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Hamid MHBA, Cespedes PF, Jin C, Chen JL, Gileadi U, Antoun E, Liang Z, Gao F, Teague R, Manoharan N, Maldonado-Perez D, Khalid-Alham N, Cerundolo L, Ciaoca R, Hester SS, Pinto-Fernández A, Draganov SD, Vendrell I, Liu G, Yao X, Kvalvaag A, Dominey-Foy DCC, Nanayakkara C, Kanellakis N, Chen YL, Waugh C, Clark SA, Clark K, Sopp P, Rahman NM, Verrill C, Kessler BM, Ogg G, Fernandes RA, Fisher R, Peng Y, Dustin ML, Dong T. Unconventional human CD61 pairing with CD103 promotes TCR signaling and antigen-specific T cell cytotoxicity. Nat Immunol 2024:10.1038/s41590-024-01802-3. [PMID: 38561495 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-024-01802-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Cancer remains one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide, leading to increased interest in utilizing immunotherapy strategies for better cancer treatments. In the past decade, CD103+ T cells have been associated with better clinical prognosis in patients with cancer. However, the specific immune mechanisms contributing toward CD103-mediated protective immunity remain unclear. Here, we show an unexpected and transient CD61 expression, which is paired with CD103 at the synaptic microclusters of T cells. CD61 colocalization with the T cell antigen receptor further modulates downstream T cell antigen receptor signaling, improving antitumor cytotoxicity and promoting physiological control of tumor growth. Clinically, the presence of CD61+ tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes is associated with improved clinical outcomes, mediated through enhanced effector functions and phenotype with limited evidence of cellular exhaustion. In conclusion, this study identified an unconventional and transient CD61 expression and pairing with CD103 on human immune cells, which potentiates a new target for immune-based cellular therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megat H B A Hamid
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Pablo F Cespedes
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Chen Jin
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ji-Li Chen
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC Translational Immune Discovery Unity, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Uzi Gileadi
- MRC Translational Immune Discovery Unity, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Elie Antoun
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Zhu Liang
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Target Discovery Institute, Centre for Medicines Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Fei Gao
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Renuka Teague
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nikita Manoharan
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David Maldonado-Perez
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nasullah Khalid-Alham
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Lucia Cerundolo
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Raul Ciaoca
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Svenja S Hester
- Target Discovery Institute, Centre for Medicines Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Adán Pinto-Fernández
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Target Discovery Institute, Centre for Medicines Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Simeon D Draganov
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Target Discovery Institute, Centre for Medicines Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Iolanda Vendrell
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Target Discovery Institute, Centre for Medicines Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Guihai Liu
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Xuan Yao
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Audun Kvalvaag
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Charunya Nanayakkara
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nikolaos Kanellakis
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
- Laboratory of Pleural and Lung Cancer Translational Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Centre for Respiratory Medicine, Churchill Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, UK
| | - Yi-Ling Chen
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC Translational Immune Discovery Unity, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Craig Waugh
- Flow Cytometry Facility, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sally-Ann Clark
- Flow Cytometry Facility, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kevin Clark
- Flow Cytometry Facility, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Paul Sopp
- Flow Cytometry Facility, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Najib M Rahman
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
- Laboratory of Pleural and Lung Cancer Translational Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Centre for Respiratory Medicine, Churchill Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, UK
| | - Clare Verrill
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Benedikt M Kessler
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Target Discovery Institute, Centre for Medicines Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Graham Ogg
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC Translational Immune Discovery Unity, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ricardo A Fernandes
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Roman Fisher
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Target Discovery Institute, Centre for Medicines Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Yanchun Peng
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC Translational Immune Discovery Unity, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Michael L Dustin
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tao Dong
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- MRC Translational Immune Discovery Unity, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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Kamprasert N, Aliloo H, van der Werf JHJ, Clark SA. Short communication: Accuracy of whole-genome sequence imputation in Angus cattle using within-breed and multi breed reference populations. Animal 2024; 18:101087. [PMID: 38364656 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2024.101087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Genotype imputation is a standard approach used in the field of genetics. It can be used to fill in missing genotypes or to increase genotype density. Accurate imputed genotypes are required for downstream analyses. In this study, the accuracy of whole-genome sequence imputation for Angus beef cattle was examined using two different ways to form the reference panel, a within-breed reference population and a multi breed reference population. A stepwise imputation was conducted by imputing medium-density (50k) genotypes to high-density, and then to the whole genome sequence (WGS). The reference population consisted of animals with WGS information from the 1 000 Bull Genomes project. The within-breed reference panel comprised 396 Angus cattle, while an additional 2 380 Taurine cattle were added to the reference population for the multi breed reference scenario. Imputation accuracies were variant-wise average accuracies from a 10-fold cross-validation and expressed as concordance rates (CR) and Pearson's correlations (PR). The two imputation scenarios achieved moderate to high imputation accuracies ranging from 0.896 to 0.966 for CR and from 0.779 to 0.834 for PR. The accuracies from two different scenarios were similar, except for PR from WGS imputation, where the within-breed scenario outperformed the multi breed scenario. The result indicated that including a large number of animals from other breeds in the reference panel to impute purebred Angus did not improve the accuracy and may negatively impact the results. In conclusion, the imputed WGS in Angus cattle can be obtained with high accuracy using a within-breed reference panel.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kamprasert
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, 2351, Armidale, NSW, Australia.
| | - H Aliloo
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, 2351, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - J H J van der Werf
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, 2351, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - S A Clark
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, 2351, Armidale, NSW, Australia
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3
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Smith EG, Walkom SF, Clark SA. Exploring genetic variation in potential indicators of resilience in sheep using fibre diameter measured along the wool staple. Animal 2024; 18:101065. [PMID: 38237476 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2023.101065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Production animals are increasingly exposed to a wide variety of disturbances that can compromise their productivity, health and well-being. As a result, there is a growing need to be able to select animals that are more resilient to environmental disturbances. Fibre diameter variation measured along a wool staple is expected to contain information about how resilient sheep are to the disturbances of their internal and external environment. This study aimed to develop potential resilience indicators from fibre diameter variation, estimate their genetic parameters and assess whether these traits are genetically correlated across three age stages. The study used 6 140 Merino sheep from the Sheep Cooperative Research Centre Information Nucleus Flocks recorded at yearling, 2 years old, and adult ages. Eight potential traits were defined based on theory, literature and exploratory analysis, which were suggested to capture the animal's ability to resist, respond and recover from potential disturbances. Genetic evaluation of the traits was conducted using pedigree-based animal models. The traits were shown to be low to moderately heritable (0.01-0.33) when examined at each of the three age stages. The potential indicators were generally well correlated with one another within age stages. Further, the genetic correlation between the same trait measured at different age stages was moderate to high between yearling and 2 years old (0.35-0.94) and between 2 years old and adults (0.18-0.70), while slightly lower between yearling and adult estimates (0.09-0.62). These results suggest that selection for resilience indicators from fibre diameter is possible; however, further studies are warranted to refine the trait definitions and validate these indicators against other measures of health, fitness and productive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- E G Smith
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2350, Australia.
| | - S F Walkom
- Animal Genetics Breeding Unit, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2350, Australia
| | - S A Clark
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2350, Australia
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4
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Brierley CK, Yip BH, Orlando G, Goyal H, Wen S, Wen J, Levine MF, Jakobsdottir GM, Rodriguez-Meira A, Adamo A, Bashton M, Hamblin A, Clark SA, O'Sullivan J, Murphy L, Olijnik AA, Cotton A, Narina S, Pruett-Miller SM, Enshaei A, Harrison C, Drummond M, Knapper S, Tefferi A, Antony-Debré I, Thongjuea S, Wedge DC, Constantinescu S, Papaemmanuil E, Psaila B, Crispino JD, Mead AJ. Chromothripsis orchestrates leukemic transformation in blast phase MPN through targetable amplification of DYRK1A. bioRxiv 2023:2023.12.08.570880. [PMID: 38106192 PMCID: PMC10723394 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.08.570880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Chromothripsis, the process of catastrophic shattering and haphazard repair of chromosomes, is a common event in cancer. Whether chromothripsis might constitute an actionable molecular event amenable to therapeutic targeting remains an open question. We describe recurrent chromothripsis of chromosome 21 in a subset of patients in blast phase of a myeloproliferative neoplasm (BP-MPN), which alongside other structural variants leads to amplification of a region of chromosome 21 in ∼25% of patients ('chr21amp'). We report that chr21amp BP-MPN has a particularly aggressive and treatment-resistant phenotype. The chr21amp event is highly clonal and present throughout the hematopoietic hierarchy. DYRK1A , a serine threonine kinase and transcription factor, is the only gene in the 2.7Mb minimally amplified region which showed both increased expression and chromatin accessibility compared to non-chr21amp BP-MPN controls. We demonstrate that DYRK1A is a central node at the nexus of multiple cellular functions critical for BP-MPN development, including DNA repair, STAT signalling and BCL2 overexpression. DYRK1A is essential for BP-MPN cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo , and DYRK1A inhibition synergises with BCL2 targeting to induce BP-MPN cell apoptosis. Collectively, these findings define the chr21amp event as a prognostic biomarker in BP-MPN and link chromothripsis to a druggable target.
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Irvine AJ, Wensley A, Hughes GJ, Clark SA, Leaman B, Vergis ME. Informing the use of a supplementary immunisation programme for the management of a community cluster of invasive meningococcal disease, Yorkshire, 2022. Public Health 2023; 225:263-266. [PMID: 37952342 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2023.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To outline the management of a community cluster of serogroup B invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) cases, including key factors for decision making and the choice and implementation of control measures. STUDY DESIGN Descriptive report of cluster management. METHODS Subtyping of IMD cases identified a number of potentially linked cases in a defined geographical area. An Incident Management Team (IMT) was convened to coordinate the public health response. A case definition was developed in order to identify further cases within the cluster. RESULTS Four cases of IMD met the case definition and were initially considered as part of this cluster. Three resided in the same small town, which was the focus for public health management. The IMT agreed that it would be proportionate to instigate additional control measures. The population at higher risk of infection were identified, and a supplementary vaccination programme was rolled out in the community. Over five clinics, 45.6% (639/1401) of the target cohort received at least one dose of the vaccine, with 34.7% (486/1401) receiving both doses. Inequalities in uptake were observed by sex, age and deprivation. CONCLUSIONS Decision making for public health responses to IMD clusters is complex. Informed by epidemiological evidence, numerous partners engaged in collaborative decision making, which was critical for the effective implementation of the community response. Links between the local authority public health team and the community enabled the use of existing structures and relationships to maximise the number of vaccinations delivered. No further cases of IMD linked to this cluster were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Irvine
- Yorkshire and the Humber Health Protection Team, UK Health Security Agency, Leeds, UK.
| | - A Wensley
- Field Services, North East and Yorkshire and Humber, UK Health Security Agency, Leeds, UK
| | - G J Hughes
- Field Services, North East and Yorkshire and Humber, UK Health Security Agency, Leeds, UK
| | - S A Clark
- Meningococcal Reference Unit, UK Health Security Agency, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester, UK
| | - B Leaman
- Calderdale Metropolitan Borough Council Public Health Team, Calderdale, UK
| | - M E Vergis
- Yorkshire and the Humber Health Protection Team, UK Health Security Agency, Leeds, UK
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6
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Yin Z, Chen JL, Lu Y, Wang B, Godfrey L, Mentzer AJ, Yao X, Liu G, Wellington D, Zhao Y, Wing PAC, Dejnirattisa W, Supasa P, Liu C, Hublitz P, Beveridge R, Waugh C, Clark SA, Clark K, Sopp P, Rostron T, Mongkolsapaya J, Screaton GR, Ogg G, Ewer K, Pollard AJ, Gilbert S, Knight JC, Lambe T, Smith GL, Dong T, Peng Y. Evaluation of T cell responses to naturally processed variant SARS-CoV-2 spike antigens in individuals following infection or vaccination. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112470. [PMID: 37141092 PMCID: PMC10121105 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Most existing studies characterizing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-specific T cell responses are peptide based. This does not allow evaluation of whether tested peptides are processed and presented canonically. In this study, we use recombinant vaccinia virus (rVACV)-mediated expression of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and SARS-CoV-2 infection of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)-2-transduced B cell lines to evaluate overall T cell responses in a small cohort of recovered COVID-19 patients and uninfected donors vaccinated with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19. We show that rVACV expression of SARS-CoV-2 antigen can be used as an alternative to SARS-CoV-2 infection to evaluate T cell responses to naturally processed spike antigens. In addition, the rVACV system can be used to evaluate the cross-reactivity of memory T cells to variants of concern (VOCs) and to identify epitope escape mutants. Finally, our data show that both natural infection and vaccination could induce multi-functional T cell responses with overall T cell responses remaining despite the identification of escape mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixi Yin
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK; MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Ji-Li Chen
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK; MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Yongxu Lu
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Beibei Wang
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Leila Godfrey
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Alexander J Mentzer
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Xuan Yao
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Guihai Liu
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK; Beijing You'an Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Dannielle Wellington
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Yiqi Zhao
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Peter A C Wing
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK; Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Wanwisa Dejnirattisa
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; Division of Emerging Infectious Disease, Research Department, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Piyada Supasa
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Chang Liu
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK; Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Philip Hublitz
- Genome Engineering Facility, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Ryan Beveridge
- Screening Facility, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Craig Waugh
- Flow Cytometry Facility, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Sally-Ann Clark
- Flow Cytometry Facility, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Kevin Clark
- Flow Cytometry Facility, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Paul Sopp
- Flow Cytometry Facility, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Timothy Rostron
- Sequencing Facility, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Juthathip Mongkolsapaya
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK; Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Gavin R Screaton
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK; Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Graham Ogg
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK; MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Katie Ewer
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Andrew J Pollard
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK; Pandemic Sciences Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Center, Oxford, UK
| | - Sarah Gilbert
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK; Pandemic Sciences Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Julian C Knight
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK; Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Teresa Lambe
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK; Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK; Pandemic Sciences Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Geoffrey L Smith
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK.
| | - Tao Dong
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK; MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK.
| | - Yanchun Peng
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK; MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK.
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7
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Scott C, Bartolovic K, Clark SA, Waithe D, Hill QA, Okoli S, Renella R, Ryan K, Cahill MR, Higgs DR, Roy NBA, Buckle V, Roberts I, Babbs C. Functional impairment of erythropoiesis in Congenital Dyserythropoietic Anaemia type I arises at the progenitor level. Br J Haematol 2022; 198:e10-e14. [PMID: 35417566 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.18167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Scott
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kerol Bartolovic
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sally-Ann Clark
- Flow Cytometry Facility, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Dominic Waithe
- Wolfson Imaging Centre, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Steven Okoli
- Imperial College, The Commonwealth Building, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Raffaele Renella
- Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Research Laboratory, CHUV-UNIL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kate Ryan
- Department of Haematology, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester, UK
| | - Mary R Cahill
- Department of Haematology, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - Douglas R Higgs
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Noémi B A Roy
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Haematology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
- BRC Blood Theme and BRC/NHS Translational Molecular Diagnostics Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Veronica Buckle
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Irene Roberts
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Paediatrics, Children's Hospital, John Radcliffe Hospital, and MRC WIMM, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Christian Babbs
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Sousos N, Ní Leathlobhair M, Simoglou Karali C, Louka E, Bienz N, Royston D, Clark SA, Hamblin A, Howard K, Mathews V, George B, Roy A, Psaila B, Wedge DC, Mead AJ. In utero origin of myelofibrosis presenting in adult monozygotic twins. Nat Med 2022; 28:1207-1211. [PMID: 35637336 PMCID: PMC9205768 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-022-01793-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The latency between acquisition of an initiating somatic driver mutation by a single-cell and clinical presentation with cancer is largely unknown. We describe a remarkable case of monozygotic twins presenting with CALR mutation-positive myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) (aged 37 and 38 years), with a clinical phenotype of primary myelofibrosis. The CALR mutation was absent in T cells and dermal fibroblasts, confirming somatic acquisition. Whole-genome sequencing lineage tracing revealed a common clonal origin of the CALR-mutant MPN clone, which occurred in utero followed by twin-to-twin transplacental transmission and subsequent similar disease latency. Index sorting and single-colony genotyping revealed phenotypic hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) as the likely MPN-propagating cell. Furthermore, neonatal blood spot analysis confirmed in utero origin of the JAK2V617F mutation in a patient presenting with polycythemia vera (aged 34 years). These findings provide a unique window into the prolonged evolutionary dynamics of MPNs and fitness advantage exerted by MPN-associated driver mutations in HSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Sousos
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Molecular Haematology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Cancer and Haematology Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Máire Ní Leathlobhair
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Microbiology, Moyne Institute of Preventive Medicine, School of Genetics and Microbiology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Christina Simoglou Karali
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Molecular Haematology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Eleni Louka
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Molecular Haematology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nicola Bienz
- Haematology Service, Wexham Park Hospital, Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust, Slough, UK
| | - Daniel Royston
- Department of Cellular Pathology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Sally-Ann Clark
- Flow Cytometry Facility, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Angela Hamblin
- Cancer and Haematology Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kieran Howard
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Vikram Mathews
- Department of Haematology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Biju George
- Department of Haematology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Anindita Roy
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Molecular Haematology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Paediatrics, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Bethan Psaila
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Molecular Haematology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Cancer and Haematology Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - David C Wedge
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Manchester Cancer Research Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Adam J Mead
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Molecular Haematology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Cancer and Haematology Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK.
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9
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Duff CJ, van der Werf JHJ, Parnell PF, Clark SA. Comparison of two live-animal ultrasound systems for genetic evaluation of carcass traits in Angus cattle. Transl Anim Sci 2021; 5:txab011. [PMID: 33748681 PMCID: PMC7963028 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txab011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The improvement of carcass traits is an important breeding objective in beef cattle breeding programs. The most common way of selecting for improvement in carcass traits is via indirect selection using ultrasound scanning of selection candidates which are submitted to genetic evaluation programs. Two systems used to analyze ultrasound images to predict carcass traits are the Pie Medical Esaote Aquila (PIE) and Central Ultrasound Processing (CUP). This study compared the ability of the two systems to predict carcass traits for genetic evaluation in Australian Angus cattle. Genetic and phenotypic parameters were estimated using data from 1,648 Angus steers which were ultrasound scanned twice with both systems, first at feedlot entry and then following 100 d in the feedlot. The traits interpreted from ultrasound scanning included eye muscle area (EMA), rib fat (RIB) rump fat (RUMP), and intramuscular fat (IMF). Abattoir carcass data were collected on all steers following the full feedlot feeding period of 285 d. For all ultrasound scan traits, CUP resulted in higher phenotypic and genetic variances compared to the PIE. For IMF, CUP had higher heritability at feedlot intake (0.51 for CUP compared to 0.37 for PIE) and after 100 d feeding (0.54 for CUP compared to 0.45 PIE). CUP predicted IMF also tended to have stronger correlations with the breeding objective traits of carcass IMF and marbling traits, both genetically (ranging from 0.59 to 0.75 for CUP compared to 0.45–0.63 for PIE) and phenotypically (ranging from 0.27 to 0.43 for CUP compared to 0.19–0.28 for PIE). Ultrasound scan EMA was the only group of traits in which the heritabilities were higher for PIE (0.52 for PIE compared to 0.40 for CUP at feedlot intake and 0.46 for PIE compared to 0.43 for CUP at 100 d of feeding), however with similar relationships to the breeding objective carcass EMA observed. For subcutaneous fat traits of ultrasound RIB and RUMP, the heritabilites and genetic correlations to the related carcass traits were similar, with the exception being the higher heritability observed for CUP predicted RUMP at feedlot intake at 0.52 compared to 0.38 for PIE. The results from this study indicates that the CUP system, compared to PIE, provides an advantage for genetic evaluation of carcass traits in Angus cattle, particularly for the IMF and associated marbling traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Duff
- Angus Australia, Armidale, New South Wales, 2350, Australia
| | - J H J van der Werf
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, 2351, Australia
| | - P F Parnell
- Angus Australia, Armidale, New South Wales, 2350, Australia
| | - S A Clark
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, 2351, Australia
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10
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Tzanakaki G, Xirogianni A, Tsitsika A, Clark SA, Kesanopoulos K, Bratcher HB, Papandreou A, Rodrigues CMC, Maiden MCJ, Borrow R, Tsolia M. Estimated strain coverage of serogroup B meningococcal vaccines: A retrospective study for disease and carrier strains in Greece (2010-2017). Vaccine 2021; 39:1621-1630. [PMID: 33597116 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.01.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) is associated with high case fatality rates and long-term sequelae among survivors. Meningococci belonging to six serogroups (A, B, C, W, X, and Y) cause nearly all IMD worldwide, with serogroup B meningococci (MenB) the predominant cause in many European countries, including Greece (~80% of all IMD). In the absence of protein-conjugate polysaccharide MenB vaccines, two protein-based vaccines are available to prevent MenB IMD in Greece: 4CMenB (Bexsero™, GlaxoSmithKline), available since 2014; and MenB-FHbp, (Trumenba™, Pfizer), since 2018. This study investigated the potential coverage of MenB vaccines in Greece using 107 MenB specimens, collected from 2010 to 2017 (66 IMD isolates and 41 clinical samples identified solely by non-culture PCR), alongside 6 MenB isolates from a carriage study conducted during 2017-2018. All isolates were characterized by multilocus sequence typing (MLST), PorA, and FetA antigen typing. Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) was performed on 66 isolates to define the sequences of vaccine components factor H-binding protein (fHbp), Neisserial Heparin Binding Antigen (NHBA), and Neisseria adhesin A (NadA). The expression of fHbp was investigated with flow cytometric meningococcal antigen surface expression (MEASURE) assay. The fHbp gene was present in-frame in all isolates tested by WGS and in 41 MenB clinical samples. All three variant families of fHbp peptides were present, with subfamily B peptides (variant 1) occurring in 69.2% and subfamily A in 30.8% of the samples respectively. Sixty three of 66 (95.5%) MenB isolates expressed sufficient fHbp to be susceptible to bactericidal killing by MenB-fHbp induced antibodies, highlighting its potential to protect against most IMD in Greece.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Tzanakaki
- National Meningitis Reference Laboratory (NMRL), Dept of Public Health Policy, School of Public Health, University of West Attica, Athens, Greece.
| | - A Xirogianni
- National Meningitis Reference Laboratory (NMRL), Dept of Public Health Policy, School of Public Health, University of West Attica, Athens, Greece
| | - A Tsitsika
- Second Dept of Paediatrics, Medical School, National Kapodistrian University, Athens, Greece
| | - S A Clark
- Meningococcal Reference Unit, Public Health England, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester, UK
| | - K Kesanopoulos
- National Meningitis Reference Laboratory (NMRL), Dept of Public Health Policy, School of Public Health, University of West Attica, Athens, Greece
| | - H B Bratcher
- Department of Zoology, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK
| | - A Papandreou
- National Meningitis Reference Laboratory (NMRL), Dept of Public Health Policy, School of Public Health, University of West Attica, Athens, Greece
| | - C M C Rodrigues
- Department of Zoology, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK
| | - M C J Maiden
- Department of Zoology, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK
| | - R Borrow
- Meningococcal Reference Unit, Public Health England, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester, UK
| | - M Tsolia
- Second Dept of Paediatrics, Medical School, National Kapodistrian University, Athens, Greece
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11
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Kuhn KD, Edamura K, Bhatia N, Cheng I, Clark SA, Haynes CV, Heffner DL, Kabir F, Velasquez J, Spano AJ, Deppmann CD, Keeler AB. Molecular dissection of TNFR-TNFα bidirectional signaling reveals both cooperative and antagonistic interactions with p75 neurotrophic factor receptor in axon patterning. Mol Cell Neurosci 2020; 103:103467. [PMID: 32004684 PMCID: PMC7682658 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2020.103467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
During neural development, complex organisms rely on progressive and regressive events whereby axons, synapses, and neurons are overproduced followed by selective elimination of a portion of these components. Tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) together with its cognate receptor (Tumor necrosis factor receptor 1; TNFR1) have been shown to play both regressive (i.e. forward signaling from the receptor) and progressive (i.e. reverse signaling from the ligand) roles in sympathetic neuron development. In contrast, a paralog of TNFR1, p75 neurotrophic factor receptor (p75NTR) promotes mainly regressive developmental events in sympathetic neurons. Here we examine the interplay between these paralogous receptors in the regulation of axon branch elimination and arborization. We confirm previous reports that these TNFR1 family members are individually capable of promoting ligand-dependent suppression of axon growth and branching. Remarkably, p75NTR and TNFR1 physically interact and p75NTR requires TNFR1 for ligand-dependent axon suppression of axon branching but not vice versa. We also find that p75NTR forward signaling and TNFα reverse signaling are functionally antagonistic. Finally, we find that TNFα reverse signaling is necessary for nerve growth factor (NGF) dependent axon growth. Taken together these findings demonstrate several levels of synergistic and antagonistic interactions using very few signaling pathways and that the balance of these synergizing and opposing signals act to ensure proper axon growth and patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- K D Kuhn
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - K Edamura
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - N Bhatia
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - I Cheng
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - S A Clark
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - C V Haynes
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - D L Heffner
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - F Kabir
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - J Velasquez
- Blue Ridge Virtual Governor's School, Palmyra, VA 22963, USA
| | - A J Spano
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - C D Deppmann
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA; Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA.
| | - A B Keeler
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA.
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12
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Rodriguez-Meira A, Buck G, Clark SA, Povinelli BJ, Alcolea V, Louka E, McGowan S, Hamblin A, Sousos N, Barkas N, Giustacchini A, Psaila B, Jacobsen SEW, Thongjuea S, Mead AJ. Unravelling Intratumoral Heterogeneity through High-Sensitivity Single-Cell Mutational Analysis and Parallel RNA Sequencing. Mol Cell 2019; 73:1292-1305.e8. [PMID: 30765193 PMCID: PMC6436961 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2019.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) has emerged as a powerful tool for resolving transcriptional heterogeneity. However, its application to studying cancerous tissues is currently hampered by the lack of coverage across key mutation hotspots in the vast majority of cells; this lack of coverage prevents the correlation of genetic and transcriptional readouts from the same single cell. To overcome this, we developed TARGET-seq, a method for the high-sensitivity detection of multiple mutations within single cells from both genomic and coding DNA, in parallel with unbiased whole-transcriptome analysis. Applying TARGET-seq to 4,559 single cells, we demonstrate how this technique uniquely resolves transcriptional and genetic tumor heterogeneity in myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) stem and progenitor cells, providing insights into deregulated pathways of mutant and non-mutant cells. TARGET-seq is a powerful tool for resolving the molecular signatures of genetically distinct subclones of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Rodriguez-Meira
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK; Medical Research Council Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Gemma Buck
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK; Medical Research Council Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Sally-Ann Clark
- Flow Cytometry Facility, Medical Research Council, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Benjamin J Povinelli
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK; Medical Research Council Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Veronica Alcolea
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK; Medical Research Council Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Eleni Louka
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK; Medical Research Council Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Simon McGowan
- Medical Research Council Centre for Computational Biology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Angela Hamblin
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nikolaos Sousos
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK; Medical Research Council Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Nikolaos Barkas
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK; Medical Research Council Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Alice Giustacchini
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK; Medical Research Council Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Bethan Psaila
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK; Medical Research Council Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK; National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sten Eirik W Jacobsen
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK; Medical Research Council Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Wallenberg Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Supat Thongjuea
- Medical Research Council Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK; Medical Research Council Centre for Computational Biology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Adam J Mead
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK; Medical Research Council Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK; National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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13
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Duarte S, Woll PS, Buza-Vidas N, Chin DWL, Boukarabila H, Luís TC, Stenson L, Bouriez-Jones T, Ferry H, Mead AJ, Atkinson D, Jin S, Clark SA, Wu B, Repapi E, Gray N, Taylor S, Mutvei AP, Tsoi YL, Nerlov C, Lendahl U, Jacobsen SEW. Canonical Notch signaling is dispensable for adult steady-state and stress myelo-erythropoiesis. Blood 2018; 131:1712-1719. [PMID: 29339402 PMCID: PMC5909886 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-06-788505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although an essential role for canonical Notch signaling in generation of hematopoietic stem cells in the embryo and in thymic T-cell development is well established, its role in adult bone marrow (BM) myelopoiesis remains unclear. Some studies, analyzing myeloid progenitors in adult mice with inhibited Notch signaling, implicated distinct roles of canonical Notch signaling in regulation of progenitors for the megakaryocyte, erythroid, and granulocyte-macrophage cell lineages. However, these studies might also have targeted other pathways. Therefore, we specifically deleted, in adult BM, the transcription factor recombination signal-binding protein J κ (Rbpj), through which canonical signaling from all Notch receptors converges. Notably, detailed progenitor staging established that canonical Notch signaling is fully dispensable for all investigated stages of megakaryocyte, erythroid, and myeloid progenitors in steady state unperturbed hematopoiesis, after competitive BM transplantation, and in stress-induced erythropoiesis. Moreover, expression of key regulators of these hematopoietic lineages and Notch target genes were unaffected by Rbpj deficiency in BM progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Duarte
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Clinical Hematology Department, University Hospital Center of Coimbra, Praceta Professor Mota Pinto, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Petter S Woll
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Natalija Buza-Vidas
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Desmond Wai Loon Chin
- Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hanane Boukarabila
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tiago C Luís
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Stenson
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tiphaine Bouriez-Jones
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Ferry
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Adam J Mead
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah Atkinson
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Shaobo Jin
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; and
| | - Sally-Ann Clark
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Bishan Wu
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Emmanouela Repapi
- Computational Biology Research Group, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nicki Gray
- Computational Biology Research Group, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Taylor
- Computational Biology Research Group, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anders P Mutvei
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; and
| | - Yat Long Tsoi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; and
| | - Claus Nerlov
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Urban Lendahl
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; and
| | - Sten Eirik W Jacobsen
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; and
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14
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Clark SA, Atack NE, Ewings P, Hathorn IS, Mercer NSG. Early Surgical Outcomes in 5-Year-Old Patients with Repaired Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2017; 44:235-8. [PMID: 17477755 DOI: 10.1597/06-044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To assess the surgical outcome of 5-year-old subjects with repaired unilateral cleft lip and palate who had been operated on by a single surgeon. Design: Retrospective consecutive outcome study. Setting: The cleft lip and palate center at Frenchay Hospital, North Bristol NHS Trust, U.K. Participants: All patients born with unilateral cleft lip and palate between May 1992 and April 1998 were identified and their study models were located. Main Outcome Measures: The reasons for failing to obtain study models were recorded. The “test” study models were combined randomly with a “gold standard” set of study models to give a group of 53 for assessment purposes. These study models were assessed twice by two examiners independently using the 5-Year-Olds’ Index. The weighted kappa (κ) statistic and components of variance were used to establish the levels of agreement within and between examiners, as well as between the gold standard and the examiners. Results: Thirty sets of study models out of a possible 43 were located. The most common reason for not obtaining records was poor cooperation. More than 50% of study models were assessed as being good outcomes (Index groups 1 and 2), whereas fewer than 20% of the records were evaluated as being poor outcomes (Index groups 4 and 5). There was good inter- and intraexaminer agreement and agreement with the gold standard values. Conclusion: Study model collection in this age group can be difficult due to patient cooperation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Clark
- Queens Medical Centre, University Hospital NHS Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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15
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Mead AJ, Neo WH, Barkas N, Matsuoka S, Giustacchini A, Facchini R, Thongjuea S, Jamieson L, Booth CAG, Fordham N, Di Genua C, Atkinson D, Chowdhury O, Repapi E, Gray N, Kharazi S, Clark SA, Bouriez T, Woll P, Suda T, Nerlov C, Jacobsen SEW. Niche-mediated depletion of the normal hematopoietic stem cell reservoir by Flt3-ITD-induced myeloproliferation. J Exp Med 2017; 214:2005-2021. [PMID: 28637883 PMCID: PMC5502426 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20161418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Although previous studies suggested that the expression of FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (Flt3) initiates downstream of mouse hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), FLT3 internal tandem duplications (FLT3 ITDs) have recently been suggested to intrinsically suppress HSCs. Herein, single-cell interrogation found Flt3 mRNA expression to be absent in the large majority of phenotypic HSCs, with a strong negative correlation between Flt3 and HSC-associated gene expression. Flt3-ITD knock-in mice showed reduced numbers of phenotypic HSCs, with an even more severe loss of long-term repopulating HSCs, likely reflecting the presence of non-HSCs within the phenotypic HSC compartment. Competitive transplantation experiments established that Flt3-ITD compromises HSCs through an extrinsically mediated mechanism of disrupting HSC-supporting bone marrow stromal cells, with reduced numbers of endothelial and mesenchymal stromal cells showing increased inflammation-associated gene expression. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF), a cell-extrinsic potent negative regulator of HSCs, was overexpressed in bone marrow niche cells from FLT3-ITD mice, and anti-TNF treatment partially rescued the HSC phenotype. These findings, which establish that Flt3-ITD-driven myeloproliferation results in cell-extrinsic suppression of the normal HSC reservoir, are of relevance for several aspects of acute myeloid leukemia biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Mead
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Medical Research Council Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Wen Hao Neo
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nikolaos Barkas
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sahoko Matsuoka
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Alice Giustacchini
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Medical Research Council Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Raffaella Facchini
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Supat Thongjuea
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Medical Research Council Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lauren Jamieson
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Christopher A G Booth
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nicholas Fordham
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Cristina Di Genua
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Deborah Atkinson
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Onima Chowdhury
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Emmanouela Repapi
- Computational Biology Research Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nicki Gray
- Computational Biology Research Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Shabnam Kharazi
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sally-Ann Clark
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tiphaine Bouriez
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Petter Woll
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Toshio Suda
- Cancer Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Claus Nerlov
- Medical Research Council Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sten Eirik W Jacobsen
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Medical Research Council Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Wallenberg Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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16
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Chatt C, Gajraj R, Hawker J, Neal K, Tahir M, Lawrence M, Gray SJ, Lucidarme J, Carr AD, Clark SA, Fowler T. Four-month outbreak of invasive meningococcal disease caused by a rare serogroup B strain, identified through the use of molecular PorA subtyping, England, 2013. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 19. [PMID: 25394258 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es2014.19.44.20949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Molecular PorA subtyping provides information that increasingly requires the adaptation of standard public health approaches to outbreak management. We report an outbreak of a rare subtype of meningococcal infection not previously identified in the United Kingdom (UK). The outbreak occurred in the Warwickshire area in England between February and June 2013. Molecular subtyping allowed the identification of additional cases, prompting an enhanced public health response that included efforts to identify potential social networks that might benefit from chemoprophylaxis. It also prompted swabbing to define nasopharyngeal carriage in the focal nursery and helped explain the unusual epidemiological pattern. Without subtyping to identify a link, the additional cases would have been managed as sporadic cases in accordance with current UK guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Chatt
- West Midlands East Health Protection Team, Public Health England, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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17
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Page EE, Greathead L, Metcalf R, Clark SA, Hart M, Fuchs D, Pantelidis P, Gotch F, Pozniak A, Nelson M, Boasso A, Gazzard B, Kelleher P. Loss of Th22 cells is associated with increased immune activation and IDO-1 activity in HIV-1 infection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2014; 67:227-35. [PMID: 25314246 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000000294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune activation plays a key role in the immunopathogenesis of HIV-1 infection. Microbial translocation, secondary to loss of epithelial integrity and mucosal immune deficiency, is believed to contribute to systemic immune activation. Interleukin 22 maintains intestinal epithelial barrier integrity and stimulates the secretion of antimicrobial peptides that limit bacterial dissemination and intestinal inflammation. Interleukin 22 is secreted by CD4 T-helper (Th)22 cells independently of interleukin 17A and interferon γ. Th22 cells are characterized by the expression of chemokine receptors (CCR)4, CCR6, and CCR10. METHODS We analyzed the frequency of Th22, Th17, Th1, and CD4 T regulatory (Treg) cells, markers of immune activation (expression of CD38 on CD8 T cells, neopterin, soluble CD14), microbial translocation (lipopolysaccharide-binding protein and 16s ribosomal DNA), and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 activity in peripheral blood of antiretroviral therapy (ART)-experienced and ART-naive HIV-1-infected patients and healthy controls. RESULTS We showed a significant reduction in the frequency of Th22 cells in HIV ART-naive patients compared with the healthy controls and HIV ART-experienced patients. We observed a shift away from Th22 and Th17 to Treg cells, which was partially reversed by effective ART. Markers of immune activation negatively correlated with Th22 and Th17 proportions, and with Th22:Treg and Th17:Treg ratios in ART-naive patients. Increased indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 activity negatively correlated with Th22:Treg and Th17:Treg ratios in the ART-naive group. CONCLUSIONS Loss of Th22 cells and disruption in the balance of Th22 and Treg cells may contribute toward systemic immune activation and mucosal immune deficiency during HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma E Page
- *Department of Medicine, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom; †Division of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Medical University, Innsbruk, Austria; ‡Department of Infection and Immunity, Imperial College NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom; and §Department of HIV and Sexual Health, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
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18
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Woll PS, Kjällquist U, Chowdhury O, Doolittle H, Wedge DC, Thongjuea S, Erlandsson R, Ngara M, Anderson K, Deng Q, Mead AJ, Stenson L, Giustacchini A, Duarte S, Giannoulatou E, Taylor S, Karimi M, Scharenberg C, Mortera-Blanco T, Macaulay IC, Clark SA, Dybedal I, Josefsen D, Fenaux P, Hokland P, Holm MS, Cazzola M, Malcovati L, Tauro S, Bowen D, Boultwood J, Pellagatti A, Pimanda JE, Unnikrishnan A, Vyas P, Göhring G, Schlegelberger B, Tobiasson M, Kvalheim G, Constantinescu SN, Nerlov C, Nilsson L, Campbell PJ, Sandberg R, Papaemmanuil E, Hellström-Lindberg E, Linnarsson S, Jacobsen SEW. Myelodysplastic syndromes are propagated by rare and distinct human cancer stem cells in vivo. Cancer Cell 2014; 25:794-808. [PMID: 24835589 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2014.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Evidence for distinct human cancer stem cells (CSCs) remains contentious and the degree to which different cancer cells contribute to propagating malignancies in patients remains unexplored. In low- to intermediate-risk myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), we establish the existence of rare multipotent MDS stem cells (MDS-SCs), and their hierarchical relationship to lineage-restricted MDS progenitors. All identified somatically acquired genetic lesions were backtracked to distinct MDS-SCs, establishing their distinct MDS-propagating function in vivo. In isolated del(5q)-MDS, acquisition of del(5q) preceded diverse recurrent driver mutations. Sequential analysis in del(5q)-MDS revealed genetic evolution in MDS-SCs and MDS-progenitors prior to leukemic transformation. These findings provide definitive evidence for rare human MDS-SCs in vivo, with extensive implications for the targeting of the cells required and sufficient for MDS-propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petter S Woll
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Una Kjällquist
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Onima Chowdhury
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Helen Doolittle
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - David C Wedge
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, CB10 1SA Cambridge, UK
| | - Supat Thongjuea
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Rikard Erlandsson
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mtakai Ngara
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kristina Anderson
- Department of Cellular Therapy, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, 0130 Oslo, Norway
| | - Qiaolin Deng
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Adam J Mead
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Laura Stenson
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Alice Giustacchini
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Sara Duarte
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Eleni Giannoulatou
- Computational Biology Research Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Stephen Taylor
- Computational Biology Research Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Mohsen Karimi
- Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christian Scharenberg
- Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Teresa Mortera-Blanco
- Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Iain C Macaulay
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Sally-Ann Clark
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Ingunn Dybedal
- Department of Hematology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, 0130 Oslo, Norway
| | - Dag Josefsen
- Department of Cellular Therapy, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, 0130 Oslo, Norway
| | - Pierre Fenaux
- Hôpital Avicenne, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Service d'hématologie clinique, 93000 Bobigny, France
| | - Peter Hokland
- Department of Hematology, Aarhus University Hospital, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mette S Holm
- Department of Hematology, Aarhus University Hospital, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mario Cazzola
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, and Department of Hematology Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Luca Malcovati
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, and Department of Hematology Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Sudhir Tauro
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, UK
| | - David Bowen
- St. James Institute of Oncology, St. James Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Jacqueline Boultwood
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Andrea Pellagatti
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - John E Pimanda
- Lowy Cancer Research Centre and the Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Ashwin Unnikrishnan
- Lowy Cancer Research Centre and the Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Paresh Vyas
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, Department of Haematology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK; Oxford University Hospital, NHS Trust, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Gudrun Göhring
- Institute of Cell and Molecular Pathology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Magnus Tobiasson
- Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Kvalheim
- Department of Cellular Therapy, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, 0130 Oslo, Norway
| | - Stefan N Constantinescu
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Claus Nerlov
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, Department of Haematology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | | | - Peter J Campbell
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, CB10 1SA Cambridge, UK
| | - Rickard Sandberg
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elli Papaemmanuil
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, CB10 1SA Cambridge, UK
| | - Eva Hellström-Lindberg
- Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sten Linnarsson
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sten Eirik W Jacobsen
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK; Departments of Cell and Molecular Biology, Medicine Huddinge, and Laboratory Medicine, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet and Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden.
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19
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Sanjuan-Pla A, Macaulay IC, Jensen CT, Woll PS, Luis TC, Mead A, Moore S, Carella C, Matsuoka S, Bouriez Jones T, Chowdhury O, Stenson L, Lutteropp M, Green JCA, Facchini R, Boukarabila H, Grover A, Gambardella A, Thongjuea S, Carrelha J, Tarrant P, Atkinson D, Clark SA, Nerlov C, Jacobsen SEW. Platelet-biased stem cells reside at the apex of the haematopoietic stem-cell hierarchy. Nature 2013; 502:232-6. [PMID: 23934107 DOI: 10.1038/nature12495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 409] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The blood system is maintained by a small pool of haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), which are required and sufficient for replenishing all human blood cell lineages at millions of cells per second throughout life. Megakaryocytes in the bone marrow are responsible for the continuous production of platelets in the blood, crucial for preventing bleeding--a common and life-threatening side effect of many cancer therapies--and major efforts are focused at identifying the most suitable cellular and molecular targets to enhance platelet production after bone marrow transplantation or chemotherapy. Although it has become clear that distinct HSC subsets exist that are stably biased towards the generation of lymphoid or myeloid blood cells, we are yet to learn whether other types of lineage-biased HSC exist or understand their inter-relationships and how differently lineage-biased HSCs are generated and maintained. The functional relevance of notable phenotypic and molecular similarities between megakaryocytes and bone marrow cells with an HSC cell-surface phenotype remains unclear. Here we identify and prospectively isolate a molecularly and functionally distinct mouse HSC subset primed for platelet-specific gene expression, with enhanced propensity for short- and long-term reconstitution of platelets. Maintenance of platelet-biased HSCs crucially depends on thrombopoietin, the primary extrinsic regulator of platelet development. Platelet-primed HSCs also frequently have a long-term myeloid lineage bias, can self-renew and give rise to lymphoid-biased HSCs. These findings show that HSC subtypes can be organized into a cellular hierarchy, with platelet-primed HSCs at the apex. They also demonstrate that molecular and functional priming for platelet development initiates already in a distinct HSC population. The identification of a platelet-primed HSC population should enable the rational design of therapies enhancing platelet output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Sanjuan-Pla
- Institute for Stem Cell Research and MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 16UU, UK
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20
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Mead A, Kharazi S, Atkinson D, Macaulay I, Pecquet C, Loughran S, Lutteropp M, Woll P, Chowdhury O, Luc S, Buza-Vidas N, Ferry H, Clark SA, Goardon N, Vyas P, Constantinescu S, Sitnicka E, Nerlov C, Jacobsen S. FLT3-ITDs instruct a myeloid differentiation and transformation bias in lymphomyeloid multipotent progenitors. Cell Rep 2013; 3:1766-76. [PMID: 23727242 PMCID: PMC3701326 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2013.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Whether signals mediated via growth factor receptors (GFRs) might influence lineage fate in multipotent progenitors (MPPs) is unclear. We explored this issue in a mouse knockin model of gain-of-function Flt3-ITD mutation because FLT3-ITDs are paradoxically restricted to acute myeloid leukemia even though Flt3 primarily promotes lymphoid development during normal hematopoiesis. When expressed in MPPs, Flt3-ITD collaborated with Runx1 mutation to induce high-penetrance aggressive leukemias that were exclusively of the myeloid phenotype. Flt3-ITDs preferentially expanded MPPs with reduced lymphoid and increased myeloid transcriptional priming while compromising early B and T lymphopoiesis. Flt3-ITD-induced myeloid lineage bias involved upregulation of the transcription factor Pu.1, which is a direct target gene of Stat3, an aberrantly activated target of Flt3-ITDs, further establishing how lineage bias can be inflicted on MPPs through aberrant GFR signaling. Collectively, these findings provide new insights into how oncogenic mutations might subvert the normal process of lineage commitment and dictate the phenotype of resulting malignancies. Flt3-ITDs collaborate with Runx1 mutation to cause acute myeloid leukemia exclusively Flt3-ITDs instruct myeloid lineage bias in lymphoid-primed multipotent precursors Flt3-ITDs inhibit thymic seeding by bone marrow progenitors Flt3-ITD-induced myeloid bias and progenitor phenotype involve upregulation of Pu.1
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation/physiology
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Flow Cytometry/methods
- Gene Expression
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/pathology
- Mice
- Microarray Analysis
- Multipotent Stem Cells/cytology
- Multipotent Stem Cells/immunology
- Multipotent Stem Cells/metabolism
- Multipotent Stem Cells/pathology
- Myeloid Cells/cytology
- Myeloid Cells/immunology
- Myeloid Cells/metabolism
- Myeloid Cells/pathology
- Signal Transduction
- fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase 3/genetics
- fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase 3/metabolism
- fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase 3/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Mead
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
- Corresponding author
| | - Shabnam Kharazi
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Laboratory, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund 22184, Sweden
| | - Deborah Atkinson
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Iain Macaulay
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Christian Pecquet
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels B1200, Belgium
- de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels B1200, Belgium
| | - Stephen Loughran
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Michael Lutteropp
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Petter Woll
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Onima Chowdhury
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Sidinh Luc
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Natalija Buza-Vidas
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Helen Ferry
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Sally-Ann Clark
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Nicolas Goardon
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Paresh Vyas
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Stefan N. Constantinescu
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels B1200, Belgium
- de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels B1200, Belgium
| | - Ewa Sitnicka
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Laboratory, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund 22184, Sweden
| | - Claus Nerlov
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
- Institute for Stem Cell Research, MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, King’s Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH93JQ, UK
| | - Sten Eirik W. Jacobsen
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
- Corresponding author
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21
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Hickey JM, Kinghorn BP, Tier B, Clark SA, van der Werf JHJ, Gorjanc G. Genomic evaluations using similarity between haplotypes. J Anim Breed Genet 2012; 130:259-69. [PMID: 23855628 DOI: 10.1111/jbg.12020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Long-range phasing and haplotype library imputation methodologies are accurate and efficient methods to provide haplotype information that could be used in prediction of breeding value or phenotype. Modelling long haplotypes as independent effects in genomic prediction would be inefficient due to the many effects that need to be estimated and phasing errors, even if relatively low in frequency, exacerbate this problem. One approach to overcome this is to use similarity between haplotypes to model covariance of genomic effects by region or of animal breeding values. We developed a simple method to do this and tested impact on genomic prediction by simulation. Results show that the diagonal and off-diagonal elements of a genomic relationship matrix constructed using the haplotype similarity method had higher correlations with the true relationship between pairs of individuals than genomic relationship matrices built using unphased genotypes or assumed unrelated haplotypes. However, the prediction accuracy of such haplotype-based prediction methods was not higher than those based on unphased genotype information.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Hickey
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, Australia
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Clark SA, Martin SL, Pozniak A, Steel A, Ward B, Dunning J, Henderson DC, Nelson M, Gazzard B, Kelleher P. Tuberculosis antigen-specific immune responses can be detected using enzyme-linked immunospot technology in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 patients with advanced disease. Clin Exp Immunol 2007; 150:238-44. [PMID: 17672869 PMCID: PMC2219352 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2007.03477.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
There are limited data on the efficacy of T cell-based assays to detect tuberculosis (TB) antigen-specific responses in immune-deficient human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients. The aim of this study is to determine whether TB antigen-specific immune responses can be detected in patients with HIV-1 infection, especially in those with advanced disease (CD4 T cell count < 300 cells/microl). An enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay, which detects interferon (IFN)-gamma secreted by T cells exposed to TB antigens, was used to assess specific immune responses in a prospective study of 201 HIV-1-infected patients with risk factors for TB infection, attending a single HIV unit. The performance of the ELISPOT assay to detect TB antigen-specific immune responses is independent of CD4 T cell counts in HIV-1 patients. The sensitivity and specificity of this assay for the diagnosis of active tuberculosis does not differ significantly from values obtained in immunocompetent subjects. The negative predictive value of the TB ELISPOT test is 98.2%. A positive predictive value of 86% for the diagnosis of active tuberculosis was found when the combined number of early secretory antigen target-6 (ESAT-6) and culture filtrate protein-10 (CFP-10) IFN-gamma spots to CD4 T cell count ratio was > 1.5. TB antigen-specific immune responses can be detected in HIV patients with low CD4 T cell counts using ELISPOT technology in a routine diagnostic laboratory and is a useful test to exclude TB infection in immune-deficient HIV-1 patients. A combination of TB antigen-specific IFN-gamma responses and CD4 T cell counts has the potential to distinguish active tuberculosis from latent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Clark
- Department of Immunology, Imperial College, Chelsea & Westminster HospitalLondon, UK
| | - S L Martin
- Division of Immunology Hammersmith Hospitals NHS TrustLondon, UK
| | - A Pozniak
- HIV/GUM Directorate, Chelsea & Westminster NHS Foundation TrustLondon, UK
| | - A Steel
- Department of Immunology, Imperial College, Chelsea & Westminster HospitalLondon, UK
| | - B Ward
- HIV/GUM Directorate, Chelsea & Westminster NHS Foundation TrustLondon, UK
| | - J Dunning
- HIV/GUM Directorate, Chelsea & Westminster NHS Foundation TrustLondon, UK
| | - D C Henderson
- Division of Immunology Hammersmith Hospitals NHS TrustLondon, UK
| | - M Nelson
- HIV/GUM Directorate, Chelsea & Westminster NHS Foundation TrustLondon, UK
| | - B Gazzard
- HIV/GUM Directorate, Chelsea & Westminster NHS Foundation TrustLondon, UK
| | - P Kelleher
- Department of Immunology, Imperial College, Chelsea & Westminster HospitalLondon, UK
- Division of Immunology Hammersmith Hospitals NHS TrustLondon, UK
- HIV/GUM Directorate, Chelsea & Westminster NHS Foundation TrustLondon, UK
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Aughey RJ, Murphy KT, Clark SA, Garnham AP, Snow RJ, Cameron-Smith D, Hawley JA, McKenna MJ. Muscle Na+-K+-ATPase activity and isoform adaptations to intense interval exercise and training in well-trained athletes. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2007; 103:39-47. [PMID: 17446412 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00236.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Na+-K+-ATPase enzyme is vital in skeletal muscle function. We investigated the effects of acute high-intensity interval exercise, before and following high-intensity training (HIT), on muscle Na+-K+-ATPase maximal activity, content, and isoform mRNA expression and protein abundance. Twelve endurance-trained athletes were tested at baseline, pretrain, and after 3 wk of HIT (posttrain), which comprised seven sessions of 8 × 5-min interval cycling at 80% peak power output. Vastus lateralis muscle was biopsied at rest (baseline) and both at rest and immediately postexercise during the first (pretrain) and seventh (posttrain) training sessions. Muscle was analyzed for Na+-K+-ATPase maximal activity (3- O-MFPase), content ([3H]ouabain binding), isoform mRNA expression (RT-PCR), and protein abundance (Western blotting). All baseline-to-pretrain measures were stable. Pretrain, acute exercise decreased 3- O-MFPase activity [12.7% (SD 5.1), P < 0.05], increased α1, α2, and α3 mRNA expression (1.4-, 2.8-, and 3.4-fold, respectively, P < 0.05) with unchanged β-isoform mRNA or protein abundance of any isoform. In resting muscle, HIT increased ( P < 0.05) 3- O-MFPase activity by 5.5% (SD 2.9), and α3 and β3 mRNA expression by 3.0- and 0.5-fold, respectively, with unchanged Na+-K+-ATPase content or isoform protein abundance. Posttrain, the acute exercise induced decline in 3- O-MFPase activity and increase in α1 and α3 mRNA each persisted ( P < 0.05); the postexercise 3- O-MFPase activity was also higher after HIT ( P < 0.05). Thus HIT augmented Na+-K+-ATPase maximal activity despite unchanged total content and isoform protein abundance. Elevated Na+-K+-ATPase activity postexercise may contribute to reduced fatigue after training. The Na+-K+-ATPase mRNA response to interval exercise of increased α- but not β-mRNA was largely preserved posttrain, suggesting a functional role of α mRNA upregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Aughey
- Muscle, Ions and Exercise Group, Centre for Ageing, Rehabilitation, Exercise and Sport, School of Human Movement, Recreation and Performance, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
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Murphy KT, Aughey RJ, Petersen AC, Clark SA, Goodman C, Hawley JA, Cameron-Smith D, Snow RJ, McKenna MJ. Effects of endurance training status and sex differences on Na+,K+-pump mRNA expression, content and maximal activity in human skeletal muscle. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2007; 189:259-69. [PMID: 17305706 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.2006.01635.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study investigated the effects of endurance training status and sex differences on skeletal muscle Na+,K+-pump mRNA expression, content and activity. METHODS Forty-five endurance-trained males (ETM), 11 recreationally active males (RAM), and nine recreationally active females (RAF) underwent a vastus lateralis muscle biopsy. Muscle was analysed for Na+,K+-pump alpha1, alpha2, alpha3, beta1, beta2 and beta3 isoform mRNA expression (real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction), content ([3H]-ouabain-binding site) and maximal activity (3-O-methylfluorescein phosphatase, 3-O-MFPase). RESULTS ETM demonstrated lower alpha1, alpha3, beta2 and beta3 mRNA expression by 74%, 62%, 70% and 82%, respectively, than RAM (P<0.04). In contrast, [3H]-ouabain binding and 3-O-MFPase activity were each higher in ETM than in RAM, by 16% (P<0.03). RAM demonstrated a 230% and 364% higher alpha3 and beta3 mRNA expression than RAF, respectively (P<0.05), but no significant sex differences were found for alpha1, alpha2, beta1 or beta2 mRNA, [3H]-ouabain binding or 3-O-MFPase activity. No significant correlation was found between years of endurance training and either [3H]-ouabain binding or 3-O-MFPase activity. Significant but weak correlations were found between the number of training hours per week and 3-O-MFPase activity (r=0.31, P<0.02) and between incremental exercise VO2(peak)) and both [3H]-ouabain binding (r=0.33, P<0.01) and 3-O-MFPase activity (r=0.28, P<0.03). CONCLUSIONS Isoform-specific differences in Na+,K+-pump mRNA expression were found with both training status and sex differences, but only training status influenced Na+,K+-pump content and maximal activity in human skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- K T Murphy
- Muscle, Ions and Exercise Group, School of Human Movement, Recreation and Performance, Centre for Ageing, Rehabilitation, Exercise and Sport Science (CARES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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Aughey RJ, Clark SA, Gore CJ, Townsend NE, Hahn AG, Kinsman TA, Goodman C, Chow CM, Martin DT, Hawley JA, McKenna MJ. Interspersed normoxia during live high, train low interventions reverses an early reduction in muscle Na+, K +ATPase activity in well-trained athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol 2006; 98:299-309. [PMID: 16932967 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-006-0280-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia and exercise each modulate muscle Na(+), K(+)ATPase activity. We investigated the effects on muscle Na(+), K(+)ATPase activity of only 5 nights of live high, train low hypoxia (LHTL), 20 nights consecutive (LHTLc) versus intermittent LHTL (LHTLi), and acute sprint exercise. Thirty-three athletes were assigned to control (CON, n = 11), 20-nights LHTLc (n = 12) or 20-nights LHTLi (4 x 5-nights LHTL interspersed with 2-nights CON, n = 10) groups. LHTLc and LHTLi slept at a simulated altitude of 2,650 m (F(I)O(2) 0.1627) and lived and trained by day under normoxic conditions; CON lived, trained, and slept in normoxia. A quadriceps muscle biopsy was taken at rest and immediately after standardised sprint exercise, before (Pre) and after 5-nights (d5) and 20-nights (Post) LHTL interventions and analysed for Na(+), K(+)ATPase maximal activity (3-O-MFPase) and content ([(3)H]-ouabain binding). After only 5-nights LHTLc, muscle 3-O-MFPase activity declined by 2% (P < 0.05). In LHTLc, 3-O-MFPase activity remained below Pre after 20 nights. In contrast, in LHTLi, this small initial decrease was reversed after 20 nights, with restoration of 3-O-MFPase activity to Pre-intervention levels. Plasma [K(+)] was unaltered by any LHTL. After acute sprint exercise 3-O-MFPase activity was reduced (12.9 +/- 4.0%, P < 0.05), but [(3)H]-ouabain binding was unchanged. In conclusion, maximal Na(+), K(+)ATPase activity declined after only 5-nights LHTL, but the inclusion of additional interspersed normoxic nights reversed this effect, despite athletes receiving the same amount of hypoxic exposure. There were no effects of consecutive or intermittent nightly LHTL on the acute decrease in Na(+), K(+)ATPase activity with sprint exercise effects or on plasma [K(+)] during exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Aughey
- Muscle, Ions & Exercise Group, Centre for Aging, Rehabilitation, Exercise and Sport, School of Human Movement, Recreation and Performance, Victoria University, MCMC, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Kinsman TA, Gore CJ, Hahn AG, Hopkins WG, Hawley JA, McKenna MJ, Clark SA, Aughey RJ, Townsend NE, Chow CM. Sleep in athletes undertaking protocols of exposure to nocturnal simulated altitude at 2650 m. J Sci Med Sport 2005; 8:222-32. [PMID: 16075782 DOI: 10.1016/s1440-2440(05)80013-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A popular method to attempt to enhance performance is for athletes to sleep at natural or simulated moderate altitude (SMA) when training daily near sea level. Based on our previous observation of periodic breathing in athletes sleeping at SMA, we hypothesised that athletes' sleep quality would also suffer with hypoxia. Using two typical protocols of nocturnal SMA (2650 m), we examined the effect on the sleep physiology of 14 male endurance-trained athletes. The selected protocols were Consecutive (15 successive exposure nights) and Intermittent (3x 5 successive exposure nights, interspersed with 2 normoxic nights) and athletes were randomly assigned to follow either one. We monitored sleep for two successive nights under baseline conditions (B; normoxia, 600 m) and then at weekly intervals (nights 1, 8 and 15 (N1, N8 and N15, respectively)) of the protocols. Since there was no significant difference in response between the protocols being followed (based on n=7, for each group) we are unable to support a preference for either one, although the likelihood of a Type II error must be acknowledged. For all athletes (n=14), respiratory disturbance and arousal responses between B and N1, although large in magnitude, were highly individual and not statistically significant. However, SpO2 decreased at N1 versus B (p<0.001) and remained lower on N8 (p<0.001) and N15 (p<0.001), not returning to baseline level. Compared to B, arousals were more frequent on N8 (p=0.02) and N15 (p=0.01). The percent of rapid eye movement sleep (REM) increased from N1 to N8 (p=0.03) and N15 (p=0.01). Overall, sleeping at 2650 m causes sleep disturbance in susceptible athletes, yet there was some improvement in REM sleep over the study duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Kinsman
- Department of Physiology, Australian Institute of Sport Canberra, Australia
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Clark SA, Chen ZP, Murphy KT, Aughey RJ, McKenna MJ, Kemp BE, Hawley JA. Intensified exercise training does not alter AMPK signaling in human skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2004; 286:E737-43. [PMID: 14693511 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00462.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) cascade has been linked to many of the acute effects of exercise on skeletal muscle substrate metabolism, as well as to some of the chronic training-induced adaptations. We determined the effect of 3 wk of intensified training (HIT; 7 sessions of 8 x 5 min at 85% Vo2 peak) in skeletal muscle from well-trained athletes on AMPK responsiveness to exercise. Rates of whole body substrate oxidation were determined during a 90-min steady-state ride (SS) pre- and post-HIT. Muscle metabolites and AMPK signaling were determined from biopsies taken at rest and immediately after exercise during the first and seventh HIT sessions, performed at the same (absolute) pre-HIT work rate. HIT decreased rates of whole body carbohydrate oxidation (P < 0.05) and increased rates of fat oxidation (P < 0.05) during SS. Resting muscle glycogen and its utilization during intense exercise were unaffected by HIT. However, HIT induced a twofold decrease in muscle [lactate] (P < 0.05) and resulted in tighter metabolic regulation, i.e., attenuation of the decrease in the PCr/(PCr + Cr) ratio and of the increase in [AMPfree]/ATP. Resting activities of AMPKalpha1 and -alpha2 were similar post-HIT, with the magnitude of the rise in response to exercise similar pre- and post-HIT. AMPK phosphorylation at Thr172 on both the alpha1 and alpha2 subunits increased in response to exercise, with the magnitude of this rise being similar post-HIT. Acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase-beta phosphorylation was similar at rest and, despite HIT-induced increases in whole body rates of fat oxidation, did not increase post-HIT. Our results indicate that, in well-trained individuals, short-term HIT improves metabolic control but does not blunt AMPK signaling in response to intense exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Clark
- Exercise Metabolism Group, School of Medical Sciences, RMIT University, PO Box 71, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
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Aughey RJ, Gore CJ, Hahn AG, Garnham AP, Clark SA, Petersen AC, Roberts AD, McKenna MJ. Chronic intermittent hypoxia and incremental cycling exercise independently depress muscle in vitro maximal Na+-K+-ATPase activity in well-trained athletes. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2004; 98:186-92. [PMID: 15033968 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01335.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Athletes commonly attempt to enhance performance by training in normoxia but sleeping in hypoxia [live high and train low (LHTL)]. However, chronic hypoxia reduces muscle Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase content, whereas fatiguing contractions reduce Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase activity, which each may impair performance. We examined whether LHTL and intense exercise would decrease muscle Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase activity and whether these effects would be additive and sufficient to impair performance or plasma K(+) regulation. Thirteen subjects were randomly assigned to two fitness-matched groups, LHTL (n = 6) or control (Con, n = 7). LHTL slept at simulated moderate altitude (3,000 m, inspired O(2) fraction = 15.48%) for 23 nights and lived and trained by day under normoxic conditions in Canberra (altitude approximately 600 m). Con lived, trained, and slept in normoxia. A standardized incremental exercise test was conducted before and after LHTL. A vastus lateralis muscle biopsy was taken at rest and after exercise, before and after LHTL or Con, and analyzed for maximal Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase activity [K(+)-stimulated 3-O-methylfluorescein phosphatase (3-O-MFPase)] and Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase content ([(3)H]ouabain binding sites). 3-O-MFPase activity was decreased by -2.9 +/- 2.6% in LHTL (P < 0.05) and was depressed immediately after exercise (P < 0.05) similarly in Con and LHTL (-13.0 +/- 3.2 and -11.8 +/- 1.5%, respectively). Plasma K(+) concentration during exercise was unchanged by LHTL; [(3)H]ouabain binding was unchanged with LHTL or exercise. Peak oxygen consumption was reduced in LHTL (P < 0.05) but not in Con, whereas exercise work was unchanged in either group. Thus LHTL had a minor effect on, and incremental exercise reduced, Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase activity. However, the small LHTL-induced depression of 3-O-MFPase activity was insufficient to adversely affect either K(+) regulation or total work performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Aughey
- School of Human Movement, Recreation and Performance (FO22) Victoria University of Technology, P.O. Box 14428, MCMC, Melbourne, Victoria 8001, Australia
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Clark SA, Gordon PH, McCabe JF. An ex vivo investigation to compare orthodontic bonding using a 4-META-based adhesive or a composite adhesive to acid-etched and sandblasted enamel. J Orthod 2003; 30:51-8; discussion 23. [PMID: 12644608 DOI: 10.1093/ortho/30.1.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigates the shear-peel orthodontic bond strengths of brackets bonded with an unfilled acrylic resin containing 4-META (MCP Bond or a no-mix composite adhesive (Right On) to acid-etched or sandblasted enamel. DESIGN Ex vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eighty human pre-molar teeth were separated into four equal groups, according to the adhesive used and method of enamel pre-treatment. Group I-Right On with enamel etched using phosphoric acid for 30 seconds. Group II-Right On with enamel sandblasted using 50- microm alumina particles at 80 psi for 3 seconds. Group III-MCP Bond with enamel etched using phosphoric acid for 30 seconds. Group IV-MCP Bond with enamel sandblasted using 50- microm alumina particles at 80 psi for 3 seconds. Subsequently, the specimens were stored in distilled water for 24 hours prior to bond strength testing using an Instron universal testing machine. Each debonded tooth was scored using the adhesive remnant index (ARI) to determine the site of bond failure. RESULTS The mean bond strength (1 SD) were Group I: 10.7 (2.7) MPa, Group II: 5.3 (1.3) MPa, Group III: 15.9 (3.4) MPa, Group IV: 15.0 (2.2) MPa. Statistical analysis using one-way analysis of variance and Tukey test found no statistical difference between Group III and Group IV (P > 0.05), but the other groups were statistically different from each other (P < 0.05). The data were found to fit the Weibull distribution and Weibull analysis showed stress required for a 5 per cent probability of failure was: Group I: 5.77 MPa; Group II: 3.32 MPa; Group III: 10.31 MPa; Group IV: 10.58 MPa. Chi-square test showed a statistically significant difference existed between the ARI scores (P < 0.001), principally through less adhesive remnants being observed on the sandblasted specimens. CONCLUSION The adhesive containing 4-META achieved significantly higher bond strengths than the composite adhesive, particularly in the case of sandblasted enamel.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Clark
- Dental Materiasl Science Unit, Newcastle Dental School, UK
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30
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Roberts AD, Clark SA, Townsend NE, Anderson ME, Gore CJ, Hahn AG. Changes in performance, maximal oxygen uptake and maximal accumulated oxygen deficit after 5, 10 and 15 days of live high:train low altitude exposure. Eur J Appl Physiol 2003; 88:390-5. [PMID: 12527968 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-002-0720-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/29/2002] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Nineteen well-trained cyclists (14 males and 5 females, mean initial .VO(2max) 62.3 ml kg(-1 )min(-1)) completed a multistage cycle ergometer test to determine maximal mean power output in 4 min (MMPO(4min)), maximal oxygen uptake (.VO(2max)) and maximal accumulated oxygen deficit (MAOD). The athletes were divided into three groups, each of which completed 5, 10 or 15 days of both a control condition (C) and live high:train low altitude exposure (LHTL). The C groups lived and trained at the ambient altitude of 610 m. The LHTL groups spent 8-10 h night(-1) in normobaric hypoxia at a simulated altitude of 2,650 m, and trained at the ambient altitude of 610 m. The changes to MMPO(4min), .VO(2max) and MAOD in response to LHTL altitude exposure were not significantly different for the 5-, 10- and 15-day treatment periods. For the pooled data from all three treatment periods, there were significant increases in MMPO(4min) [mean (SD) 5.15 (0.83) W kg(-1) vs 5.34 (0.78) W kg(-1)] and MAOD [50.1 (14.2) ml kg(-1) vs 54.9 (13.1) ml kg(-1)] in the LHTL athletes between pre- and post-altitude exposure. There were no significant changes in MMPO(4min) [5.09 (0.76) W kg(-1) vs 5.16 (0.86) W kg(-1)] or MAOD [50.5 (14.1) ml kg(-1) vs 49.1 (13.0) ml kg(-1)] in the C athletes over the corresponding period. There were significant increases in .VO(2max) in the athletes during both the LHTL [63.2 (9.0) ml kg(-1 )min(-1) vs 64.1 (9.0) ml kg(-1 )min(-1)] and C [62.0 (8.6) ml kg(-1 )min(-1) vs 63.4 (9.2) ml kg(-1 )min(-1)] conditions. In these athletes, there was no difference in the impact of 5, 10 or 15 days of LHTL on the increases observed in MMPO(4min), .VO(2max) or MAOD; and LHTL increased MMPO(4min) and MAOD more than training at low altitude alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Roberts
- Centre for Sports Studies, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
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31
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Abstract
The 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase types 1 and 2 enzymes (11beta-HSD1 and 11beta-HSD2), modulate glucocorticoid occupation of the mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptors by interconverting corticosterone and cortisol to the inactive metabolites 11-dehydrocorticosterone and cortisone within the target cells. The NAD(+)-dependent 11-HSD 2 in the kidney inactivates corticosterone and cortisol, allowing aldosterone, which is not metabolized, access to the receptor. Studies of the kinetics of 11-HSD 2 activity in the rat kidney have produced inconsistent results. Western blots done in the absence of the reducing agent beta-mercaptoethanol showed two bands with approximate MW of 40 and 80 kDa. When beta-mercaptoethanol was used, only the 40 kDa was detected, indicating that under non-denaturing conditions a significant proportion of the 11beta-HSD 2 exists as a dimer. NAD(+)-dependent conversion of 3H-corticosterone by 20 microg of microsomal protein increased approximately 10 fold with the addition of 5 mM DTT concentration. NADP(+)-dependent activity with 20 microg of microsomal protein was very low and did not change significantly when using DTT. In the presence of DTT, the predominant 11-HSD activity in the rat kidney is NAD(+)-dependent with a K(m) of 15.1 nM, similar to that of the cloned and expressed enzyme. These data suggest that dimerization and subsequent enzyme inactivation occur when protocols promoting oxidation of this protein are used.
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Affiliation(s)
- E P Gomez-Sanchez
- Endocrine Section and Research Service, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, 1500 E Woodrow Wilson Dr (151), Jackson, MS 39216, USA.
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Gore CJ, Hahn AG, Aughey RJ, Martin DT, Ashenden MJ, Clark SA, Garnham AP, Roberts AD, Slater GJ, McKenna MJ. Live high:train low increases muscle buffer capacity and submaximal cycling efficiency. Acta Physiol Scand 2001; 173:275-86. [PMID: 11736690 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-201x.2001.00906.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated whether hypoxic exposure increased muscle buffer capacity (beta(m)) and mechanical efficiency during exercise in male athletes. A control (CON, n=7) and a live high:train low group (LHTL, n=6) trained at near sea level (600 m), with the LHTL group sleeping for 23 nights in simulated moderate altitude (3000 m). Whole body oxygen consumption (VO2) was measured under normoxia before, during and after 23 nights of sleeping in hypoxia, during cycle ergometry comprising 4 x 4-min submaximal stages, 2-min at 5.6 +/- 0.4 W kg(-1), and 2-min 'all-out' to determine total work and VO(2peak). A vastus lateralis muscle biopsy was taken at rest and after a standardized 2-min 5.6 +/- 0.4 W kg(-1) bout, before and after LHTL, and analysed for beta(m) and metabolites. After LHTL, beta(m) was increased (18%, P < 0.05). Although work was maintained, VO(2peak) fell after LHTL (7%, P < 0.05). Submaximal VO2 was reduced (4.4%, P < 0.05) and efficiency improved (0.8%, P < 0.05) after LHTL probably because of a shift in fuel utilization. This is the first study to show that hypoxic exposure, per se, increases muscle buffer capacity. Further, reduced VO2 during normoxic exercise after LHTL suggests that improved exercise efficiency is a fundamental adaptation to LHTL.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Gore
- Australian Institute of Sport, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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33
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Abstract
This essay presents necessary and sufficient conditions for representing a binary relation on a space of bounded random variables with a unique quantitative expectations operator. This result is used to provide a new characterization of qualitative probability. We also show that two distinct probability measures can induce the same qualitative ordering of events, even though they always produce different qualitative expectations relations. Copyright 2000 Academic Press.
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Clark SA, Coutts MM. It's a student's life. Pract Midwife 1999; 2:11. [PMID: 10481684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S A Clark
- University of Northumbria at Newcastle (UNN)
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35
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Clark SA, Wilson CR, Satoh M, Pegelow D, Dempsey JA. Assessment of inspiratory flow limitation invasively and noninvasively during sleep. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 158:713-22. [PMID: 9730995 DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.158.3.9708056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To define the standard of airway flow limitation, pharyngeal pressure and flow rate were measured during wakefulness and sleep in seven habitual snorers with widely varying degrees of sleep-induced increases in upper airway resistance. Inspiratory pressure:flow relationships were used to group breaths into four categories of flow limitation, including linear (Level 1), mildly alinear (Level 2), constant flow rate with no pressure dependence (Level 3), and decreasing flow rate throughout significant portions of inspiration, i.e., negative pressure dependence (Level 4). These pressure:flow rate gold standards of flow limitation were used to evaluate a flow limitation index derived from the time profile (or "shape") of three noninvasive estimates of flow rate: (1) pneumotach flow rate, (2) differentiated sum respiratory inductance plethysmography (RIP), and (3) nasal pressure. A nonflow limited template for each of these noninvasive measurements was taken from awake breaths and the difference in area determined between the template breath and each of the noninvasive signals measured during nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. The noninvasive flow limitation indices were found to be effective in differentiating severe types of inspiratory flow limitation, i.e., Level 1 versus Level 3 or Level 4 (sensitivity/specificity > 80%). On the other hand, these indirect indices were not able to consistently detect mild levels of flow limitation (Level 1 versus Level 2; sensitivity/specificity = 62 to 72%); nor were these noninvasive estimates of flow rate "shape" sensitive to breaths with a high but fixed resistance throughout inspiration. The area index derived from measurements of pressure at the nares (Pn) was the most sensitive, nonperturbing, noninvasive measure of flow rate and flow limitation, and we recommend its use for recognizing most of the common types of moderate to severe levels of airway flow limitation in sleeping subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Clark
- John Rankin Laboratory of Pulmonary Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Preventive Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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36
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Abstract
In the accompanying article, we describe the creation of novel cell lines derived from RIN 1046-38 rat insulinoma cells by stable transfection with combinations of genes encoding human insulin, GLUT2, and glucokinase. Herein we describe the regulation of insulin secretion and glucose metabolism in these new cell lines. A cell line (betaG I/17) expressing only the human proinsulin transgene exhibits a clear increase in basal insulin production (measured in the absence of secretagogues) relative to parental RIN 1046-38 cells. betaG I/17 cells engineered for high levels of GLUT2 expression and a twofold increase in glucokinase activity (betaG 49/206) or engineered for a 10-fold increase in glucokinase activity alone (betaG 40/110) exhibit a 66% and 80% suppression in basal insulin secretion relative to betaG I/17 cells, respectively. As a result, betaG 49/206 and betaG 40/110 cells exhibit potent insulin-secretory responses to glucose alone (6.1- and 7.6-fold, respectively) or to glucose plus isobutylmethylxanthine (10.8- and 15.1-fold, respectively) that are clearly larger than the corresponding responses of betaG I/17 or parental RIN 1046-38 cells. betaG 49/206 and betaG 40/110 cells also exhibit a rapid and sustained response to glucose plus isobutyl-methylxanthine in perifusion studies that is clearly larger in magnitude than that of the two control lines. Glucose dose-response studies show that both engineered and non-engineered lines respond maximally to submillimolar concentrations of glucose and that betaG 49/206 cells are the most sensitive to low concentrations of the hexose, consistent with their clearly elevated rate of [5-3H]glucose usage. Finally, 5-thioglucose, a potent inhibitor of low-K(m) hexokinases, most effectively normalizes glucose concentration dependence for insulin secretion in the cell line with highest glucokinase expression (betaG 40/110). We conclude that GLUT2 and/or glucokinase expression imposes tight regulation of basal insulin secretion in cell lines that overexpress human proinsulin, allowing a marked improvement in the range of secretagogue responsiveness in such cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- H E Hohmeier
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75235, USA
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37
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Clark SA, Quaade C, Constandy H, Hansen P, Halban P, Ferber S, Newgard CB, Normington K. Novel insulinoma cell lines produced by iterative engineering of GLUT2, glucokinase, and human insulin expression. Diabetes 1997; 46:958-67. [PMID: 9166666 DOI: 10.2337/diab.46.6.958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Cellular engineering studies in our group are directed at creating insulin-secreting cell lines that simulate the performance of the normal islet beta-cell. The strategy described in this article involves the stepwise stable introduction of genes relevant to beta-cell performance into the RIN 1046-38 insulinoma cell line, a process that we term "iterative engineering." RIN cells stably engineered to contain multiple copies of the human insulin gene exhibit a large increase in insulin content, such that they approach the content of human islets assayed in parallel. Analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography demonstrates that these engineered cell lines process human proinsulin to mature insulin with high efficiency. Cell lines that are further engineered to express the GLUT2 and glucokinase genes demonstrate stable expression of the three transgenes for the full lifetime of the lines produced to date (6 months to 1 year in continuous culture). Transplantation of the engineered cell lines into nude rats reveals that stably integrated genes are expressed at constant levels in the in vivo environment over the full duration of experiments performed (48 days). Several endogenous genes expressed in normal beta-cells, including rat insulin, amylin, sulfonylurea receptor, and glucokinase, are stably expressed in the insulinoma lines during these in vivo studies. Endogenous GLUT2 expression, in contrast, is rapidly extinguished during in vivo passage. The loss of GLUT2 is overcome in engineered cell ines in which transporter expression is provided by a stably transfected transgene. These results suggest that a potential advantage of the iterative engineering approach may be to preserve stability of function and phenotype, particularly in the in vivo setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Clark
- BetaGene, Inc., Dallas, TX 75207, USA
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38
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Abstract
Many thylakoid lumenal proteins are nuclear encoded, cytosolically synthesized, and reach their functional location after posttranslational targeting across two chloroplast envelope membranes and the thylakoid membrane via proteinaceous transport systems. To study whether these transmembrane transport machineries can translocate folded structures, we overexpressed the 17-kDa subunit of the oxygen-evolving complex of photosystem II (prOE17) that had been modified to contain a unique C-terminal cysteine. This allowed us to chemically link a terminal 6.5-kDa bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI) moiety to prOE17 to create the chimeric protein prOE17-BPTI. Redox reagents and an irreversible sulfhydryl-specific cross-linker, bis-maleimidohexane, were used to manipulate the structure of BPTI. Import of prOE17-BPTI into isolated chloroplasts and thylakoids demonstrates that the small tightly folded BPTI domain is carried across both the chloroplast envelopes and the delta pH-dependent transmembrane transporter of the thylakoid membrane when linked to the correctly targeted OE17 precursor. Transport proceeded even when the BPTI moiety was internally cross-linked into a protease-resistant form. These data indicate that unfolding is not a ubiquitous requirement for protein translocation and that at least some domains of targeted proteins can maintain a nonlinear structure during their translocation into and within chloroplasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Clark
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis 95616, USA
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39
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Reddy D, Pollock AS, Clark SA, Sooy K, Vasavada RC, Stewart AF, Honeyman T, Christakos S. Transfection and overexpression of the calcium binding protein calbindin-D28k results in a stimulatory effect on insulin synthesis in a rat beta cell line (RIN 1046-38). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997; 94:1961-6. [PMID: 9050887 PMCID: PMC20025 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.94.5.1961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/1996] [Accepted: 12/16/1996] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Calbindin-D28k, a calcium binding protein that is thought to act as a facilitator of calcium diffusion in intestine and kidney, is known to be regulated by vitamin D in these tissues. Calbindin-D28k is also present in pancreatic beta cells, but its function in these cells is not known. To determine a role for calbindin-D28k in the beta cell, rat calbindin-D28k was overexpressed in the pancreatic beta cell line RIN 1046-38 by transfection of calbindin in expression vector, and changes in insulin mRNA were examined. Five transfected RIN cell clones were found to overexpress calbindin 6- to 35-fold as determined by radioimmunoassay. Northern blot analysis revealed increases in abundance in calbindin mRNA (>20-fold for most clones). Overexpressed calbindin was functional because it was capable of buffering calcium in response to a rapid calcium influx induced by 1 and 5 microM calcium ionophore. In cells transfected with calbindin, there was a marked increase in the expression of insulin mRNA (>20-fold for most clones compared with vector transfected cells). Besides an increase in insulin mRNA, calbindin overexpression was also associated with an increase in insulin content and release (a 5.8-fold increase in insulin release was noted for clone C10, and a 54-fold increase was noted for clone C2). To begin to address the mechanism whereby overexpression of calbindin results in increased insulin gene expression, calbindin-overexpressing clones were transiently transfected with plasmids incorporating various regions of the rat insulin I (rInsI) promoter linked to the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase coding sequence. Transient transfection with reporter plasmids bearing the regulatory sequences of the rInsI promoter (-345/+1) or five copies of the Far-FLAT minienhancer (-247/-198) from the rInsI promoter suggests that increased insulin mRNA in calbindin transfected cells is due, at least in part, to enhanced insulin gene transcription. These studies provide the first direct evidence (to our knowledge) for a role for calbindin in beta cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Reddy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-New Jersey Medical School, Newark 07103, USA
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40
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Febbraio MA, Murton P, Selig SE, Clark SA, Lambert DL, Angus DJ, Carey MF. Effect of CHO ingestion on exercise metabolism and performance in different ambient temperatures. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1996; 28:1380-7. [PMID: 8933488 DOI: 10.1097/00005768-199611000-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Two series of experiments were conducted to examine the effect of ingesting beverages with differing carbohydrate (CHO) concentrations and osmolalities on metabolism and performance during prolonged exercise in different environmental conditions. In series 1, 12 subjects performed three cycling exercise trials to fatigue at 70% VO2peak in either 33 degrees C (N = 6) (HT1) or 5 degrees C (N = 6) (CT). Subjects ingested either a 14% CHO solution (osmolality = 390 mosmol.1(-1) (HCHO); a 7% CHO solution (330 mosmol.1(-1) (NCHO) or a placebo (90 mosmol.1(-1) (CON1). In series 2, six subjects performed the same three trials at 33 degrees C (HT2), while ingesting either NCHO, a 4.2% CHO solution (240 mosmol.1(-1) (LCHO) or a placebo) (240 mosmol.1(-1) (CON2). Plasma glucose was higher (P < 0.05) in HCHO than NCHO, which in turn was higher (P < 0.05) than CON1 in both CT and HT1. Plasma glucose was lower (P < 0.05) in CON2 compared with NCHO and LCHO in HT2. The fall in plasma volume was greater (P < 0.05) in HCHO than other trials in both CT and HT1 but was not different when comparing the three trials in HT2. Exercise time was not different when comparing the trials in either HT1 or HT2 but was longer (P < 0.05) in NCHO compared with HCHO, which, in turn, was longer (P < 0.05) than CON1 in CT. These data demonstrate that, during prolonged exercise in the heat, fatigue is related to factors other than CHO availability. In addition, during exercise in 5 degrees C a 7% CHO solution is more beneficial for exercise performance than a 14% CHO solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Febbraio
- Department of Human Movement Science, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Bundoora, Australia.
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41
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Abstract
A novel glucose sensor employing ferrocene-modified glucose oxidase is fabricated using the screen printing technique. Glucose oxidase is covalently bound to the electron mediator ferrocenecarboxylic acid in order to obtain higher enzyme activity. The ferrocene-glucose oxidase shows an increased catalytic current because the ferrocene acts as an electron transfer relay between the active centre of the enzyme and the gold electrode. Glucose sensors employing enzymes modified with ferrocene in various ways are successfully fabricated using the screen printing technique. The ink component containing the ferrocene-glucose oxidase is specially developed to be applicable to the printing machine. The printed glucose sensor chip offers a stable calibration profile and stable electrochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Nagata
- Central Research Institute, Dai Nippon Printing Co., Ltd., Chiba, Japan
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42
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Caprari RS, Clark SA, McCarthy IE, Storer PJ, Vos M, Weigold E. Electron-momentum spectroscopy of the core state of solid carbon. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1994; 50:12078-12083. [PMID: 9975350 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.50.12078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Abstract
Dithizone (DTZ) is a recognized diabetogenic agent in vivo, and a supravital stain commonly used for identification of islets to be used for transplantation. In the present studies, we compared DTZ staining of freshly isolated and cultured canine, bovine, and porcine islets, and the effect of DTZ on the function and viability of islets. Incubation with DTZ resulted in staining of canine and porcine islets, but no discernible staining with bovine islets. Insulin content of porcine, canine, and bovine islet was 2.0 +/- 0.2, 2.2 +/- 0.3, and 1.9 +/- 0.2 mU/EIN, indicating a lack of correspondence of DTZ staining and insulin content. Seven days of culture with canine islets resulted in > or = 50% reduction of DTZ stained cells. Exposure to DTZ at 50 micrograms/mL resulted in a maximal number of stained cells in preparations of purified islets (80-85%; counted after dispersion), a lower percentage of cells stained faintly at 20 micrograms/mL (50-55%), with no discernible staining at 10 micrograms/mL. Prolonged exposure of islets (4-48 h) to 20 micrograms/mL DTZ led to reduced insulin secretion and islet cell death. Incubation of canine or porcine islets with 100 micrograms/mL of DTZ for 0.5 h resulted in a dramatic loss of viability and diminished insulin secretory function, which was not reversed with continued culture. The concentration dependence of toxic effects paralleled the concentration dependence of cellular staining. The minimally effective staining concentration (20 micrograms/mL) also resulted in a loss of viability. An additional assessment of DTZ toxicity was made using the RIN-38 beta-cell line, which shows no discernible staining with DTZ.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Clark
- BioHybrid Technologies, Shrewsbury, MA 01545
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44
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Abstract
Previous studies have indicated that the pancreas has receptors specific for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25-(OH)2D3] and that 1,25-(OH)2D3 increases insulin secretion in vitamin D-deficient rats. In this study we report that in vitamin D-replete, but calcium-deficient, rats in which 1,25-(OH)2D3 levels are elevated, insulin secretion is not altered. In addition, in in vitro studies 1,25-(OH)2D3 at concentrations of 10(-10)-10(-7) M was consistently found to inhibit insulin secretion from islets of vitamin D-replete rats or from the rat insulinoma beta-cell line RIN 1046-38. The RIN cell line was found to contain both vitamin D receptors and calbindin-D28k (CaBP-D28k) protein and mRNA. In RIN cells, treatment with sodium butyrate (2 mM for 3 days) induces a more islet phenotype, as indicated by increased insulin content and secretion and increased insulin gene expression. 1,25-(OH)2D3 treatment (50-100 nM for 48 or 72 h) had no effect on the enhanced levels of insulin secreted in the presence of butyrate. However, 2 mM sodium butyrate induced CaBP-D28k protein (4-fold; control, 0.8 +/- 0.2; sodium butyrate, 3.5 +/- 0.1 microgram/mg protein) and mRNA (3-fold) in the RIN cell line, in accord with the induction by butyrate of insulin content and secretion and beta-cell differentiation, suggesting a possible role for CaBP-D28k in these processes. Although 1,25-(OH)2D3, unlike butyrate, did not enhance insulin secretion, both 1,25-(OH)2D3 (100 nM) and butyrate (2 mM) inhibited RIN cell growth (to 69% and 28% of the control, respectively), and butyrate and 1,25-(OH)2D3 in combination led to a further inhibition of cell growth (to 13% of the control). In response to 1,25-(OH)2D3 (10 nM for 72 h), vitamin D receptors were up-regulated 313% in RIN cells [control, 37 +/- 2; 1,25-(OH)2D3 treated, 115 +/- 5 fmol/mg protein]. In conclusion, 1) contrary to previous studies in the vitamin D-deficient rat, our findings indicate that 1,25-(OH)2D3 action does not necessarily result in enhanced insulin secretion; 2) inhibition of cell growth and up-regulation of vitamin D receptors by 1,25-(OH)2D3 suggest that parameters in addition to insulin secretion can be affected by 1,25-(OH)2D3 in the beta-cell; 3) the RIN beta-cell line provides a novel in vitro system for studying the effect of the vitamin D endocrine system on pancreatic islet physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester 01605
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45
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Abstract
As part of a larger prognostic study of anorexia nervosa, clinical features at presentation of 24 males with anorexia are described, and compared with a female group matched for date of admission. Data were extracted from the original case records and follow-up interview. The study confirms the view that males display the classical syndrome of anorexia nervosa, but differs from previous studies in several respects. Age at onset (mean 18.6 years) and at presentation (mean 20.2 years) is later, with a mean duration of illness at presentation of only 1.6 years. A premorbid tendency to obesity is confirmed; maximum weight loss during the illness amounted to 42% matched population mean weight (MPMW), and weight at presentation was 78.5% MPMW, somewhat higher than the female group. In keeping with earlier studies, binging and vomiting were noted commonly, in around half of sufferers, but laxative abuse was less frequent and excessive exercising more frequent in males. Depressive and obsessional symptoms are common in both groups, and a strong family history of affective disorders and alcohol abuse was noted in over one third.
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Affiliation(s)
- C W Sharp
- University of Edinburgh, Department of Psychiatry, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Morningside Park
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46
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Stefanovic KB, Clark SA, Buncke HJ. Microsurgical vascularized free temporoparietal fascia transfer for Peyronie's disease: an experimental study. J Reconstr Microsurg 1994; 10:39-45; discussion 45-6. [PMID: 8169905 DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-1006570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
This experimental study on 24 male rats evaluated the advantages of vascularized vs. nonvascularized temporoparietal free fascia transfer as an improved form of penile tunica albuginea replacement. The paper describes in detail steps in these techniques and offers functional, anatomic, and histologic follow-up after 3 months. All 24 rats developed straight corpora cavernosa in erection. The flap was successful in each case, providing satisfactory morphologic appearance with minimal bulk. The only differences were histologically provided. Secondary degenerative changes were identified in all penises with nonvascularized fascial transfer, and one-third of penises with vascularized temporoparietal fascia free transfer. These results encourage vascularized free-tissue transfer application as an optimal solution in human penile reconstructive surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- K B Stefanovic
- Division of Microsurgical Replantation-Transplantation, Davies Medical Center, San Francisco, California
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47
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Abstract
The aim of the study was to further examine the view that matricide is 'the schizophrenic crime' (Gilles, 1965). This report represents a comprehensive, retrospective and national study of all individuals in Scotland who, between 1957 and 1987 inclusive, were charged with the murder or the culpable homicide of their biological mother. Files of High Court indictments were examined for the relevant years to identify offenders prior to disposal, and individuals were followed up with respect to diagnosis and disposal. Twenty-six (twenty-three men and three women) were convicted of the murder or culpable homicide of their biological mother. Only 50 per cent (thirteen subjects) were known to the State Hospital, Carstairs. Six (24 per cent) subjects suffered from schizophrenia, seven (24 per cent) were given no diagnosis, five (20 per cent) suffered from personality disorder, four (16 per cent) from the alcohol dependence syndrome, three (12 per cent) from depressive illness, and one (4 per cent) from hypomania. Thus, whilst schizophrenia is over-represented in this subgroup of offenders, matricide should not be viewed as the schizophrenic crime. Given the prevalence of mental disorder in this group, pre-trial assessment by a Forensic Psychiatrist should be mandatory.
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48
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Abstract
1. The effects of the angiotensin antagonists GR117289, losartan and Sar1Ala8-angiotensin II on the ex vivo binding of [125I]-Sar1Ile8-angiotensin II to rat liver and cortex/hippocampus (Cx/H) membranes have been investigated. 2. GR117289 (0.1-30 mg kg-1, s.c., 2 h pretreatment) caused a dose-dependent reduction in [125I]-Sar1Ile8-angiotensin II binding to both liver and cortex/hippocampus membranes. 3. Administration of a submaximal dose of GR117289 (1 mg kg-1, s.c.) indicated that the peak inhibition of binding in the liver occurred within 0.5 h, whereas the peak inhibition of binding in the Cx/H occurred 2 h after drug treatment. 4. The effect of GR117289 was long lasting. Binding was still reduced in the Cx/H 48 h after drug treatment (10 mg kg-1, s.c.) but had returned to normal 72 h after drug treatment. In the liver binding was still reduced 72 h after treatment with the same dose. 5. Losartan (1-30 mg kg-1, s.c.) was equipotent with GR117289 in its ability to reduce liver binding, but was less effective at inhibiting binding to central receptors. 6. The non-peptide antagonist Sar1Ala8-angiotensin II (3 and 10 mg kg-1) reduced binding in the liver but not in the Cx/H membranes. 7. These results suggest that, unlike the peptide antagonist Sar1Ala8-angiotensin II, the non-peptide angiotensin antagonists, GR117289 and losartan, are able to cross the blood brain barrier and occupy central angiotensin II receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- F H Marshall
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Glaxo Group Research Ltd, Ware, Hertfordshire
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49
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Clark SA. Implementation of electronic DRG attestation completion. J AHIMA 1993; 64:77-80. [PMID: 10125205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S A Clark
- St. Anthony Hospital Central, Denver, CO
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50
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Clark SA, Bennett ES, Henry VA, Caroline PJ. The effect of contact lens cleaners on lens parameters and surface quality of the Novalens. J Am Optom Assoc 1993; 64:169-74. [PMID: 8454833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of one abrasive cleaner, one non-abrasive cleaner and one non-abrasive alcohol-based cleaner on the lens parameter stability of the NOVALENS. Twenty-four lenses, all NOVALENS material of identical design, were cleaned 100 times each. Eight lenses were cleaned with MiraFlow (CIBA Vision), eight lenses with Optic-Free Daily Cleaner and eight lenses with the Gas Permeable Daily Cleaner (PBH). The base curve radius, center thickness and power were verified immediately before, immediately after and (per manufacturer's recommendation) 4 hours after cleaning at baseline, 25, 50, 75 and 100 cleanings. Lens toricity of approximately 0.50D was found with all three cleaners after 100 cleanings. No change in lens power or center thickness was found. It was concluded that extreme care must be taken in handling the NOVALENS due to the potential of induced warpage.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Clark
- University of Missouri-St. Louis, School of Optometry 63121
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