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Trzoss L, Xu J, Lacoske MH, Mobley WC, Theodorakis EA. Illicium sesquiterpenes: divergent synthetic strategy and neurotrophic activity studies. Chemistry 2013; 19:6398-408. [PMID: 23526661 PMCID: PMC3875175 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201300198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Majucin-type sesquiterpenes from Illicium sp., such as jiadifenolide (2), jiadifenin (3), and (1R,10S)-2-oxo-3,4-dehydroxyneomajucin (4, ODNM), possess a complex caged chemical architecture and remarkable neurotrophic activities. As such, they represent attractive small-molecule leads against various neurodegenerative diseases. We present an efficient, enantioselective, and unified synthesis of 2, 3, and 4 and designed analogues that diverge from tetracyclic key intermediate 7. The synthesis of 7 is highlighted by the use of an enantioselective Robinson annulation reaction (construction of the AB rings), a Pd-mediated carbomethoxylation reaction (construction of the C ring), and a one-pot oxidative reaction cascade (construction of the D ring). Evaluation of the neurotrophic activity of these compounds led to the identification of several highly potent small molecules that significantly enhanced the activity of nerve growth factor (NGF) in PC-12 cells. Moreover, efforts to define the common pharmacophoric motif suggest that substitution at the C-10 center significantly affects bioactivity, while the hemiketal moiety of 2 and 3 and the C-1 substitution might not be critical to the neurotrophic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynnie Trzoss
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358, USA, Fax: (+)1-858-822-0386
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358, USA, Fax: (+)1-858-822-0386
| | - Michelle H. Lacoske
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358, USA, Fax: (+)1-858-822-0386
| | - William C. Mobley
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0752, USA
| | - Emmanuel A. Theodorakis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358, USA, Fax: (+)1-858-822-0386
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2
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Gelain F, Silva D, Caprini A, Taraballi F, Natalello A, Villa O, Nam KT, Zuckermann RN, Doglia SM, Vescovi A. BMHP1-derived self-assembling peptides: hierarchically assembled structures with self-healing propensity and potential for tissue engineering applications. ACS Nano 2011; 5:1845-1859. [PMID: 21314189 DOI: 10.1021/nn102663a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembling peptides (SAPs) are rapidly gaining interest as bioinspired scaffolds for cell culture and regenerative medicine applications. Bone Marrow Homing Peptide 1 (BMHP1) functional motif (PFSSTKT) was previously demonstrated to stimulate neural stem cell (NSC) viability and differentiation when linked to SAPs. We here describe a novel ensemble of SAPs, developed from the BMHP1 (BMHP1-SAPs), that spontaneously assemble into tabular fibers, twisted ribbons, tubes and hierarchical self-assembled sheets: organized structures in the nano- and microscale. Thirty-two sequences were designed and evaluated, including biotinylated and unbiotinylated sequences, as well as a hybrid peptide-peptoid sequence. Via X-ray diffraction (XRD), CD, and FTIR experiments we demonstrated that all of the BMHP1-SAPs share similarly organized secondary structures, that is, β-sheets and β-turns, despite their heterogeneous nanostructure morphology, scaffold stiffness, and effect over NSC differentiation and survival. Notably, we demonstrated the self-healing propensity of most of the tested BMHP1-SAPs, enlarging the set of potential applications of these novel SAPs. In in vitro cell culture experiments, we showed that some of these 10-mer peptides foster adhesion, differentiation, and proliferation of human NSCs. RGD-functionalized and hybrid peptide-peptoid self-assembling sequences also opened the door to BMHP1-SAP functionalization with further bioactive motifs, essential to tailor new scaffolds for specific applications. In in vivo experiments we verified a negligible reaction of the host nervous tissue to the injected and assembled BMHP1-SAP. This work will pave the way to the development of novel SAP sequences that may be useful for material science and regenerative medicine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Gelain
- Center for Nanomedicine and Tissue Engineering-A.O. Ospedale Niguarda Ca' Granda, Piazza dell'ospedale maggiore 3, Milan, 20162, Italy.
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3
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Marcotullio MC, Pagiotti R, Maltese F, Oball-Mond Mwankie GN, Hoshino T, Obara Y, Nakahata N. Cyathane diterpenes from Sarcodon cyrneus and evaluation of their activities of neuritegenesis and nerve growth factor production. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:2878-82. [PMID: 17320402 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2006] [Revised: 01/31/2007] [Accepted: 02/09/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Two new cyathane diterpenes, cyrneine C (4) and D (5), were isolated from the mushroom Sarcodon cyrneus, along with previously isolated cyrneine A, B and glaucopine C. The structures of the novel diterpenoids were determined by the analysis of spectroscopic data. Effects of the cyrneines and glaucopine C on the NGF gene expression in 1321N1 cells and on neurite outgrowth on PC12 cells were evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Carla Marcotullio
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologia del Farmaco-Sez. Chimica Organica, Università degli Studi, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
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4
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Joon Min
- The Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, Havemeyer Hall, New York, NY 10027, USA
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5
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Matsushita S, Yanai Y, Fusyuku A, Fujiwara Y, Ikeda T, Ono M, Han C, Ojika M, Nohara T. Efficient Conversion of Tomatidine into Neuritogenic Pregnane Derivative. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2007; 55:1077-8. [PMID: 17603206 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.55.1077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Moderate acetylation of tomatidine with anhydrous acetic acid and pyridine for 20 h at r.t., followed by pseudomerization in ice-water, gave a delta(20(22))-pseudo compound, which was then subjected to ozonolysis to provide a pregnane derivative in a total 54% yield showing neuritogenic and NGF-enhancing activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayaka Matsushita
- Faculty of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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6
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Abstract
Sterols are widely and abundantly distributed in nature. It is convenient to utilize them for the preparation of useful compounds such as pharmaceuticals with steroid and secosteroid skeletons. This paper describes the synthesis and structure-activity relationships of naturally occurring active forms of vitamin D analogues, sterols having neurite outgrowth activity, and liver X receptor agonist. The active form of vitamin D(4) showed similar biological activities but had higher affinity to the vitamin D-binding protein compared with the corresponding vitamins D(2) and D(3). This shows that the active form of vitamin D(4) is a good candidate for an agent to replace the active forms of vitamins D(2) and D(3). In the course of screening for low molecular-weight compounds that exhibit neurite outgrowth activity in the culture broth, we found that the natural product dictyosterol showed strong activity. From screening of the analogues, it was found that the double bond between C22 and C23 in the side chain of the sterol is essential for its activity. Ergost-22-ene-1alpha,3beta-diol was found to serve as a stronger liver X receptor agonist than 24(S), 25-epoxycholesterol, which regulates the expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism. Structure-function study showed that the 1alpha-hydroxyl group, the saturated steroid structure, and the double bond between C22 and C23 are needed to function as a liver X receptor agonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoji Tachibana
- Research Laboratory, Nisshin Kyorin Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 5-3-1 Tsurugaoka, Fujimino City, Saitama 356-8511, Japan.
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7
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Massa SM, Xie Y, Yang T, Harrington AW, Kim ML, Yoon SO, Kraemer R, Moore LA, Hempstead BL, Longo FM. Small, nonpeptide p75NTR ligands induce survival signaling and inhibit proNGF-induced death. J Neurosci 2006; 26:5288-300. [PMID: 16707781 PMCID: PMC6675309 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3547-05.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies showing that neurotrophin binding to p75NTR can promote cell survival in the absence of Trk (tropomyosin-related kinase) receptors, together with recent structural data indicating that NGF may bind to p75NTR in a monovalent manner, raise the possibility that small molecule p75NTR ligands that positively regulate survival might be found. A pharmacophore designed to capture selected structural and physical chemical features of a neurotrophin domain known to interact with p75NTR was applied to in silico screening of small molecule libraries. Small, nonpeptide, monomeric compounds were identified that interact with p75NTR. In cells showing trophic responses to neurotrophins, the compounds promoted survival signaling through p75NTR-dependent mechanisms. In cells susceptible to proneurotrophin-induced death, compounds did not induce apoptosis but inhibited proneurotrophin-mediated death. These studies identify a unique range of p75NTR behaviors that can result from isolated receptor liganding and establish several novel therapeutic leads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M. Massa
- Correspondence should be addressed to either of the following: Dr. Frank M. Longo, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences A343, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, or Dr. Stephen M. Massa, Department of Neurology (127), San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 4150 Clement Street, San Francisco, CA 94121,
| | - Youmei Xie
- Correspondence should be addressed to either of the following: Dr. Frank M. Longo, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences A343, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, or Dr. Stephen M. Massa, Department of Neurology (127), San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 4150 Clement Street, San Francisco, CA 94121,
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8
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Abstract
In model studies towards the synthesis of kirkine, the carbon skeleton was constructed using a radical cascade reaction. Two different approaches towards the synthesis have been examined as well as the regioselectivity of the radical cyclisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian L Barclay
- Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique associée au CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, 91128, Palaiseau, France
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9
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Esumi T, Makado G, Zhai H, Shimizu Y, Mitsumoto Y, Fukuyama Y. Efficient synthesis and structure-activity relationship of honokiol, a neurotrophic biphenyl-type neolignan. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:2621-5. [PMID: 15109665 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.02.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2003] [Accepted: 02/17/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Honokiol, a biphenyl-type neolignan, which shows the remarkable neurotrophic effect in primary cultured rat cortical neurons, has been effectively synthesized in 21% yield over 14 steps starting from 5-bromosalicylic acid and p-hydroxybenzoic acid by utilizing Pd-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction as a key step. Additionally, the structure-activity relationship between neurite outgrowth-promoting activity and its O-methylated and/or its hydrogenated analogues was examined in the primary cultures of fetal rat cortical neurons, suggesting that 5-allyl and 4'-hydroxyl groups are essential for affecting the neurotrophic activity of honokiol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Esumi
- Institute of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan
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10
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Abstract
We report the first total synthesis of jiadifenin (1), the establishment of a modality for its biological evaluation, and the discovery of apparently more potent neurotrophic activity in fully synthetic compound 17, an intermediate en route to 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Shin Cho
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry and Laboratory of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10021, USA
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11
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Abstract
The objective of this study was to find out which N-terminal segment/s of amyloid precursor protein (APP) has any neurotrophic properties, since soluble APP-alpha (sAPP-alpha) has neurotrophic effects. We investigated neurotrophic properties of eight peptide segments of N-terminal APP. The APP63-73 was able to enhance neuronal growth; augment axonal and cell body growth in human neuroblastoma cell line, SH-SY5Y. Neurotrophic effects of chronic APP63-73 treatment were assessed in vivo using streptozotocin-induced diabetes and ovariectomized rats. Thus, this study demonstrated that APP63-73 peptide has neurotrophic effects both in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Wang
- Neuro-Biochemistry Laboratory, Beijing Xuan-Wu Hospital, Capital University of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China
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12
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Ralets I, Østergaard S, Holm A, Køhler L, Bock E, Berezin V. Identification of neurite extension inducing peptides by means of soluble combinatorial peptide libraries. J Neurosci Methods 2004; 137:61-9. [PMID: 15196827 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2004.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2003] [Revised: 02/04/2004] [Accepted: 02/05/2004] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
To identify hexapeptides capable of inducing neurite outgrowth, we used three groups of soluble combinatorial peptide libraries each consisting of 100 mixtures of hexapeptides (each mixture consisting of 10,000 individual peptides) with partially predetermined sequences (in two out of six amino acid positions). Using this approach a number of neuritogenic peptides were identified. Three selected peptides, QSGKKF, QSGPLA and QSGKQG, were found to induce neurite outgrowth from primary hippocampal neurons with potency comparable to that of growth factors. None of the peptides protected cerebellar granule neurons from cell death induced by withdrawal of potassium chloride. The approach described here suggests the feasibility to use combinatorial peptide libraries in order to identify compounds capable of modulating a specific functional response in the nervous system, without prior knowledge of a molecular target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Ralets
- Protein Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Pathology, Panum Institute Bld.6.2., Blegdamsvej 3c, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
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13
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Wei L, Steiner JP, Hamilton GS, Wu YQ. Synthesis and neurotrophic activity of nonimmunosuppressant cyclosporin A derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:4549-51. [PMID: 15357990 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2003] [Accepted: 06/08/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In order to exploit cyclophilin as a potential target for neurological drug design, we demonstrate in this presentation that several nonimmunosuppressant analogues of cyclosporin A, modified at the various positions in the 'effector' domain, are equipotent nerve growth agents compared to cyclosporin A. Our results suggest that neurotrophic activity of cyclosporin A and its derivatives resides in the binding domain, and binding to cyclophilin and/or inhibiting rotamase activity may be a necessity for neurotrophic effects of cyclophilin ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wei
- Department of Research, Guilford Pharmaceuticals Inc., 6611 Tributary Street, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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14
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Carreras CW, Ashley GW. Manipulation of polyketide biosynthesis for new drug discovery. EXS 2001; 89:89-108. [PMID: 10997284 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-8393-1_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Modular polyketide synthases (PKS) are large multifunctional proteins which direct the condensation of activated short chain carboxylic acids into products of defined length and functionality using a dedicated set of active sites, or module, for each step in the polymerization. The structure of the product is directly related to the number, content and sequence of modules in a PKS. Technology is described which allows the rational manipulation of the biosynthesis of these compounds and enables the generation of specific novel polyketide structures. Examples of polyketide drugs whose structures may be manipulated using this technology are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- C W Carreras
- Department of New Technologies, Kosan Biosciences, Inc., Hayward, CA 94545, USA
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15
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Campana WM, Mohiuddin L, Misasi R, O'Brien JS, Calcutt NA. Prosaposin-derived peptides enhanced sprouting of sensory neurons in vitro and induced sprouting at motor endplates in vivo. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2000; 5:126-30. [PMID: 11442168 DOI: 10.1046/j.1529-8027.2000.00019.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Prosaposin exhibits neurotrophic factor properties that are localized to a 12-amino acid sequence located in the amino terminal portion of the saposin C domain. Prosaptides are peptides derived from the neurotrophic portion of prosaposin; these have been previously reported to be bioactive in neuroblastoma cell lines in vitro. We report that prosaptides were also bioactive in explants of adult primary sensory neurons by dose-dependently increasing both the number (3- to 4-fold) and elongation of these neurites by 50%. Local injection of prosaptides into the gluteus muscle of adult mice also induced sprouting at the motor endplate. Our results indicate that prosaptides are potent neuritogenic factors for both sensory and motor neurons of adult peripheral nerve.
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Affiliation(s)
- W M Campana
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA.
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16
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Inui T, Nakao M, Nishio H, Nishiuchi Y, Kojima S, Muramatsu T, Kimura T. Solution synthesis and biological activity of human pleiotrophin, a novel heparin-binding neurotrophic factor consisting of 136 amino acid residues with five disulfide bonds. J Pept Res 2000; 55:384-97. [PMID: 10863935 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-3011.2000.00703.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Human pleiotrophin (hPTN), a novel heparin-binding neurotrophic factor consisting of 136 amino acid residues with five intramolecular disulfide bonds, was synthesized by solution procedure in order to demonstrate the utility of our strategy using our newly developed solvent system, a mixture of trifluoroethanol (TFE) and dichloromethane (DCM) or chloroform (CHL). The final protected peptide was synthesized by coupling two larger protected intermediates, Boc-(1-64)-OH and H-(65-136)-OBzl, in CHL/TFE (3:1; v/v) using 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide (EDC) in the presence of 3,4-dihydro-3-hydroxy-4-oxo-1,2,3-benzotriazine (HOOBt). After removal of all protecting groups using the HF procedure followed by treatment with Hg(OAc)2, the fully deprotected peptide was subjected to an oxidative folding reaction. The product was confirmed as having the correct disulfide structure by examining the cystine peptides obtained by enzymatic digestions, and as possessing the same biological activities as those of the natural product. The N- and C-terminal half domains (1-64 and 65-136) were also synthesized, and measurement of their biological activities indicated that the C-terminal half domain displays almost all the activities of the full-length molecule, whereas the N-terminal half domain shows almost no activity. From these results, we were able to confirm that the C-terminal half domain is responsible for the expression of biological activities in the same manner as human midkine (hMK), another heparin-binding neurotrophic growth factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Inui
- Peptide Institute Inc., Protein Research Foundation, Osaka, Japan
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17
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Hill DC, Wrigley SK, Nisbet LJ. Novel screen methodologies for identification of new microbial metabolites with pharmacological activity. Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol 1998; 59:73-121. [PMID: 9435461 DOI: 10.1007/bfb0102297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Micro-organisms continue to provide an important source of chemical diversity for the discovery of compounds with new biological activities. Microbial metabolites discovered recently using assays to detect compounds with potential pharmacological utility are surveyed and found to represent an extensive range of structural types produced by a wide variety of organisms. Assays used for screening samples produced by microbial processes must be robust, sensitive and specific and able to operate above a background of potential interferences from a number of sources. Discovery assays currently in use fall into three main categories cell-based, receptor-ligand interaction and enzyme inhibition assays. Trends in the use of these assays and new developments in assay technology applicable to the screening of microbial samples are examined with particular reference to the high throughput screening environment. For microbial screening to be a competitive route to new drug leads, the disciplines involved must be engineered into a seamlessly integrated process to deliver novel compounds with the required biological properties rapidly.
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18
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Lehmann S, Quirosa-Guillou C, Becherer U, Thal C, Zanetta JP. Neurite outgrowth of neurons of rat dorsal root ganglia induced by new neurotrophic substances with guanidine group. Neurosci Lett 1993; 152:57-60. [PMID: 8515880 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3940(93)90482-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In order to search for compounds mimicking the neurotrophic activities, a series of substances possessing the guanidine group of isaxonine (2-isopropylamino-pyrimidine), were synthesized and tested for their ability to induce neurite outgrowth in cultures of explants of rat dorsal root ganglia. It is reported that several of these compounds, at concentrations ranging from 10(-5) to 10(-7) M, showed important effects on neurite outgrowth in vitro, similar to that obtained with the nerve growth factor NGF. These effects were found to be additive to that of NGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lehmann
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie Moléculaire des Interactions Cellulaires, CNRS UPR 416, Strasbourg, France
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19
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Abstract
Sera raised against three synthetic peptides that reproduce sequences of the pro-nerve growth factor (proNGF) protein were tested in immunoprecipitation experiments using in vitro translation products of SP6-directed NGF mRNA in a rabbit reticulocyte lysate. The interaction of these antibodies with bacterially synthesized chimeric preproNGF was also examined. Digestion of the translation products by the gamma-subunit generated the 22 and 18 kDa intermediates. A predominant 13 kDa intermediate was obtained after digestion of translation products in wheat germ extract. This is shown to be the N-terminal peptide by immunoprecipitation with an anti-peptide serum. These antibodies may be used to detect NGF precursor cleavage products in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Dicou
- INSERM U 298, CHRU, Angers, France
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20
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Ebendal T, Persson H, Larhammar D, Lundströmer K, Olson L. Characterization of antibodies to synthetic nerve growth factor (NGF) and proNGF peptides. J Neurosci Res 1989; 22:223-40. [PMID: 2468788 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.490220302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Sequence data for the mature nerve growth factor (NGF) protein and its precursor are available from molecular cloning of the NGF gene in several species, including mice, humans, rats, and chickens. Hydrophilicity analysis of the predicted rat and chicken prepro-NGF was carried out to locate putative antigenic determinants. Eight peptides were selected and synthesized based on hydrophilicity profiles. Two peptides represent sequences in the rat (and mouse) pro-NGF, one peptide (our peptide P3) represents a highly conserved region of the mature NGF protein (identical in humans, mice, rats, and chickens), two peptides are specific for the mature chicken NGF, and the remaining three peptides are specific for the mature rat NGF (each with only one amino acid substitution compared with corresponding segments of the mouse NGF). For immunization, the peptides were conjugated to keyhold limpet hemocyanin and used to produce antisera in rabbits. After bleeding, peptide-specific antibodies were purified on affinity columns prepared by coupling each of the synthetic peptides. The different peptide antisera and affinity-purified antibodies then were characterized by enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) and immunohistochemistry of the male mouse submandibular gland, a rich exocrine source of NGF. ELISA analysis showed that all peptide antisera bound two to four orders of magnitude better than normal rabbit serum to a coat of their proper peptide. The higher binding was retained by the purified peptide antibodies compared with normal rabbit immunoglobulin. Specific tests, in which one peptide antiserum was checked against different peptide coats in the ELISA, also showed two to four orders of magnitude higher binding of antibodies to the proper synthetic peptide. The peptide antibodies also were tested for their ability to bind to native mouse beta NGF coated to the immunoplates. Only antibodies raised to the conserved P3 peptide recognized native NGF to an extent similar to that obtained with polyclonal anti-NGF antibodies. Conversely, P3 was well recognized by several different NGF antisera. Immunohistochemically, both peptide antisera against the pro-NGF stained the perinuclear cytoplasm in the basal part of the cells of the granulated convoluted tubules in the mouse submandibular gland.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ebendal
- Department of Developmental Biology, Uppsala University, Sweden
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21
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Romani S, Moroder L, Göhring W, Scharf R, Wünsch E, Barde YA, Thoenen H. Synthesis of the trypsin fragment 10-25/75-88 of mouse nerve growth factor. II. The unsymmetrical double chain cystine peptide. Int J Pept Protein Res 1987; 29:107-17. [PMID: 3570650 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.1987.tb02236.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of the unsymmetrical double chain cystine peptide corresponding to sequence 10-25/75-88 of mouse nerve growth factor is described. The synthetic product was inactive in all bioassays examined; consequently, this portion of the NGF molecule did not represent or contain a lower molecular weight form of the neurotrophic factor.
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Romani S, Moroder L, Wünsch E. Synthesis of the trypsin fragment 10-25/75-88 of mouse nerve growth factor. I. The protected tetradecapeptide 75-88. Int J Pept Protein Res 1987; 29:99-106. [PMID: 3570659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Cyanogen bromide cleavage followed by trypsin digestion of mouse nerve growth factor (NGF) allowed the isolation of a double chain unsymmetrical cystine peptide of high neurotrophic activity. The presence of tryptophan residues severely limits the synthetic approaches for selective disulfide bridging. The strategy applied for such a purpose as well as the preparation of the suitably protected tetradecapeptide corresponding to sequence 75-88 as key intermediate for the synthesis of the NGF fragment 10-25/75-88 are described.
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Moore JB, Shooter EM. The use of hybrid molecules in a study of the equilibrium between nerve growth factor monomers and dimers. Neurobiology 1975; 5:369-81. [PMID: 1691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The major protein in beta nerve growth factor preparations, beta1NGF, is a dimer in which both peptide chains have COOH-terminal arginine residues. Digestion of beta1NGF with carboxypeptidase B produced a dimer, beta3NGF, in which both chains lack these terminal arginine residues. Exposure of mixtures of beta1 and beta3NGF dimers to 8 M urea to produce monomers, followed by removal of urea to allow recombination, resulted in the formation of the hybrid beta2NGF, comprising one arginine-containing and one arginine-less chain, as well as the parent dimers. The amount of the three dimers formed was close to that expected from random association of monomers. Hybrid beta2NGF was also formed from mixtures of beta1 and beta3NGF where incubated at pH 2.6 to 4.5. The formation of beta2NGF has a half-time of 6 h at pH 4.0 and 4 degrees C. Its rate of formation decreased above pH 4.5, becoming minimal between pH 9.5 and pH 10.5, and increased with increasing temperature. The amount of beta2NGF formed was determined by the lowest pH to which the parent mixture was exposed, irrespective of its prior history. These data suggest that the hybrid is formed by the same mechanism in the absence and presence of the urea step. An approximate value for Kd, the equilibrium dissociation constant of the dimer equilibrium monomer equilibrium was derived. Its value was 3 - 10(-10) M at pH 4.0 and 4 degrees C. The alpha-subunit of 7S NGF decreased the rate of formation of beta2NGF not only at pHs where an alphabeta complex is stable, but also at an acid pH where no complex formation is observed by sedimentation analysis, suggesting that the present methodology offers a more sensitive probe of subunit interactions. In contrast, the gamma subunit and a number of indifferent proteins had little or no effect on the appearance of beta2NGF at the pHs studied.
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