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Truong AD, Hong Y, Nguyen HT, Nguyen CT, Chu NT, Tran HTT, Dang HV, Lillehoj HS, Hong YH. Molecular identification and characterisation of a novel chicken leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor A5. Br Poult Sci 2020; 62:68-80. [PMID: 32812773 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2020.1812524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
1. Leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor A5 (LILRA5) is a key molecule that regulates the immune system. However, the LILRA5 gene has not been characterised in avian species, including chickens. The present study aimed to identify and functionally characterise LILRA5 identified from two genetically disparate chicken lines, viz., Marek's disease (MD)-resistant (R) line 6.3 and MD-susceptible (S) line 7.2. 2. Multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic analyses confirmed that the identity and similarity homologies of amino acids of LILRA5 in chicken lines 6.3 and 7.2 ranged between 93% and 93.7%, whereas those between chicken and mammals ranged between 20.9% and 43.7% and 21.1% to 43.9%, respectively. The newly cloned LILRA5 from chicken lines 6.3 and 7.2 revealed high conservation and a close relationship with other known mammalian LILRA5 proteins. 3. The results indicated that LILRA5 from chicken lines 6.3 and 7.2 was associated with phosphorylation of Src kinases and protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 11 (SHP2), which play a regulatory role in immune functions. Moreover, the results demonstrated that LILRA5 in these lines was associated with the activation of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and β2-microglobulin and induced the expression of the transporter associated with antigen processing. In addition, LILRA5 in both chicken lines activated and induced Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and the activator of transcription (STAT), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) and the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 signalling pathways; toll-like receptors; and Th1-, Th2-, and Th17- cytokines. 4. The data suggested that LILRA5 has innate immune receptors essential for macrophage immune response and provide novel insights into the regulation of immunity and immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Truong
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, National Institute of Veterinary Research , Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam.,Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University , Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Y Hong
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University , Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - H T Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, National Institute of Veterinary Research , Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - C T Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, National Institute of Veterinary Research , Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - N T Chu
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, National Institute of Veterinary Research , Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - H T T Tran
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, National Institute of Veterinary Research , Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - H V Dang
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, National Institute of Veterinary Research , Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - H S Lillehoj
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Services , Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Y H Hong
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University , Anseong, Republic of Korea
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M Yatim H, Wong YY, Neoh CF, Lim SH, Hassali MA, Hong YH. Factors influencing patients' hypertension self-management and sustainable self-care practices: a qualitative study. Public Health 2019; 173:5-8. [PMID: 31207425 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2019.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to explore factors influencing patients with hypertension to participating in a hypertension self-management education (HSME) programme and challenges of sustaining the learnt self-care practices. STUDY DESIGN This was a qualitative study with focus group discussions. METHODS Focus group discussions using a semistructured moderator guide were conducted among participants who had attended the HSME programme. Data were audio recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed using a thematic analysis approach. RESULTS Three focus groups involving 19 participants were conducted. Four major themes emerged from the data collected. Most participants enjoyed the group-based HSME sessions because sharing experiences with those having similar health problems can reduce their sense of isolation. However, the participants highlighted the difficulty in sustaining self-care practices in the presence of friends and family influences. CONCLUSION A number of patient-, family- and community-level motivators and barriers to patients' hypertension self-management have been identified. Efforts to tailor behavioural interventions to sustain daily self-care activities during social and cultural events are imperative.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Yatim
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Selangor Branch, Puncak Alam Campus, 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Y Y Wong
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Penang Branch, Bertam Campus, 13200 Kepala Batas, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - C F Neoh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Selangor Branch, Puncak Alam Campus, 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; Collaborative Drug Discovery Research (CDDR) Group, Pharmaceutical and Life Sciences Community of Research, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| | - S H Lim
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Penang Branch, Bertam Campus, 13200 Kepala Batas, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - M A Hassali
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Y H Hong
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Jin YL, Chen LM, Le Y, Li YL, Hong YH, Jia KT, Yi MS. Establishment of a cell line with high transfection efficiency from zebrafish Danio rerio embryos and its susceptibility to fish viruses. J Fish Biol 2017; 91:1018-1031. [PMID: 28833122 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A cell line ZBE3 isolated from a continuous cell culture derived from zebrafish Danio rerio blastomeres by clonal growth was characterized. ZBE3 cells had been subcultured for >120 passages since the initial primary culture of the blastomeres. The ZBE3 cells grow stably at temperature from 20 to 32° C with an optimum temperature of 28° C in ESM2 or ESM4 medium with 15% foetal bovine serum (FBS). The optimum FBS concentration for ZBE3 cell growth ranged from 15 to 20%. Cytogenetical analysis indicated that the modal chromosome number of ZBE3 cells was 50, the same as the diploid chromosome number of D. rerio. Significant cytopathic effect was observed in ZBE3 cells after infection with redspotted grouper nervous necrosis virus, Singapore grouper iridovirus and grass carp reovirus, and the viral replication in the cells was confirmed by real-time quantitative PCR and transmission electron microscopy, indicating the susceptibility of ZBE3 cells to the three fish viruses. After transfected with pEGFP-N3 plasmid, ZBE3 cells showed a transfection efficiency of about 40% which was indicated by the percentage of cells expressing green fluorescence protein. The stable growth, susceptibility to fish viruses as well as high transfection efficiency make ZBE3 cells be a useful tool in transgenic manipulation, fish virus-host cell interaction and immune response in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y L Jin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China
| | - L M Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China
| | - Y Le
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China
| | - Y L Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China
| | - Y H Hong
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - K T Jia
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China
| | - M S Yi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China
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Lee SH, Dong X, Lillehoj HS, Lamont SJ, Suo X, Kim DK, Lee KW, Hong YH. Comparing the immune responses of two genetically B-complex disparate Fayoumi chicken lines to Eimeria tenella. Br Poult Sci 2017; 57:165-71. [PMID: 26942865 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2016.1141172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to compare the susceptibility of congenic Fayoumi lines to Eimeria tenella infection and to assess genetic differences in Eimeria egression. Chickens were orally inoculated with 5 × 10(4) sporulated E. tenella oocysts and challenged with 5 × 10(6) oocysts on the 10th day after the primary infection. The Fayoumi M5.1 line exhibited higher levels of body weight gain, less oocyst shedding and higher percentages of B and CD4(+)/CD8(+) T cells than the M15.2 chickens. These results demonstrate that M5.1 line is more resistant to E. tenella infection than M15.2 line. Furthermore, the percentage of sporozoite egress from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was higher in the M5.1 line. The results of this study suggest that enhanced resistance of Fayoumi M5.1 to E. tenella infection may involve heightened cell-mediated and adaptive immunity, resulting in reduced intracellular development of Eimeria parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-H Lee
- a United States Department of Agriculture , Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center , Beltsville , MD , USA.,b National Academy of Agricultural Science , Rural Development Administration , Jeollabuk-do , Republic of Korea
| | - X Dong
- a United States Department of Agriculture , Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center , Beltsville , MD , USA.,c National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine , China Agricultural University , Beijing , China
| | - H S Lillehoj
- a United States Department of Agriculture , Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center , Beltsville , MD , USA
| | - S J Lamont
- d Department of Animal Science , Iowa State University , Ames , IA , USA
| | - X Suo
- d Department of Animal Science , Iowa State University , Ames , IA , USA
| | - D K Kim
- e C&K Genomics Inc ., Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - K-W Lee
- f Department of Animal Science and Technology , Konkuk University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Y H Hong
- g Department of Animal Science and Technology , Chung-Ang University , Anseong , Republic of Korea
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Truong AD, Ban J, Park B, Hong YH, Lillehoj HS. Characterization and functional analyses of a novel chicken CD8α variant X1 (CD8α1)1,2. J Anim Sci 2016; 94:2737-51. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-0133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Kim JK, Oh SY, Sohn EH, Hong YH, Jun SM, Bae JS. When is facial diplegia regarded as a variant of Guillain-Barré syndrome? J Peripher Nerv Syst 2016; 20:32-6. [PMID: 25975218 DOI: 10.1111/jns.12115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A variant of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) with predominant manifestation of facial diplegia (FD) has been described recently. This study aimed to characterize and determine the incidence of this FD-predominant GBS variant. The clinical and serological information of 900 consecutive patients were reviewed. In total, eight patients were identified between January 2007 and December 2010 as having FD accompanied by some features of GBS. These features were subjective sensory symptoms such as distal paresthesia (7/8, 88%), albumin-cytological (A/C) dissociation (7/8, 88%), antecedent infection (6/8, 75%), and minor nerve conduction study (NCS) abnormalities (5/7, 71%). One patient presented with the typical NCS feature of demyelinating neuropathy. Only two patients exhibited areflexia (2/8, 25%). None of the patients possessed any anti-ganglioside antibodies; however, the serum of two patients was positive for anti-mycoplasma antibody (2/6, 33%). FD variant of GBS occurred in less than 1% of our dataset. FD can be a regional variant of GBS when it is accompanied by supporting features, such as subjective tingling, A/C dissociation, and minor NCS abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Kim
- Department of Neurology, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - S Y Oh
- Department of Neurology, Chonbuk National University College of Medicine, Jeonju, Korea
| | - E H Sohn
- Department of Neurology, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Y H Hong
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Boramae Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - S M Jun
- Department of Neurology, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - J S Bae
- Department of Neurology, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Suzuki Y, Hong YH, Song SH, Ardiyanti A, Kato D, So KH, Katoh K, Roh SG. The Regulation of Chemerin and CMKLR1 Genes Expression by TNF-α, Adiponectin, and Chemerin Analog in Bovine Differentiated Adipocytes. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci 2014; 25:1316-21. [PMID: 25049696 PMCID: PMC4092937 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.2012.12083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 06/24/2012] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Adipokines, adipocyte-derived protein, have important roles in various kinds of physiology including energy homeostasis. Chemerin, one of adipocyte-derived adipokines, is highly expressed in differentiated adipocytes and is known to induce macrophage chemotaxis and glucose intolerance. The objective of the present study was to investigate the changes of chemerin and the chemokine-like-receptor 1 (CMKLR1) gene expression levels during differentiation of the bovine adipocyte and in differentiated adipocytes treated with tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), adiponectin, leptin, and chemerin (peptide analog). The expression levels of the chemerin gene increased at d 6 and 12 of the differentiation period accompanied by increased cytoplasm lipid droplets. From d 6 onward, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ2 (PPAR-γ2) gene expression levels were significantly higher than that of d 0 and 3. In contrast, CMKLR1 expression levels decreased at the end of the differentiation period. In fully differentiated adipocytes (i.e. at d 12), the treatment of TNF-α and adiponectin upregulated both chemerin and CMKLR1 gene expression levels, although leptin did not show such effects. Moreover, chemerin analog treatment was shown to upregulate chemerin gene expression levels regardless of doses. These results suggest that the expression of chemerin in bovine adipocyte might be regulated by chemerin itself and other adipokines, which indicates its possible role in modulating the adipokine secretions in adipose tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Suzuki
- Laboratory of Animal Production, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan
| | - Y H Hong
- Laboratory of Animal Production, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan
| | - S H Song
- Laboratory of Animal Production, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan
| | - A Ardiyanti
- Laboratory of Animal Production, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan
| | - D Kato
- Laboratory of Animal Production, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan
| | - K H So
- Laboratory of Animal Production, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan
| | - K Katoh
- Laboratory of Animal Production, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan
| | - S G Roh
- Laboratory of Animal Production, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan
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Lee KW, Lillehoj HS, Lee SH, Jang SI, Park MS, Bautista DA, Ritter GD, Hong YH, Siragusa GR, Lillehoj EP. Effect of dietary antimicrobials on immune status in broiler chickens. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci 2014; 25:382-92. [PMID: 25049577 PMCID: PMC4092964 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.2011.11259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Revised: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of dietary anticoccidial drugs plus antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) on parameters of immunity in commercial broiler chickens. Day-old chicks were raised on used litter from a farm with endemic gangrenous dermatitis to simulate natural pathogen exposure and provided with diets containing decoquinate (DECX) or monensin (COBN) as anticoccidials plus bacitracin methylene disalicylate and roxarsone as AGPs. As a negative control, the chickens were fed with a non-supplemented diet. Immune parameters examined were concanavalin A (ConA)-stimulated spleen cell proliferation, intestine intraepithelial lymphocyte (IEL) and spleen cell subpopulations, and cytokine/chemokine mRNA levels in IELs and spleen cells. ConA-induced proliferation was decreased at 14 d post-hatch in DECX-treated chickens, and increased at 25 and 43 d in COBN-treated animals, compared with untreated controls. In DECX-treated birds, increased percentages of MHC2(+) and CD4(+) IELS were detected at 14 d, but decreased percentages of these cells were seen at 43 d, compared with untreated controls, while increased TCR2(+) IELs were evident at the latter time. Dietary COBN was associated with decreased fractions of MHC2(+) and CD4(+) IELs and reduced percentages of MHC2(+), BU1(+), and TCR1(+) spleen cells compared with controls. The levels of transcripts for interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-6, IL-17F, IL-13, CXCLi2, interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and transforming growth factorβ4 were elevated in IELs, and those for IL-13, IL-17D, CXCLi2, and IFN-γ were increased in spleen cells, of DECX- and/or COBN-treated chickens compared with untreated controls. By contrast, IL-2 and IL-12 mRNAs in IELs, and IL-4, IL-12, and IL-17F transcripts in spleen cells, were decreased in DECX- and/or COBN-treated chickens compared with controls. These results suggest that DECX or COBN, in combination with bacitracin and roxarsone, modulate the development of the chicken post-hatch immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- K W Lee
- Lasher Poultry Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Delaware, Georgetown, DE 16483, USA
| | - H S Lillehoj
- Lasher Poultry Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Delaware, Georgetown, DE 16483, USA
| | - S H Lee
- Lasher Poultry Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Delaware, Georgetown, DE 16483, USA
| | - S I Jang
- Lasher Poultry Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Delaware, Georgetown, DE 16483, USA
| | - M S Park
- Lasher Poultry Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Delaware, Georgetown, DE 16483, USA
| | - D A Bautista
- Lasher Poultry Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Delaware, Georgetown, DE 16483, USA
| | - G D Ritter
- Mountaire Farms Inc., Millsboro, DE 19966, USA
| | - Y H Hong
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 456-756, Korea
| | - G R Siragusa
- Danisco, W227 N752 Westmound Drive, Waukesha, WI 53186, USA
| | - E P Lillehoj
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Deng ML, Ling Y, Chen XF, Giddings RP, Hong YH, Yi XW, Qiu K, Tang JM. Self-seeding-based 10Gb/s over 25km optical OFDM transmissions utilizing face-to-face dual-RSOAs at gain saturation. Opt Express 2014; 22:11954-11965. [PMID: 24921316 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.011954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Self-seeded passive optical networks (PONs) are currently attracting extensive research interest. In this paper, a novel self-seeded PON transmitter is, for the first time, proposed and experimentally demonstrated, which incorporates two face-to-face-positioned reflective semiconductor optical amplifiers (RSOAs) operating at their gain saturation regions: one RSOA directly driven by an upstream electrical signal and the other RSOA biased at a fixed current. Detailed experimental explorations are undertaken of the dynamic performance characteristics of the proposed transmitter. It is shown that, in comparison with previously reported self-seeded transmitters each employing a reflective mirror and a single electrical signal-driven RSOA, the proposed transmitter has a number of salient advantages including, considerably narrowed optical signal spectra, up to 16dB reduction in RINs of intensity-modulated optical signals, and residual intensity modulation crosstalk suppression as high as 10.7dB. The aforementioned features enable experimental demonstrations of real-time self-seeded 10Gb/s optical OFDM (OOFDM) transmitters. In particular, by making use of two low-cost RSOAs having their 3-dB modulation bandwidths as small as 1.125GHz, 10Gb/s over 25km adaptive OOFDM transmissions with power penalties of 0.6dB are experimentally achieved in the simple self-seeded IMDD PON systems.
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Jeong HC, Kim INNA, Ahn Y, Park KH, Sim DS, Hong YH, Kim JH, Jeong MH. Diagnostic value of cardiac multi-detector computed tomography for detection of subclinical atherosclerosis in asymptomatic diabetic patients. Eur Heart J 2013. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/eht310.p5332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Lee KW, Lillehoj HS, Park MS, Jang SI, Ritter GD, Hong YH, Jeong W, Jeoung HY, An DJ, Lillehoj EP. Clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin and NetB toxin antibodies and their possible role in protection against necrotic enteritis and gangrenous dermatitis in broiler chickens. Avian Dis 2012; 56:230-3. [PMID: 22545552 DOI: 10.1637/9847-070711-resnote.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Necrotic enteritis (NE) and gangrenous dermatitis (GD) are important infectious diseases of poultry. Although NE and GD share a common pathogen, Clostridium perfringens, they differ in other important aspects such as clinical signs, pathologic symptoms, and age of onset. The primary virulence factors of C perfringens are its four major toxins (alpha, beta, epsilon, iota) and the newly described NE B-like (NetB) toxin. While neutralizing antibodies against some C perfingens toxins are associated with protection against infection in mammals, the serologic responses of NE- and GD-afflicted birds to these toxins have not been evaluated. Therefore, we measured serum antibody levels to C perfringens alpha-toxin and NetB toxin in commercial birds from field outbreaks of NE and GD using recombinant toxin-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Initially, we used this ELISA system to detect antibody titers against C perfringens alpha-toxin and NetB toxin that were increased in birds experimentally coinfected with Eimeria maxima and C perfringens compared with uninfected controls. Next, we applied this ELISA to field serum samples from flock-mated birds with or without clinical signs of NE or GD. The results showed that the levels of antibodies against both toxins were significantly higher in apparently healthy chickens compared to birds with clinical signs of NE or GD, suggesting that these antitoxin antibodies may play a role in protection against NE and GD.
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Affiliation(s)
- K W Lee
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Animal and Natural Resources Institute, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
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Lee SH, Lillehoj HS, Hong YH, Jang SI, Lillehoj EP, Ionescu C, Mazuranok L, Bravo D. In vitro effects of plant and mushroom extracts on immunological function of chicken lymphocytes and macrophages. Br Poult Sci 2010; 51:213-21. [PMID: 20461582 DOI: 10.1080/00071661003745844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
1. The present study was conducted to examine the effects of organic extracts from milk thistle (Silybum marianum), turmeric (Curcuma longa), reishi mushroom (Ganoderma lucidum), and shiitake mushroom (Lentinus edodes) on innate immunity and tumor cell viability. 2. Innate immunity was measured by lymphocyte proliferation and nitric oxide production by macrophages, and the inhibitory effect on tumor cell growth was assessed using a non-radioactive assay. For measuring the cytokine levels in the HD11 macrophages which were treated with extracts of turmeric or shiitake mushroom, the levels of mRNAs for interferon-alpha (IFN- alpha), interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), IL-6, IL-12, IL-15, IL-18, and tumor necrosis factor superfamily 15 (TNFSF15) were quantified by real time RT-PCR. 3. In vitro culture of chicken spleen lymphocytes with extracts of milk thistle, turmeric, and shiitake and reishi mushrooms induced significantly higher cell proliferation compared with the untreated control cells. Stimulation of macrophages with extracts of milk thistle and shiitake and reishi mushrooms, but not turmeric, resulted in robust nitric oxide production to levels that were similar with those induced by recombinant chicken interferon-gamma. All extracts uniformly inhibited the growth of chicken tumor cells in vitro at the concentration of 6.3 through 100 microg/ml. Finally, the levels of mRNAs encoding IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-12, IL-18, and TNFSF15 were enhanced in macrophages that were treated with extracts of turmeric or shiitake mushroom compared with the untreated control. 4. These results document the immunologically-based enhancement of innate immunity in chickens by extracts of plants and mushrooms with known medicinal properties in vitro. In vivo studies are being planned to delineate the cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for their mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Lee
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Animal and Natural Resources Institute, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
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Kim ES, Hong YH, Lillehoj HS. Genetic effects analysis of myeloid leukemia factor 2 and T cell receptor-β on resistance to coccidiosis in chickens. Poult Sci 2010; 89:20-7. [PMID: 20008798 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2009-00351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- E-S Kim
- Bovine Functional Genomics Laboratory, Animal and Natural Resources Institute, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
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Kim SM, Waters P, Vincent A, Kim SY, Kim HJ, Hong YH, Park KS, Min JH, Sung JJ, Lee KW. Sjögren’s syndrome myelopathy: spinal cord involvement in Sjögren’s syndrome might be a manifestation of neuromyelitis optica. Mult Scler 2009; 15:1062-8. [DOI: 10.1177/1352458509106636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Objective To evaluate clinical characteristics, aquaporin (AQP)-4 antibody results, and probability of developing symptoms of neuromyelitis optica (NMO) in patients with Sjögren’s syndrome myelopathy (SSM). Methods We identified eight patients with spinal cord involvement from 112 patients with Sjögren’s syndrome (SS) referred to the neurology department. The clinical characteristics and AQP-4 antibody status, based on immunoprecipitation of EGFP-tagged AQP-4, of the patients with SSM were assessed. Results All patients with SSM had extensive spinal cord lesions, high mean annual relapse rates, and poor response to steroid treatment. Of the eight patients with SSM, seven patients satisfied the revised diagnostic criteria for NMO or showed positive results from AQP-4 antibody testing; one patient had incomplete follow-up. The clinical manifestations and AQP-4 autoantibody status of patients with SSM did not differ significantly from those of NMO patients without SS. Conclusion All patients with SSM had poor prognosis with high mean annual relapse rates, and most seemed to have the clinical and immunological characteristics of NMO. Early aggressive immune therapies should be considered in patients with SSM irrespective of the presence or absence of optic neuritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- SM Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - P Waters
- Neuroscience Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - A Vincent
- Neuroscience Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - SY Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - HJ Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - YH Hong
- Department of Neurology, Seoul Boramae Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - KS Park
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - JH Min
- Department of Neurology, Kwan-Dong University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - JJ Sung
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - KW Lee
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Hong YH, Kim ES, Lillehoj HS, Lillehoj EP, Song KD. Association of resistance to avian coccidiosis with single nucleotide polymorphisms in the zyxin gene. Poult Sci 2009; 88:511-8. [PMID: 19211519 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2008-00344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous genetic studies demonstrated that resistance to avian coccidiosis is linked with microsatellite markers LEI0071 and LEI0101 on chromosome 1. In this study, the associations between parameters of resistance to coccidiosis and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in 3 candidate genes located between LEI0071 and LEI0101 [zyxin, CD4, and tumor necrosis factor receptor super family 1A (TNFRSF1A)] were determined. The SNP were genotyped in 24 F(1) generation and 290 F(2) generation animals. No SNP were identified in the TNFRSF1A gene, whereas 10 were located in the zyxin gene and 4 in the CD4 gene. At various times following experimental infection of the F(2) generation with Eimeria maxima, BW, fecal oocyst shedding, and plasma levels of carotenoid, nitrite plus nitrate (NO(2)(-) + NO(3)(-)), and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) were measured as parameters of resistance. Single marker and haplotype-based tests were applied to determine the associations between the 14 SNP and the parameters of coccidiosis resistance. None of the CD4 SNP were correlated with disease resistance. However, by single marker association, several of the zyxin SNP were significantly associated with carotenoid or NO(2)(-) + NO(3)(-) concentrations. These were the SNP at nucleotide 149 associated with carotenoid at d 3 postinfection (PI), nucleotide 187 with carotenoid at d 6 and 9 PI, and nucleotide 159 with carotenoid between d 3 and 9 PI. In addition, the zyxin SNP at nucleotide 191 was significantly associated with increased levels of NO(2)(-) + NO(3)(-) at d 3 PI. By haplotype association, the zyxin SNP also were found to be highly associated with NO(2)(-) + NO(3)(-) at d 3 PI and increased IFN-gamma at d 6 PI. These results suggest that zyxin is a candidate gene potentially associated with increased resistance to experimental avian coccidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y H Hong
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Animal and Natural Resources Institute, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
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16
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Hong YH, Huang CJ, Wang SC, Lin BF. The ethyl acetate extract of alfalfa sprout ameliorates disease severity of autoimmune-prone MRL-lpr/lpr mice. Lupus 2009; 18:206-15. [DOI: 10.1177/0961203308095450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Previous study showed that soy isoflavone supplement alleviates disease severity in autoimmune-prone mice. As the ethyl acetate extract of alfalfa sprout (AS) has selective oestrogenic and anti-inflammatory activity, this study evaluated the effects of alfalfa sprout ethyl acetate extract (ASEA) on disease severity of systemic lupus erythematosus, using autoimmune-prone female MRL- lpr/lpr mice. In Experiment 1, five groups of 12-week-old female mice were per oral treated with vehicle (control), lyophilized AS (550 mg wt/kg BW), ASEA (ASEA, 25 mg/kg BW), coumestrol (CUM, 0.075 mg/kg BW) and tamoxifen (TAM, 0.375 mg/kg BW) as the positive control. The onset of proteinuria was delayed, and the life span was significantly longer in the ASEA and TAM groups but neither in the AS nor in the CUM groups, compared to the control. To examine the changes in the immunological parameters related to disease process, three more groups of MRL- lpr/lpr female mice (control, ASEA and TAM) were fed in a similar manner for 6 weeks in the Experiment 2. Flow cytometric analysis of splenocytes showed a significantly lower percentage of activated T cells in the ASEA and TAM groups. The ex-vivo interferon-γ and interleukin (IL)-4 production from splenocytes and tumour necrosis factor-α and IL-1β production from peritoneal exudate cells were also significantly lower in the ASEA group compared with the control. The ASEA group also had less severe glomerulonephritis. Thus, ASEA attenuated cytokine and inflammatory responses of self-reactive lymphocytes, decreased the disease severity, increased survival and life span of the autoimmune-prone MRL- lpr/lpr mice, suggesting a potential of ASEA in the treatment of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- YH Hong
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, Institute of Microbiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - CJ Huang
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, Institute of Microbiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - SC Wang
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, Institute of Microbiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - BF Lin
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, Institute of Microbiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Kim DK, Hong YH, Park DW, Lamont SJ, Lillehoj HS. Differential immune-related gene expression in two genetically disparate chicken lines during infection by Eimeria maxima. Dev Biol (Basel) 2008; 132:131-140. [PMID: 18817295 DOI: 10.1159/000317153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Two M5.1 and M15.2 B complex congenic lines of Fayoumi chickens were evaluated for body weight loss and faecal oocyst counts as parameters of avian coccidiosis. M5.1 chickens exhibited resistance to E. maxima compared with M15.2. To correlate the differential responses of the M5.1 and M15.2 lines to E. maxima infection with cellular immune responses, the expression levels of mRNAs encoding 14 immune-related molecules were measured by quantitative RT-PCR in intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) and splenocytes at 0, 3, 4, and 5 days following parasite infection. Intestinal IELs from M5.1 chickens expressed higher levels of transcripts encoding interferon gamma (IFNG), interleukin-lbeta (1L1B), IL6, IL8, IL12, IL15, IL17A, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and lipopolysaccharide-induced tumour necrosis a factor (LITAF), and lower levels of mRNAs for IFNA, IL10, IL17D, NK-lysin (NKL), and tumour necrosis factor superfamily 15 (TNFSF15) at 3 days post infection, compared with the M15.2 line. In the spleen, E. maxima infection was associated with higher expression levels of IFNA, and IL15 and lower levels of IL6, IL17D, and IL12 in M5.1 compared to M15.2 birds. Using an intestinal IEL cDNA microarray, the differential dynamics of gene expression in the gut of M5.1 and M15.2 chickens following experimental coccidiosis were evident. In particular, the genes encoding lymphotactin and parathymosin were expressed at significantly higher levels in M5.1 compared with M15.2 line chickens. In conclusion, genetic determinants within the chicken major histocompatibility complex (MHC) B complex influence resistance to E. maxima infection by controlling the local and systemic expression of immune-related cytokine and chemokine genes.
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Abstract
Soy isoflavones supplements, which are phyto-oestrogens widely used as alternatives to alleviate menopausal syndromes or prevent chronic diseases, may exert oestrogenic and anti-oestrogenic activities. This study aimed to investigate the effects of soy isoflavones supplement on oestrogen-related autoimmune disease, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, using autoimmune-prone female MRL- lpr/lpr mice. Eighty mice of 8 weeks were divided into five groups: 0 (Control), 2 (Isf 2), 10 (Isf 10) and 20 (Isf 20) mg/kg BW/day Phyto SoyaTM isoflavones or 0.375 mg/kg BW/day tamoxifen (TAM) as the positive control, by tube-feeding. Some mice were killed at age 15 weeks for cellular cytokine secretion. The data suggested that the Isf 20 and TAM groups had higher weight gain and survival compared with the control group. At age 22 weeks, the Isf 20 group still had 75% survival comparable to mice treated with TAM. At age 14 weeks, the TAM group showed significantly lower serum anti-double-stranded (ds) DNA IgG and anti-cardiolipin IgG. The mice in the Isf 10 and Isf 20 groups also had lower anti-dsDNA IgG and anti-cardiolipin IgG. The interferon (IFN)-γ secretion from mitogen-stimulated T cells in the Isf 20 and TAM groups were significantly lower than those of control mice. Furthermore, the oestrogenic activity of the methanol extracts of soy isoflavones for oestrogen receptor (ER)β, but not ERα, significantly increased, suggesting that soy isoflavones have a selective modulation of ER activation. Thus, soy isoflavone supplementation did not aggravate murine lupus, but apparently ameliorated the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- YH Hong
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, Institute of Microbiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - TC Wang
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, Institute of Microbiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - CJ Huang
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, Institute of Microbiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - WY Cheng
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, Institute of Microbiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Medical Nutrition, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung County, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - BF Lin
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, Institute of Microbiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Abstract
Begonia (Begonia semperflorens) showing symptoms of systemic chlorotic ringspots were observed in the central part of Taiwan in May 2006. Infected begonia plants showed faint ringspots in leaves at the early stage of infection. Symptoms turned chlorotic and coalesced as the disease progressed. Electron microscopic examination revealed filamentous virus particles approximately 750 × 13 nm in the crude sap of infected begonia. Typical pinwheel inclusion bodies of potyvirus infection were observed in the ultrathin sections of infected begonia. A virus culture was isolated via mechanical inoculations in Chenopodium quinoa and serologically identified as Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) (1) by ELISA, western blotting, and immunoelectron microscopy. Complementary DNA fragments of viral genomic RNA were cloned, sequenced, and the full-length sequence was submitted to the EMBL database (Accession No. AM422386). The genomic RNA consists of 9,591 nucleotides excluding the poly-A tail and has an identical genome organization to that reported for members of the genus, Potyvirus. The nucleotide sequence of the full-length genome and the deduced amino acid sequence of coat protein share 98% identity to those of ZYMV-CU (Accession No. AJ307036), ZYMV-SG (Accession No. AJ316228), and ZYMV-TW-TN3 (Accession No. AF127929). The virus caused local lesions on the inoculated leaves of C. quinoa, systemic mosaic in cucumber (Cucumis sativus), zucchini (Cucurbita pepo), and Cucumis metuliferus, and chlorotic ringspots in begonia. Symptoms caused by the begonia isolate in cucurbits were much milder than those caused by ZYMVs of cucurbit origin. A ringspot disease with symptoms similar to those caused by ZYMV is also produced on begonia by an Ilarvirus, Prunus necrotic ringspot virus (PNRSV), which was previously identified in begonia (2). To our knowledge, this is the first report of natural infection of ZYMV in begonia. References: (1) V. Lisa et al. Phytopathology 71:667, 1981. (2) N. Verma et al. Plant Pathol. 51:800, 2002.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y K Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Y H Hong
- Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
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20
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Kim DK, Lillehoj HS, Hong YH, Park DW, Lamont SJ, Han JY, Lillehoj EP. Immune-related gene expression in two B-complex disparate genetically inbred Fayoumi chicken lines following Eimeria maxima infection. Poult Sci 2008; 87:433-43. [PMID: 18281568 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2007-00383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the influence of genetic differences in the MHC on susceptibility to avian coccidiosis, M5.1 and M15.2 B-haplotype-disparate Fayoumi chickens were orally infected with live Eimeria maxima oocysts, and BW gain, fecal oocyst production, and expression of 14 immune-related genes were determined as parameters of protective immunity. Weight loss was reduced and fecal parasite numbers were lower in birds of the M5.1 line compared with M15.2 line birds. Intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes from M5.1 chickens expressed greater levels of transcripts encoding interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, IL-15, IL-17A, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha factor and lower levels of mRNA for IFN-alpha, IL-10, IL-17D, NK-lysin, and tumor necrosis factor superfamily 15 compared with the M15.2 line. In the spleen, E. maxima infection was associated with greater expression levels of IFN-gamma, IL-15, and IL-8 and lower levels of IL-6, IL-17D, and IL-12 in M5.1 vs. M15.2 birds. These results suggest that genetic determinants within the chicken MHC influence resistance to E. maxima infection by controlling the local and systemic expression of immune-related cytokine and chemokine genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Kim
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Animal and Natural Resources Institute, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
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21
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Roh SG, Kuno M, Hishikawa D, Hong YH, Katoh K, Obara Y, Hidari H, Sasaki S. Identification of differentially expressed transcripts in bovine rumen and abomasum using a differential display method. J Anim Sci 2007; 85:395-403. [PMID: 17235024 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2006-234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The rumen has several important physiological functions: absorption, transport, metabolic activity, and protection. To clarify the molecular basis underlying the physiological function of the rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum, we used mRNA differential display to isolate and identify differentially expressed genes in these tissues. We isolated 18 transcripts that coexpressed in the rumen, reticulum, and omasum. Five genes, ribosomal protein 19 (RPS19), basic helix-loop-helix domain containing class B2 (BHLHB2), NADH dehydrogenase flavoprotein 2 (NDUFV2), exosome component 9 (EXOSC9), and ribosomal protein 23 (RPS23), were highly expressed in the rumen of adult Holstein and Japanese Black cattle. Significant differences of expression were observed in the abomasum compared with the rumen, reticulum, and omasum. To investigate the expression pattern of these genes during the neonatal growth stage, the relative levels of gene expression were analyzed in the rumen and abomasum of 3-wk-, 13-wk-, and 18- to 20-mo-old Holstein cattle. The expression level of RPS19 did not change with age in the rumen and abomasum. The levels of BHLHB2, NDUFV2, and EXOSC9 mRNA in the abomasum decreased (P < 0.05) after weaning and declined (P < 0.05) further in adults; in contrast, expression in the rumen was not altered. Interestingly, the levels of RPS23 mRNA in the rumen increased (P < 0.05) after weaning and further increased in the adult; however, the level of expression of this gene decreased (P < 0.05) in the abomasum with weaning and age. This indicates that the 4 tissues, especially the rumen and abomasum, have different developmental pathways after birth and subsequent onset of rumination.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Roh
- Department of Food Production Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Nagano-ken 399-4598, Japan.
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22
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Abstract
Coccidiosis is the major parasitic disease of poultry and is caused by the apicomplexan parasites Eimeria. Drugs and live vaccines are the 2 main control measures of the disease; however, due to increasing concerns with prophylactic drug use and the high cost of vaccines, alternative control methods are needed. Recent evidence that various dietary and live microbial supplements can influence host immunity against enteric diseases prompted us to investigate the role of a Pediococcus-based probiotic on coccidiosis in broiler chickens. In the present study, we examined BW gains, oocyst shedding, and antibody responses of broilers fed the commercial probiotic MitoGrow. Day-old chicks were fed either a regular broiler diet or 1 of 2 probiotic diets supplemented with 0.1% (MG 0.1) or 0.2% MitoGrow. Chicks were orally challenged with 5,000 or 10,000 sporulated oocysts of Eimeria acervulina or with 5,000 Eimeria tenella oocysts on d 10 or 12 of age, respectively. In E. acervulina-infected birds, the MG 0.1 group improved (P < 0.05) weight gain as compared with the other 2 groups and reduced (P < 0.05) oocyst shedding in birds infected with 5,000 E. acervulina oocysts. In E. tenella-infected birds, Eimeria-specific antibody levels were higher (P < 0.05) in the Mito-Grow-fed groups, especially in the MG 0.1 birds, compared with the regular diet group, although their oocyst shedding and weight gains were not clearly improved. These results demonstrate that this Pediococcus acidilactici-based probiotic effectively enhances the resistance of birds and partially protects against the negative growth effects associated with coccidiosis, particularly when supplemented at 0.1% MitoGrow of the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Lee
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Animal and Natural Resources Institute, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
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Abstract
Two commercial, pure broiler lines with different susceptibility to coccidiosis were used to fine-map QTL associated with the previously identified marker LEI0101, located at 259 cM on chromosome 1 and shown to be significantly associated with disease resistance. Eight additional microsatellite markers linked to LEI0101 were used for genotyping of F(1) parents and F(2) offspring (n = 314), and their associations with oocyst shedding, as a marker of disease resistance, were determined in birds experimentally infected with Eimeria maxima. Single-point analysis of 4 families showed that logarithm of odds (LOD) scores at all marker loci were > 0.5, with the exception of marker LEI0071, located at 242 cM (LOD score = 2.45). Multipoint analysis showed a maximum LOD score between LEI0071 and LEI0101 at 254 cM (LOD score = 3.74). Although the LEI0071 marker was mapped near LEI0101 by linkage analysis, the physical location of LEI0071 was not identified. Further studies to determine the physical locations of these and other markers will allow additional application association mapping techniques using single nucleotide polymorphism markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- E-S Kim
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 53706, USA
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Choi KC, Shrestha YB, Roh SG, Hishikawa D, Kuno M, Tsuzuki H, Hong YH, Sasaki S. The Role of Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and Mitogenic Activated Protein Kinase on the Differentiation of Ovine Preadipocytes. Asian Australas J Anim Sci 2003. [DOI: 10.5713/ajas.2003.1199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Helicobacter pylori-induced destruction of the gastroduodenal mucosal barrier is initiated with mucosal infiltration of inflammatory cells. Cytokines and chemokines have been suggested to play important roles in the migration and activation of these inflammatory cells into the mucosa. The present study aimed to investigate expression rates of cyto-chemokine mRNAs using gastric mucosal biopsy specimens. METHODS In 98 patients infected with Helicobacter pylori, mucosal mRNA expression rates of cytokines (IL-1 beta, IL-6, and IL-10), C-C chemokines (macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha (MIP-1 alpha), and macrophage inflammatory protein 1 beta (MIP-1 beta), monocyte chemotactic and activating factor (MCAF), regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and presumably secreted (RANTES)) and C-X-C chemokines (IL-8 and growth regulated a (GRO-alpha)) were examined using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS The expression rates of mRNA for IL-8, GRO-alpha, MIP-1 alpha and RANTES were significantly more increased in H. pylori-positive patients than in H. pylori-negative patients. However, the expressions of IL-1 beta, IL-6 and IL-10 mRNA were statistically not different between two groups. After eradication of H. pylori, expressions of mRNA for three cytokines (IL-1 beta, IL-6 and IL-10), four C-C chemokines (MIP-1 alpha, MIP-1 beta, MCAF and RANTES) and two C-X-C chemokines (IL-8 and GRO-alpha) were significantly decreased. CONCLUSION These results suggest that C-X-C chemokines and some C-C chemokines play important roles in H. pylori-associated peptic ulcer diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungang University, Seoul, Korea
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Yang W, Hong YH, Shen XQ, Frankowski C, Camp HS, Leff T. Regulation of transcription by AMP-activated protein kinase: phosphorylation of p300 blocks its interaction with nuclear receptors. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:38341-4. [PMID: 11518699 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.c100316200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMP-kinase) modulates many metabolic processes in response to fluctuations in cellular energy status. Although most of its known targets are metabolic enzymes, it has been proposed that AMP-kinase might also regulate gene expression. Here we demonstrate that the transcriptional coactivator p300 is a substrate of AMP-kinase. Phosphorylation of p300 at serine 89 by AMP-kinase dramatically reduced its interaction, in vitro and in vivo, with the nuclear receptors peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, thyroid receptor, retinoic acid receptor, and retinoid X receptor, but did not affect its interaction with the non-nuclear receptor transcription factors E1a, p53, or GATA4. These findings indicate that the AMP-kinase signaling pathway selectively modulates a subset of p300 activities and represent the first example of a transcriptional component regulated by AMP-kinase. Our results suggest a direct link between cellular energy metabolism and gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Yang
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, USA
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Camp HS, Li O, Wise SC, Hong YH, Frankowski CL, Shen X, Vanbogelen R, Leff T. Differential activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma by troglitazone and rosiglitazone. Diabetes 2000; 49:539-47. [PMID: 10871190 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.49.4.539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The antidiabetic thiazolidinediones, which include troglitazone and rosiglitazone, are ligands for the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma and exert their antihyperglycemic effects by regulation of PPAR-gamma-responsive genes. We report here that PPAR-gamma activation by troglitazone depends on the experimental setting. Troglitazone acts as a partial agonist for PPAR-gamma in transfected muscle (C2C12) and kidney (HEK 293T) cells, producing a submaximal transcriptional response (1.8- to 2.5-fold activation) compared with rosiglitazone (7.4- to 13-fold activation). Additionally, troglitazone antagonizes rosiglitazone-stimulated PPAR-gamma transcriptional activity. Limited protease digestion of PPAR-gamma suggests conformational differences in the receptor bound to troglitazone versus rosiglitazone. Consistent with this finding, an in vitro coactivator association assay demonstrated that troglitazone-bound PPAR-gamma recruited the transcriptional coactivators p300 and steroid receptor coactivator 1 less efficiently than rosiglitazone-bound receptor. In contrast to these observations, troglitazone behaves as a full agonist of PPAR-gamma in 3T3L1 adipocytes. Two-dimensional protein gel electrophoresis demonstrated that troglitazone and rosiglitazone regulated distinct but overlapping sets of genes in several cell types. Thus, troglitazone may behave as a partial agonist under certain physiological circumstances and as a full agonist in others. These differences could be caused by variations in the amount of specific cofactors, differences in PPAR response elements, or the presence of different isoforms of PPAR-gamma.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Camp
- Department of Cell Biology, Warner-Lambert Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Hong YH, Moon YK, Jeong DK, Han JY. Improved transfection efficiency of chicken gonadal primordial germ cells for the production of transgenic poultry. Transgenic Res 1998; 7:247-52. [PMID: 9859213 DOI: 10.1023/a:1008861826681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Electroporation is a common method of DNA transfection for many types of eukaryotic cells, but has not been attempted in avian primordial germ cells (PGCs). DNA uptake in chicken primordial germ cells (PGCs) was tested using electroporation with and without dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Gonadal tissue and chicken embryonic fibroblasts (CEFs) were isolated from 6-day-old embryos (stage 29), transfected with pCMV beta carrying the bacterial lacZ gene, and cultured for 24 h. Gonadal primordial germ cells (gPGCs) were purified from culture using a Ficoll gradient. The addition of DMSO significantly increased the transfection efficiency of gPGCs but had no effect on chicken embryonic fibroblasts. Electroporation of gPGCs resulted in an 80% transfection efficiency compared with about 17% observed with liposomes. Approximately 200 transfected gPGCs were injected into 2.5-day-old (stage 17) recipient embryos and the eggs were incubated for an additional 3.5 days, 7.5 days or to hatching. The exogenous gene was detectable in 100%, 67% and 41% of the 6-day-old (stage 29), 10-day-old (stage 36) recipient embryos and hatched chicks gonads, respectively. PCR analysis of DNA from the hatched chicks showed that exogenous lacZ DNA was detected only in the gonad and not the liver and heart. These results indicated that electroporation was a suitable means of transfecting avian gPCGs for the goal of producing transgenic poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y H Hong
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Suweon, Korea
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Hong YH, Peng HB, La Fata V, Liao JK. Hydrogen peroxide-mediated transcriptional induction of macrophage colony-stimulating factor by TGF-beta1. The Journal of Immunology 1997. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.159.5.2418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
TGF-beta1 and macrophages are important regulators of tissue fibrosis and remodeling. Here we show that TGF-beta1 induces the expression of macrophage-CSF (M-CSF) in vascular endothelial cells via a signaling pathway(s) involving hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). In a time-dependent manner, TGF-beta1 produced a 10- and a 6-fold increase in M-CSF mRNA and protein levels after 12 h, respectively. This increase in M-CSF expression was attenuated by a nitric oxide donor, S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), and by a nonspecific oxidase inhibitor, diphenylene iodonium. Furthermore, the TGF-beta1-induced M-CSF mRNA expression was inhibited by catalase, but not by superoxide dismutase, suggesting that H2O2 rather than superoxide anion (O2.-) is the primary mediator of the effects of TGF-beta1. Transient transfection studies using deletional M-CSF promoter constructs demonstrated that TGF-beta1 produced a 13-fold induction in M-CSF promoter activity that was repressed by >85% with GSNO and catalase, in part through inhibitory effects on kappaB cis-acting elements. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays revealed that the activation of nuclear factor-kappaB by TGF-beta1 was also inhibited by GSNO and catalase, but not by superoxide dismutase. In a concentration-dependent manner, treatment with exogenous H2O2 produced 14- and 4.6-fold increases in M-CSF promoter activity and mRNA expression, respectively. These results indicate that the generation of H2O2 and activation of NF-kappaB by TGF-beta1 are required for the induction of M-CSF gene transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y H Hong
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - H B Peng
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - V La Fata
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - J K Liao
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Hong YH, Peng HB, La Fata V, Liao JK. Hydrogen peroxide-mediated transcriptional induction of macrophage colony-stimulating factor by TGF-beta1. J Immunol 1997; 159:2418-23. [PMID: 9278333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
TGF-beta1 and macrophages are important regulators of tissue fibrosis and remodeling. Here we show that TGF-beta1 induces the expression of macrophage-CSF (M-CSF) in vascular endothelial cells via a signaling pathway(s) involving hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). In a time-dependent manner, TGF-beta1 produced a 10- and a 6-fold increase in M-CSF mRNA and protein levels after 12 h, respectively. This increase in M-CSF expression was attenuated by a nitric oxide donor, S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), and by a nonspecific oxidase inhibitor, diphenylene iodonium. Furthermore, the TGF-beta1-induced M-CSF mRNA expression was inhibited by catalase, but not by superoxide dismutase, suggesting that H2O2 rather than superoxide anion (O2.-) is the primary mediator of the effects of TGF-beta1. Transient transfection studies using deletional M-CSF promoter constructs demonstrated that TGF-beta1 produced a 13-fold induction in M-CSF promoter activity that was repressed by >85% with GSNO and catalase, in part through inhibitory effects on kappaB cis-acting elements. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays revealed that the activation of nuclear factor-kappaB by TGF-beta1 was also inhibited by GSNO and catalase, but not by superoxide dismutase. In a concentration-dependent manner, treatment with exogenous H2O2 produced 14- and 4.6-fold increases in M-CSF promoter activity and mRNA expression, respectively. These results indicate that the generation of H2O2 and activation of NF-kappaB by TGF-beta1 are required for the induction of M-CSF gene transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y H Hong
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Chang IK, Jeong DK, Hong YH, Park TS, Moon YK, Ohno T, Han JY. Production of germline chimeric chickens by transfer of cultured primordial germ cells. Cell Biol Int 1997; 21:495-9. [PMID: 9451806 DOI: 10.1006/cbir.1997.0173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Primordial germ cells (PGCs) from stage 27 (5.5-day-old) Korean native ogol chicken embryonic germinal ridges were cultured in vitro for 5 days. As in in vivo culture, these cultured PGCs were expected to have already passed beyond the migration stage. Approximately 200 of these PGCs were transferred into 2.5-day-old white leghorn embryonic blood stream, and then the recipient embryos were incubated until hatching. The rate of hatching was 58.8% in the manipulated eggs. Six out of 60 recipients were identified as germline chimeric chickens by their feather colour. The frequency of germline transmission of donor PGCs was 1.3-3.1% regardless of sex. The stage 27 PGCs will be very useful for collecting large numbers of PGCs, handling of exogenous DNA transfection during culture, and for the production of desired transgenic chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- I K Chang
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Suweon, Korea
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aims of this study were to compare the intra-oral radiographic images produced by computed radiography (Digora, Soredex, Helsinki, Finland) with conventional E-speed periapical films, in terms of image quality, radiation dosage and diagnostic value. METHODS The physical measurement of image quality was conducted with a test grating. Radiation dosage was measured with an X-ray test device. Radiographic imagings were standardized using the left first permanent molar tooth of a dry human skull. The exposure timings ranged from 0.02 s to 2.32 s. Five dental surgeons rated the quality of the images produced by both systems. All raters were blind to the order of test. RESULTS The physical measurements of the new imaging plates revealed comparable results in terms of contrast differentiation. The resolution power, however, was slightly inferior: 5 lines/mm compared to 6 lines/mm for the E-speed films. Digital images were consistently scored as diagnostically acceptable throughout the exposure timings, while those for E-speed films range from 0.38 s to 1.8 s (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS The new imaging plate gave favourable results in terms of contrast differentiation. The resolution power, however, was slightly inferior to that with the E-speed film. Digital images of diagnostic quality were obtained even at 53% reduction of radiation compared to E-speed films.
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Affiliation(s)
- K F Lim
- Orthodontic Department, Government Dental Clinic, Singapore
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Shin WS, Hong YH, Peng HB, De Caterina R, Libby P, Liao JK. Nitric oxide attenuates vascular smooth muscle cell activation by interferon-gamma. The role of constitutive NF-kappa B activity. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:11317-24. [PMID: 8626684 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.19.11317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherogenesis involves cellular immune responses and altered vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) function. Cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1 alpha and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) may contribute to this process by activating SMC. To determine whether the anti-atherogenic mediator, nitric oxide (.NO), can modulate cytokine-induced SMC activation, we investigated the effects of various .NO-generating compounds on the expression of intercellular and vascular cell adhesion molecules (ICAM-1 and VCAM-1). Induction of ICAM-1 expression by IL-1 alpha and VCAM-1 expression by IFN-gamma was attenuated by .NO donors but not by cGMP analogues. Nuclear run-on assays and transfection studies using various VCAM-1 promoter constructs linked to the chloramphenicol acetyl-transferase reporter gene showed that .NO repressed IFN-gamma-induced VCAM-1 gene transcription, in part, through inhibition of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B). Electrophoretic mobility shift assay revealed that SMC possess basal constitutive NF-kappa B activity, which was augmented by treatment with IL-1 alpha. In contrast, IFN-gamma induced and activated interferon regulatory factor (IRF)-1 but had little effect on basal constitutive NF-kappa B activity. .NO donors had no inhibitory effect on IRF-1 activation but did inhibit basal and IL-1 alpha-stimulated NF-kappa B activation. These findings suggest that the induction of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression requires NF-kappa B activation and that .NO attenuates IFN-gamma-induced VCAM-1 expression primarily by inhibiting basal constitutive NF-kappa B activity in SMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- W S Shin
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Hong YH, Seo DS, Jeong DK, Choi KD, Han JY. Migration of the primordial germ cells and gonad formation in the early chicken embryo. Asian Australas J Anim Sci 1995. [DOI: 10.5713/ajas.1995.557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Abstract
The search for an ideal enamel surface finishing method following bracket debonding has met with equivocal response. In this study, four other methods were assessed to determine their effectiveness against the slow speed tungsten carbide bur which is regarded as the established method of removing residual composite. Orthodontic brackets were bonded on 50 premolar teeth extracted for orthodontic purpose. After debonding with a standardized technique, the teeth were randomly divided into five equal groups. Samples in each group were subjected to different finishing procedures: Group A--Ormco band removing plier. Group B--Komet slow speed tungsten carbide bur. Group C--High speed ultrafine diamond bur. Group D--Jet high speed tungsten carbide bur. Group E--High speed white stone finishing bur. For consistency, the finishing procedures were limited to 15 seconds with each particular method. The composite remnants which then remained on the enamel surface were graded by four independent raters using the Composite Remnant Index (CRI). Subsequent to this, the enamel surface was examined in a Scanning Electron Miscroscope at x203 magnification. The photomicrographs were then graded by the same four independent raters using the Surface Roughness Index (SRI). Statistical analysis with the Friedman test indicated that there was no significant difference in inter-examiner variability in both the CRI and SRI assessment, but there existed significant difference among groups (P < 0.01) for both the CRI and SRI. It was found that no single absolute method was considered to be ideal for composite removal.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- Y H Hong
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore
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Affiliation(s)
- Y H Hong
- Department of Orthodontics, Government Dental Clinic, Singapore
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Hong YH. Management of the adult orthodontic patient with removable appliances: factors to consider. Singapore Dent J 1994; 19:11-3. [PMID: 9582677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Orthodontic treatment for the adult patient is different from the child. It can be either comprehensive in scope or limited in its objectives (adjunctive orthodontic treatment). Adjunctive treatment is often within the scope of the general dental practitioner and can be of considerable importance in the management of adults with periodontal disease and restorative needs. An overview of the factors that are related to the treatment of adult patients are presented. A few suggestions on better patient management are also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y H Hong
- Department of Orthodontics, Government Dental Clinic, Singapore General Hospital
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Abstract
A model to describe the fanning effect based on the beam-coupling mechanism in photorefractive crystals is presented. The intensity distribution of the fanning beam in a 45 degrees -cut BaTiO(3) crystal is measured experimentally. The results show good quantitative agreement with theory.
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