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Cai C, Pelé A, Bucher J, Finkers R, Bonnema G. Fine mapping of meiotic crossovers in Brassica oleracea reveals patterns and variations depending on direction and combination of crosses. Plant J 2023; 113:1192-1210. [PMID: 36626115 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Meiotic recombination is crucial for assuring proper segregation of parental chromosomes and generation of novel allelic combinations. As this process is tightly regulated, identifying factors influencing rate, and distribution of meiotic crossovers (COs) is of major importance, notably for plant breeding programs. However, high-resolution recombination maps are sparse in most crops including the Brassica genus and knowledge about intraspecific variation and sex differences is lacking. Here, we report fine-scale resolution recombination landscapes for 10 female and 10 male crosses in Brassica oleracea, by analyzing progenies of five large four-way-cross populations from two reciprocally crossed F1s per population. Parents are highly diverse inbred lines representing major crops, including broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage, kohlrabi, and kale. We produced approximately 4.56T Illumina data from 1248 progenies and identified 15 353 CO across the 10 reciprocal crosses, 51.13% of which being mapped to <10 kb. We revealed fairly similar Mb-scale recombination landscapes among all cross combinations and between the sexes, and provided evidence that these landscapes are largely independent of sequence divergence. We evidenced strong influence of gene density and large structural variations on CO formation in B. oleracea. Moreover, we found extensive variations in CO number depending on the direction and combination of the initial parents crossed with, for the first time, a striking interdependency between these factors. These data improve our current knowledge on meiotic recombination and are important for Brassica breeders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Cai
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Graduate School Experimental Plant Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alexandre Pelé
- Laboratory of Genome Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, 61-614, Poznan, Poland
| | - Johan Bucher
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Richard Finkers
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Gennovation B.V., Agro Business Park 10, 6708 PW, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Guusje Bonnema
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Graduate School Experimental Plant Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Sánchez-Pujante PJ, Gionfriddo M, Sabater-Jara AB, Almagro L, Pedreño MA, Diaz-Vivancos P. Enhanced bioactive compound production in broccoli cells due to coronatine and methyl jasmonate is linked to antioxidative metabolism. J Plant Physiol 2020; 248:153136. [PMID: 32120144 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2020.153136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Elicited broccoli suspension-cultured cells (SCC) provide a useful system for obtaining bioactive compounds, including glucosinolates (GS) and phenolic compounds (PCs). In this work, coronatine (Cor) and methyl jasmonate (MJ) were used to increase the bioactive compound production in broccoli SCC. Although the use of Cor and MJ in secondary metabolite production has already been described, information concerning how elicitors affect cell metabolism is scarce. It has been suggested that Cor and MJ trigger defence reactions affecting the antioxidative metabolism. In the current study, the concentration of 0.5 μM Cor was the most effective treatment for increasing both the total antioxidant capacity (measured as ferulic acid equivalents) and glucosinolate content in broccoli SCC. The elicited broccoli SCC also showed higher polyphenol oxidase activity than the control cells. Elicitation altered the antioxidative metabolism of broccoli SCC, which displayed biochemical changes in antioxidant enzymes, a decrease in the glutathione redox state and an increase in lipid peroxidation levels. Furthermore, we studied the effect of elicitation on the protein profile and observed an induction of defence-related proteins. All of these findings suggest that elicitation not only increases bioactive compound production, but it also leads to mild oxidative stress in broccoli SCC that could be an important factor triggering the production of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matteo Gionfriddo
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, via Álvaro del Portillo 21, 00128, Rome, Italy
| | - Ana Belén Sabater-Jara
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, E-30100 Murcia Spain
| | - Lorena Almagro
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, E-30100 Murcia Spain
| | - María Angeles Pedreño
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, E-30100 Murcia Spain
| | - Pedro Diaz-Vivancos
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, E-30100 Murcia Spain.
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Aleamotu'a M, McCurdy DW, Collings DA. Phi thickenings in roots: novel secondary wall structures responsive to biotic and abiotic stresses. J Exp Bot 2019; 70:4631-4642. [PMID: 31106830 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Phi thickenings are specialized secondary walls found in root cortical cells. Despite their widespread occurrence throughout the plant kingdom, these specialized thickenings remain poorly understood. First identified by Van Tieghem in 1871, phi thickenings are a lignified and thickened cell wall band that is deposited inside the primary wall, as a ring around the cells' radial walls. Phi thickenings can, however, display structural variations including a fine, reticulate network of wall thickenings extending laterally from the central lignified band. While phi thickenings have been proposed to mechanically strengthen roots, act as a permeability barrier to modulate solute movement, and regulate fungal interactions, these possibilities remain to be experimentally confirmed. Furthermore, since temporal and spatial development of phi thickenings varies widely between species, thickenings may perform diverse roles in different species. Phi thickenings can be induced by abiotic stresses in different species; they can, for example, be induced by heavy metals in the Zn/Cd hyperaccumulator Thlaspi caerulescens, and in a cultivar-specific manner by water stress in Brassica. This latter observation provides an experimental platform to probe phi thickening function, and to identify genetic pathways responsible for their formation. These pathways might be expected to differ from those involved in secondary wall formation in xylem, since phi thickening deposition in not linked to programmed cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maketalena Aleamotu'a
- Centre for Plant Science, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW, Australia
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4
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Li Y, Dicke M, Kroes A, Liu W, Gols R. Interactive Effects of Cabbage Aphid and Caterpillar Herbivory on Transcription of Plant Genes Associated with Phytohormonal Signalling in Wild Cabbage. J Chem Ecol 2016; 42:793-805. [PMID: 27530535 PMCID: PMC5045842 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-016-0738-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Plants are commonly attacked by a variety of insect herbivores and have developed specific defenses against different types of attackers. At the molecular level, herbivore-specific signalling pathways are activated by plants in response to attackers with different feeding strategies. Feeding by leaf-chewing herbivores predominantly activates jasmonic acid (JA)-regulated defenses, whereas feeding by phloem-sucking herbivores generally activates salicylic acid (SA)-regulated defenses. When challenged sequentially by both phloem-sucking and leaf-chewing herbivores, SA-JA antagonism may constrain the plant's ability to timely and adequately divert defense to the second herbivore that requires activation of a different defensive pathway. We investigated the effect of the temporal sequence of infestation by the aphid Brevicoryne brassicae and three caterpillar species, Plutella xylostella, Pieris brassicae, and Mamestra brassicae, on the interaction between JA and SA signal-transduction pathways in three wild cabbage populations. We found no support for SA-JA antagonism, irrespective of the temporal sequence of herbivore introduction or the identity of the caterpillar species based on the transcript levels of the JA- and SA-regulated marker genes LOX and PR-1, respectively, at the examined time points, 6, 24, and 48 h. In general, infestation with aphids alone had little effect on the transcript levels of the two marker genes, whereas the three caterpillar species upregulated not only LOX but also PR-1. Transcriptional changes were different for plants from the three different natural cabbage populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yehua Li
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anneke Kroes
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wen Liu
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rieta Gols
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Martínez-Ballesta MC, Zapata L, Chalbi N, Carvajal M. Multiwalled carbon nanotubes enter broccoli cells enhancing growth and water uptake of plants exposed to salinity. J Nanobiotechnology 2016; 14:42. [PMID: 27278384 PMCID: PMC4898372 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-016-0199-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carbon nanotubes have been shown to improve the germination and growth of some plant species, extending the applicability of the emerging nano-biotechnology field to crop science. RESULTS In this work, exploitation of commercial multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) in control and 100 mM NaCl-treated broccoli was performed. Transmission electron microscopy demonstrated that MWCNTs can enter the cells in adult plants with higher accumulation under salt stress. Positive effect of MWCNTs on growth in NaCl-treated plants was consequence of increased water uptake, promoted by more-favourable energetic forces driving this process, and enhanced net assimilation of CO2. MWCNTs induced changes in the lipid composition, rigidity and permeability of the root plasma membranes relative to salt-stressed plants. Also, enhanced aquaporin transduction occurred, which improved water uptake and transport, alleviating the negative effects of salt stress. CONCLUSION Our work provides new evidences about the effect of MWCNTs on plasma membrane properties of the plant cell. The positive response to MWCNTs in broccoli plants opens novel perspectives for their technological uses in new agricultural practices, especially when 1plants are exposed to saline environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mª Carmen Martínez-Ballesta
- />Plant Nutrition Department, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS-CSIC), Campus Universitario de Espinardo, Edificio 25, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Lavinia Zapata
- />Plant Nutrition Department, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS-CSIC), Campus Universitario de Espinardo, Edificio 25, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Najla Chalbi
- />Laboratory of Extremophile Plants, Center of Biotechnology of Borj-Cedria (LEP-CBBC), P. O. Box 901, 2050 Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
| | - Micaela Carvajal
- />Plant Nutrition Department, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS-CSIC), Campus Universitario de Espinardo, Edificio 25, 30100 Murcia, Spain
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Jiang J, Yao L, Yu Y, Liang Y, Jiang J, Ye N, Miao Y, Cao J. PECTATE LYASE-LIKE 9 from Brassica campestris is associated with intine formation. Plant Sci 2014; 229:66-75. [PMID: 25443834 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Brassica campestris pectate lyase-like 9 (BcPLL9) was previously identified as a differentially expressed gene both in buds during late pollen developmental stage and in pistils during fertilization in Chinese cabbage. To characterize the gene's function, antisense-RNA lines of BcPLL9 (bcpll9) were constructed in Chinese cabbage. Self- and cross-fertilization experiments harvested half seed yields when bcpll9 lines were used as pollen donors. In vivo and in vitro pollen germination assays showed that nearly half of the pollen tubes in bcpll9 were irregular with shorter length and uneven surface. Aniline blue staining identified abnormal accumulation of a specific bright blue unknown material in the bcpll9 pollen portion. Scanning electron microscopy observation verified the abnormal outthrust material to be near the pollen germinal furrows. Transmission electron microscopy observation revealed the internal endintine layer was overdeveloped and predominantly occupied the intine. This abnormally formed intine likely induced the wavy structure and growth arrest of the pollen tube in half of the bcpll9 pollen grains, which resulted in less seed yields. Collectively, this study presented a novel PLL gene that has an important function in B. campestris intine formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Jiang
- Laboratory of Cell & Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; State Key Lab of Agrobiotechnology Shenzhen Base, Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China.
| | - Lina Yao
- Laboratory of Cell & Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Youjian Yu
- Laboratory of Cell & Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Ying Liang
- Laboratory of Cell & Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Jianxia Jiang
- Laboratory of Cell & Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Nenghui Ye
- State Key Lab of Agrobiotechnology Shenzhen Base, Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China.
| | - Ying Miao
- The Center of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Jiashu Cao
- Laboratory of Cell & Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Nayidu NK, Kagale S, Taheri A, Withana-Gamage TS, Parkin IAP, Sharpe AG, Gruber MY. Comparison of five major trichome regulatory genes in Brassica villosa with orthologues within the Brassicaceae. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95877. [PMID: 24755905 PMCID: PMC3995807 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Coding sequences for major trichome regulatory genes, including the positive regulators GLABRA 1(GL1), GLABRA 2 (GL2), ENHANCER OF GLABRA 3 (EGL3), and TRANSPARENT TESTA GLABRA 1 (TTG1) and the negative regulator TRIPTYCHON (TRY), were cloned from wild Brassica villosa, which is characterized by dense trichome coverage over most of the plant. Transcript (FPKM) levels from RNA sequencing indicated much higher expression of the GL2 and TTG1 regulatory genes in B. villosa leaves compared with expression levels of GL1 and EGL3 genes in either B. villosa or the reference genome species, glabrous B. oleracea; however, cotyledon TTG1 expression was high in both species. RNA sequencing and Q-PCR also revealed an unusual expression pattern for the negative regulators TRY and CPC, which were much more highly expressed in trichome-rich B. villosa leaves than in glabrous B. oleracea leaves and in glabrous cotyledons from both species. The B. villosa TRY expression pattern also contrasted with TRY expression patterns in two diploid Brassica species, and with the Arabidopsis model for expression of negative regulators of trichome development. Further unique sequence polymorphisms, protein characteristics, and gene evolution studies highlighted specific amino acids in GL1 and GL2 coding sequences that distinguished glabrous species from hairy species and several variants that were specific for each B. villosa gene. Positive selection was observed for GL1 between hairy and non-hairy plants, and as expected the origin of the four expressed positive trichome regulatory genes in B. villosa was predicted to be from B. oleracea. In particular the unpredicted expression patterns for TRY and CPC in B. villosa suggest additional characterization is needed to determine the function of the expanded families of trichome regulatory genes in more complex polyploid species within the Brassicaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naghabushana K. Nayidu
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon Research Centre, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon SK, Canada
| | - Sateesh Kagale
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon Research Centre, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- National Research Council (NRC), Saskatoon SK, Canada
| | - Ali Taheri
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon Research Centre, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | | | - Isobel A. P. Parkin
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon Research Centre, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | | | - Margaret Y. Gruber
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon Research Centre, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Mao Y, Wu F, Yu X, Bai J, Zhong W, He Y. MicroRNA319a-targeted Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis TCP genes modulate head shape in chinese cabbage by differential cell division arrest in leaf regions. Plant Physiol 2014; 164:710-20. [PMID: 24351684 PMCID: PMC3912100 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.228007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Leafy heads of cabbage (Brassica oleracea), Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa), and lettuce (Lactuca sativa) are composed of extremely incurved leaves. The shape of these heads often dictates the quality, and thus the commercial value, of these crops. Using quantitative trait locus mapping of head traits within a population of 150 recombinant inbred lines of Chinese cabbage, we investigated the relationship between expression levels of microRNA-targeted Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis TEOSINTE BRANCHED1, cycloidea, and PCF transcription factor4 (BrpTCP4) genes and head shape. Here, we demonstrate that a cylindrical head shape is associated with relatively low BrpTCP4-1 expression, whereas a round head shape is associated with high BrpTCP4-1 expression. In the round-type Chinese cabbage, microRNA319 (miR319) accumulation and BrpTCP4-1 expression decrease from the apical to central regions of leaves. Overexpression of BrpMIR319a2 reduced the expression levels of BrpTCP4 and resulted in an even distribution of BrpTCP4 transcripts within all leaf regions. Changes in temporal and spatial patterns of BrpTCP4 expression appear to be associated with excess growth of both apical and interveinal regions, straightened leaf tips, and a transition from the round to the cylindrical head shape. These results suggest that the miR319a-targeted BrpTCP gene regulates the round shape of leafy heads via differential cell division arrest in leaf regions. Therefore, the manipulation of miR319a and BrpTCP4 genes is a potentially important tool for use in the genetic improvement of head shape in these crops.
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De Storme N, Zamariola L, Mau M, Sharbel TF, Geelen D. Volume-based pollen size analysis: an advanced method to assess somatic and gametophytic ploidy in flowering plants. Plant Reprod 2013; 26:65-81. [PMID: 23686220 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-012-0209-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/31/2012] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Pollen size is often used as a biological parameter to estimate the ploidy and viability of mature pollen grains. In general, pollen size quantification is performed one- or two-dimensionally using image-based diameter measurements. As these approaches are elaborate and time consuming, alternative approaches that enable a quick, reliable analysis of pollen size are highly relevant for plant research. In this study, we present the volume-based particle size analysis technique as an alternative method to characterize mature pollen. Based on a comparative assay using different plant species (including tomato, oilseed rape, kiwifruit, clover, among others), we found that volume-based pollen size measurements are not biased by the pollen shape or position and substantially reduce non-biological variation, allowing a more accurate determination of the actual pollen size. As such, volume-based particle size techniques have a strong discriminative power in detecting pollen size differences caused by alterations in the gametophytic ploidy level and therefore allow for a quick and reliable estimation of the somatic ploidy level. Based on observations in Arabidopsis thaliana gametophytic mutants and differentially reproducing Boechera polyantha lines, we additionally found that volume-based pollen size analysis provides quantitative and qualitative data about alterations in male sporogenesis, including aneuploid and diploid gamete formation. Volume-based pollen size analysis therefore not only provides a quick and easy methodology to determine the somatic ploidy level of flowering plants, but can also be used to determine the mode of reproduction and to quantify the level of diplogamete formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico De Storme
- Department of Plant Production, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, University of Ghent, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
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Armstrong S. Analysis of the synaptonemal complex in Brassica using TEM. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 990:159-166. [PMID: 23559212 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-333-6_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Much of meiosis research is focussed on Arabidopsis thaliana, largely due to the significant advantages it brings, having a small sequenced genome with comparatively little repetitive DNA, the ease of forward and reverse genetics, and a short life cycle. On the other hand, due the small genome size using Arabidopsis may be problematic for generating sufficient meiotic material for other types of analysis e.g., proteomics using prophase meiocytes and cytological analysis of the synaptonemal complex at the subcellular level. One solution is to use closely related species with larger genomes, in this case the Brassicas. This chapter contains methods for spreading of Brassica oleracea meiocytes for the analysis of the synaptonemal complex by silver staining and immunolocalization with gold-coupled antibodies using transmission electron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Armstrong
- School of Biosciences, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Mason AS, Nelson MN, Yan G, Cowling WA. Production of viable male unreduced gametes in Brassica interspecific hybrids is genotype specific and stimulated by cold temperatures. BMC Plant Biol 2011; 11:103. [PMID: 21663695 PMCID: PMC3141635 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-11-103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 06/12/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unreduced gametes (gametes with the somatic chromosome number) may provide a pathway for evolutionary speciation via allopolyploid formation. We evaluated the effect of genotype and temperature on male unreduced gamete formation in Brassica allotetraploids and their interspecific hybrids. The frequency of unreduced gametes post-meiosis was estimated in sporads from the frequency of dyads or giant tetrads, and in pollen from the frequency of viable giant pollen compared with viable normal pollen. Giant tetrads were twice the volume of normal tetrads, and presumably resulted from pre-meiotic doubling of chromosome number. Giant pollen was defined as pollen with more than 1.5 × normal diameter, under the assumption that the doubling of DNA content in unreduced gametes would approximately double the pollen cell volume. The effect of genotype was assessed in five B. napus, two B. carinata and one B. juncea parents and in 13 interspecific hybrid combinations. The effect of temperature was assessed in a subset of genotypes in hot (day/night 30°C/20°C), warm (25°C/15°C), cool (18°C/13°C) and cold (10°C/5°C) treatments. RESULTS Based on estimates at the sporad stage, some interspecific hybrid genotypes produced unreduced gametes (range 0.06 to 3.29%) at more than an order of magnitude higher frequency than in the parents (range 0.00% to 0.11%). In nine hybrids that produced viable mature pollen, the frequency of viable giant pollen (range 0.2% to 33.5%) was much greater than in the parents (range 0.0% to 0.4%). Giant pollen, most likely formed from unreduced gametes, was more viable than normal pollen in hybrids. Two B. napus × B. carinata hybrids produced 9% and 23% unreduced gametes based on post-meiotic sporad observations in the cold temperature treatment, which was more than two orders of magnitude higher than in the parents. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that sources of unreduced gametes, required for the triploid bridge hypothesis of allopolyploid evolution, are readily available in some Brassica interspecific hybrid genotypes, especially at cold temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annaliese S Mason
- School of Plant Biology M084 and The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Matthew N Nelson
- School of Plant Biology M084 and The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Guijun Yan
- School of Plant Biology M084 and The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Wallace A Cowling
- School of Plant Biology M084 and The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
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12
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Sun C, Johnson JM, Cai D, Sherameti I, Oelmüller R, Lou B. Piriformospora indica confers drought tolerance in Chinese cabbage leaves by stimulating antioxidant enzymes, the expression of drought-related genes and the plastid-localized CAS protein. J Plant Physiol 2010; 167:1009-17. [PMID: 20471134 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2010.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2009] [Revised: 02/03/2010] [Accepted: 02/03/2010] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Piriformospora indica, a root-colonizing endophytic fungus of Sebacinales, promotes plant growth and confers resistance against biotic and abiotic stress. The fungus strongly colonizes the roots of Chinese cabbage, promotes root and shoot growth, and promotes lateral root formation. When colonized plants were exposed to polyethylene glycol to mimic drought stress, the activities of peroxidases, catalases and superoxide dismutases in the leaves were upregulated within 24h. The fungus retarded the drought-induced decline in the photosynthetic efficiency and the degradation of chlorophylls and thylakoid proteins. The expression levels of the drought-related genes DREB2A, CBL1, ANAC072 and RD29A were upregulated in the drought-stressed leaves of colonized plants. Furthermore, the CAS mRNA level for the thylakoid membrane associated Ca(2+)-sensing regulator and the amount of the CAS protein increased. We conclude that antioxidant enzyme activities, drought-related genes and CAS are three crucial targets of P. indica in Chinese cabbage leaves during the establishment of drought tolerance. P. indica-colonized Chinese cabbage provides a good model system to study root-to-shoot communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Sun
- Institute of Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
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13
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Leflon M, Grandont L, Eber F, Huteau V, Coriton O, Chelysheva L, Jenczewski E, Chèvre AM. Crossovers get a boost in Brassica allotriploid and allotetraploid hybrids. Plant Cell 2010; 22:2253-64. [PMID: 20622148 PMCID: PMC2929096 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.110.075986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2010] [Revised: 06/08/2010] [Accepted: 06/18/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Meiotic crossovers are necessary to generate balanced gametes and to increase genetic diversity. Even if crossover number is usually constrained, recent results suggest that manipulating karyotype composition could be a new way to increase crossover frequency in plants. In this study, we explored this hypothesis by analyzing the extent of crossover variation in a set of related diploid AA, allotriploid AAC, and allotetraploid AACC Brassica hybrids. We first used cytogenetic methods to describe the meiotic behavior of the different hybrids. We then combined a cytogenetic estimation of class I crossovers in the entire genome by immunolocalization of a key protein, MutL Homolog1, which forms distinct foci on meiotic chromosomes, with genetic analyses to specifically compare crossover rates between one pair of chromosomes in the different hybrids. Our results showed that the number of crossovers in the allotriploid AAC hybrid was higher than in the diploid AA hybrid. Accordingly, the allotetraploid AACC hybrid showed an intermediate behavior. We demonstrated that this increase was related to hybrid karyotype composition (diploid versus allotriploid versus allotetraploid) and that interference was maintained in the AAC hybrids. These results could provide another efficient way to manipulate recombination in traditional breeding and genetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Leflon
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 118, Amélioration des Plantes et Biotechnologies Végétales, BP 35327, F-35653 Le Rheu cedex, France
| | - Laurie Grandont
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique–AgroParisTech, Bâtiment 7, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Centre de Versailles-Grignon, 78026 Versailles cedex, France
| | - Frédérique Eber
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 118, Amélioration des Plantes et Biotechnologies Végétales, BP 35327, F-35653 Le Rheu cedex, France
| | - Virginie Huteau
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 118, Amélioration des Plantes et Biotechnologies Végétales, BP 35327, F-35653 Le Rheu cedex, France
| | - Olivier Coriton
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 118, Amélioration des Plantes et Biotechnologies Végétales, BP 35327, F-35653 Le Rheu cedex, France
| | - Liudmila Chelysheva
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique–AgroParisTech, Bâtiment 7, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Centre de Versailles-Grignon, 78026 Versailles cedex, France
| | - Eric Jenczewski
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique–AgroParisTech, Bâtiment 7, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Centre de Versailles-Grignon, 78026 Versailles cedex, France
| | - Anne-Marie Chèvre
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 118, Amélioration des Plantes et Biotechnologies Végétales, BP 35327, F-35653 Le Rheu cedex, France
- Address correspondence to
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14
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Zhang GY, Feng J, Wu J, Wang XW. BoPMEI1, a pollen-specific pectin methylesterase inhibitor, has an essential role in pollen tube growth. Planta 2010; 231:1323-34. [PMID: 20229192 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-010-1136-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2009] [Accepted: 02/23/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Pectin methylesterase (PME) is known to have important roles in pollen development and pollen tube growth. As pivotal regulatory factors in PME activity modulation, PME inhibitors (PMEIs) are thought to be key regulators of cell wall stability at the tip of the pollen tube. We report on the cloning and characterization of a novel B. oleracea PMEI gene, BoPMEI1. Heterologously expressed BoPMEI1 showed PMEI activity. RT-PCR studies of different tissues and promoter-GUS fusions confirmed that BoPMEI1 was specifically expressed in mature pollen grains and pollen tubes. Based on in vivo transient assays, we found that BoPMEI1 appears to be largely localized to the plasma membrane. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing antisense BoPMEI1 under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter suppressed the expression of the orthologous gene At1g10770, which led to partial male sterility and decreased seed set by inhibition of pollen tube growth. Our study demonstrates the involvement of BoPMEI1 in pollen tube growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo Yu Zhang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun Nandajie, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
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15
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Abstract
Phi cell layers were discovered in the 19th century in a small number of species, including members of the Brassicaceae family. A mechanical role was first suggested for this structure; however, this has never been demonstrated. The main objective of the present work was to analyse the ultrastructure of phi cells, their influence on ion movement from the cortex to the stele, and their contribution to salt stress tolerance in Brassica oleracea. Transmission electron microscopy and X-ray microanalysis studies were used to analyse the subcellular structure and distribution of ions in phi cells and the endodermis under salt stress. Ion movement was analysed using lanthanum as an apoplastic tracer. The ultrastructural results confirm that phi cells are specialized cells showing cell wall ingrowths in the inner tangential cell walls. X-ray microanalysis confirmed a build-up of sodium. Phi thickenings were lignified and lanthanum moved periplasmically at this level. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study reporting the possible role of the phi cells as a barrier controlling the movement of ions from the cortex to the stele. Therefore, the phi cell layer and endodermis seem to be regulating ion transport in Brassica oleracea under salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Fernandez-Garcia
- Department of Stress Biology and Plant Pathology, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS-CSIC), PO Box 164, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - L Lopez-Perez
- Department of Stress Biology and Plant Pathology, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS-CSIC), PO Box 164, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - M Hernandez
- Department of Stress Biology and Plant Pathology, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS-CSIC), PO Box 164, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - E Olmos
- Department of Stress Biology and Plant Pathology, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS-CSIC), PO Box 164, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
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16
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Zhang L, Zhao H, Liu F. [Identification and analysis of asymmetric somatic hybrids between B. oleracea and B. nigra]. Fen Zi Xi Bao Sheng Wu Xue Bao 2008; 41:265-274. [PMID: 18959000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Asymmetric interspecific somatic hybrids between Brassica oleracea var. botrytis and B. nigra were produced by PEG-induced fusion of protoplasts radiated by different doses of UV. B. nigra, genotype St.461, has resistance to black rot, black leg and clubroot diseases which are popular in cabbage production. The regenerated plants were analyzed by several means including morphology observation, relative DNA content measurement by flow cytometry (FCM), chromosome counting, DNA molecular marker. Morphology observation indicated that the regenerated plants varied in morphology from intermediate type to cauliflower type. DNA contents of 20% regenerated plants were less than the sum of donor and recipient. Number of chromosomes in 23% of the regenerated plants were less than the sum of both parents. DNA molecular marker analysis (SRAP) demonstrated that the genetic information from the recipient parent was retained more or less complete and intact in the hybrids, while specific amplification bands of donor genome were lost in the hybrids from 20% to 97.77% . Furthermore, black-rot resistance test was performed in twenty-two regenerated plants, and seventeen of which showed good resistance against Xamthomonas campestris pv campestris. That gave the elementary proof of transferring of alien pathogen resistant genes from wild B. nigra to B. oleracea via UV mediated asymmetrical somatic hybridization. In conclusion, UV irradiation induced production of asymmetric hybrids between cauliflower and black mustard. Chromosome elimination or a limited introduction of donor chromosomes occurred in most of the hybrids, however, the degree of elimination was independent on UV doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing
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17
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Zhang Q, Cao J, Liu H, Huang L, Xiang X, Yu X. Characterization and functional analysis of a novel PCP gene BcMF5 from Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis Makino). J Plant Physiol 2008; 165:445-455. [PMID: 17945379 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2007.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2007] [Revised: 06/18/2007] [Accepted: 06/26/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Brassica campestris Male Fertile 5 (BcMF5), a novel member of the pollen coat protein class A (PCP-A) gene family, was identified from Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis Makino (Chinese cabbage-pak-choi). Temporal and spatial expression analysis showed that BcMF5 is a late-expressed PCP gene related to the process of determining pollen fertility. Functional analysis by hairpin RNA (hpRNA)-mediated RNA interference also showed that the expression of BcMF5 is inhibited, which resulted in the low germination ability of the pollen and also in an abnormality of the pollen exemplified by a collapsed germination furrow. This demonstrates that the expression of BcMF5 is closely related to the tapetum. Further, the expression profile of the BcMF5 promoter in Arabidopsis was also analyzed. This analysis indicated that the BcMF5 promoter began expression in the early stage of anther development and drove high levels of glucuronidase (GUS) expression in anthers, pollen, and the pollen tube in the late stage of pollen development, but did not drive any expression in petals, sepals, or pistils. Together with the functional analysis, the hypothesis that BcMF5 may have a sporophytic or gametophytic expression pattern is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- Institute of Horticulture Science, Henan Academy of Agriculture Science, Zhengzhou, P.R. China
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18
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Abstract
Chromoplasts are carotenoid-accumulating plastids found in many fruits and flowers. In a new paper, Li and colleagues show that the Or gene of cauliflower induces differentiation of beta-carotene-containing chromoplasts in the (normally non-pigmented) curd tissue. This is the first time that a gene product controlling chromoplast differentiation is described. Or encodes an evolutionarily conserved DnaJ cysteine-rich domain-containing protein that can be used for metabolic engineering in crop plants, such as potato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Giuliano
- Italian Agency for New Technologies, Energy and the Environment, Casaccia Research Center, PO Box 2400, 00123 S.M. di Galeria, Roma, Italy.
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19
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Xiang X, Cao JS, Ye WZ, Cui HM, Yu JN. [Molecular cloning and characterization of BcMYBogu, a novel member of the MYB family involved in OguCMS in Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis]. Yi Chuan 2007; 29:621-8. [PMID: 17548334 DOI: 10.1360/yc-007-0621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In the attempt to elucidate the molecular mechanism of CMS. Ogura cytoplasmic male sterile (OguCMS) lines were obtained in Chinese cabbage after interspecific hybridization between Brassica. napus L. OguCMS and B. campestris ssp. chinensis followed by recurrent backcross with B. campestris ssp. chinensis as the pollen donor. The CMS lines were significantly characterized by the whitish anther and indehiscence of anther. The tapetal hypertrophy with excess vacuola-tion was the first observed defective soon after the tetrad stage, subsequently the microspores defected in pollen wall forma-tion, and later the cytoplasm detached from the exine wall and underwent degeneration. With aid of cDNA-AFLP and RACE approaches, we cloned the BcMYBogu(GenBank accession No: EF127861) in Chinese cabbage, which is premature expressed in early and middle stage floral buds of OguCMS lines, and predicted to encode a novel protein with a DNA binding domain: SH[AL]QKY[RF] motif at the N-terminus. Phylogenetic comparison revealed that the BcMYBogu was clustered with AtMYB32, AtMYB26 and AtMYB4, which were indicated to be involved in male sterility in Arabidopsis thaliana. The BcMYBogu transcript was detected in rosette leaves, floral buds and stems by RT-PCR analysis. Compared with the maintainer, the expression level of BcMYBogu was increased in these organs, especially in floral buds of OguCMS lines. Our investigation suggests that BcMYBogu is a new member of the MYB family involved in male sterility in Chinese cabbage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Xiang
- Key Laboratory on Growth and Development of Horticulture and Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetable Science , Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China.
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20
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Jiang M, Cao J. Isolation and characterization of a male sterility gene homolog BcMS2 from Chinese cabbage-pak-choi that expressing in an anther-specific manner. Mol Biol Rep 2007; 35:299-305. [PMID: 17514434 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-007-9086-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2007] [Accepted: 04/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A male sterility gene homolog, designated BcMS2, was isolated from flower buds using gene-specific primer pairs and was submitted to GenBank under accession number EF093533. Comparison of BcMS2 gene with MS2 from Arabidopsis thaliana and MS2Bnap from Brassica napus revealed some differences in gene structure and evolution. The full genomic DNA sequence of BcMS2 was 2,576 bp in length containing 8 exons and 7 introns, more than those of MS2Bnap but less than MS2. RT-PCR showed that BcMS2 gene expressed only in stage III flower buds of male fertile Chinese cabbage-pak-choi 'ZUBajh97-01B' and there were no detection in all organs of Polima cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) line 'Bpol97-05A' and Ogura CMS line 'Bogu97-06A'. Furthermore, RT-PCR revealed that BcMS2 expressed only in anthers of male fertile material and there were no expression in sepals, petals, filaments and pistils. These results suggested that BcMS2 was an anther-specific gene and might be essential for the fertility of Chinese cabbage-pak-choi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Jiang
- Lab of Cell & Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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21
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Abstract
The genus Brassica contains a wide range of diploid and amphipolyploid species including some of the most important vegetable, condiment and oilseed crops worldwide. As members of the Brassicaceae family the brassicas are the closest crop relatives to the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, and hence are major beneficiaries from the vast array of Arabidopsis molecular genetic and genomic tools and the increasingly good annotation to major Brassica crop genomes. In this review examples are shown from recent studies that demonstrate the potential for intergenome navigation from model to crop plant and for comparisons among genetic and cytogenetic maps between the model and crop species and among different crop brassicas. The use of interspecific and intergeneric hybridization for introgression of novel traits into Brassica genomes from the secondary and tertiary crucifer genepools is described. In this context the use of the Brassica triangle of three diploid species and their corresponding amphiploids as an excellent model system for studying the mechanisms and control of homeologous recombination and polyploidization is discussed from a crop breeding perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rod J Snowdon
- Department of Plant Breeding, Research Centre for Biosystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
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22
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Liu F, Ryschka U, Marthe F, Klocke E, Schumann G, Zhao H. Culture and fusion of pollen protoplasts of Brassica oleracea L. var. italica with haploid mesophyll protoplasts of B. rapa L. ssp. pekinensis. Protoplasma 2007; 231:89-97. [PMID: 17370111 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-006-0228-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2006] [Accepted: 05/11/2006] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid callus was formed from the successful protoplast fusion between pollen protoplasts of Brassica oleracea var. italica and haploid mesophyll protoplasts of Brassica rapa. The pollen protoplast isolation frequency in broccoli was highly related to the ratio of trinucleate pollens in the male gametophyte population. Large quantities of pollen protoplasts with high vigor could be isolated, and the isolation frequency reached up to 90% in 6.0-7.0 mm long flower buds with about 94.7% trinucleate-stage pollens. Pollen protoplasts could be collected and purified by discontinuous gradient centrifugation. In 1% Na-alginate embedding culture, cell divisions were observed but no further development was found. The haploid mesophyll protoplasts were isolated from in vitro haploid plants of B. rapa. Results strongly showed the variability in culturability of mesophyll protoplasts from different haploid lines. Both pollen protoplasts and haploid mesophyll protoplasts retained a stable round shape in the designed prefusion solution with an osmotic pressure of 0.74 osmol/kg. Polyethylene glycol was used for the protoplast fusion, and 40% polyethylene glycol 4000 enabled the highest fusion frequency of about 20%. Some postfusion protoplasts showed cell divisions up to callus proliferation. Calli were screened by random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis for their hybrid character. Results revealed the existence of the hybrid calli. Some of the hybrid calli grew well with green color and shoot primordia. According to our knowledge, this is the first report about a hybrid formation between two haploid protoplasts. Potential comprehensive applications, as well as problems of this technique, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Liu
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing
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23
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Ge XH, Li ZY. Extra divisions and nuclei fusions in microspores from Brassica allohexaploid (AABBCC) x Orychophragmus violaceus hybrids. Plant Cell Rep 2006; 25:1075-80. [PMID: 16733741 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-006-0170-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2006] [Revised: 04/18/2006] [Accepted: 04/18/2006] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Abnormal meiosis and microspore development and related defective mutants have often been reported in plants and wide hybrids. Here extra divisions and nuclei fusions were observed to occur in microspore nuclei of partial hybrids between synthetic Brassica hexaploid (2n = 54, AABBCC) and another crucifer Orychophragmus violaceus (2n = 24). Abnormal spindle were formed and chromosomes were separated into several nuclei of variable sizes after bi-, or multi-polar divisions in the four cells of tetrads. As a consequence, more than eight mini-microspores of different sizes were produced by one tetrad. Genomic in situ hybridization results indicated that no chromosome replication occurred during such divisions. In some tetrads, the four nuclei were fused to form one large cell with increased chromosome number. The extra divisions or fusions appeared only in some flower buds of one plant, some anthers in the same buds, or even in individual cells of tetrads. The possible mechanisms behind these cytological phenomena are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Hong Ge
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Crop Molecular Breeding Technology, National Center of Oil Crop Improvement (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P R China
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24
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Chen LP, Ge YM, Zhu XY. Artificial synthesis of interspecific chimeras between tuber mustard (Brassica juncea) and cabbage (Brassica oleracea) and cytological analysis. Plant Cell Rep 2006; 25:907-13. [PMID: 16565861 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-006-0150-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2005] [Revised: 02/08/2006] [Accepted: 02/24/2006] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Interspecific chimeras between tuber mustard and red cabbage were obtained by in vitro graft-culture method. Before grafting, 6-day-old seedlings of tuber mustard and red cabbage were vertically half-cut and treated with different concentrations of 6-BA and NAA for 1 min, then, they were symmetrically fit together. As a result, sectorial chimeras were initially produced from the united shoot tips. The maximum frequency of chimeral bud formation reached 6.33% when the vertical sections of tuber mustard and cabbage were treated with 2 mg/l 6-BA and 1 mg/l NAA. When sectorial chimeras were propagated on MS medium containing 1 mg/l 6-BA, periclinal and mericlinal chimeras gradually developed. Chimeral shoots were rooted on half-strength MS medium containing 0.1 mg/l NAA. The rooted chimeras were acclimatized and transferred to the field for cytological and morphological analysis. The results showed that stomata density in the chimeras was significantly higher than that of their parents, while chloroplast size, starch grain size and number were intermediate between the two parents. The chimeras were further analyzed by flow cytometry, and the results indicated that they contained both sets of parental chromosomes. Moreover, chimeral plants possessed valuable characters from the two parents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ping Chen
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China.
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25
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Cheng YG, Wu JS, Hua YW, Zhang MH, Chen HG. [Genomic in situ hybridization in intergeneric hybrids between Raphanus sativus and Brassica oleracea]. Yi Chuan 2006; 28:858-64. [PMID: 16825175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) was applied to study the meiosis of F1 plants from intergeneric hybrids between radish (Raphanus sativus, 2n=18, RR) and cabbage (Brassica oleracea, 2n=18, CC). The result showed that its somatic cells had the expected chromosomes, RC, 2n=18; but the pollen mother cells (PMCs) were different. There were three main kinds of PMCs. The first one was RC (2n=18), and the mean chromosome pairing pattern was 14.87I+1.20II+0.04III+0.06IV on Diakinesis. GISH indicated that most bivalents resulted from chromosome pairing between radish and cabbage, and the nine chromosomes of R-genome were separated mostly in the ratio 5/4 and 6/3 at Anaphase, so the chromosome number and components in gametes were not in equilibrium and the gametes were sterile. The second was RRCC (2n=36) with normal chromosome pairing and separation, producing unreduced gametes. And the third was nullisomic of RRCC in PMCs (2n<36) GISH showed that some radish chromosomes were lost in those PMCs, and its gametes had nine cabbage chromosomes and partial radish chromosomes. The mechanism of this chromosome reduplication was discussed in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Gui Cheng
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China. chengygfa@ hotmail.com
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26
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Zhu JX, Li XF, Liu PL, He YK. [Analysis of shoot apical anatomic changes during the development of Brassica plants]. Fen Zi Xi Bao Sheng Wu Xue Bao 2006; 39:199-207. [PMID: 16944593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we analyzed shoot apical anatomic changes during the development of Brassica plants including cauliflower (Brasscia oleracea L.var. botrytis), broccoli (B. oleracea L.var italica), Chinese cabbage (Brasscia compestris spp. pekinensis) and cabbage (Brasscia oleracea.L.). It has been showed that all of their apical meristems changed from the original tunica-corpus structure to the intergrade subarea, to typical 5-subarea structure and to 4-subarea structure when they went into reproductive development. The shoot apical meristem (SAM) cells were undergoing in different developmental way among these plants after they began reproductive development. The bilateral cells of sub-tunica of Chinese cabbage and cabbage divided into apical leafy primordial, in which lateral inflorescence meristem arised. While the bilateral cells of sub-tunica of cauliflower and broccoli divided into inflorescence meristem, which proliferated into curd or head. The results presented here provide the base for further investigation of anatomic identity of inflorescence phenotype formation and molecular events associated with meristem fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Xin Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062
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Shin YK, Yum H, Kim ES, Cho H, Gothandam KM, Hyun J, Chung YY. BcXTH1, a Brassica campestris homologue of Arabidopsis XTH9, is associated with cell expansion. Planta 2006; 224:32-41. [PMID: 16322981 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-005-0189-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2005] [Accepted: 11/15/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolases (XTHs) are a group of the enzymes that are responsible for reorganization of the cellulose-xyloglucan framework by catalyzing cleavage and religation of the xyloglucan chains in the plant cell wall. In this study, we report the isolation and characterization of a XTH gene from a pistil cDNA library of Brassica campestris. Sequence analysis of the gene, designated BcXTH1, revealed that it is homologous to the XTH9 gene of Arabidopsis. The highly conserved domain (DEIDFEFLG) found among all XTHs was also present in BcXTH1 but with the two amino acid substitutions (NEFDFEFLG) also found in Arabidopsis XTH9. These results suggest that BcXTH1 is the B. campestris homologue of XTH9. Expression analysis of BcXTH1 revealed that it was expressed in most of the plant organs. In situ hybridization showed that the gene is highly expressed in the floral primodia, especially in the epidermal cell layer. Southern blot analysis indicated that the BcXTH1 gene exists as a multi-copy gene in the B. campestris genome. The function of the BcXTH1 gene was deduced from using an overexpression strategy in Arabidopsis. Interestingly, the transgenic plants showed a pronounced cell expansion phenotype. Immunoelectron microscopy shows that BcXTH1 is localized almost exclusively to the cell wall, supporting our conclusion that it participates in the regulation of cell expansion in B. campestris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon-Kyung Shin
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, 136-701 Seoul, Anam-Dong, Korea
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28
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Nitovs'ka IO, Shakhovs'kyĭ AM, Komarnyts'kyĭ IK, Kuchuk MV. [Production of Brassica olereceae (+Arabidopsis thaliana) and Brassica napus cell lines resistant to spectinomycin/streptomycin as a result of plastome genetic transformation]. Tsitol Genet 2006; 40:3-10. [PMID: 16933846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Plastid genetic transformation has been performed using both the PEG-treatment of protoplasts of somatic hybrids of B. oleracea carrying A. thaliana chloroplasts and the particle bombardment of regenerable calluses of B. napus sv. Westar. The chloroplast transformation vector pCB040 carried resistance (aadA) gene flanked by rapeseed plastid DNA sequences to target its insertion between the trnV-rps7 fragments. Selection of transplastomic cell lines has been performed according to their ability to grow on the medium supplied with spectinomycin and streptomycin in high concentrations. Antibiotic resistant cell lines have been obtained using the both transformation methods. The presence of the aadA gene in the A. thaliana and B. napus plastomes was confirmed by PCR analysis for two cell lines of B. oleracea (+ A. thaliana) and three lines of B. napus.
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29
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Zhang ZF, Zhang LG, Wang Q, Hui MX, Zhang MK. RNA Fingerprinting of the Differential Expression Fragments Related to Cytoplasmic Male Sterility in Chinese Cabbage. Hereditas 2006; 28:1280-6. [PMID: 17035188 DOI: 10.1360/yc-006-1280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to investigate the differential expression of the genes related to cytoplasmic male sterility in Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L. ssp. Penkinsis), a modified RNA fingerprinting technique was developed to compare the difference in the total RNA from flower bud of Chinese cabbage among cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) lines, maintainer lines and F1 hybrids. Four stably differential fragments S47-412, S93-622, S176-343 and S199-904 were amplified, cloned and sequenced with primers selected from 186 random primers. Based on the nucleotide sequence of the four differential fragments, four pairs of specific primers were designed to validate the differential fragments. The validation showed S47-412 and S93-622 were false positives and S176-343 and S199-904 were confirmed by PCR with the specific primers. Sequence analysis revealed that both of two differential fragments had strong homology with the nucleotide sequence of orf224/atp6 site of Polima CMS and the nucleotide sequence of S176-343 and S199-904 had a superposed region. All these indicate that the two fragments probably have strong relationship with cytoplasmic male sterility in Chinese cabbage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan-Feng Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
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30
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Abstract
Electroporation (EP) is one of the most important physical methods in biotechnology, which employs electrical pulses to transiently permeabilize cell membranes. In this study, a new micro pulsed radio-frequency electroporation cell (microPREP) chip was fabricated using a lift-off technique and SU-8 photolithography. The biological tests were carried out using three different plant protoplasts (cabbage, spinach and oil rape) on the micro EP chip and a pulsed RF electric field was applied to the microchip. The variations of fluorescent intensity and cell viability as functions of the electric pulse amplitude and duration time during the electroporation process were studied in detail at the single-cell level. Using such chip design and test method, one can easily optimize the efficiency and cell viability. Also, a large amount of statistical data can be quickly obtained. Finally, results of this parametric study were presented in the "phase diagram", from which the critical electric field for inducing single-cell electroporation under different conditions can be clearly determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqi He
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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31
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Sánchez-Morán E, Mercier R, Higgins JD, Armstrong SJ, Jones GH, Franklin FCH. A strategy to investigate the plant meiotic proteome. Cytogenet Genome Res 2005; 109:181-9. [PMID: 15753575 DOI: 10.1159/000082398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2003] [Accepted: 02/06/2004] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The analysis of meiosis in higher plants has benefited considerably in recent years from the completion of the genome sequence of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana and the development of cytological techniques for this species. A combination of forward and reverse genetics has provided important routes toward the identification of meiotic genes in Arabidopsis. Nevertheless identification of certain meiotic genes remains a challenge due to problems such as limited sequence conservation between species, existence of closely related gene families and in some cases functional redundancy between gene family members. Hence there is a requirement to develop new experimental approaches that can be used in conjunction with existing methods to enable a greater range of plant meiotic genes to be identified. As one potential route towards this goal we have initiated a proteomics-based approach. Unfortunately, the small size of Arabidopsis anthers makes an analysis in this species technically very difficult. Therefore we have initially focussed on Brassica oleracea which is closely related to Arabidopsis, but has the advantage of possessing significantly larger anthers. The basic strategy has been to use peptide mass-finger printing and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry to analyse proteins expressed in meiocytes during prophase I of meiosis. Initial experiments based on the analysis of proteins from staged anther tissue proved disappointing due to the low level of detection of proteins associated with meiosis. However, by extruding meiocytes in early prophase I from individual anthers prior to analysis a significant enrichment of meiotic proteins has been achieved. Analysis suggests that at least 18% of the proteins identified by this route have a putative meiotic function and that this figure could be as high as one-third of the total. Approaches to increase the enrichment of proteins involved in meiotic recombination and chromosome synapsis are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Sánchez-Morán
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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32
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Neuwirt J, Takenaka M, van der Merwe JA, Brennicke A. An in vitro RNA editing system from cauliflower mitochondria: editing site recognition parameters can vary in different plant species. RNA 2005; 11:1563-70. [PMID: 16131591 PMCID: PMC1370840 DOI: 10.1261/rna.2740905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2005] [Accepted: 07/01/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Most of the 400 RNA editing sites in flowering plant mitochondria are found in mRNAs. Consequently, the sequence vicinities of homologous sites are highly conserved between different species and are presumably recognized by likewise conserved trans-factors. To investigate the evolutionary adaptation to sequence variation, we have now analyzed the recognition elements of an editing site with divergent upstream sequences in the two species pea and cauliflower. This variation is tolerated at the site selected, because the upstream cis-elements reach into the 5'-UTR of the mRNA. To compare cis-recognition features in pea and cauliflower mitochondria, we developed a new in vitro RNA editing system for cauliflower. In vitro editing assays with deleted and mutated template RNAs show that the major recognition elements for both species are located within the conserved sequence. In cauliflower, however, the essential upstream nucleotides extend further upstream than they do in pea. In-depth analysis of single-nucleotide mutations reveals critical spacing of the editing site and the specific recognition elements, and shows that the +1 nucleotide identity is important in cauliflower, but not in pea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Neuwirt
- Molekulare Botanik, Universität Ulm, 89069 Ulm, Germany
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33
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Welchen E, Gonzalez DH. Differential expression of the Arabidopsis cytochrome c genes Cytc-1 and Cytc-2. Evidence for the involvement of TCP-domain protein-binding elements in anther- and meristem-specific expression of the Cytc-1 gene. Plant Physiol 2005; 139:88-100. [PMID: 16113211 PMCID: PMC1203360 DOI: 10.1104/pp.105.065920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The promoters of the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) cytochrome c genes, Cytc-1 and Cytc-2, were analyzed using plants transformed with fusions to the beta-glucuronidase coding sequence. Histochemical staining of plants indicated that the Cytc-1 promoter directs preferential expression in root and shoot meristems and in anthers. In turn, plants transformed with the Cytc-2 promoter fusions showed preferential expression in vascular tissues of cotyledons, leaves, roots, and hypocotyls, and also in anthers. Quantitative measurements in extracts prepared from different organs suggested that expression of Cytc-1 is higher in flowers, while that of Cytc-2 is higher in leaves. The analysis of a set of deletions and site-directed mutants of the Cytc-1 promoter indicated that a segment located between -147 and -156 from the translation start site is required for expression and that site II elements (TGGGCC/T) located in this region, coupled with a downstream internal telomeric repeat (AAACCCTAA), are responsible for the expression pattern of this gene. Proteins present in cauliflower nuclear extracts, as well as a recombinant protein from the TCP-domain family, were able to specifically bind to the region required for expression. We propose that expression of the Cytc-1 gene is linked to cell proliferation through the elements described above. The fact that closely located site II motifs are present in similar locations in several genes encoding proteins involved in cytochrome c-dependent respiration suggests that these elements may be the target of factors that coordinate the expression of nuclear genes encoding components of this part of the mitochondrial respiratory chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Welchen
- Cátedra de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
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34
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Buchanan-Wollaston V, Morris K. Senescence and cell death in Brassica napus and Arabidopsis. Symp Soc Exp Biol 2005; 52:163-74. [PMID: 12090005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- V Buchanan-Wollaston
- Department of Plant Genetics & Biotechnology, Horticulture Research International, Wellesbourne, Warwick, CV35 9EF, UK
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35
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Barrôco RM, Van Poucke K, Bergervoet JHW, De Veylder L, Groot SPC, Inzé D, Engler G. The role of the cell cycle machinery in resumption of postembryonic development. Plant Physiol 2005; 137:127-40. [PMID: 15579664 PMCID: PMC548844 DOI: 10.1104/pp.104.049361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2004] [Revised: 10/08/2004] [Accepted: 10/12/2004] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Cell cycle activity is required for plant growth and development, but its involvement in the early events that initiate seedling development remains to be clarified. We performed experiments aimed at understanding when cell cycle progression is activated during seed germination, and what its contribution is for proper seedling establishment. To this end, the spatial and temporal expression profiles of a large set of cell cycle control genes in germinating seeds of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and white cabbage (Brassica oleracea) were analyzed. The in vivo behavior of the microtubular cytoskeleton was monitored during Arabidopsis seed germination. Flow cytometry of Arabidopsis germinating seeds indicated that DNA replication was mainly initiated at the onset of root protrusion, when germination reached its end. Expression analysis of cell cycle genes with mRNA in situ localization, beta-glucuronidase assays, and semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction showed that transcription of most cell cycle genes was detected only after completion of germination. In vivo green fluorescent protein analysis of the microtubule cytoskeleton demonstrated that mitosis-specific microtubule arrays occurred only when the radicle had started to protrude, although the assembly of the microtubular cytoskeleton was promptly activated once germination was initiated. Thus, seed germination involves the synthesis and/or activation of a reduced number of core cell cycle proteins, which only trigger DNA replication, but is not sufficient to drive cells into mitosis. Mitotic divisions are observed only after the radicle has protruded and presumably rely on the de novo production of other cell cycle regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Maria Barrôco
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Ghent University, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
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36
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Xie CT, Yang YH, Zhu XY, Tian HQ. [The cytochemical observation of anthers of Chinese cabbage's male-sterile]. Shi Yan Sheng Wu Xue Bao 2004; 37:295-302. [PMID: 15511072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
A Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis Makino) produces 1/4 male sterile and 3/4 fertility in offspring. The sterile plant can be identified from the color of corolla that is some white when it grows out. The fertile and sterile anthers were researched using cytological and cytochemical methods. Thick sections of both anthers of different developmental stages were stained with Toluidine blue for general cytological observation and stained with the periodic-acid-Schiff's (PAS) technique to detect polysaccharides (red), with Sudan black B (SBB) to detect lipids (black). Before meiosis of microspore mother cells, connective tissue of both fertile and sterile anthers stored a lot of starch grains. Neither starches nor lipid drops were in tapetal and microspore mother cells. The only difference of both anthers was that the tapetal cells of sterile anthers contained more vacuoles than those of fertile anthers. After meiosis of microspore mother cells, the starch grains in connective tissue of fertile anthers disappeared, the tapetal cells synthesized abundant lipid drops, and the microspores also began to accumulate lipid drops. In sterile anthers, the starch grains in connective tissue also disappeared, but only a few lipid drops appeared in tapetal cells. The tapetal cells, however, became red, suggesting the cell contained some polysaccharide material. Pollen abortion in sterile anthers occurred in this stage. The aborting microspores accumulated very less lipid drops in its cytoplasm than those in fertile the starch This result suggested that in the cabbage, the starch grains in connective tissue were transformed into polysaccharide and transported to tapetal cells, then these cells transformed polysaccharide into lipid material that was absorbed by developing microspore. In sterile anthers, however, polysaccharide in the tapetal cells could not be transformed to lipid. The functional default of tapetal cells during lipid metabolism led to microspore abortion. This is new sample in which the functional default of tapetal cells will make pollen abort, and will enhance research field in male sterile in higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Tian Xie
- The Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Cell Biology and Tumor Cell Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005
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37
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Holme IB, Torp AM, Hansen LN, Andersen SB. Quantitative trait loci affecting plant regeneration from protoplasts of Brassica oleracea. Theor Appl Genet 2004; 108:1513-20. [PMID: 14740090 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-003-1570-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2003] [Accepted: 12/04/2003] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling the plant-regeneration ability of Brassica oleracea protoplasts were mapped in a population of 128 F(2) plants derived from a cross between the high-responding, rapid-cycling line and a low-responding, broccoli breeding line of B. oleracea. A modified bulked segregant analysis with AFLP markers identified two QTLs for plant regeneration. In a multiple regression analysis, the two QTLs explained 83% of the total genetic variation for regeneration recorded 15 weeks after initial transfer of microcalli to regeneration medium. Both QTLs showed additive effects, and the alleles contributing to the high regeneration frequencies were derived from the high-responding, rapid-cycling line. Using microsatellites with known location, the two QTLs were mapped to linkage groups O2 and O9 on the map published by Sebastian et al. [(2000) Theor Appl Genet 100:75-81] or to chromosomes C8 and C7 on the map published by Saal et al. [(2001) Theor Appl Genet 102:695-699]. QTLs for the early flowering trait of the rapid-cycling parent have previously been mapped to the same two linkage groups. Association between flowering time and regeneration ability was, however, not found in the present material, indicating that plant-regeneration ability can be transferred between cultivars independently of the early flowering trait. The detection of two major QTLs for plant regeneration in B. oleracea may provide the initial step towards the identification of markers suitable for marker-assisted selection of regeneration ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- I B Holme
- Section Plant Breeding, Department of Agricultural Sciences, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, 40 Thorvaldsensvej, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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38
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Thomzik
- Agrochemicals Division, Research/Biotechnology, Pflanzenschutzzentrum Monheim, Bayer AG, Leverkusen, Bayerwerk, Germany
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39
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Abstract
The forage brassicas are a useful model system for the study of wood formation because the thickened cell walls of their vascular tissue can vary widely in lignin content. Solid-state 13C NMR spectroscopy was used to quantify lignin, and determine features of its structure, in the vascular cell walls of forage rape (Brassica napus L.), and Thousandhead and marrowstem cultivars of kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala). During the first season of vegetative growth, lignin levels in these cell walls remained low in the upper part of the stems despite the physical resemblance of this tissue to wood. The extended flowering stems produced in the following year were thinner and their vascular tissue contained much more strongly lignified cell walls. The structure of the lignin was typical of angiosperm wood. It showed only small variations in syringyl/guaiacyl ratio, but this ratio increased with lignin content and thus with the proportion of the lignin that was associated with secondary cell-wall layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- B W Evans
- Chemistry Department, Glasgow University, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK
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40
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Armstrong SJ, Caryl AP, Jones GH, Franklin FCH. Asy1, a protein required for meiotic chromosome synapsis, localizes to axis-associated chromatin in Arabidopsis and Brassica. J Cell Sci 2002; 115:3645-55. [PMID: 12186950 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Arabidopsis thaliana ASY1 gene is essential for homologous chromosome synapsis. Antibodies specific to Asy1 protein and its homologue BoAsy1 from the related crop species Brassica oleracea have been used to investigate the temporal expression and localization of the protein in both species. Asy1 is initially detected in pollen mother cells during meiotic interphase as numerous punctate foci distributed over the chromatin. As leptotene progresses the signal appears to be increasingly continuous and is closely associated with the axial elements but not to the extended chromatin loops associated with them. By the end of zygotene the signal extends almost the entire length of the synapsed homologues, although not to the telomeres. The protein begins to disappear as the homologues desynapse, until by late diplotene it is no longer associated with the chromosomes. Immunogold labelling in conjunction with electron microscopy established that Asy1 localizes to regions of chromatin that associate with the axial/lateral elements of meiotic chromosomes rather than being a component of the synaptonemal complex itself. These data together with the previously observed asynaptic phenotype of the asy1 mutant suggest that Asy1 is required for morphogenesis of the synaptonemal complex, possibly by defining regions of chromatin that associate with the developing synaptonemal complex structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan J Armstrong
- School of Biosciences, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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41
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Howell EC, Barker GC, Jones GH, Kearsey MJ, King GJ, Kop EP, Ryder CD, Teakle GR, Vicente JG, Armstrong SJ. Integration of the cytogenetic and genetic linkage maps of Brassica oleracea. Genetics 2002; 161:1225-34. [PMID: 12136025 PMCID: PMC1462174 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/161.3.1225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We have assigned all nine linkage groups of a Brassica oleracea genetic map to each of the nine chromosomes of the karyotype derived from mitotic metaphase spreads of the B. oleracea var. alboglabra line A12DHd using FISH. The majority of probes were BACs, with A12DHd DNA inserts, which give clear, reliable FISH signals. We have added nine markers to the existing integrated linkage map, distributed over six linkage groups. BACs were definitively assigned to linkage map positions through development of locus-specific PCR assays. Integration of the cytogenetic and genetic linkage maps was achieved with 22 probes representing 19 loci. Four chromosomes (2, 4, 7, and 9) are in the same orientation as their respective linkage groups (O4, O7, O8, and O6) whereas four chromosomes (1, 3, 5, and 8) and linkage groups (O3, O9, O2, and O1) are in the opposite orientation. The remaining chromosome (6) is probably in the opposite orientation. The cytogenetic map is an important resource for locating probes with unknown genetic map positions and is also being used to analyze the relationships between genetic and cytogenetic maps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine C Howell
- School of Biosciences, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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42
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Kudo N, Kimura Y. Nuclear DNA endoreduplication during petal development in cabbage: relationship between ploidy levels and cell size. J Exp Bot 2002; 53:1017-1023. [PMID: 11971913 DOI: 10.1093/jexbot/53.371.1017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The development of cabbage petals comprises two distinct phases: a cell division phase and a consecutive phase of cell expansion until the onset of opening. In this study, cytological changes characterizing the two phases of petal development were analysed. First, the mitotic activity and the surface area of epidermal cells during petal development were investigated. The DNA content of isolated nuclei from the different stages of petal tissues was determined by flow cytometric analysis. The results show that cell differentiation, leading to expanded cells, is characterized by endoreduplication. In the proximal part of the petal, after cell division arrest, differentiation frequently involves endoreduplication and cell enlargement. By contrast, normal diploid nuclei remained in the distal part of the lamina in the mature petal. It is suggested that the developmental programmes of the cabbage petal may be a trigger for the initiation of endoreduplication. Correlation between ploidy levels and cell size is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiro Kudo
- Division of Plant Biotechnology, Gunma Horticultural Experiment Station, 493 Nishi-Obokata, Sawa-Azuma, Gunma 379-2224, Japan.
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43
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Teo WL, Kumar P, Goh CJ, Swarup S. The expression of Brostm, a KNOTTED1-like gene, marks the cell type and timing of in vitro shoot induction in Brassica oleracea. Plant Mol Biol 2001; 46:567-580. [PMID: 11516150 DOI: 10.1023/a:1010686931889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We studied the early events of de novo formation of adventitious shoot meristems in stem segments of Brassica oleracea. A regeneration system was used that is efficient, rapid, highly responsive to cytokinins and does not involve callus formation, thus allowing studies on a direct developmental switch of cells in the stem segment to form adventitious shoot meristem cells. Shoot meristem cells and dividing cells were marked from very early stages using in situ hybridization studies with Brostm, a Brassica homologue of the Arabidopsis SHOOTMERISTEMLESS (STM) gene, and a cyclin box-derived probe, Brocyc, respectively. We show that the process of developmental switching starts before any cell division occurs in the stem explants. This switching occurs synchronously both longitudinally and transversely in the explant, in groups of 5-7 phloem parenchyma cells subtending vascular bundles in the explant. Brostm is induced specifically in response to a cytokinin, benzyladenine, within 4 h of treatment and the transcripts persist during cell proliferation leading to shoot differentiation. We also show that during adventitious shoot formation, cells expressing Brostm are distinct from those expressing Brocyc. Lastly, our data suggest that, although developmental switching is initiated synchronously within 4 h of treatment, it requires 8 h of treatment for the establishment of organogenic determinance. The latter process is aynchronous, implying that additional factors formed later than Brostm are required to achieve maximal levels of determined cell populations to form adventitious shoots in vitro.
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MESH Headings
- Adenine/analogs & derivatives
- Adenine/pharmacology
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Arabidopsis Proteins
- Benzyl Compounds
- Blotting, Northern
- Blotting, Southern
- Brassica/cytology
- Brassica/genetics
- Brassica/growth & development
- DNA, Complementary/chemistry
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- DNA, Plant/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant/drug effects
- Homeodomain Proteins/genetics
- In Situ Hybridization
- Kinetin
- Meristem/drug effects
- Meristem/genetics
- Meristem/growth & development
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Plant Proteins
- Plant Stems/drug effects
- Plant Stems/genetics
- Plant Stems/growth & development
- Purines
- RNA, Plant/genetics
- RNA, Plant/metabolism
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Time Factors
- Tissue Distribution
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Affiliation(s)
- W L Teo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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44
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Abstract
Root meristem oxygen uptake, root tip extension rate, and specific growth rate are assessed as a function of dissolved oxygen level for three transformed root cultures. The influence of hydrodynamic boundary layer was considered for all measurements to permit correlation of oxygen-dependent kinetics with the concentration of oxygen at the surface of the root meristem. Oxygen uptake rate is shown to be saturated at ambient conditions, and a saturation level of approximately 300 micromole O2/(cm(3) tissue.hr) was observed for all three of these morphologically diverse root types. In nearly all cases, the observation of a minimum oxygen pressure, below which respiration, extension, or root growth would not occur, could be accounted for as a boundary layer mass transfer resistance. The critical oxygen pressure below which respiration declines is below saturated ambient oxygen conditions. In contrast, critical oxygen pressures for root tip extension were much higher; extension was nearly linear for the two thicker root types (Hyoscyamus muticus, henbain; Solanum tuberosum, potato) above ambient oxygen levels. The performance of the thinnest root, Brassica juncea (Indian mustard) was consistent with reduced internal limitations for oxygen transport. Extension rates did not correlate with biomass accumulation. The fastest growing henbain culture micro = 0.44 day(-)(1)) displayed the slowest extension rate (0.16 mm/hr), and the slowest growing mustard culture (micro = 0.22 day(-)(1)) had the fastest tip extension rate (0.3 mm/hr). This apparent paradox is explained in terms of root branching patterns, where the root branching ratio is shown to be dependent upon the oxygen-limited mersitem extension rate. The implications of these observations on the performance of root culture in bioreactors is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P T Asplund
- Department of Bioengineering, Wartik Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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45
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O'Hara P, Slabas AR, Fawcett T. Fatty acid synthesis in developing leaves of Brassica napus in relation to leaf growth and changes in activity of 3-oxoacyl-ACP reductase. FEBS Lett 2001; 488:18-22. [PMID: 11163788 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(00)02406-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In young expanding leaves of Brassica napus, the demand for fatty acids is met by de novo biosynthesis of fatty acid synthase components, as demonstrated by 3-oxoacyl-ACP reductase. Using a novel radio-chemical assay for 3-oxoacyl-ACP reductase and specific antibodies, we have demonstrated a direct relationship between the increase in activity and synthesis of polypeptide. The maximum rate of fatty acid synthesis was between 4 and 7 days post-emergence, but slowed after this point even though 3-oxoacyl-ACP reductase activity was high. Leaf area continued to expand in a linear fashion after reductions in both enzyme activity and the rate of fatty acid synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P O'Hara
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Durham, DH1 3LE, Durham, UK
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46
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Weselake RJ, Nykiforuk CL, Laroche A, Patterson NA, Wiehler WB, Szarka SJ, Moloney MM, Tari LW, Derekh U. Expression and properties of diacylglycerol acyltransferase from cell-suspension cultures of oilseed rape. Biochem Soc Trans 2000; 28:684-6. [PMID: 11171170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
The expression of diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT, EC 2.3.1.20) with predicted molecular mass of 56.9. kDa (BnDGAT1) was examined using microspore-derived cell suspension cultures of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L. cv Jet Neuf). As well, a recombinant histidine-tagged N-terminal fragment of BnDGAT1 [BnDGAT1((1-116))His(6)], which was relatively hydrophilic, was partially characterized. A temporal increase in DGAT activity occurred within a 24 h period following transfer of cells from 6% (w/v) sucrose to 14% (w/v) sucrose. Western blotting indicated that the abundance of BnDGAT1 protein was closely correlated with DGAT activity. BnDGAT1 mRNA also exhibited a temporal increase within the 24 h period following transfer of cells into higher sucrose concentrations, but the transcript level was not closely associated with DGAT activity as BnDGAT1 protein. The fragment BnDGAT1(1-116)His(6) interacted with [1-(14)C]oleoyl-CoA, suggesting that the N-terminal region of BnDGAT1 may have a role in binding cellular acyl-CoA.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Weselake
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, Alberta T1K 3M4, Canada
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47
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Abstract
Spectinomycin, an inhibitor of plastid protein synthesis, can be used to mark specific cell layers in the shoot meristem of Brassica napus. Pale yellow-green (YG) plants resulting from spectinomycin-treatment can be propagated indefinitely in vitro. Microscopic examination showed that YG-plants result from inactivation of plastids in the L2 and L3 layers and are composed of a pale green epidermis covering a white mesophyll layer. Epidermal cells of YG and normal green plants are similar and contain 10-20 small pale green plastids. YG plants are equivalent to periclinal chimeras with the important distinction that there is no genotypic difference between the white and green cell layers. Periclinal divisions of epidermal cells take place at all stages of leaf development to produce invaginations of green mesophyll located in sectors of widely varying sizes. A periclinal division rate of 1 in 3000-4000 anticlinal divisions for the adaxial epidermis, was 2-3-fold higher than that estimated for the abaxial epidermis. Analysis of white and green mesophyll showed that chloroplasts are essential for palisade cell differentiation and this requirement is cell-autonomous. Stable marking of cell lineages with spectinomycin is simple, rapid and reveals the requirement for functional plastids in cellular differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Pyke
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK.
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48
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Weselake RJ, Kazala EC, Cianflone K, Boehr DD, Middleton CK, Rennie CD, Laroche A, Recnik I. Human acylation stimulating protein enhances triacylglycerol biosynthesis in plant microsomes. FEBS Lett 2000; 481:189-92. [PMID: 10996321 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(00)01996-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Diacylglycerol acyltransferase has a universal role in catalyzing the acyl-CoA-dependent formation of triacylglycerol in microorganisms, animals and plants. Acylation stimulating protein, from human blood, is known to enhance diacylglycerol acyltransferase activity and triacylglycerol biosynthesis in human adipocytes. In the current study, acylation stimulating protein was also shown to enhance diacylglycerol acyltransferase activity in microsomes from cell suspension cultures of oilseed rape. Enzyme stimulation occurred over the pH range of 6-9 but the degree of stimulation decreased with increasing ionic strength at pH 7.4. Varying acyl-CoA concentration did not affect the degree of stimulation. Membranes from triacylglycerol producing cells in plants and humans may have similar binding sites for acylation stimulating protein which have been preserved during molecular evolution. The results suggest that human acylation stimulating protein may be useful in modifying lipid biosynthesis in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Weselake
- Department of Chemistry, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive, Lethbridge, Alta, Canada T1K 3M4.
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49
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Agostini E, de Forchetti SM, Tigier HA. Peroxidases from cell suspension cultures of Brassica napus. BIOCELL 2000; 24:133-8. [PMID: 10979611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Cell suspension cultures of Brassica napus were obtained under different hormonal conditions, using 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and kinetin as growth regulators. They were analyzed as a culture system for peroxidase production in vitro to avoid many of the problems that affect the production from field-grown roots. Total peroxidase specific activities reached a maximum at the end of exponential growth phase of the cultures. Cultures obtained with 4 mg/l of 2,4-D an without kinetin or with 1 mg/l of 2,4-D and the same amount of kinetin produced twice the total activity of root extracts and, in addition, they released peroxidases to the culture medium, which would be advantageous for the commercial production of the enzyme. Peroxidase patterns, obtained by isoelectric focusing of cell extracts and of culture medium of cell suspension cultures, differed from those of root crude extracts from field-grown plants with additional bands of higher isoelectric points. These cultures showed interesting properties and could be considered an alternative source of peroxidases for commercial production and/or to be applied as a model for physiological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Agostini
- Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
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50
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Andrews B, Bond K, Lehman JA, Horn JM, Dugan A, Gomez-Cambronero J. Direct inhibition of in vitro PLD activity by 4-(2-aminoethyl)-benzenesulfonyl fluoride. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 273:302-11. [PMID: 10873602 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2000.2938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
While conducting a purification protocol of phospholipase D (PLD) from human granulocytes, we observed that PLD activity was inhibited by a commonly-used protease inhibitor cocktail. Of the six inhibitors present in the cocktail, the serine protease inhibitor, 4-(2-aminoethyl)-benezensulfonyl fluoride (AEBSF), was found to be the sole inhibitor of PLD. AEBSF caused a loss of neutrophil and purified plant PLD activities in vitro, but not in intact cells at the concentrations used, nor did it affect the related phospholipases A(2) and C, that were utilized as specificity controls. The compound AEBSNH(2), which has the fluoride replaced by an -NH(2) group, failed to affect PLD activity as did other compounds structurally related to AEBSF with known protease inhibitory capabilities. Finally, basal- and agonist-stimulated PLD activity was inhibited in phosphatidylcholine-specific anti-PLD immunoprecipitates (IC(50) = 75 microM). These results suggest that AEBSF, in an effect probably unrelated to its anti-proteolytic ability, directly interferes with PLD enzymatic activity, making it a significant compound to begin analyzing the role of PLD in mammalian cell signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Andrews
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Wright State University School of Medicine, Dayton, Ohio 45435, USA
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