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Gunner RM, Wilson RP, Holton MD, Scott R, Arkwright A, Fahlman A, Ulrich M, Hopkins P, Duarte C, Eizaguirre C. Activity of loggerhead turtles during the U-shaped dive: insights using angular velocity metrics. ENDANGER SPECIES RES 2021. [DOI: 10.3354/esr01125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the behavioural ecology of endangered taxa can inform conservation strategies. The activity budgets of the loggerhead turtle Caretta caretta are still poorly understood because many tracking methods show only horizontal displacement and ignore dives and associated behaviours. However, time-depth recorders have enabled researchers to identify flat, U-shaped dives (or type 1a dives) and these are conventionally labelled as resting dives on the seabed because they involve no vertical displacement of the animal. Video- and acceleration-based studies have demonstrated this is not always true. Focusing on sea turtles nesting on the Cabo Verde archipelago, we describe a new metric derived from magnetometer data, absolute angular velocity, that integrates indices of angular rotation in the horizontal plane to infer activity. Using this metric, we evaluated the variation in putative resting behaviours during the bottom phase of type 1a dives for 5 individuals over 13 to 17 d at sea during a single inter-nesting interval (over 75 turtle d in total). We defined absolute resting within the bottom phase of type 1a dives as periods with no discernible acceleration or angular movement. Whilst absolute resting constituted a significant proportion of each turtle’s time budget for this 1a dive type, turtles allocated 16-38% of their bottom time to activity, with many dives being episodic, comprised of intermittent bouts of rest and rotational activity. This implies that previously considered resting behaviours are complex and need to be accounted for in energy budgets, particularly since energy budgets may impact conservation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- RM Gunner
- Swansea Lab for Animal Movement, Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - RP Wilson
- Swansea Lab for Animal Movement, Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - MD Holton
- Swansea Lab for Animal Movement, Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - R Scott
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Kiel, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany
- Natural Environmental Research Council, Polaris House, North Star Avenue, Swindon SN2 1FL, UK
| | - A Arkwright
- Swansea Lab for Animal Movement, Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
- L’Oceanogràfic, Ciutat de les Arts i de les Ciències, Carrer d’Eduardo Primo Yúfera, 1B, 46013 Valencia, Spain
| | - A Fahlman
- L’Oceanogràfic, Ciutat de les Arts i de les Ciències, Carrer d’Eduardo Primo Yúfera, 1B, 46013 Valencia, Spain
| | - M Ulrich
- Institutionen för fysik kemi och biologi (IFM), Linköping Universitet, Olaus Magnus väg, 583 30 Linköping, Sweden
| | - P Hopkins
- Swansea Lab for Animal Movement, Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - C Duarte
- Red Sea Research Centre, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - C Eizaguirre
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E35SA, UK
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2
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Sequeira AMM, Heupel MR, Lea MA, Eguíluz VM, Duarte CM, Meekan MG, Thums M, Calich HJ, Carmichael RH, Costa DP, Ferreira LC, Fernandéz-Gracia J, Harcourt R, Harrison AL, Jonsen I, McMahon CR, Sims DW, Wilson RP, Hays GC. The importance of sample size in marine megafauna tagging studies. Ecol Appl 2019; 29:e01947. [PMID: 31183944 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Telemetry is a key, widely used tool to understand marine megafauna distribution, habitat use, behavior, and physiology; however, a critical question remains: "How many animals should be tracked to acquire meaningful data sets?" This question has wide-ranging implications including considerations of statistical power, animal ethics, logistics, and cost. While power analyses can inform sample sizes needed for statistical significance, they require some initial data inputs that are often unavailable. To inform the planning of telemetry and biologging studies of marine megafauna where few or no data are available or where resources are limited, we reviewed the types of information that have been obtained in previously published studies using different sample sizes. We considered sample sizes from one to >100 individuals and synthesized empirical findings, detailing the information that can be gathered with increasing sample sizes. We complement this review with simulations, using real data, to show the impact of sample size when trying to address various research questions in movement ecology of marine megafauna. We also highlight the value of collaborative, synthetic studies to enhance sample sizes and broaden the range, scale, and scope of questions that can be answered.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M M Sequeira
- IOMRC and The University of Western Australia Oceans Institute, School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - M R Heupel
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB No 3, Townsville, Queensland, 4810, Australia
| | - M-A Lea
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, 20 Castray Esplanade, Hobart, Tasmania, 7000, Australia
| | - V M Eguíluz
- Instituto de Física Interdisciplinar y Sistemas Complejos IFISC (CSIC - UIB), E-07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - C M Duarte
- Red Sea Research Centre (RSRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - M G Meekan
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Indian Ocean Marine Research Centre (M096), University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009 Australia
| | - M Thums
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Indian Ocean Marine Research Centre (M096), University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009 Australia
| | - H J Calich
- IOMRC and The University of Western Australia Oceans Institute, Oceans Graduate School, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - R H Carmichael
- Dauphin Island Sea Lab and, University of South Alabama, 101 Bienville Boulevard, Dauphin Island, Alabama, 36528, USA
| | - D P Costa
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, 95060, USA
| | - L C Ferreira
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Indian Ocean Marine Research Centre (M096), University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009 Australia
| | - J Fernandéz-Gracia
- Instituto de Física Interdisciplinar y Sistemas Complejos IFISC (CSIC - UIB), E-07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - R Harcourt
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, 2109, Australia
| | - A-L Harrison
- Migratory Bird Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, PO Box 37012 MRC 5503 MBC, Washington, D.C., 20013, USA
| | - I Jonsen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, 2109, Australia
| | - C R McMahon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, 2109, Australia
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science, 19 Chowder Bay Road, Mosman, 2088, New South Wales, Australia
| | - D W Sims
- Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth, PL1 2PB, United Kingdom
- Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, Waterfront Campus, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, United Kingdom
| | - R P Wilson
- Department of Biosciences, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - G C Hays
- Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
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3
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Gibbs KM, Izer JM, Reeves WB, Wilson RP, Cooper TK. Effects of General Anesthesia on 2 Urinary Biomarkers of Kidney Injury-Hepatitis A Virus Cellular Receptor 1 and Lipocalin 2-in Male C57BL/6J Mice. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci 2018; 58:21-29. [PMID: 30538007 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-jaalas-18-000062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Urinary biomarkers are used increasingly for sensitive prediction of kidney injury in preclinical and clinical studies. Given the frequent requirement of anesthesia in various animal models of disease, it is important to define the effects of anesthesia on kidney injury biomarkers to guide the appropriate selection of anesthetic agents and to avoid potential confounders in the interpretation of data. Therefore, we performed a prospective study using male C57BL/6J mice (n = 45) exposed to a single anesthetic episode to determine the effects several common anesthesia regimens on the urinary excretion of 2 commonly used kidney injury biomarkers: hepatitis A virus cellular receptor 1 (HAVCR1, also known as KIM1) and lipocalin 2 (LCN2, also known as NGAL). We evaluated 3 injectable regimens (ketamine-xylazine, tiletamine-zolazepam, and pentobarbital) and 2 inhalational agents (isoflurane and sevoflurane). Concentrations of HAVCR1 and LCN2 in urine collected at various time points after anesthesia were measured by using ELISA. Administration of ketamine-xylazine resulted in a significant increase in HAVCR1 levels at 6 h after anesthesia but a decrease in LCN2 levels compared with baseline. LCN2 levels steadily increased over the first 24 h after inhalant anesthesia, with a significant increase at 24 h after sevoflurane. These results suggest that injectable anesthesia had early effects on HAVCR1 and LCN2 levels, whereas inhalational agents increased these biomarkers over prolonged time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista M Gibbs
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Penn State University College of Medicine, Milton S Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania;,
| | - Jenelle M Izer
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Penn State University College of Medicine, Milton S Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - W Brian Reeves
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Ronald P Wilson
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Penn State University College of Medicine, Milton S Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Timothy K Cooper
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Penn State University College of Medicine, Milton S Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania
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Izer JM, Wilson RP, Clark JB, Myers JL, Weiss WW, Ündar A. Animal Models for Pediatric Mechanical Circulatory Support Research at Penn State Health. Artif Organs 2018; 42:347-353. [PMID: 29667251 DOI: 10.1111/aor.13133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jenelle M Izer
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Cardiovascular Research Center, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Penn State College of Medicine, Penn State Health Children's Hospital, Hershey, PA, USA.,Department of Comparative Medicine, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Penn State College of Medicine, Penn State Health Children's Hospital, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Ronald P Wilson
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Cardiovascular Research Center, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Penn State College of Medicine, Penn State Health Children's Hospital, Hershey, PA, USA.,Department of Comparative Medicine, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Penn State College of Medicine, Penn State Health Children's Hospital, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Joseph B Clark
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Cardiovascular Research Center, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Penn State College of Medicine, Penn State Health Children's Hospital, Hershey, PA, USA.,Department of Surgery, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Penn State College of Medicine, Penn State Health Children's Hospital, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - John L Myers
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Cardiovascular Research Center, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Penn State College of Medicine, Penn State Health Children's Hospital, Hershey, PA, USA.,Department of Surgery, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Penn State College of Medicine, Penn State Health Children's Hospital, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - William W Weiss
- Department of Surgery, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Penn State College of Medicine, Penn State Health Children's Hospital, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Akif Ündar
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Cardiovascular Research Center, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Penn State College of Medicine, Penn State Health Children's Hospital, Hershey, PA, USA.,Department of Surgery, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Penn State College of Medicine, Penn State Health Children's Hospital, Hershey, PA, USA
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5
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Wang S, Patel S, Izer JM, Clark JB, Kunselman AR, Wilson RP, Ündar A. Impact of Different Perfusion Modalities on Coronary and Carotid Blood Flow Velocities in an Adult ECLS Swine Model. Artif Organs 2018; 42:918-921. [PMID: 29660857 DOI: 10.1111/aor.13141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare the effects of nonpulsatile and ECG-synchronized pulsatile extracorporeal life support on coronary and carotid blood flow velocities using transthoracic echocardiography and vascular ultrasound, respectively. Nine adult swine were randomly separated into nonpulsatile (NP, n = 5) and pulsatile (P, N = 4) groups and placed on ECLS for 24 h using an i-cor ECLS system. Noninvasive transthoracic images of the left and right coronary artery and the left carotid artery were acquired at the pre-ECLS (baseline), 30 min, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 24 h on-ECLS stages. The mean diastolic velocity of the left and right coronary arteries in the NP group significantly decreased after 24 h on ECLS compared to the baseline and 30 min ECLS stages (P < 0.05). There was no statistical difference in the mean diastolic velocity of the coronary arteries in the P group at 30 min, 3-, 6-, 9-, 12-, and 24-h ECLS compared to baseline. The P group showed a smaller decrease in the mean diastolic velocity of coronary arteries between the 30-min ECLS and 3-, 6-, 9-, 13-, 24-h ECLS stages compared to the NP group. The diastolic velocity of the left carotid artery in the NP group significantly decreased during 24-h ECLS compared to the P group (P < 0.05). An ECG-synchronized pulsatile ECLS system appeared to maintain coronary and carotid artery diastolic velocities better than conventional nonpulsatile ECLS. Further investigation of the perfusion modes during ECLS is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigang Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Penn State Hershey Pediatric Cardiovascular Research Center, Penn State Hershey Children's Hospital, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Sunil Patel
- Department of Pediatrics, Penn State Hershey Pediatric Cardiovascular Research Center, Penn State Hershey Children's Hospital, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Jenelle M Izer
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Penn State Hershey College of Medicine, Penn State Hershey Children's Hospital, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Joseph B Clark
- Department of Pediatrics, Penn State Hershey Pediatric Cardiovascular Research Center, Penn State Hershey Children's Hospital, Hershey, PA, USA.,Department of Surgery, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Penn State Hershey College of Medicine, Penn State Hershey Children's Hospital, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Allen R Kunselman
- Department of Public Health and Sciences, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Penn State Hershey College of Medicine, Penn State Hershey Children's Hospital, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Ronald P Wilson
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Penn State Hershey College of Medicine, Penn State Hershey Children's Hospital, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Akif Ündar
- Department of Pediatrics, Penn State Hershey Pediatric Cardiovascular Research Center, Penn State Hershey Children's Hospital, Hershey, PA, USA.,Department of Surgery, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Penn State Hershey College of Medicine, Penn State Hershey Children's Hospital, Hershey, PA, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Penn State Hershey College of Medicine, Penn State Hershey Children's Hospital, Hershey, PA, USA
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6
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Izer JM, LaFleur RA, Weiss WJ, Wilson RP. Development of a Pain Scoring System for Use in Sheep Surgically Implanted with Ventricular Assist Devices. J INVEST SURG 2018; 32:706-715. [PMID: 29641275 DOI: 10.1080/08941939.2018.1457191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose/Aim: In prey species, such as sheep, clinical signs of postoperative pain can manifest in subtle ways or may be concealed entirely. Previous publications describing pain assessment in ruminants focus on lameness and flock behavior, often in a farm environment. These indicators of pain may be difficult to assess in sheep housed in biomedical research settings. We have developed a novel pain scoring system for sheep undergoing thoracotomy for implantation of ventricular assist devices that are permanently housed in modified stanchions. Materials and Methods: The pain scoring system includes ruminant-specific behavioral signs of pain in addition to objective measurements that can be readily evaluated in a biomedical research setting. A numerical score is generated by the evaluator for each category. A decision tree is utilized to help guide further action following the generation of a cumulative score by the evaluator. A total score of 0-2 requires no intervention, 3-9 requires the consideration of additional analgesic administration, and a pain score ≥ 10 warrants the consideration of additional multimodal analgesia. Results: A novel pain scoring system and decision tree specifically designed for sheep undergoing thoracotomy in a biomedical research environment was developed and successfully utilized. Out of 102 postoperative pain scores measured, 86 scores were <2. There were 17/102 postoperative pain scores ≥3, which typically resulted in the administration of supplemental rescue analgesia in the immediate postoperative period. Conclusions: A novel pain scoring system was developed and utilized in a biomedical research environment for evaluating postoperative pain in sheep undergoing thoracotomy for implantation of a ventricular assist device. Further studies are necessary to validate the reliability of this novel pain scoring system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenelle M Izer
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Penn State University College of Medicine, M.S. Hershey Medical Center, 500 University Drive, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rebecca A LaFleur
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Penn State University College of Medicine, M.S. Hershey Medical Center, 500 University Drive, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - William J Weiss
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Penn State University College of Medicine, M.S. Hershey Medical Center, 500 University Drive, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ronald P Wilson
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Penn State University College of Medicine, M.S. Hershey Medical Center, 500 University Drive, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
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Whitcomb TL, Wilson RP. Benefits and Challenges of Developing a Customized Rubric for Curricular Review of a Residency Program in Laboratory Animal Medicine. J Vet Med Educ 2017; 44:570-578. [PMID: 28876995 DOI: 10.3138/jvme.0316-067r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Rigorous curricular review of post-graduate veterinary medical residency programs is in the best interest of program directors in light of the requirements and needs of specialty colleges, graduate school administrations, and other stakeholders including prospective students and employers. Although minimum standards for training are typically provided by specialty colleges, mechanisms for evaluation are left to the discretion of program directors. The paucity of information available describing best practices for curricular assessment of veterinary medical specialty training programs makes resources from other medical fields essential to informing the assessment process. Here we describe the development of a rubric used to evaluate courses in a 3-year American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine (ACLAM)-recognized residency training program culminating in a Master of Science degree. This rubric, based on examples from medical education and other fields of graduate study, provided transparent criteria for evaluation that were consistent with stakeholder needs and institutional initiatives. However, its use caused delays in the curricular review process as two significant obstacles to refinement were brought to light: variation in formal education in curriculum design and significant differences in teaching philosophies among faculty. The evaluation process was able to move forward after institutional resources were used to provide faculty development in curriculum design. The use of a customized rubric is recommended as a best practice for curricular refinement for residency programs because it results in transparency of the review process and can reveal obstacles to change that would otherwise remain unaddressed.
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8
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Wilson RP, LaFleur RA, Munden RL. Response to Protocol Review Scenario: The spirit of the law. Lab Anim (NY) 2017; 46:10. [DOI: 10.1038/laban.1164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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9
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Ündar A, Wang S, Izer JM, Clark JB, Kunselman AR, Patel S, Shank K, Profeta E, Wilson RP, Ostadal P. The Clinical Importance of Pulsatile Flow in Extracorporeal Life Support: The Penn State Health Approach. Artif Organs 2016; 40:1101-1104. [PMID: 27911024 DOI: 10.1111/aor.12875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akif Ündar
- Department of Pediatrics, Penn State Health, Pediatric Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Surgery Department of Bioengineering, Penn State College of Medicine, H085, 500 University Drivem, P.O. Box 850, Hershey, PA 17033-0850, USA
| | - Shigang Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Penn State Health, Pediatric Cardiovascular Research Center, Penn State College of Medicine
| | - Jenelle M Izer
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine
| | - Joseph B Clark
- Department of Pediatrics, Penn State Health, Pediatric Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Surgery, Penn State College of Medicine
| | - Allen R Kunselman
- Department of Public Health and Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine
| | - Sunil Patel
- Department of Pediatrics, Penn State Health, Pediatric Cardiovascular Research Center
| | - Kaitlyn Shank
- Department of Pediatrics, Penn State Health, Pediatric Cardiovascular Research Center, Penn State College of Medicine
| | - Elizabeth Profeta
- Department of Pediatrics, Penn State Health, Pediatric Cardiovascular Research Center, Penn State College of Medicine
| | - Ronald P Wilson
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine
| | - Petr Ostadal
- Cardiovascular Center, Na Homolce Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
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Metcalfe JD, Wright S, Tudorache C, Wilson RP. Recent advances in telemetry for estimating the energy metabolism of wild fishes. J Fish Biol 2016; 88:284-97. [PMID: 26592370 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic rate is a critical factor in animal biology and ecology, providing an objective measure that can be used in attributing a cost to different activities and to assessing what animals do against some optimal behaviour. Ideally, metabolic rate would be estimated directly by measuring heat output but, until recently, this has not been easily tractable with fishes so instead metabolic rate is usually estimated using indirect methods. In the laboratory, oxygen consumption rate is the indirect method most frequently used for estimating metabolic rate, but technical requirements preclude the measurement of either heat output or oxygen consumption rate in free-ranging fishes. There are other field methods for estimating metabolic rate that can be used with mammals and birds but, again, these cannot be used with fishes. Here, the use of electronic devices that record body acceleration in three dimensions (accelerometry) is considered. Accelerometry is a comparatively new telemetric method for assessing energy metabolism in animals. Correlations between dynamic body acceleration (DBA) and oxygen consumption rate demonstrate that this will be a useful proxy for estimating activity-specific energy expenditure from fishes in mesocosm or field studies over extended periods where other methods (e.g. oxygen consumption rate) are not feasible. DBA therefore has potential as a valuable tool for attributing cost to different activities. This could help in gaining a full picture of how fishes make energy-based trade-offs between different levels of activity when faced with conflicting or competing demands arising from increased and combined environmental stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Metcalfe
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft NR33 0HT, U.K
| | - S Wright
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft NR33 0HT, U.K
- College of Science, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, U.K
| | - C Tudorache
- Sylvius Laboratory, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - R P Wilson
- College of Science, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, U.K
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D'silva LA, Cardew A, Qasem L, Wilson RP, Lewis MJ. Relationships between oxygen uptake, dynamic body acceleration and heart rate in humans. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2015; 55:1049-1057. [PMID: 24947810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
AIM Accurate estimation of energy expenditure (EE) is important in human and animal behavior analysis. Rate of oxygen consumption (VO2) reflects EE during aerobic metabolism but is not always convenient. Alternative methods include heart rate (HR) and overall dynamic body acceleration (ODBA). A favorable ODBA-VO2 relationship was recently reported but the strength of association between VO2, ODBA, HR and its variability (HRV) is less clear. METHOD Fifteen young (23±4 years) healthy males of similar aerobic fitness (maximal oxygen uptake, VO2max=49.7±8.5 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1)) carried out progressive maximal exercise. ODBA, HRV and V̇O2 were recorded continuously. Relationships between ODBA, HRV and V̇O2 were explored using regression methods. RESULTS VO2 was strongly related to ODBA and RR during walking (R=0.45,0.30; P<5x10(-5)) and running (R=0.60,0.38; P<5x10(-5)). HRV was related to VO2 during walking only (R=0.11-0.26; 0.005<P<5x10(-5)). A strong ODBA-RR relationship during walking (R=0.45; P<5x10(-5)) was diminished during running (R=0.25; P<5x10(-5)). CONCLUSION ODBA is a stronger proxy for EE than RR or HRV, especially during running gaits. HRV is weakly related to EE and cannot be recommended for its estimation. ODBA and RR are relatively easily measured but careful attention to gait is imperative as it changes these relationships markedly.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A D'silva
- College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK -
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12
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Wilson ADM, Wikelski M, Wilson RP, Cooke SJ. Utility of biological sensor tags in animal conservation. Conserv Biol 2015; 29:1065-1075. [PMID: 25833384 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.12486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Electronic tags (both biotelemetry and biologging platforms) have informed conservation and resource management policy and practice by providing vital information on the spatial ecology of animals and their environments. However, the extent of the contribution of biological sensors (within electronic tags) that measure an animal's state (e.g., heart rate, body temperature, and details of locomotion and energetics) is less clear. A literature review revealed that, despite a growing number of commercially available state sensor tags and enormous application potential for such devices in animal biology, there are relatively few examples of their application to conservation. Existing applications fell under 4 main themes: quantifying disturbance (e.g., ecotourism, vehicular and aircraft traffic), examining the effects of environmental change (e.g., climate change), understanding the consequences of habitat use and selection, and estimating energy expenditure. We also identified several other ways in which sensor tags could benefit conservation, such as determining the potential efficacy of management interventions. With increasing sensor diversity of commercially available platforms, less invasive attachment techniques, smaller device sizes, and more researchers embracing such technology, we suggest that biological sensor tags be considered a part of the necessary toolbox for conservation. This approach can measure (in real time) the state of free-ranging animals and thus provide managers with objective, timely, relevant, and accurate data to inform policy and decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D M Wilson
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - M Wikelski
- Max Plank Institute for Ornithology, Department of Migration and Immuno-ecology, Am Obstberg 1D-78315 Radolfzell, Germany
- University of Konstanz, Department of Biology, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - R P Wilson
- Swansea Lab for Animal Movement, Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, Wales, SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | - S J Cooke
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada
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Wang S, Izer JM, Clark JB, Patel S, Pauliks L, Kunselman AR, Leach D, Cooper TK, Wilson RP, Ündar A. In Vivo Hemodynamic Performance Evaluation of Novel Electrocardiogram-Synchronized Pulsatile and Nonpulsatile Extracorporeal Life Support Systems in an Adult Swine Model. Artif Organs 2015; 39:E90-E101. [DOI: 10.1111/aor.12482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shigang Wang
- Department of Pediatrics; Penn State Hershey Pediatric Cardiovascular Research Center; Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center; Penn State Hershey College of Medicine; Penn State Hershey Children's Hospital; Hershey PA USA
| | - Jenelle M. Izer
- Department of Comparative Medicine; Penn State Hershey Pediatric Cardiovascular Research Center; Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center; Penn State Hershey College of Medicine; Penn State Hershey Children's Hospital; Hershey PA USA
| | - Joseph B. Clark
- Department of Pediatrics; Penn State Hershey Pediatric Cardiovascular Research Center; Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center; Penn State Hershey College of Medicine; Penn State Hershey Children's Hospital; Hershey PA USA
- Department of Surgery; Penn State Hershey Pediatric Cardiovascular Research Center; Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center; Penn State Hershey College of Medicine; Penn State Hershey Children's Hospital; Hershey PA USA
| | - Sunil Patel
- Department of Pediatrics; Penn State Hershey Pediatric Cardiovascular Research Center; Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center; Penn State Hershey College of Medicine; Penn State Hershey Children's Hospital; Hershey PA USA
| | - Linda Pauliks
- Department of Pediatrics; Penn State Hershey Pediatric Cardiovascular Research Center; Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center; Penn State Hershey College of Medicine; Penn State Hershey Children's Hospital; Hershey PA USA
| | - Allen R. Kunselman
- Department of Public Health and Sciences; Penn State Hershey Pediatric Cardiovascular Research Center; Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center; Penn State Hershey College of Medicine; Penn State Hershey Children's Hospital; Hershey PA USA
| | - Donald Leach
- Department of Pediatrics; Penn State Hershey Pediatric Cardiovascular Research Center; Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center; Penn State Hershey College of Medicine; Penn State Hershey Children's Hospital; Hershey PA USA
| | - Timothy K. Cooper
- Department of Comparative Medicine; Penn State Hershey Pediatric Cardiovascular Research Center; Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center; Penn State Hershey College of Medicine; Penn State Hershey Children's Hospital; Hershey PA USA
- Department of Pathology; Penn State Hershey Pediatric Cardiovascular Research Center; Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center; Penn State Hershey College of Medicine; Penn State Hershey Children's Hospital; Hershey PA USA
| | - Ronald P. Wilson
- Department of Comparative Medicine; Penn State Hershey Pediatric Cardiovascular Research Center; Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center; Penn State Hershey College of Medicine; Penn State Hershey Children's Hospital; Hershey PA USA
| | - Akif Ündar
- Department of Pediatrics; Penn State Hershey Pediatric Cardiovascular Research Center; Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center; Penn State Hershey College of Medicine; Penn State Hershey Children's Hospital; Hershey PA USA
- Department of Comparative Medicine; Penn State Hershey Pediatric Cardiovascular Research Center; Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center; Penn State Hershey College of Medicine; Penn State Hershey Children's Hospital; Hershey PA USA
- Department of Bioengineering; Penn State Hershey Pediatric Cardiovascular Research Center; Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center; Penn State Hershey College of Medicine; Penn State Hershey Children's Hospital; Hershey PA USA
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Booth JL, Umstead TM, Hu S, Dybvig KF, Cooper TK, Wilson RP, Chroneos ZC. Housing conditions modulate the severity of Mycoplasma pulmonis infection in mice deficient in class A scavenger receptor. Comp Med 2014; 64:424-439. [PMID: 25527023 PMCID: PMC4275078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Mycoplasmosis is a frequent causative microbial agent of community-acquired pneumonia and has been linked to exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The macrophage class A scavenger receptor (SRA) facilitates the clearance of noxious particles, oxidants, and infectious organisms by alveolar macrophages. We examined wildtype and SRA(-/-) mice, housed in either individually ventilated or static filter-top cages that were cycled with fresh bedding every 14 d, as a model of gene-environment interaction on the outcome of pulmonary Mycoplasma pulmonis infection. Intracage NH3 gas measurements were recorded daily prior to infection. Mice were intranasally infected with 1 × 10(7) cfu M. pulmonis UAB CT and evaluated at 3, 7, and 14 d after inoculation. Wildtype mice cleared 99.5% of pulmonary M. pulmonis by 3 d after infection but remained chronically infected through the study. SRA (-/-) mice were chronically infected with 40-fold higher mycoplasma numbers than were wildtype mice. M. pulmonis caused a chronic mixed inflammatory response that was accompanied with high levels of IL1β, KC, MCP1, and TNFα in SRA(-/-) mice, whereas pulmonary inflammation in WT mice was represented by a monocytosis with elevation of IL1β. Housing had a prominent influence on the severity and persistence of mycoplasmosis in SRA(-/-) mice. SRA(-/-) mice housed in static cages had an improved recovery and significant changes in surfactant proteins SPA and SPD compared with baseline levels. These results indicate that SRA is required to prevent chronic mycoplasma infection of the lung. Furthermore, environmental conditions may exacerbate chronic inflammation in M. pulmonis-infected SRA(-/-) mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Booth
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Todd M Umstead
- Department of Pediatrics, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sanmei Hu
- Department of Pediatrics, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kevin F Dybvig
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Timothy K Cooper
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ronald P Wilson
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Zissis C Chroneos
- Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Izer JM, Whitcomb TL, Wilson RP. Atipamezole reverses ketamine-dexmedetomidine anesthesia without altering the antinociceptive effects of butorphanol and buprenorphine in female C57BL/6J mice. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci 2014; 53:675-683. [PMID: 25650975 PMCID: PMC4253582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Butorphanol and buprenorphine are common analgesics used in laboratory mice. Inadvertent attenuation of the antinociceptive effects of these analgesics via the administration of an anesthetic reversal agent could result in postprocedural pain and distress, with subsequent negative effects on animal welfare, study outcomes, and regulatory compliance. This study was undertaken to determine whether atipamezole reverses ketamine-dexmedetomidine anesthesia and alters the antinociceptive effects of butorphanol and buprenorphine in female C57BL/6J mice. Atipamezole reliably reversed the anesthetic effects of ketamine-dexmedetomidine, and mice were ambulatory 17.4 ± 30.6 min after administration of the α2-adrenoreceptor antagonist. Atipamezole alone had no significant effect on tail-flick latency and did not alter the antinociceptive properties of butorphanol or low-dose (0.05 mg/kg) or high-dose (0.1 mg/kg) buprenorphine in female C57BL/6J mice. After reversal of ketamine-dexmedetomidine anesthesia, tail-flick latency at 30, 60, and 150 min after analgesic treatment differed significantly between mice treated with atipamezole alone and those given atipamezole followed by butorphanol or high-dose buprenorphine. These results suggest that the analgesic effects of butorphanol and buprenorphine are not affected by atipamezole. Buprenorphine (0.1 mg/kg) administered 30 min prior to or at the time of anesthesia resulted in a greater magnitude of antinociception after antagonism of anesthesia than when given at the time of reversal. Given these results, we recommend the use of ketamine-dexmedetomidine anesthesia with buprenorphine administered either preemptively or at the time of anesthetic induction to provide a defined period of surgical anesthesia that is effectively reversed by atipamezole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenelle M Izer
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Penn State University College of Medicine, MS Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA.
| | - Tiffany L Whitcomb
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Penn State University College of Medicine, MS Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ronald P Wilson
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Penn State University College of Medicine, MS Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
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Ündar A, Wang S, Palanzo D, Weaver B, Pekkan K, Agirbasli M, Zahn JD, Luciani GB, Clark JB, Wilson RP, Kunselman AR, Sano S, Belli E, Pierce WS, Myers JL. Outcomes of the ninth international conference on pediatric mechanical circulatory support systems and pediatric cardiopulmonary perfusion. Artif Organs 2014; 38:5-10. [PMID: 24392865 DOI: 10.1111/aor.12213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akif Ündar
- Penn State Hershey Pediatric Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Surgery and Bioengineering, Penn State Hershey College of Medicine, Penn State Hershey Children's Hospital, Hershey, PA, USA
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Maddineni S, Nichenametla S, Sinha R, Wilson RP, Richie JP. Methionine restriction affects oxidative stress and glutathione-related redox pathways in the rat. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2013; 238:392-9. [PMID: 23760005 DOI: 10.1177/1535370213477988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lifelong dietary methionine restriction (MR) is associated with increased longevity and decreased incidence of age-related disorders and diseases in rats and mice. A reduction in the levels of oxidative stress may be a contributing mechanistic factor for the beneficial effects of MR. To examine this, we determined the effects of an 80% dietary restriction of Met on different biomarkers of oxidative stress and antioxidant pathways in blood, liver, kidney and brain in the rat. Male F-344 rats were fed control (0.86% methionine) or MR (0.17% methionine) diets for up to six months. Blood and tissues were analyzed for glutathione (GSH) concentrations, related enzyme activities and biomarkers of oxidative stress. MR was associated with reductions in oxidative stress biomarkers including plasma 8-hydoxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and 8-isoprostane and erythrocyte protein-bound glutathione after one month with levels remaining low for at least six months (P < 0.05). Levels of free GSH in blood were increased after 1-6 months of MR feeding whereas liver GSH levels were reduced over this time (P < 0.05). In MR rats, GSH peroxidase activity was decreased in liver and increased in kidney compared with controls. No changes in the activities of GSH reductase in liver and kidney and superoxide dismutase in liver were observed as a result of MR feeding. Altogether, these findings indicate that oxidative stress is reduced by MR feeding in rats, but this effect cannot be explained by changes in the activity of antioxidant enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreenivasa Maddineni
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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Soltis J, Wilson RP, Douglas-Hamilton I, Vollrath F, King LE, Savage A. Accelerometers in collars identify behavioral states in captive African elephants Loxodonta africana. ENDANGER SPECIES RES 2012. [DOI: 10.3354/esr00452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Lewison R, Oro D, Godley B, Underhill L, Bearhop S, Wilson RP, Ainley D, Arcos JM, Boersma PD, Borboroglu PG, Boulinier T, Frederiksen M, Genovart M, González-Solís J, Green JA, Grémillet D, Hamer KC, Hilton GM, Hyrenbach KD, Martínez-Abraín A, Montevecchi WA, Phillips RA, Ryan PG, Sagar P, Sydeman WJ, Wanless S, Watanuki Y, Weimerskirch H, Yorio P. Research priorities for seabirds: improving conservation and management in the 21st century. ENDANGER SPECIES RES 2012. [DOI: 10.3354/esr00419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Koya V, Campbell AM, McLaughlin PJ, Tewari D, Wilson RP, Cooper TK. Outbreak of abdominal distension and obstipation in a C57BL/6J experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis study. Vet Pathol 2012; 49:528-31. [PMID: 22262350 DOI: 10.1177/0300985811429809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Seventy-four 9-week old female C57BL/6J mice housed in a conventional facility were manipulated to induce experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, among which 26 developed clinical signs including lethargy, absence of defecation, and abdominal distension. By gross necropsy examination, there was distension of the cecum and colon with fecal impaction. By histologic examination, there was severe ulcerative and proliferative typhlocolitis. Fecal ELISA confirmed the presence of toxins A and B of Clostridium difficile. Alteration in immune status of the immunocompetent mice, due to stress caused by experimental manipulation or autoimmune disease, may have led to intestinal dysbiosis, followed by opportunistic infections resulting in C. difficile-associated disease. This report brings to light the occurrence of the disease in immunocompetent laboratory mice during experimental manipulations associated with alteration in immune status, and it discusses potential hazards associated with conventional housing within a hospital-associated research institute.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Koya
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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Halsey LG, White CR, Enstipp MR, Wilson RP, Butler PJ, Martin GR, Grémillet D, Jones DR. Assessing the validity of the accelerometry technique for estimating the energy expenditure of diving double-crested cormorants Phalacrocorax auritus. Physiol Biochem Zool 2011; 84:230-7. [PMID: 21460533 DOI: 10.1086/658636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Over the past few years, acceleration-data loggers have been used to provide calibrated proxies of energy expenditure: the accelerometry technique. Relationships between rate of oxygen consumption and a derivation of acceleration data termed "overall dynamic body acceleration" (ODBA) have now been generated for a range of species, including birds, mammals, and amphibians. In this study, we examine the utility of the accelerometry technique for estimating the energy expended by double-crested cormorants Phalacrocorax auritus to undertake a dive cycle (i.e., a dive and the subsequent pause at the surface before another dive). The results show that ODBA does not calibrate with energy expenditure in diving cormorants, where energy expenditure is calculated from measures of oxygen uptake during surface periods between dives. The possible explanations include reasons why energy expenditure may not relate to ODBA but also reasons why oxygen uptake between dives may not accurately represent energy expenditure during a dive cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- L G Halsey
- Roehampton University, London SW15 4JD, UK.
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Rogers L, Wilson RP. TWO CASES OF AMOEBIC ABSCESS OF LIVER: CURED BY ASPIRATION AND INJECTION OF QUININE INTO THE CAVITY WITHOUT DRAINAGE. Br Med J 2011; 1:1397-400. [PMID: 20762730 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.1.2372.1397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the analgesic properties of different dose combinations of midazolam and dexmedetomidine administered intraperitoneally (IP) in the rat. STUDY DESIGN Prospective experimental trial. ANIMALS Seventy adult male Sprague Dawley rats weighing 250-300 g. METHODS Dexmedetomidine (D) 0.03, 0.06, 0.09, 0.12, 0.15, 0.18, 0.21 mg kg(-1) and midazolam (M) 5, 10, 25, 50 mg kg(-1) were administered IP, alone then in combinations ranging from 0.03 D:5 M to 0.18 D:30 M mg kg(-1). Analgesia was evaluated using the tail-flick test at time 0 (before injection), 15, 30, 45, 60 and 75 minutes. RESULTS Midazolam at all doses administered (5-50 mg kg(-1)) did not significantly change tail-flick latencies from baseline values whereas D showed clear dose-dependent increases in tail-flick latency for doses administered in the range of 0.03-0.18 mg kg(-1). Tail-flick latencies in rats administered D+M combinations were significantly greater than D alone (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS A dose-related analgesic effect was demonstrated for D in the rat, which was enhanced by co-administration of M. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The combination of D+M administered IP to rats at doses of 0.12:20 and 0.09:15 mg kg(-1) was shown to be a good combination to provide sedation/analgesia with a duration of action greater than 60 minutes. The onset of sedation was rapid (1-3 minutes), and onset of profound analgesia was reached within 5-10 minutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine A Boehm
- Laboratory Animal Resources, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
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Rosensteel SM, Wilson RP, White SL, Ehrlich HP. COL1A1 oligodeoxynucleotides decoy: biochemical and morphologic effects in an acute wound repair model. Exp Mol Pathol 2010; 89:307-13. [PMID: 20647009 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2010.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2010] [Revised: 06/29/2010] [Accepted: 07/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Type I collagen is an integral component of granulation tissue and scar, that is highly dependent on TGFβ1, a member of a pro-fibrotic family of cytokines, for its promotion and deposition. Blocking COL1A1 gene transcription obstructs type I collagen synthesis, hindering the progress of granulation tissue deposition and fibrosis. Local injections of a double stranded oligodeoxynucleotide (dsODN) decoy, containing the TGFβ1 regulatory element that is located in the distal promoter of the COL1A1 gene, were investigated in a rat polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) sponge granulation tissue implant model. The effects on the granulation tissue deposition by dsODN decoy therapy were evaluated by the synthesis of types I and III collagens as well as ED-A (cellular) fibronectin. Fluorescently labeled dsODN was used to identify the distribution of the decoy molecules in the sponge implant relative to the observed histological effects. Morphological alterations in cells and changes in the organization of connective tissue were documented and evaluated. Collagen levels were reduced by half in implants treated with 10 nM dsODN decoy compared to scrambled dsODN-treated implants. Histologically, dsODN decoy treated implants had an increased cellular density without a corresponding increase in deposited connective tissue. Polarized light birefringence pattern of Sirius red-stained sections showed less collagen fibers accumulating between fibroblasts. The highest concentration of fluorescently labeled dsODN was identified within the interior margin of sponge implants, correlating to increased cellular density and an altered birefringence patterns. In conclusion, 10 nM dsODN decoy therapy reduced collagen deposition and altered the organization of granulation tissue, supporting its potential as a localized anti-fibrotic therapy for limiting fibrotic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn M Rosensteel
- Department of Comparative Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.
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Abstract
In March 2004, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute awarded five contracts to develop devices providing circulatory support for infants and small children with congenital and acquired cardiac disease. Since 2004, the team at Penn State College of Medicine has developed a pneumatically actuated ventricular assist device (VAD) with mechanical tilting disk valves. To date, hemodynamic performance, thrombogenesis, and hemolysis have been chronically evaluated in 16 animals, including 4 pygmy goats and 12 sheep. Major complications, mainly respiratory failure, have been encountered and resolved by a multi-disciplinary team. Multi-modal analgesia, appropriate antibiotic therapy, and attentive animal care have contributed to successful outcomes. Time after implant has ranged from 0 to 40 days. Most recently, a sheep implanted with Version 3 Infant VAD was electively terminated at 35 days postimplant, with no major adverse events. This report describes a successful in vivo model for evaluating a pediatric VAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth L Carney
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine and Penn State Children's Hospital, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
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Halsey LG, Green JA, Wilson RP, Frappell PB. Accelerometry to Estimate Energy Expenditure during Activity: Best Practice with Data Loggers. Physiol Biochem Zool 2009; 82:396-404. [PMID: 19018696 DOI: 10.1086/589815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Measurement of acceleration can be a proxy for energy expenditure during movement. The variable overall dynamic body acceleration (ODBA), used in recent studies, combines the dynamic elements of acceleration recorded in all three dimensions to measure acceleration and hence energy expenditure due to body movement. However, the simplicity of ODBA affords it limitations. Furthermore, while accelerometry data loggers enable measures to be stored, recording at high frequencies represents a limit to deployment periods as a result of logger memory and/or battery exhaustion. Using bantam chickens walking at different speeds in a respirometer while wearing an accelerometer logger, we investigated the best proxies for rate of oxygen consumption (Vo(2)) from a range of different models using acceleration. We also investigated the effects of sampling acceleration at different frequencies. The best predictor of Vo(2) was a multiple regression including individual measures of dynamic acceleration in each of the three dimensions. However, R(2) was relatively high for ODBA as well and also for certain measures of dynamic acceleration in single dimensions. The aforementioned are single variables, therefore easily derived onboard a data logger and from which a simple calibration equation can be derived. For calibrations of Vo(2) against ODBA, R(2) was consistent as sampling number decreased down to 600 samples of each acceleration channel per ODBA data point, beyond which R(2) tended to be considerably lower. In conclusion, data storage can be maximized when using acceleration as a proxy for Vo(2) by consideration of reductions in (1) number of axes measured and (2) sampling frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- L G Halsey
- Roehampton University, London, United Kingdom.
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Gómez Laich A, Wilson RP, Quintana F, Shepard ELC. Identification of imperial cormorant Phalacrocorax atriceps behaviour using accelerometers. ENDANGER SPECIES RES 2009. [DOI: 10.3354/esr00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Green JA, Halsey LG, Wilson RP, Frappell PB. Estimating energy expenditure of animals using the accelerometry technique: activity, inactivity and comparison with the heart-rate technique. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 212:471-82. [PMID: 19181894 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.026377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Several methods have been used to estimate the energy expenditure of free-ranging animals. A relatively new technique uses measures of dynamic body acceleration as a calibrated proxy for energy expenditure and has proved an excellent predictor of energy expenditure in active animals. However, some animals can spend much of their time inactive and still expend energy at varying rates for a range of physiological processes. We tested the utility of dynamic body acceleration to estimate energy expenditure during a range of active (locomotion, eating) and inactive (digesting, thermoregulating) behaviours exhibited by domestic chickens. We also compared this technique with the more established heart-rate method for estimating energy expenditure. During activity, the error of estimation using body acceleration was very similar to that from the heart-rate method. Importantly, our results also showed that body acceleration can be used to estimate energy expenditure when birds are inactive. While the errors surrounding these estimates were greater than those during activity, and those made using the heart-rate method, they were less than those made using interspecific allometric equations. We highlight the importance of selecting a methodology that is appropriate for the life-history of the subject animal. We suggest that, to achieve the greatest possible accuracy and precision when estimating energy expenditure in free-ranging animals, the two techniques should be combined, and both heart rate (f(H)) and dynamic body acceleration could be included as covariates in predictive models. Alternatively, measures of acceleration can be used to ascertain which behaviour is being exhibited at each moment and hence which predictive model should be applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Green
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK.
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Shepard ELC, Wilson RP, Quintana F, Gómez Laich A, Liebsch N, Albareda DA, Halsey LG, Gleiss A, Morgan DT, Myers AE, Newman C, McDonald DW. Identification of animal movement patterns using tri-axial accelerometry. ENDANGER SPECIES RES 2008. [DOI: 10.3354/esr00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Wilson RP, Shepard ELC, Liebsch N. Prying into the intimate details of animal lives: use of a daily diary on animals. ENDANGER SPECIES RES 2008. [DOI: 10.3354/esr00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Shepard ELC, Wilson RP, Liebsch N, Quintana F, Gómez Laich A, Lucke K. Flexible paddle sheds new light on speed: a novel method for the remote measurement of swim speed in aquatic animals. ENDANGER SPECIES RES 2008. [DOI: 10.3354/esr00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Steinfurth A, Vargas FH, Wilson RP, Spindler M, Macdonald DW. Space use by foraging Galápagos penguins during chick rearing. ENDANGER SPECIES RES 2008. [DOI: 10.3354/esr00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Wilson
- Memorial Ophthalmic Laboratory, Cairo, Egypt
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Abstract
The influence of the time of injury on subsequent epidermal regeneration is unknown. Epidermal cell proliferation of tail skin in C57BL/6J mice in response to tape stripping was followed for 7 days by radiolabelled thymidine incorporation and autoradiography. The homeostatic labelling index (LI) of the basal epidermis of unmanipulated, unwounded (control) animals was 7.6% and did not vary depending on the time of day. Tape stripping increased the LI of epidermal basal cells 110% above control values 24 h after injury. Labelling indexes of epidermal basal cells in the skin adjacent to the wounded area were 7.0%. Basal cell DNA synthesis stimulated by wounding exhibited a distinct temporal variation at 24 h postinjury, with tail skin wounded at 12.00 h found to be 275% greater than control values and elevated 78% from LIs recorded at any other time point. This temporal spike was due to the time of day at which wounding occurred rather than the time point when the LI was determined. Mice wounded at 12.00 h and terminated 27 h later (15.00 h) had LIs that were 52% greater than wounds created at 09.00 h and examined at 12.00 h the following day. Higher levels of DNA synthesis in tail skin injured at 12.00 h compared to wounding at 09.00 h was detected 12-48 h after injury. Furthermore, DNA synthesis in wounds created at 12.00 h returned to baseline levels 1-2 days earlier than tail skin wounded at 09.00 h. Investigation of other strains of mice detected differences in radiolabelling of epidermal basal cells 24 h after tape stripping at 12.00 h or 09.00 h in CD-1 and BALB/cJ mice, but not in the C3H/HeJ strain. These results indicate: (a) there is no diurnal variation in the LI of mouse tail skin under normal homeostatic conditions (b) tape stripping is a potent stimulator of basal cell turnover in the epidermis (c) the time of wounding determines the magnitude of the increase in the LI of basal cells following injury, and (d) the proliferative response to wounding of the tail is dependent on the strain of mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Wilson
- Department of Comparative Medicine, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey 17033-2390, USA.
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Connell JM, Khalapyan T, Al-Mondhiry HA, Wilson RP, Rosenberg G, Weiss WJ. Anticoagulation of juvenile sheep and goats with heparin, warfarin, and clopidogrel. ASAIO J 2007; 53:229-37. [PMID: 17413565 DOI: 10.1097/mat.0b013e31802e192b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Little data exist on anticoagulation of young sheep and goats. We tested the effect of heparin, warfarin, and clopidogrel in two sheep and two goats weighing 17-35 kg. Each animal received heparin boluses of 80, 100, and 200 units/kg; goats also received 300, 350, and 400 units/kg. All animals received continuous heparin 40, 60, and 80 units/kg/hour; oral warfarin 0.3, 0.6, and 0.9 mg/kg/day; and oral clopidogrel 75 and 150 mg/day (2.8-3.4 and 5.6-6.9 mg/kg/day). Results were in the form of complete blood counts, activated clotting times (ACT), partial thromboplastin times, prothrombin times, thromboelastograms, and whole-blood lumiaggregometry. After heparin boluses of 200 units/kg, sheep and goats reached mean peak ACTs over 400 seconds. After continuous infusions of 40, 60 and 80 units/kg/hour, sheep and goats exceeded our therapeutic range for ACTs (195-215 seconds for sheep, 155-175 seconds for goats). For warfarin therapy, both sheep and goats required treatment with >0.6 mg/kg/day to achieve INRs over 2.5. Clopidogrel treatment, after 14-17 days of 75-150 mg/day, inhibited sheep platelets by 25-36% and goat platelets by 35-46%. We conclude that young sheep and goats can be safely and effectively anticoagulated with heparin and warfarin, and can also show a modest antiplatelet response to clopidogrel. Doses for each drug were generally higher than those used for humans, and warfarin therapy in sheep may be unpredictable. These results should be useful for developing anticoagulation protocols to test pediatric mechanical circulatory support devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Connell
- Division of Artificial Organs, Department of Surgery, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
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Lukic B, Zapanta CM, Khalapyan T, Connell J, Pae WE, Myers JL, Wilson RP, Undar A, Rosenberg G, Weiss WJ. The Effect of Left Ventricular Function and Drive Pressures on the Filling and Ejection of a Pulsatile Pediatric Ventricular Assist Device in an Acute Animal Model. ASAIO J 2007; 53:379-84. [PMID: 17515733 DOI: 10.1097/mat.0b013e31805881a9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Penn State is currently developing a 12-mL, pulsatile, pneumatically driven pediatric ventricular assist device intended to be used in infants. After extensive in vitro testing of the pump in a passive-filling, mock circulatory loop, an acute animal study was performed to obtain data with a contracting ventricle. The objectives were to determine the range of pneumatic pressures and time required to completely fill and empty the pediatric ventricular assist device under various physiologic conditions, simulate reductions in ventricular contractility and blood volume, and provide data for validation of the mock circulatory loop. A 15-kg goat was used. The cannulation was achieved via left thoracotomy from the left ventricle to the descending aorta. The pump rate and systolic duration were controlled manually to maintain complete filling and ejection. The mean ejection time ranged from 280 ms to 382 ms when the systolic pressure ranged from 350 mm Hg to 200 mm Hg. The mean filling time ranged from 352 ms to 490 ms, for the diastolic pressure range of -60 mm Hg to 0 mm Hg. Esmolol produced a decrease in left ventricular pressure, required longer pump filling time, and reduced LVAD flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Branka Lukic
- Department of Surgery, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Penn State College of Medicine, Penn State Children's Hospital, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA
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Ruda JM, Beus KS, Hollenbeak CS, Wilson RP, Stack BC. The effect of single agent oral fusaric acid (FA) on the growth of subcuta neously xenografted SCC-1 cells in a nude mouse model. Invest New Drugs 2006; 24:377-81. [PMID: 16505952 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-006-6271-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether oral administration of fusaric acid (FA) inhibits tumor growth in an animal model of head and neck cancer (HNSCC). DESIGN In vivo murine model, two arm controlled study. METHODS Thirty-eight (38) 5-week-old athymic nude mice were randomly assigned to a fusaric acid treatment group (1 mg/mL) (n = 19) or a sterile saline group (n = 19). A left, lateral flank subcutaneous injection of 2.0 x 10(6) UM-SCC-1 cells were administered to all mice on day 1. Both groups were gavaged daily with either 0.25 mLs of oral FA or sterile saline throughout the experiment (32 days). Latency to a measurable tumor (> or =65 mm3), and tumor volumes were recorded after tumor xenografting. Tumor weights were recorded at the conclusion of the experiment. Tumor volume growth curves were modeled as polynomial functions of time with treatment interaction effects. Survivorship functions for time to measurable tumor were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier product limit estimator. RESULTS Survival analysis showed mice treated with FA developed measurable tumors after a significantly longer interval post-xenografting than control mice (p = 0.00451). By Day 9, all mice in the control group had developed measurable tumors in comparison to only 78% of mice in the FA group. Likewise, estimated growth curves for both groups suggested that mice receiving FA demonstrated significantly slower tumor growth rates throughout the entire study period (p < 0.0001). At the conclusion of the experiment, tumor weights from both the control and FA groups were also significantly different (p = 0.0142). CONCLUSIONS Single agent oral fusaric acid (1 mg/mL) is an inhibitor of UM-SCC-1 in a murine model. As an orally active agent, it may have a potential role in the treatment of human squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Ruda
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Hopper KD, Gilchrist IC, Landis JR, Localio AR, Wilson RP, Pae WE, Kunselman AR, Griffith JW, Pierce WS, Potok PS, TenHave TR. Detection of Björk-Shiley convexo-concave heart valve outlet strut single leg separations: consensus image acquisition and interpretation using two different cineradiographic imaging technologies. Cardiology 2001; 91:96-101. [PMID: 10449880 DOI: 10.1159/000006887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conventional cineradiology has been used clinically to detect partially broken outlet struts (single leg separations, SLSs) in normally functioning Björk-Shiley convexo-concave (C/C) heart valves. The value of radiographic screening has, however, been debated in the medical literature. This study uses the same radiographic technique in sheep implanted with known-status C/C valves in combination with a newly developed geometric image magnification radiography system. This study was designed to test whether sensitivity and specificity of radiographic screening of C/C valves in detecting SLSs could be improved through the combination of readers and imaging modalities. METHODS Twenty-one sheep with mitral C/C valves were studied on both systems. Five were used for extensive scanning training. When operators were expert on both systems, 16 blinded study valves (4 intact and 12 with outlet strut SLSs) were scanned twice on both systems, first on a modified conventional and then a prototype geometric image magnification (Feinfocus(TM)) cineradiographic system by two expert physicians working together. RESULTS Among the 32 scanned valves, the two combined expert physicians were required to evaluate 40 intact legs and 24 with an SLS. For all SLS valves, the conventional and Feinfocus systems separately detected 50 (12/24) and 54% (13/24), respectively. When the two systems were combined, the final consensus score was correct in 67% (16/24) of all SLS valves. CONCLUSIONS Combined modality, paired expert physicians detected 67% of all SLSs. The Feinfocus system might be best reserved for those patients in whom the Siemens screening study demonstrates in minimally suspicious (grade 2) or suspicious (grade 3) appearance of a C/C valve outlet strut leg.
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Affiliation(s)
- K D Hopper
- Department of Radiology, Department of Medicine, Penn State University, Hershey, Penn. 17033, USA
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Halikiopoulos D, Moster MR, Azuara-Blanco A, Wilson RP, Schmidt CM, Spaeth GL, Katz LJ, Augsburger JJ. The outcome of the functioning filter after subsequent cataract extraction. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 2001; 32:108-17. [PMID: 11300631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate and compare the outcome of functioning filtration surgery followed by cataract surgery with posterior intraocular lens implantation by both phacoemulsification and extracapsular cataract extraction (ECCE) techniques in glaucomatous eyes. PATIENTS AND METHODS We retrospectively evaluated the clinical course of 77 eyes (68 patients) that after successful trabeculectomy, underwent cataract surgery by either phacoemulsification or ECCE techniques. We determined the frequency of partial and absolute failure following cataract surgery by either phacoemulsification or ECCE in eyes with functioning trabeculectomies. Partial failure of intraocular pressure (IOP), control after cataract extraction was defined as the need for an increased number of antiglaucoma medications or argon laser trabeculoplasty to maintain IOP < or =21mm Hg. Complete failure of IOP control after cataract surgery was defined as an IOP >21 mm Hg on at least two consecutive measurements one or more weeks apart or the performance of additional filtration surgery. Failure rates were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier actuarial method. Failure rates between phacoemulsification and ECCE subgroups were compared using the log rank test. RESULTS The probability of partial failure by the third postoperative year after cataract surgery was 39.5% in the phacoemulsification subgroup and 37.3% in the ECCE subgroup. This small difference is not statistically significant (P = 0.48). The probability of complete failure by the fourth postoperative year after cataract surgery was 12.0% in the phacoemulsification subgroup and 12.5% in the ECCE subgroup. This difference is also not statistically significant (P = 0.77). At the 6-month follow-up visit, visual acuity of both groups improved one or more lines in 87.0% of patients, and worsened one or more lines in 3.9% of patients. Sixty-one percent achieved visual acuity of 20/40 or better. The most frequent complication was posterior capsular opacification requiring laser capsulotomy that occurred in 31.2% of patients. CONCLUSION Cataract extraction by either phacoemulsification or ECCE following trabeculectomy surgery may be associated with a partial loss of the previously functioning filter and the need for more antiglaucoma medications to control IOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Halikiopoulos
- Glaucoma Service, Wills Eye Hospital, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Wilson RP, Griffith JW. Endocarditis and meningitis caused by Streptococcus suis after cardiac surgery in a sheep. Contemp Top Lab Anim Sci 2000; 39:43-6. [PMID: 11487230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
A female Dorset-cross sheep developed labored respirations and was anorexic, weak, ataxic and febrile (42.0 degrees C) 15 days after implantation of a cardiac device. Clinical pathologic evaluation identified a mild leukocytosis (11,800 cells/microl), neutrophilia (8,969 cells/microl), and hypokalemia (2.9 mmol/L). Despite intensive therapy, the animal was euthanized 7 days later. Necropsy of the sheep revealed meningitis and vegetative endocarditis associated with the cardiac device. Blood cultures collected antemortem and tissue cultures collected at necropsy yielded Streptococcus suis. Histopathology confirmed the diagnosis of bacterial valvular endocarditis and meningoencephalitis. A variety of environmental and host factors are proposed as contributing to the infection, and the zoonotic potential of S. suis is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Wilson
- Department of Comparative Medicine, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
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Wilson RP, McLaughlin PJ, Lang CM, Zagon IS. The opioid growth factor, [Met5]-enkephalin, inhibits DNA synthesis during recornification of mouse tail skin. Cell Prolif 2000; 33:63-73. [PMID: 10845251 PMCID: PMC6496561 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2184.2000.00161.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioid peptides serve as tonically active negative growth regulators in renewing and regenerating epithelia. To examine the involvement of opioids in renewal of the stratum corneum after tape stripping of tail skin, C57BL/6 J mice were given systemic injections of the potent opioid antagonist, naltrexone (NTX, 20 mg/kg i.p.) following injury. Blockade of opioid-receptor interaction by NTX for 4 h resulted in an elevation of 36-66% in basal cell DNA synthesis measured 24 h after injury. Injection of the endogenous opioid peptide, [Met5]-enkephalin (OGF, 10 mg/kg i.p.) 4 h before termination, suppressed radiolabelled thymidine incorporation in the basal cell layer by 37-46% at 24 h after wounding. The magnitude of the effects on DNA synthesis of OGF, but not NTX, depended on the timing of administration with respect to injury. OGF maximally depressed basal cell labelling (72%) when given 16 h after tape stripping. Concomitant administration of naloxone (10 mg/kg) with OGF blocked the inhibition of DNA synthesis; naloxone alone at the dosage utilized had no effect on cell labelling. Both OGF and its receptor, OGFr, were detected by immunocytochemistry in the basal and suprabasal cell layers, but not the cornified layer of tape stripped and uninjured tail skin. These results indicate: (a) a native opioid peptide and its receptor are expressed in epidermal cells of injured and uninjured mouse tail skin; (b) removal of the stratum corneum by tape stripping does not disrupt the function of the endogenous opioid growth system; (c) the proliferative response to wounding of the tail is tonically inhibited by the receptor-mediated action of an endogenous opioid peptide; and (d) DNA synthesis by basal cells can be elevated by disrupting opioid peptide receptor interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Wilson
- Department of Comparative Medicine, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey 17033-2390, USA.
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Lanzl IM, Wilson RP, Dudley D, Augsburger JJ, Aslanides IM, Spaeth GL. Outcome of trabeculectomy with mitomycin-C in the iridocorneal endothelial syndrome. Ophthalmology 2000; 107:295-7. [PMID: 10690828 DOI: 10.1016/s0161-6420(99)00077-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Eyes with iridocorneal endothelial (ICE) syndrome have a high risk of failure in glaucoma filtering surgery failing. We investigated the efficacy of trabeculectomy with intraoperative mitomycin-C application in these patients. DESIGN Retrospective nonrandomized comparative trial with historical controls. PARTICIPANTS AND CONTROLS Ten patients with unilateral iridocorneal endothelial (ICE) syndrome were reviewed. Their intraocular pressures could not be controlled medically. In five eyes, this was the primary surgery performed. Five of the patients had undergone prior intraocular pressure-(IOP) lowering surgery that had failed at the time enrolled. Results were compared with previously published case series of similar patients treated with trabeculectomy alone or trabeculectomy and subconjunctival 5-fluorouracil injections. INTERVENTION Intervention consisted of trabeculectomy with a limbus-based conjunctival flap and mitomycin-C application. The dosage of mitomycin-C was 0.4 mg/ml for 1 to 4 minutes (mean, 1.9 min). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Adequate control of IOP (without medication lower than 21 mm Hg). RESULTS In eight eyes the IOP remained well controlled (mean IOP, 12.1 mm Hg) over the entire length of available of follow-up (mean, 14.9 months). Two eyes required implantation of an aqueous tube shunt at 4 and 11 months, respectively, after trabeculectomy with mitomycin-C. One eye experienced visual loss of 3 Snellen lines because of hypotony maculopathy. CONCLUSIONS Trabeculectomy with mitomycin-C application offers a reasonable intermediate-term success rate in ICE patients, who are otherwise at high risk for failure of filtering surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Lanzl
- Augenklinik der Technischen Universität München, Germany
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Wilson RP, Hatcher J, Barton S, Walley T. Therapeutic substitution and therapeutic conservatism as cost-containment strategies in primary care: a study of fundholders and non-fundholders. Br J Gen Pract 1999; 49:431-5. [PMID: 10562740 PMCID: PMC1313438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND General practice (GP) fundholders contained prescribing costs by restricting the rise in volume of prescribing and by increasing generic prescribing. It is uncertain whether they used more sophisticated approaches to medicine choice in attempts to contain costs. AIM To examine whether fundholding practices have adopted medicine-specific strategies to contain prescribing costs--i.e. switching to less expensive but equally effective medicines or resisting the uptake of newer more expensive medicines--by examination of the prescribing of ulcer-healing and antidepressant medicines in the period before and after practices became fundholders. METHOD Comparison of prescribing data of 52 fundholding practices before fundholding and after fundholding with that of matched non-fundholding practices. Measures examined were prescribing costs (net ingredient cost in each therapeutic area per ASTRO-pu); prescribing volume (defined daily doses per ASTRO-pu); the proportion of all ulcer-healing medicines prescribed as cimetidine, ranitidine, nizatidine, and as proton pump inhibitors; and the proportion of all antidepressant medicines prescribed as selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors. RESULTS In comparison with non-fundholding practices, fundholders increasingly prescribed less expensive medicines (cimetidine and nizatidine) within the class of histamine2 receptor antagonists. However, fundholders adopted proton pump inhibitors or selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors at the same rate as non-fundholders. CONCLUSION Fundholders have used therapeutic substitution with medicines of equal effectiveness to contain prescribing costs. There is no evidence that fundholders have been slower than non-fundholders to use newer, more expensive medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Wilson
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool
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Brown DB, Cardella JF, Wilson RP, Singh H, Waybill PN. Evaluation of a modified arrow-trerotola percutaneous thrombolytic device for treatment of acute pulmonary embolus in a canine model. J Vasc Interv Radiol 1999; 10:733-40. [PMID: 10392940 DOI: 10.1016/s1051-0443(99)70107-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Massive pulmonary embolus (PE) is often rapidly fatal. Surgical thrombectomy has a mortality rate as high as 74%. Multiple percutaneous methods have been tested with limited success. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the Arrow-Trerotola percutaneous thrombolytic device (PTD) for (i) the ability to clear pulmonary embolus and (ii) the effect on normal pulmonary vasculature. These were tested in a canine model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Iatrogenic unilateral massive PEs were created in nine canines. These PEs were then treated with the PTD. The device was also activated in the normal pulmonary artery. Immediately after treatment, six animals were killed. Three animals were allowed to recover and underwent pulmonary arteriography 1 month later to evaluate pulmonary hypertension, stenosis, or occlusion; they were then killed. Autopsy specimens were evaluated for histologic evidence of acute or chronic vascular injury. RESULTS Acutely, the PTD effectively thrombolysed the PE in all animals. Histologically, there was moderate intimal injury, but no evidence of pulmonary artery disruption. There was one device failure. One month after treatment, there was no radiographic evidence of pulmonary stenosis at device activation sites, no pulmonary hypertension, and only mild histologic evidence of scar formation. CONCLUSION In preliminary animal testing, the PTD is safe and effective for treating large central pulmonary emboli. Human clinical trials are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Brown
- Department of Radiology, Pennsylvania State University Hospital, Hershey 17033, USA
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Kim DK, Aslanides IM, Schmidt CM, Spaeth GL, Wilson RP, Augsburger JJ. Long-term outcome of aqueous shunt surgery in ten patients with iridocorneal endothelial syndrome. Ophthalmology 1999; 106:1030-4. [PMID: 10328409 DOI: 10.1016/s0161-6420(99)00529-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To report the long-term outcome of ten patients with iridocorneal endothelial (ICE) syndrome who underwent aqueous shunt surgery for uncontrolled glaucoma. DESIGN Noncomparative, retrospective case series. PARTICIPANTS The authors reviewed charts of ten patients with ICE syndrome-related glaucoma who underwent aqueous shunt surgery at one institution between 1987 and 1996. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Intraocular pressure (IOP), number of glaucoma medications, and further surgical interventions were measured. RESULTS With a median follow-up of 55 months, four eyes had adequate IOP control (IOP <21 mm Hg) with one or two medications after the initial aqueous shunt surgery. An additional three eyes achieved adequate IOP control after one or more tube repositionings or revisions of the initial aqueous shunt. In this series, the aqueous shunt surgery most often failed because of blocking of the tube ostium by iris, ICE membrane, or membrane-induced tube migration. CONCLUSION Aqueous shunt surgery appears to be an effective method for IOP lowering in some eyes with ICE syndrome-related glaucoma when medical treatment or conventional filtration surgeries fail, but additional glaucoma procedures and/or aqueous shunt revisions and tube repositionings are not uncommon.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Kim
- Glaucoma Service, University of Florida, Jacksonville, USA
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Lesk MR, Spaeth GL, Azuara-Blanco A, Araujo SV, Katz LJ, Terebuh AK, Wilson RP, Moster MR, Schmidt CM. Reversal of optic disc cupping after glaucoma surgery analyzed with a scanning laser tomograph. Ophthalmology 1999; 106:1013-8. [PMID: 10328406 DOI: 10.1016/s0161-6420(99)00526-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To detect and quantitate changes in optic nerve morphology after glaucoma surgery using the Heidelberg Retina Tomograph (HRT, Heidelberg Instruments, Heidelberg, Germany). DESIGN Nonconsecutive observational case series. PARTICIPANTS AND INTERVENTION The authors prospectively enrolled 21 adult patients undergoing incisional glaucoma surgery for progressive glaucoma damage. Quantitative analysis of the optic nerve head by scanning laser tomography and automated perimetry were performed before and after glaucoma surgery. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Changes in optic nerve parameters were subjected to linear regression analysis with respect to percent of postoperative reduction of intraocular pressure (IOP), as well as with respect to age, refraction, preoperative cup:disc ratio, and change in visual field parameters. RESULTS Seventeen patients had pre- and postoperative images suitable for analysis. Mean IOP at the time of image acquisition before surgery was 30.5+/-12 mm Hg, and after surgery 11.8+/-5.2 mm Hg (mean follow-up, 26+/-7 weeks). Eleven of 13 (85%) patients having IOP reduction of greater than 40% showed improvement in optic disc parameters. All four patients with less than 25% reduction in IOP showed worsening of most parameters. Changes in optic disc parameters were highly correlated with percent IOP reduction and with age. The parameters in which change most strongly correlated with percent change of IOP were cup area, rim area, cup:disc ratio, and mean cup depth (each, P<0.005). The age of the patient correlated highly with change in maximum cup depth (P<0.005). Refraction and clinically determined cup:disc ratio correlated poorly with changes in measured optic disc parameters. Clinical improvement in visual fields was correlated with the degree of improvement of cup:disc ratio (P = 0.025). CONCLUSION Most patients showing a 40% lowering of IOP after glaucoma surgery show improved optic nerve morphology as measured by the HRT. The amount of improvement correlated highly with the percent reduction of IOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Lesk
- William and Anna Goldberg Glaucoma Service, Wills Eye Hospital, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107-5598, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sudesh
- Cornea Service, Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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