transcription factor that belongs to the PPAR family. PPAR-delta is abundantly expressed in the heart, and its role in the heart is largely unknown. We tested whether pharmacological activation of PPAR-delta protects the heart from ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in male Zucker fatty rats, a rodent model of obesity and dyslipidemia. A highly selective PPAR-delta agonist, [4-[[[2-[3-fluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4-methyl-5-thiazolyl]methyl] thio]-2-methylphenoxy]acetic acid (GW0742), was administered for 7 days at 10 mg/kg/day (p.o., once a day). Ischemic injury was produced by occlusion of the left anterior descending artery for 30 min followed by reperfusion for up to 24 h. Treatment with GW0742 reduced serum levels of cardiac troponin-I and infarct size by 63% (p < 0.01) and 32% (p < 0.01), respectively, and improved left ventricular function. Treatment with GW0742 up-regulated gene expression involved in cardiac fatty acid oxidation, increased fat use in the heart, and reduced serum levels of free fatty acids. The enhanced cardiac expression of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 induced by I/R were significantly attenuated by GW0742. Treatment with GW0742 also reduced apoptotic cardiomyocytes by 34% and cardiac caspase-3 activity by 61% (both p < 0.01 versus vehicle). GW0742 differentially regulated Bcl family members, favoring cell survival, and attenuated I/R-induced cardiac mitochondrial damage. In addition, GW0742 treatment augmented the cardiac Akt signaling pathway, as reflected by enhanced phospho-3-phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1 and p-Akt. The results indicate that activation of PPAR-delta protected the heart from I/R injury in Zucker fatty rats, and multiple mechanisms including amelioration of lipotoxicity, anti-inflammation, and up-regulation of prosurvival signaling contribute together to the cardioprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Li Yue
- Department of Cardiac Biology, GlaxoSmithKline, 709 Swedeland Rd., King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA.
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Morris JB, Olzinski AR, Bernard RE, Aravindhan K, Mirabile RC, Boyce R, Willette RN, Jucker BM. p38 MAPK inhibition reduces aortic ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide uptake in a mouse model of atherosclerosis: MRI assessment. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2007; 28:265-71. [PMID: 18162612 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.107.151175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO) contrast agents have been used for noninvasive MRI assessment of atherosclerotic plaque inflammation. The purpose of this study was to noninvasively evaluate USPIO uptake in aorta of apoE-/- mice and to determine the effects of Angiotensin II (Ang II) infusion and chronic antiinflammatory treatment with a p38 MAPK inhibitor on this uptake. METHODS AND RESULTS ApoE-/- mice were administered saline or Ang II (1.44 mg/kg/d) for 21 days. In vivo MRI assessment of USPIO uptake in the aortic arch was observed in all animals. However, although the Ang II group had significantly higher absolute iron content (increased 103%, P<0.001) in the aortic arch compared with the saline group, the p38 MAPK inhibitor (SB-239063, 150 mg/kg/d) treatment group did not (increased 6%, NS). The in vivo MRI signal intensity was significantly correlated to the absolute iron content in the aortic arch. Histological evaluation of the aortic root lesion area showed colocalization of USPIO with macrophages and a reduction in USPIO but not macrophage content with SB-239063 treatment. CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrates that noninvasive assessment of USPIO uptake, as a marker for inflammation in murine atherosclerotic plaque, is feasible and that p38 MAPK inhibition attenuates the uptake of USPIO in aorta of Ang II-infused apoE-/- mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne B Morris
- GlaxoSmithKline, 709 Swedeland Rd, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA
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Jucker BM, Doe CP, Schnackenberg CG, Olzinski AR, Maniscalco K, Williams C, Hu TCC, Lenhard SC, Costell M, Bernard R, Sarov-Blat L, Steplewski K, Willette RN. PPARdelta activation normalizes cardiac substrate metabolism and reduces right ventricular hypertrophy in congestive heart failure. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2007; 50:25-34. [PMID: 17666912 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e31804b4163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Previously, it was shown that selective deletion of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor delta (PPARdelta) in the heart resulted in a cardiac lipotoxicity, hypertrophy, and heart failure. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of chronic and selective pharmacological activation of PPARdelta in a model of congestive heart failure. PPARdelta-specific agonist treatment (GW610742X at 30 and 100 mg/kg/day for 6-9 weeks) was initiated immediately postmyocardial infarction (MI) in Sprague-Dawley rats. Magnetic resonance imaging/spectroscopy was used to assess cardiac function and energetics. A 1-(13)C glucose clamp was performed to assess relative cardiac carbohydrate versus fat oxidation. Additionally, cardiac hemodynamics and reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction gene expression analysis was performed. MI rats had significantly reduced left ventricle (LV) ejection fractions and whole heart phosphocreatine/adenosine triphosphate ratio compared with Sham animals (reduction of 43% and 14%, respectively). However, GW610742X treatment had no effect on either parameter. In contrast, the decrease in relative fat oxidation rate observed in both LV and right ventricle (RV) following MI (decrease of 58% and 54%, respectively) was normalized in a dose-dependent manner following treatment with GW610742X. These metabolic changes were associated with an increase in lipid transport/metabolism target gene expression (eg, CD36, CPT1, UCP3). Although there was no difference between groups in LV weight or infarct size measured upon necropsy, there was a dramatic reduction in RV hypertrophy and lung congestion (decrease of 22-48%, P<0.01) with treatment which was associated with a >7-fold decrease (P<0.05) in aterial natriuretic peptide gene expression in RV. Diuretic effects were not observed with GW610742X. In conclusion, chronic treatment with a selective PPARdelta agonist normalizes cardiac substrate metabolism and reduces RV hypertrophy and pulmonary congestion consistent with improvement in congestive heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beat M Jucker
- Cardiovascular and Urogenital Center of Excellence for Drug Discovery, and Genomics Research, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA
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Gordon E, Lozinskaya IM, Lin Z, Semus SF, Blaney FE, Willette RN, Xu X. 2-[2-(3,4-Dichloro-phenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindol-5-ylamino]-nicotinic Acid (PD-307243) Causes Instantaneous Current through HumanEther-a-go-go-Related Gene Potassium Channels. Mol Pharmacol 2007; 73:639-51. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.107.041152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Bao W, Behm DJ, Nerurkar SS, Ao Z, Bentley R, Mirabile RC, Johns DG, Woods TN, Doe CPA, Coatney RW, Ohlstein JF, Douglas SA, Willette RN, Yue TL. Effects of p38 MAPK Inhibitor on angiotensin II-dependent hypertension, organ damage, and superoxide anion production. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2007; 49:362-8. [PMID: 17577100 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e318046f34a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin II (Ang II) activates p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) and increases reactive oxygen species (ROS), but the nature of the relationship in vivo is not fully understood. We assess the effect of SB239063AN, a highly selective, orally active, p38 MAPK inhibitor, on Ang II-dependent hypertension, target-organ damage and ROS production. Sprague-Dawley rats and MAPKAP kinase-2 knockout mice were infused with Ang II. Ang II infusion increased the levels of phosphorylated p38 MAPK in the heart and aorta. Production of superoxide anion and expression of NAD(P)H oxidase subunit gp91 in the aorta were increased 4- and 5-fold, respectively. In addition, Ang II infusion led to endothelial dysfunction, progressive and sustained hypertension, and cardiac hypertrophy. Treatment with SB239063AN (800 ppm in the diet) significantly attenuated the levels of phosphorylated p38 MAPK in the heart and aorta, reduced superoxide anion generation by 57% (P < 0.01), markedly suppressed gp91 mRNA expression, prevented endothelial dysfunction, and blunted both the hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy. Ang II-dependent hypertension was also significantly attenuated in MAPKAP kinase-2 knockout mice. The results suggest that Ang II induced hypertension, organ damage, and ROS production are possibly mediated by p38 MAPK and inhibition of p38 MAPK may offer a therapeutic approach for cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weike Bao
- Department of Investigative and Cardiac Biology, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, USA.
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Barone FC, Willette RN, Nelson AH, Ohlstein EH, Brooks DP, Coatney RW. Carvedilol prevents and reverses hypertrophy-induced cardiac dysfunction. Pharmacology 2007; 80:166-76. [PMID: 17551266 DOI: 10.1159/000103384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2006] [Accepted: 01/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Histological studies have provided evidence that carvedilol can prevent cardiac hypertrophy in spontaneously hypertensive-stroke prone rats (SP) fed a high-fat and -salt diet. However, the effects of carvedilol on cardiac function have not been studied in these animals. In addition, the ability of carvedilol to reverse established cardiac hypertrophy and dysfunction under these conditions remains to be determined. Here we have evaluated the ability of carvedilol to prevent and reverse cardiac hypertrophy and progressive dysfunction using echocardiography. METHODS Two echocardiology studies were conducted to determine the effects of carvedilol treatment on cardiac hypertrophy and dysfunction. In the first prevention study, four groups of rats were evaluated. SP were fed a high-fat (24.5% in food) and high-salt (1% in water) diet (SFD) without (SP-SFD control group) or with carvedilol (SP-SFD carvedilol group; carvedilol concentration 2,400 parts per million) for 18 weeks. Carvedilol was administered in the food at an optimum concentration (i.e. known to provide clinically relevant blood concentrations and reduce cardiac hypertrophy determined from previous studies). In addition, SP and WKY rats were fed a normal diet (SP normal diet group and WKY normal diet group). These groups are known to not develop the same significant cardiac hypertrophy and dysfunction within this limited time of study, and provided two more normal control groups for comparison. In the second reversal study, one group of SP was fed SFD for 12 weeks (SP-SFD pretreatment period) to induce cardiac hypertrophy. Carvedilol (2,400 parts per million) was then added to the diet for an additional 6 weeks (SP-SFD carvedilol treatment period). RESULTS In the first prevention study, carvedilol prolonged longevity (p < 0.05) and prevented left-ventricular hypertrophy and dysfunction (p < 0.05; SP-SFD control vs. SP-SFD carvedilol group). M-mode-measured and -calculated parameters demonstrated that carvedilol treatment in the SP-SFD carvedilol group prevented increases in left-ventricular wall thickness (p < 0.05) and decreases in diastolic chamber diameter and volume, stroke volume, ejection fraction and cardiac output (all p < 0.05) that occurred in the SP-SFD control group. Further, cardiac measurements in the SP-SFD carvedilol group were normalized to levels similar to those in the SP and WKY normal diet groups. All SFD-fed groups exhibited similar, significantly elevated blood pressure during the study. In the second reversal study, carvedilol treatment for 6 weeks reversed the cardiac hypertrophy and dysfunction that developed in SP-fed SFD for 12 weeks prior to carvedilol intervention. Under these conditions, carvedilol improved/normalized left-ventricular wall thickness, diastolic ventricular-chamber diameter and volume, stroke volume, ejection fraction and cardiac output (all p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that carvedilol provides protection from and facilitates reversal of progressive cardiac remodeling and dysfunction in this SP-SFD model of cardiac hypertrophy/heart failure. Since these effects occurred in the absence of effects on blood pressure, other known actions of carvedilol, especially its antioxidant activity, for example, may explain this significant cardiac protection. In addition, research using this SP-SFD model of cardiac hypertrophy/end-organ injury appears to translate well to human cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank C Barone
- High Throughput Biology, Discovery Research, King of Prussia, PA, USA.
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Ghatta S, Lozinskaya I, Lin Z, Gordon E, Willette RN, Brooks DP, Xu X. Acetic acid opens large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels in guinea pig detrusor smooth muscle cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2007; 563:203-8. [PMID: 17382925 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2006] [Revised: 02/15/2007] [Accepted: 02/15/2007] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Acetic acid was found to have actions on urinary bladder smooth muscle in our routine ion channel screening assays. Numerous studies have examined the mechanisms of bladder irritation by acetic acid; however, the direct effect of acetic acid on ion channels in detrusor smooth muscle cells has not been evaluated. We used whole-cell patch-clamp techniques to examine the effect of acetic acid on large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels (BKCa) from guinea pig detrusor smooth muscle cells and CHO cells expressing recombinant human BKCaalphabeta1 (CHO BKCaalphabeta1) and human BKCaalpha (CHO BKCaalpha). Acetic acid activated BKCa currents in a concentration-dependent (0.01% to 0.05% v/v) manner in all the cell systems studied. Acetic acid (0.05%) increased BKCa current at +30 mV by 2764+/-918% (n=8) in guinea pig detrusor smooth muscle cells. Acetic acid (0.03%) shifted the V1/2 of conductance-voltage curve by 64+/-14 (n=5), 128+/-14 (n=5), and 126+/-12 mV (n=4) in CHO BKCaalpha, CHO BKCaalphabeta1 and detrusor smooth muscle cells, respectively. This effect of acetic acid was found to be independent of pH and was also not produced by its salt form, sodium acetate. Automated patch-clamp experiments also showed similar activation of CHO BKCaalphabeta1 by acetic acid. In conclusion, acetic acid directly activates BKCa channels in detrusor smooth muscle cells. This novel study necessitates caution while interpreting the results from acetic acid bladder irritation model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Ghatta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, North Dakota State University, Fargo ND 58105, USA
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Nerurkar SS, Olzinski AR, Frazier KS, Mirabile RC, O'Brien SP, Jing J, Rajagopalan D, Yue TL, Willette RN. P38 MAPK inhibitors suppress biomarkers of hypertension end-organ damage, osteopontin and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. Biomarkers 2007; 12:87-112. [PMID: 17438656 DOI: 10.1080/13547500600944930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The assessment of target organ damage is important in defining the optimal treatment of hypertension and blood pressure-related cardiovascular disease. The aims of the present study were (1) to investigate candidate biomarkers of target organ damage, osteopontin (OPN) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), in models of malignant hypertension with well characterized end-organ pathology; and (2) to evaluate the effects of chronic treatment with a p38 MAPK inhibitor. Gene expression, plasma concentrations, and renal immunohistochemical localization of OPN and PAI-1 were measured in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats on a salt-fat diet (SFD SHR-SP) and in spontaneously hypertensive rats receiving N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME SHR). Plasma concentrations of OPN and PAI-1 increased significantly in SFD SHR-SP and L-NAME SHR as compared with controls, (2.5-4.5-fold for OPN and 2.0-9.0-fold for PAI-1). The plasma levels of OPN and PAI-1 were significantly correlated with the urinary excretion of albumin (p < 0.0001). Elevations in urinary albumin, plasma OPN and PAI-1 were abolished by chronic treatment (4-8 weeks) with a specific p38 MAPK inhibitor, SB-239063AN. OPN immunoreactivity was localized predominantly in the apical portion of tubule epithelium, while PAI-1 immunoreactivity was robust in glomeruli, tubules and renal artery endothelium. Treatment with the p38 MAPK inhibitor significantly reduced OPN and PAI-1 protein expression in target organs. Kidney gene expression was increased for OPN (4.9- and 7.9-fold) and PAI-1 (2.8- and 11.5-fold) in SFD SHR-SP and L-NAME SHR, respectively. In-silico pathway analysis revealed that activation of p38 MAPK was linked to OPN and PAI-1 via SPI, c-fos and c-jun; suggesting that these pathways may play an important role in p38 MAPK-dependent hypertensive renal dysfunction. The results suggest that enhanced OPN and PAI-1 expression reflects end-organ damage in hypertension and that suppression correlates with end-organ protection regardless of overt antihypertensive action.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Nerurkar
- Department of Investigative and Cardiac Biology, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA 119406, USA
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Behm DJ, Stankus G, Doe CPA, Willette RN, Sarau HM, Foley JJ, Schmidt DB, Nuthulaganti P, Fornwald JA, Ames RS, Lambert DG, Calo' G, Camarda V, Aiyar NV, Douglas SA. The peptidic urotensin-II receptor ligand GSK248451 possesses less intrinsic activity than the low-efficacy partial agonists SB-710411 and urantide in native mammalian tissues and recombinant cell systems. Br J Pharmacol 2006; 148:173-90. [PMID: 16547525 PMCID: PMC1617064 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Several peptidic urotensin-II (UT) receptor antagonists exert 'paradoxical' agonist activity in recombinant cell- and tissue-based bioassay systems, likely the result of differential urotensin-II receptor (UT receptor) signal transduction/coupling efficiency between assays. The present study has examined this phenomenon in mammalian arteries and recombinant UT-HEK (human embryonic kidney) cells.BacMam-mediated recombinant UT receptor upregulation in HEK cells augmented agonist activity for all four peptidic UT ligands studied. The nominal rank order of relative intrinsic efficacy was U-II>urantide ([Pen(5)-DTrp(7)-Orn(8)]hU-II(4-11))>SB-710411 (Cpa-c[DCys-Pal-DTrp-Lys-Val-Cys]-Cpa-amide)>>GSK248451 (Cin-c[DCys-Pal-DTrp-Orn-Val-Cys]-His-amide) (the relative coupling efficiency of recombinant HEK cells was cat>human>>rat UT receptor). The present study further demonstrated that the use of high signal transduction/coupling efficiency isolated blood vessel assays (primate>cat arteries) is required in order to characterize UT receptor antagonism thoroughly. This cannot be attained simply by using the rat isolated aorta, an artery with low signal transduction/coupling efficiency in which low-efficacy agonists appear to function as antagonists. In contrast to the 'low-efficacy agonists' urantide and SB-710411, GSK248451 functioned as a potent UT receptor antagonist in all native isolated tissues studied (UT receptor selectivity was confirmed in the rat aorta). Further, GSK248451 exhibited an extremely low level of relative intrinsic activity in recombinant HEK cells (4-5-fold less than seen with urantide). Since GSK248451 (1 mg kg(-1), i.v.) blocked the systemic pressor actions of exogenous U-II in the anaesthetized cat, it represents a suitable peptidic tool antagonist for delineating the role of U-II in the aetiology of mammalian cardiometabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Behm
- Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis, GlaxoSmithKline, 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA.
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Zeng H, Lozinskaya IM, Lin Z, Willette RN, Brooks DP, Xu X. Mallotoxin Is a Novel HumanEther-a-go-go-Related Gene (hERG) Potassium Channel Activator. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006; 319:957-62. [PMID: 16928897 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.106.110593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Human ether-a-go-go-related gene (hERG) encodes a rapidly activating delayed rectifier potassium channel that plays important roles in cardiac action potential repolarization. Although many drugs and compounds block hERG channels, activators of the channel have only recently been described. Three structurally diverse synthetic compounds have been reported to activate hERG channels by altering deactivation or inactivation or by unidentified mechanisms. Here, we describe a novel, naturally occurring hERG channel activator, mallotoxin (MTX). The effects of MTX on hERG channels were investigated using the patch-clamp technique. MTX increased both step and tail hERG currents with EC(50) values of 0.34 and 0.52 microM, respectively. MTX leftward shifted the voltage dependence of hERG channel activation to less depolarized voltages ( approximately 24 mV at 2.5 microM). In addition, MTX increased hERG deactivation time constants. MTX did not change the half-maximal inactivation voltage of the hERG channel, but it reduced the slope of the voltage-dependent inactivation curve. All of these factors contribute to the enhanced activity of hERG channels. During a voltage-clamp protocol using prerecorded cardiac action potentials, 2.5 microM MTX increased the total potassium ions passed through hERG channels by approximately 5-fold. In conclusion, MTX activates hERG channels through distinct mechanisms and with significantly higher potency than previously reported hERG channel activators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Zeng
- GlaxoSmithKline, 709 Swedeland Rd., UW2511, P.O. Box 1539, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA
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Aiyar N, Disa J, Ao Z, Ju H, Nerurkar S, Willette RN, Macphee CH, Johns DG, Douglas SA. Lysophosphatidylcholine induces inflammatory activation of human coronary artery smooth muscle cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2006; 295:113-20. [PMID: 16896535 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-006-9280-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2006] [Accepted: 07/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) is the major bioactive lipid component of oxidized LDL, thought to be responsible for many of the inflammatory effects of oxidized LDL described in both inflammatory and endothelial cells. Inflammation-induced transformation of vascular smooth muscle cells from a contractile phenotype to a proliferative/secretory phenotype is a hallmark of the vascular remodeling that is characteristic of atherogenesis; however, the role of LPC in this process has not been fully described. The present study tested the hypothesis that LPC is an inflammatory stimulus in coronary artery smooth muscle cells (CASMCs). In cultured human CASMCs, LPC stimulated time- and concentration-dependent release of arachidonic acid that was sensitive to phospholipase A2 and C inhibition. LPC stimulated the release of arachidonic acid metabolites leukotriene-B4 and 6-keto-prostaglandin F1alpha, within the same time course. LPC was also found to stimulate basic fibroblast growth factor release as well as stimulating the release of the cytokines GM-CSF, IL-6, and IL-8. Optimal stimulation of these signals was obtained via palmitic acid-substituted LPC species. Stimulation of arachidonic acid, inflammatory cytokines and growth factor release, implies that LPC might play a multifactorial role in the progression of atherosclerosis, by affecting inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nambi Aiyar
- Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis, Cardiovascular and Urogenital Center of Excellence for Drug Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline, 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA.
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