1
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Beli E, Yan Y, Moldovan L, Vieira CP, Gao R, Duan Y, Prasad R, Bhatwadekar A, White FA, Townsend SD, Chan L, Ryan CN, Morton D, Moldovan EG, Chu FI, Oudit GY, Derendorf H, Adorini L, Wang XX, Evans-Molina C, Mirmira RG, Boulton ME, Yoder MC, Li Q, Levi M, Busik JV, Grant MB. Restructuring of the Gut Microbiome by Intermittent Fasting Prevents Retinopathy and Prolongs Survival in db/db Mice. Diabetes 2018; 67:1867-1879. [PMID: 29712667 PMCID: PMC6110320 DOI: 10.2337/db18-0158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Intermittent fasting (IF) protects against the development of metabolic diseases and cancer, but whether it can prevent diabetic microvascular complications is not known. In db/db mice, we examined the impact of long-term IF on diabetic retinopathy (DR). Despite no change in glycated hemoglobin, db/db mice on the IF regimen displayed significantly longer survival and a reduction in DR end points, including acellular capillaries and leukocyte infiltration. We hypothesized that IF-mediated changes in the gut microbiota would produce beneficial metabolites and prevent the development of DR. Microbiome analysis revealed increased levels of Firmicutes and decreased Bacteroidetes and Verrucomicrobia. Compared with db/db mice on ad libitum feeding, changes in the microbiome of the db/db mice on IF were associated with increases in gut mucin, goblet cell number, villi length, and reductions in plasma peptidoglycan. Consistent with the known modulatory effects of Firmicutes on bile acid (BA) metabolism, measurement of BAs demonstrated a significant increase of tauroursodeoxycholate (TUDCA), a neuroprotective BA, in db/db on IF but not in db/db on AL feeding. TGR5, the TUDCA receptor, was found in the retinal primary ganglion cells. Expression of TGR5 did not change with IF or diabetes. However, IF reduced retinal TNF-α mRNA, which is a downstream target of TGR5 activation. Pharmacological activation of TGR5 using INT-767 prevented DR in a second diabetic mouse model. These findings support the concept that IF prevents DR by restructuring the microbiota toward species producing TUDCA and subsequent retinal protection by TGR5 activation.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bacteroidetes/growth & development
- Bacteroidetes/immunology
- Bacteroidetes/isolation & purification
- Bile Acids and Salts/therapeutic use
- Colon/drug effects
- Colon/immunology
- Colon/metabolism
- Colon/pathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/microbiology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/pathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/therapy
- Diabetic Retinopathy/complications
- Diabetic Retinopathy/immunology
- Diabetic Retinopathy/pathology
- Diabetic Retinopathy/prevention & control
- Dysbiosis/complications
- Dysbiosis/microbiology
- Dysbiosis/pathology
- Dysbiosis/therapy
- Fasting
- Feces/microbiology
- Firmicutes/growth & development
- Firmicutes/immunology
- Firmicutes/isolation & purification
- Ganglia, Sensory/drug effects
- Ganglia, Sensory/immunology
- Ganglia, Sensory/metabolism
- Ganglia, Sensory/pathology
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome/drug effects
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome/immunology
- Goblet Cells/drug effects
- Goblet Cells/immunology
- Goblet Cells/metabolism
- Goblet Cells/pathology
- Intestinal Mucosa/drug effects
- Intestinal Mucosa/immunology
- Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism
- Intestinal Mucosa/pathology
- Leukocytes/drug effects
- Leukocytes/immunology
- Leukocytes/pathology
- Male
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Microvessels/drug effects
- Microvessels/immunology
- Microvessels/metabolism
- Microvessels/pathology
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/agonists
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Retina/drug effects
- Retina/immunology
- Retina/metabolism
- Retina/pathology
- Retinal Vessels/drug effects
- Retinal Vessels/immunology
- Retinal Vessels/metabolism
- Retinal Vessels/pathology
- Survival Analysis
- Verrucomicrobia/growth & development
- Verrucomicrobia/immunology
- Verrucomicrobia/isolation & purification
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Beli
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Yuanqing Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Leni Moldovan
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Cristiano P Vieira
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL
| | - Ruli Gao
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Yaqian Duan
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Ram Prasad
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL
| | - Ashay Bhatwadekar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Fletcher A White
- Department of Anesthesia, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Fang-I Chu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Gavin Y Oudit
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | | | - Xiaoxin X Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
| | - Carmella Evans-Molina
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Raghavendra G Mirmira
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Michael E Boulton
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL
| | - Mervin C Yoder
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Qiuhong Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Moshe Levi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
| | - Julia V Busik
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - Maria B Grant
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL
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2
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Ibán-Arias R, Lisa S, Mastrodimou N, Kokona D, Koulakis E, Iordanidou P, Kouvarakis A, Fothiadaki M, Papadogkonaki S, Sotiriou A, Katerinopoulos HE, Gravanis A, Charalampopoulos I, Thermos K. The Synthetic Microneurotrophin BNN27 Affects Retinal Function in Rats With Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes. Diabetes 2018; 67:321-333. [PMID: 29208634 DOI: 10.2337/db17-0391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BNN27, a C17-spiroepoxy derivative of DHEA, was shown to have antiapoptotic properties via mechanisms involving the nerve growth factor receptors (tropomyosin-related kinase A [TrkA]/neurotrophin receptor p75 [p75NTR]). In this study, we examined the effects of BNN27 on neural/glial cell function, apoptosis, and inflammation in the experimental rat streptozotocin (STZ) model of diabetic retinopathy (DR). The ability of BNN27 to activate the TrkA receptor and regulate p75NTR expression was investigated. BNN27 (2,10, and 50 mg/kg i.p. for 7 days) administration 4 weeks post-STZ injection (paradigm A) reversed the diabetes-induced glial activation and loss of function of amacrine cells (brain nitric oxide synthetase/tyrosine hydroxylase expression) and ganglion cell axons via a TrkA receptor (TrkAR)-dependent mechanism. BNN27 activated/phosphorylated the TrkAY490 residue in the absence but not the presence of TrkAR inhibitor and abolished the diabetes-induced increase in p75NTR expression. However, it had no effect on retinal cell death (TUNEL+ cells). A similar result was observed when BNN27 (10 mg/kg i.p.) was administered at the onset of diabetes, every other day for 4 weeks (paradigm B). However, BNN27 decreased the activation of caspase-3 in both paradigms. Finally, BNN27 reduced the proinflammatory (TNFα and IL-1β) and increased the anti-inflammatory (IL-10 and IL-4) cytokine levels. These findings suggest that BNN27 has the pharmacological profile of a therapeutic for DR, since it targets both the neurodegenerative and inflammatory components of the disease.
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MESH Headings
- Amacrine Cells/drug effects
- Amacrine Cells/immunology
- Amacrine Cells/metabolism
- Amacrine Cells/pathology
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/administration & dosage
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/therapeutic use
- Axons/drug effects
- Axons/immunology
- Axons/metabolism
- Axons/pathology
- Dehydroepiandrosterone/administration & dosage
- Dehydroepiandrosterone/therapeutic use
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/physiopathology
- Diabetic Retinopathy/immunology
- Diabetic Retinopathy/metabolism
- Diabetic Retinopathy/pathology
- Diabetic Retinopathy/prevention & control
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Eye Proteins/agonists
- Eye Proteins/metabolism
- Female
- Ganglia, Sensory/drug effects
- Ganglia, Sensory/immunology
- Ganglia, Sensory/metabolism
- Ganglia, Sensory/pathology
- Male
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/agonists
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism
- Neuroglia/drug effects
- Neuroglia/immunology
- Neuroglia/metabolism
- Neuroglia/pathology
- Neuroprotective Agents/administration & dosage
- Neuroprotective Agents/therapeutic use
- Phosphorylation/drug effects
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational/drug effects
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptor, Nerve Growth Factor/agonists
- Receptor, Nerve Growth Factor/metabolism
- Receptor, trkA/agonists
- Receptor, trkA/metabolism
- Retina/drug effects
- Retina/immunology
- Retina/pathology
- Retina/physiopathology
- Streptozocin
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Ibán-Arias
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Silvia Lisa
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Niki Mastrodimou
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Despina Kokona
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Emmanuil Koulakis
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Panagiota Iordanidou
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Antonis Kouvarakis
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemical Processes, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Myrto Fothiadaki
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Sofia Papadogkonaki
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Aggeliki Sotiriou
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | | | - Achille Gravanis
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research & Technology-Hellas, University of Crete, Crete, Greece
| | | | - Kyriaki Thermos
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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3
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Arnold N, Girke T, Sureshchandra S, Messaoudi I. Acute Simian Varicella Virus Infection Causes Robust and Sustained Changes in Gene Expression in the Sensory Ganglia. J Virol 2016; 90:10823-10843. [PMID: 27681124 PMCID: PMC5110160 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01272-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary infection with varicella-zoster virus (VZV), a neurotropic alphaherpesvirus, results in varicella. VZV establishes latency in the sensory ganglia and can reactivate later in life to cause herpes zoster. The relationship between VZV and its host during acute infection in the sensory ganglia is not well understood due to limited access to clinical specimens. Intrabronchial inoculation of rhesus macaques with simian varicella virus (SVV) recapitulates the hallmarks of VZV infection in humans. We leveraged this animal model to characterize the host-pathogen interactions in the ganglia during both acute and latent infection by measuring both viral and host transcriptomes on days postinfection (dpi) 3, 7, 10, 14, and 100. SVV DNA and transcripts were detected in sensory ganglia 3 dpi, before the appearance of rash. CD4 and CD8 T cells were also detected in the sensory ganglia 3 dpi. Moreover, lung-resident T cells isolated from the same animals 3 dpi also harbored SVV DNA and transcripts, suggesting that T cells may be responsible for trafficking SVV to the ganglia. Transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq) analysis showed that cessation of viral transcription 7 dpi coincides with a robust antiviral innate immune response in the ganglia. Interestingly, a significant number of genes that play a critical role in nervous system development and function remained downregulated into latency. These studies provide novel insights into host-pathogen interactions in the sensory ganglia during acute varicella and demonstrate that SVV infection results in profound and sustained changes in neuronal gene expression. IMPORTANCE Many aspects of VZV infection of sensory ganglia remain poorly understood, due to limited access to human specimens and the fact that VZV is strictly a human virus. Infection of rhesus macaques with simian varicella virus (SVV), a homolog of VZV, provides a robust model of the human disease. Using this model, we show that SVV reaches the ganglia early after infection, most likely by T cells, and that the induction of a robust innate immune response correlates with cessation of virus transcription. We also report significant changes in the expression of genes that play an important role in neuronal function. Importantly, these changes persist long after viral replication ceases. Given the homology between SVV and VZV, and the genetic and physiological similarities between rhesus macaques and humans, our results provide novel insight into the interactions between VZV and its human host and explain some of the neurological consequences of VZV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Arnold
- Graduate Program in Microbiology, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Thomas Girke
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Suhas Sureshchandra
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Genomics and Bioinformatics, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Ilhem Messaoudi
- Graduate Program in Microbiology, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Genomics and Bioinformatics, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
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4
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Steain M, Sutherland JP, Rodriguez M, Cunningham AL, Slobedman B, Abendroth A. Analysis of T cell responses during active varicella-zoster virus reactivation in human ganglia. J Virol 2014; 88:2704-16. [PMID: 24352459 PMCID: PMC3958057 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03445-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is responsible for both varicella (chickenpox) and herpes zoster (shingles). During varicella, the virus establishes latency within the sensory ganglia and can reactivate to cause herpes zoster, but the immune responses that occur in ganglia during herpes zoster have not previously been defined. We examined ganglia obtained from individuals who, at the time of death, had active herpes zoster. Ganglia innervating the site of the cutaneous herpes zoster rash showed evidence of necrosis, secondary to vasculitis, or localized hemorrhage. Despite this, there was limited evidence of VZV antigen expression, although a large inflammatory infiltrate was observed. Characterization of the infiltrating T cells showed a large number of infiltrating CD4(+) T cells and cytolytic CD8(+) T cells. Many of the infiltrating T cells were closely associated with neurons within the reactivated ganglia, yet there was little evidence of T cell-induced neuronal apoptosis. Notably, an upregulation in the expression of major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) and MHC-II molecules was observed on satellite glial cells, implying these cells play an active role in directing the immune response during herpes zoster. This is the first detailed characterization of the interaction between T cells and neuronal cells within ganglia obtained from patients suffering herpes zoster at the time of death and provides evidence that CD4(+) and cytolytic CD8(+) T cell responses play an important role in controlling VZV replication in ganglia during active herpes zoster. IMPORTANCE VZV is responsible for both varicella (chickenpox) and herpes zoster (shingles). During varicella, the virus establishes a life-long dormant infection within the sensory ganglia and can reawaken to cause herpes zoster, but the immune responses that occur in ganglia during herpes zoster have not previously been defined. We examined ganglia obtained from individuals who, at the time of death, had active herpes zoster. We found that specific T cell subsets are likely to play an important role in controlling VZV replication in ganglia during active herpes zoster.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Antigens, Viral/metabolism
- Caspase 3/metabolism
- Child
- Female
- Ganglia, Sensory/immunology
- Ganglia, Sensory/metabolism
- Ganglia, Sensory/pathology
- Ganglia, Sensory/virology
- Herpes Zoster/immunology
- Herpesvirus 3, Human/physiology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/metabolism
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/metabolism
- Humans
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Neurons/immunology
- Neurons/pathology
- Neurons/virology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
- Virus Activation/immunology
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Steain
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Virus Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jeremy P. Sutherland
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Virus Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael Rodriguez
- Department of Forensic Medicine, NSW Health Pathology, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anthony L. Cunningham
- Centre for Virus Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Barry Slobedman
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Virus Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Allison Abendroth
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Virus Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, New South Wales, Australia
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5
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Mackay LK, Wakim L, van Vliet CJ, Jones CM, Mueller SN, Bannard O, Fearon DT, Heath WR, Carbone FR. Maintenance of T cell function in the face of chronic antigen stimulation and repeated reactivation for a latent virus infection. J Immunol 2012; 188:2173-8. [PMID: 22271651 PMCID: PMC3378511 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Persisting infections are often associated with chronic T cell activation. For certain pathogens, this can lead to T cell exhaustion and survival of what is otherwise a cleared infection. In contrast, for herpesviruses, T cells never eliminate infection once it is established. Instead, effective immunity appears to maintain these pathogens in a state of latency. We used infection with HSV to examine whether effector-type T cells undergoing chronic stimulation retained functional and proliferative capacity during latency and subsequent reactivation. We found that latency-associated T cells exhibited a polyfunctional phenotype and could secrete a range of effector cytokines. These T cells were also capable of mounting a recall proliferative response on HSV reactivation and could do so repeatedly. Thus, for this latent infection, T cells subjected to chronic Ag stimulation and periodic reactivation retain the ability to respond to local virus challenge.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/transplantation
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/virology
- Chronic Disease
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/administration & dosage
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/toxicity
- Ganglia, Sensory/enzymology
- Ganglia, Sensory/immunology
- Ganglia, Sensory/pathology
- Granzymes/biosynthesis
- Herpes Simplex/immunology
- Herpes Simplex/pathology
- Herpes Simplex/virology
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/immunology
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/pathogenicity
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Viral Envelope Proteins/administration & dosage
- Viral Envelope Proteins/toxicity
- Virus Activation/immunology
- Virus Latency/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura K. Mackay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Linda Wakim
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Catherine J. van Vliet
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Claerwen M. Jones
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Scott N. Mueller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Oliver Bannard
- Wellcome Trust Immunology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Douglas T. Fearon
- Wellcome Trust Immunology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - William R. Heath
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Francis R. Carbone
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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6
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Milligan GN, Meador MG, Chu CF, Young CG, Martin TL, Bourne N. Long-term presence of virus-specific plasma cells in sensory ganglia and spinal cord following intravaginal inoculation of herpes simplex virus type 2. J Virol 2005; 79:11537-40. [PMID: 16103208 PMCID: PMC1193626 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.17.11537-11540.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The tissue sites of long-term herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2)-specific antibody production in mice and guinea pigs were identified. In addition to secondary lymphoid tissue and bone marrow, HSV-specific plasma cells were detected in spinal cords of mice up to 10 months after intravaginal inoculation with a thymidine kinase-deficient HSV-2 strain and in lumbosacral ganglia and spinal cords of guinea pigs inoculated with HSV-2 strain MS. The long-term retention of virus-specific plasma cells in the peripheral and central nervous systems following HSV infection may be important for resistance to reinfection of neuronal tissues or may play a role in modulation of reactivation from latency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregg N Milligan
- Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, 77555-0436, USA.
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7
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Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) persists within the host in the presence of concomitant immunity by establishing a latent infection within sensory neurons. HSV-1 latency is widely viewed as a neuron-enforced quiescent state of the virus, in which a lack of viral protein synthesis prevents recognition of the infected neuron by the host immune system. On the basis of recent findings, however, we propose a more dynamic view of HSV-1 latency characterized by persistent or intermittent low-level viral gene expression in some latently infected neurons. We further propose that HSV-1-specific memory/effector CD8(+) T lymphocytes that are retained in the ganglion in close apposition to the neurons prevent full reactivation and virion formation through IFN-gamma production and an additional undefined mechanism(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal M Khanna
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, 203 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-2588, USA
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8
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Grubor-Bauk B, Simmons A, Mayrhofer G, Speck PG. Impaired clearance of herpes simplex virus type 1 from mice lacking CD1d or NKT cells expressing the semivariant V alpha 14-J alpha 281 TCR. J Immunol 2003; 170:1430-4. [PMID: 12538704 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.3.1430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Ag-presenting molecule CD1 and CD1-restricted NKT cells are known to contribute to defense against a range of infectious pathogens, including some viruses. CD1-restricted NKT cells, a distinct subpopulation of T cells, have striking and rapid effector functions that contribute to host defense, including rapid production of IFN-gamma and IL-4, and activation of NK cells. Consideration of the important contributions of innate and adaptive immunity to clearance of HSV prompted us to investigate the role of CD1 and of NKT cells expressing the V alpha 14-J alpha 281 TCR in the pathogenesis of HSV infection. To address this issue, we compared infection in wild-type mice with that in CD1 gene knockout (GKO) and J alpha 281 GKO mice. In this study, we report impaired clearance of virus and viral Ags, and more florid acute infection in mice lacking CD1 (and by inference, CD1-restricted T cells), in comparison with parental C57BL6 mice. In J alpha 281 GKO mice there was also impairment of virus clearance, resembling that seen in CD1 GKO mice. These results imply roles for the V alpha 14-J alpha 281 subset of NKT cells and for CD1d in control of HSV infection.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD1/genetics
- Antigens, CD1d
- Antigens, Viral/metabolism
- Ganglia, Sensory/immunology
- Ganglia, Sensory/virology
- Genetic Variation/immunology
- Herpes Simplex/genetics
- Herpes Simplex/immunology
- Herpes Simplex/virology
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/growth & development
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Killer Cells, Natural/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Protein Isoforms/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/deficiency
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Severity of Illness Index
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/pathology
- Time Factors
- Viral Load
- Virus Latency/genetics
- Virus Latency/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Branka Grubor-Bauk
- Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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9
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De Giorgio R, Barbara G, Blennerhassett P, Wang L, Stanghellini V, Corinaldesi R, Collins SM, Tougas G. Intestinal inflammation and activation of sensory nerve pathways: a functional and morphological study in the nematode infected rat. Gut 2001; 49:822-7. [PMID: 11709517 PMCID: PMC1728531 DOI: 10.1136/gut.49.6.822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the rat, gastric distension elicits an intensity dependent pseudoaffective bradycardia mediated via capsaicin sensitive afferent and cholinergic efferent vagal pathways. Inflammation alters visceral perception although the mediators responsible have not been identified. In the nematode infected rat, there is a substantial increase in neuronal substance P (SP) content of the gut. AIMS To examine the effects of inflammation on perception of a noxious visceral stimulus and on SP and neurokinin 1 (NK-1) receptor immunoreactivity (IR) in visceral afferent pathways. METHODS Immunohistochemistry was performed on sections from the jejunum, dorsal root ganglia (DRG), and spinal cord (T1-L1) using SP and NK-1 rabbit polyclonal antibodies. In the DRG, the number of SP-IR or NK-1-IR neurones per section was visually quantified. The pseudoaffective cardiac reflex response to gastric stimulation was compared in control and Trichinella spiralis infected rats. RESULTS Intestinal inflammation induced a rightward shift in the intensity dependent bradycardic response to gastric distension. This was associated with a marked increase in SP-IR not only in the gut wall but also in the DRG and dorsal horn of the spine. In contrast, NK-1-IR was not increased in the gut wall. Moreover, inflammation evoked a decrease in NK-1-IR in the dorsal horn. No NK-1-IR was identified in the DRG of either control or infected animals. CONCLUSIONS Intestinal inflammation modulates the capsaicin sensitive pseudoaffective autonomic response to gastric distension, increases SP-IR in afferent pathways, and downregulates dorsal horn NK-1-IR. As the pseudoaffective response is capsaicin sensitive, the rightward shift of the response is likely the consequence of the decrease in NK-1 receptors in the sensory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- R De Giorgio
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Bologna, Italy
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10
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Pereira RA, Scalzo A, Simmons A. Cutting edge: a NK complex-linked locus governs acute versus latent herpes simplex virus infection of neurons. J Immunol 2001; 166:5869-73. [PMID: 11342599 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.10.5869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex causes latent infections that periodically reactivate. Specific immunization attempts are failing to control herpes, prompting a fresh look at which host responses predominate. We report a NK complex-linked genetic locus, Rhs1, whose alleles influence the magnitude of experimental herpes simplex. Rhs1 provided rapid control of primary infection but caused a reciprocal increase in the number of latently infected neurons. Thus, in principle, establishment of latency is a consequence of efficient front line defense against herpesvirus infection. Based on conservation between human and mouse NK complexes, the data predict the presence of a human Rhs1 orthologue on chromosome 12p12-13.
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MESH Headings
- Acute Disease
- Animals
- Antigens/physiology
- Antigens, Surface
- Chromosome Mapping
- Female
- Ganglia, Sensory/immunology
- Ganglia, Sensory/virology
- Genetic Markers/immunology
- Herpes Simplex/genetics
- Herpes Simplex/immunology
- Herpes Simplex/mortality
- Herpes Simplex/virology
- Immunity, Innate/genetics
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/virology
- Lectins, C-Type
- Lethal Dose 50
- Mice
- Mice, Congenic
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily B
- Neurons/immunology
- Neurons/virology
- Peripheral Nerves/immunology
- Peripheral Nerves/virology
- Phenotype
- Proteins/physiology
- Skin/immunology
- Skin/pathology
- Skin/virology
- Species Specificity
- Viral Load
- Virus Latency/genetics
- Virus Latency/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Pereira
- Pediatric Virology and Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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11
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Abstract
A naturally occurring population of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) was detected in the vaginal lumen of uninoculated mice. A large population of these cells also infiltrated the vaginal mucosa following intravaginal HSV-2 inoculation. We examined the role of PMNs in preventing infection of the vaginal mucosa, virus clearance, and limiting virus spread to the lumbosacral ganglia. Depletion of PMNs prior to HSV-2 inoculation did not increase the incidence of infection suggesting that the small population of resident PMNs was ineffective in preventing infection by a viral pathogen. Depletion of PMNs impacted virus clearance from the vagina over a range of HSV-2 doses resulting in significantly higher virus titers on days 4 through 6 after inoculation. Virus clearance was delayed in PMN-depleted immune mu MT mice suggesting that PMN involvement in HSV-2 clearance did not require specific antibody. PMN-depletion of non-immune mice increased virus spread to the sensory ganglia only in mice inoculated with high virus doses. Immunization of mice with an attenuated strain of HSV-2 protected the sensory ganglia against acute infection with a challenge strain. Although PMN depletion of immune mice significantly increased virus titers in the vagina, the incidence of acute virus replication in the sensory ganglia was not different than in control-treated immune mice suggesting that PMNs were not required for protection of the sensory ganglia in immune animals. Taken together, these results suggest that PMNs were involved in resolving genital HSV-2 infections, but played only a limited role in preventing HSV-2 spread to the sensory ganglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- G N Milligan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave., Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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12
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Abstract
Several amino acids may function as neurotransmitters in the nervous system. The potential role of glutamate (Glu) and aspartate in excitatory responses was demonstrated and it was established that GABA and glycine act as inhibitory agents. The present study aimed at investigating the availability of Glu and GABA in certain feline sensory ganglia, i.e. the trigeminal (TrG), nodose and dorsal root ganglia (DRG). A significant part of the neurons were GABA-positive (19.5% to 23.5%). These were large-sized neurons as well as small- to medium-sized ones. The intensity of immunostaining varied from weak to strong. GABA-containing neuronal fibres were seen in the neuropil and some of them surrounded unstained ganglionic cells. The Glu-immunoreactive (IR) neuronal perikarya in all the investigated ganglia were 63.6% to 66.4%. The majority of positive cells were small- to medium-sized, but large primary sensory neurons were also seen. There was no difference between the intensity of the reaction in the primary sensory and small neurons. Glu-IR neuronal fibres were seen in close apposition to immunopositive as well as immunonegative neurons. In conclusion, in the TrG, nodose and DRG, GABA and glutamate are involved in neurotransmission. There is a significant number of GABAergic neurons in the investigated sensory ganglia of the cat. The difference in the expression of these amino acids suggests that they can act not only as neurotransmitters but also as modulators of sensory information.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Stoyanova
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine Thracian University 6003-Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
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13
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Xie Q, Miki T, Itoh M, Takeuchi Y. Brainstem projections of sensory fibers of the lung: a horseradish peroxidase and c-fos-like immunohistochemical study in the rat. Okajimas Folia Anat Jpn 1998; 75:119-29. [PMID: 9798398 DOI: 10.2535/ofaj1936.75.2-3_119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
The brainstem projections of sensory fibers of the lung were determined in the rat by using the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and c-fos immunohistochemical methods. Wheat germ agglutinin conjugated HRP (WGA-HRP) was injected into the parenchyma of the upper lobe of the left lung. This injection resulted in anterograde labeling in the nucleus of the tractus solitarius (NTS), area postrema (AP) and external cuneate nucleus (ECu) with slightly ipsilateral predominance. It was of interest that these labeled sensory fibers are heavily accumulated in the medial subnucleus at the rostral pole of the NTS and in the commissural subnucleus at the caudal pole. In particular, labeled fibers in the medial subnucleus were characterized by division into the ventral and dorsal portions. After formalin was injected into the parenchyma of the upper lobe of the left lung, the expression of c-fos-like immunoreactivity (FOS-LI) was observed in three nuclei of the brainstem mentioned above. In addition, this experiment resulted in the expression in the ventrolateral medulla, nucleus raphe pallidus and dorsal motor nucleus of vagus nerve bilaterally. With respect to the number of the immunoreactive cells, we could draw the conclusion that the most optimum time to induce the expression of FOS-LI is between 1.5 h and 2.0 h after noxious stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Xie
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa Medical University, Japan
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14
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Antoine JC, Mosnier JF, Honnorat J, Convers P, Absi L, Lapras J, Michel D. Paraneoplastic demyelinating neuropathy, subacute sensory neuropathy, and anti-Hu antibodies: clinicopathological study of an autopsy case. Muscle Nerve 1998; 21:850-7. [PMID: 9626244 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4598(199807)21:7<850::aid-mus2>3.0.co;2-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A patient with anti-Hu antibodies, small-cell lung carcinoma, and autopsy-proven subacute sensory neuropathy had early slowing of motor and sensory conduction velocities. In the peripheral nerves, chronic demyelinating and remyelinating lesions with axonal degeneration were associated with an inflammatory reaction consisting of CD8+ T cells and CD68+ macrophages. On immunohistochemical testing, the patient's serum did not react with normal nerve, suggesting that the Hu proteins were not the target of the inflammatory reaction in the nerve.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Antoine
- Department of Neurology, Hôpital de Bellevue, Saint-Etienne, France
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15
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Milligan GN, Bernstein DI, Bourne N. T lymphocytes are required for protection of the vaginal mucosae and sensory ganglia of immune mice against reinfection with herpes simplex virus type 2. J Immunol 1998; 160:6093-100. [PMID: 9637526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Intravaginal inoculation of mice with an attenuated strain of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) resulted in vigorous HSV-specific immune responses that protected against subsequent challenge with fully virulent HSV-2 strains. Even in the presence of high titers of HSV-specific Ab, T cell-dependent mechanisms were required for protection of the vaginal mucosae of HSV-immune mice and could be detected by 24 h after intravaginal reinoculation. Depletion of specific T cell subsets from HSV-immune mice before HSV-2 reinoculation demonstrated that CD4+ T cells were primarily responsible for this protection. Similarly, optimal protection of the sensory ganglia against reinfection with HSV-2 was dependent on the presence of T cells. Infectious HSV-2 was not detected in the sensory ganglia or spinal cord of HSV-immune mice depleted of only CD4+ or CD8+ T cells, suggesting that the T cell-mediated protection could be provided by either subset. Similarly, neutralization of IFN-gamma during challenge of HSV-immune mice resulted in diminished protection of the vaginal mucosa, but not of the sensory ganglia. These results suggest that the ability to induce vigorous HSV-specific T cell responses is an important consideration in the design of vaccines to protect both the vaginal mucosa and sensory ganglia against HSV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- G N Milligan
- Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH 45229, USA
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16
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Abstract
Distribution of secretoneurin-like immunoreactivity (SN-LI) was studied in the rat sympathetic ganglia/adrenal gland, enteric and sensory ganglia by immunohistochemical methods. SN-LI nerve fibers formed basket-like terminals surrounding many of the postganglionic neurons of the superior cervical, stellate, paravertebral chain ganglia, coeliac/superior mesenteric and inferior mesenteric ganglia. Postganglionic neurons of the superior cervical and other sympathetic ganglia exhibited low-to-moderate levels of SN-LI. In all these sympathetic ganglia, clusters of small diameter (< 10 microm) cells, which may correspond to the small intensely fluorescent (SIF) cells, were found to be intensely labeled. Surgical sectioning or ligation of the cervical sympathetic trunk for 7-10 days resulted in a nearly total loss of SN-LI fibers in the superior cervical ganglia, whereas immunoreactivity in the postganglionic neurons and small diameter cells remained essentially unchanged. In the thoracolumbar and sacral segments of the spinal cord, SN-LI nerve fibers were detected in the superficial layers of the dorsal horn as well as in the intermediolateral cell column (ILp). Occasionally, SN-LI somata were noted in the ILp. SN-LI nerve fibers formed a delicate plexus underneath the capsule of the adrenal gland, some of which traversed the adrenal cortex and reached the adrenal medulla. While heavily invested with SN-LI nerve terminals, chromaffin cells seemed to express a low level of SN-LI. In the enteric plexus, varicose SN-LI nerve fibers and terminals formed a pericellular network around many myenteric and submucous ganglion cells; the ganglionic neurons were lightly to moderately labeled. A population of ganglion cells in the dorsal root, nodose and trigeminal ganglia exhibited moderate-to-strong SN-LI. The detection of SN-LI in nerve fibers and somata of various sympathetic ganglia, enteric plexus and adrenal medulla and in somata of the sensory ganglia implies an extensive involvement of this peptide in sympathetic, enteric and sensory signal processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Dun
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Medical College of Ohio, Toledo 43614, USA
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17
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Abstract
S-100 beta, which is capable of exerting neurotrophic effects on cultured neurones and promoting the survival of motor neurones in vivo, has recently been found in distinct neurones of the rat hindbrain. Here we report that S-100 beta, as well as being present in satellite and Schwann cells, is also present in neurones of sensory ganglia (dorsal root ganglion, trigeminal, petrosal, jugular and nodose ganglia) but absent from neurones of the superior cervical ganglion. In the sensory ganglia, many neurones were immunoreactive, while the staining intensity varied among the neurones. Neuronal S-100 beta appeared in developing rats as early as postnatal day 1. No immunoreactive neurones were observed in the superior cervical ganglion during development. The results are suggestive of selective neurotrophic effects of S-100 beta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Yang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Göteborg, Sweden
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