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van Bruggen R, Gualtieri C, Iliescu A, Louicharoen Cheepsunthorn C, Mungkalasut P, Trape JF, Modiano D, Sodiomon Sirima B, Singhasivanon P, Lathrop M, Sakuntabhai A, Bureau JF, Gros P. Modulation of Malaria Phenotypes by Pyruvate Kinase (PKLR) Variants in a Thai Population. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144555. [PMID: 26658699 PMCID: PMC4677815 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyruvate kinase (PKLR) is a critical erythrocyte enzyme that is required for glycolysis and production of ATP. We have shown that Pklr deficiency in mice reduces the severity (reduced parasitemia, increased survival) of blood stage malaria induced by infection with Plasmodium chabaudi AS. Likewise, studies in human erythrocytes infected ex vivo with P. falciparum show that presence of host PK-deficiency alleles reduces infection phenotypes. We have characterized the genetic diversity of the PKLR gene, including haplotype structure and presence of rare coding variants in two populations from malaria endemic areas of Thailand and Senegal. We investigated the effect of PKLR genotypes on rich longitudinal datasets including haematological and malaria-associated phenotypes. A coding and possibly damaging variant (R41Q) was identified in the Thai population with a minor allele frequency of ~4.7%. Arginine 41 (R41) is highly conserved in the pyruvate kinase family and its substitution to Glutamine (R41Q) affects protein stability. Heterozygosity for R41Q is shown to be associated with a significant reduction in the number of attacks with Plasmodium falciparum, while correlating with an increased number of Plasmodium vivax infections. These results strongly suggest that PKLR protein variants may affect the frequency, and the intensity of malaria episodes induced by different Plasmodium parasites in humans living in areas of endemic malaria.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Amino Acid Substitution
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Disease Susceptibility
- Erythrocytes/enzymology
- Erythrocytes/parasitology
- Gene Expression
- Genotype
- Humans
- Malaria/enzymology
- Malaria/genetics
- Malaria/pathology
- Malaria, Falciparum/enzymology
- Malaria, Falciparum/epidemiology
- Malaria, Falciparum/genetics
- Malaria, Falciparum/pathology
- Malaria, Vivax/enzymology
- Malaria, Vivax/epidemiology
- Malaria, Vivax/genetics
- Malaria, Vivax/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Parasitemia/enzymology
- Parasitemia/epidemiology
- Parasitemia/genetics
- Parasitemia/pathology
- Phenotype
- Plasmodium chabaudi/physiology
- Plasmodium falciparum/physiology
- Plasmodium vivax/physiology
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
- Protein Stability
- Pyruvate Kinase/chemistry
- Pyruvate Kinase/genetics
- Pyruvate Kinase/metabolism
- Senegal/epidemiology
- Sequence Alignment
- Severity of Illness Index
- Thailand/epidemiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah van Bruggen
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Christian Gualtieri
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alexandra Iliescu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Punchalee Mungkalasut
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand, 10330
| | - Jean-François Trape
- Laboratoire de Paludologie et Zoologie Médicale, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - David Modiano
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Instituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Bienvenu Sodiomon Sirima
- Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme, Ministry of Health, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Pratap Singhasivanon
- Department of Tropical Hygiene (Biomedical and Health Informatics), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Mark Lathrop
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Anavaj Sakuntabhai
- Unité de la Génétique Fonctionnelle des Maladies Infectieuses, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, URA3012, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Jean-François Bureau
- Unité de la Génétique Fonctionnelle des Maladies Infectieuses, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, URA3012, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Gros
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Dai M, Freeman B, Shikani HJ, Bruno FP, Collado JE, Macias R, Reznik SE, Davies P, Spray DC, Tanowitz HB, Weiss LM, Desruisseaux MS. Altered regulation of Akt signaling with murine cerebral malaria, effects on long-term neuro-cognitive function, restoration with lithium treatment. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44117. [PMID: 23082110 PMCID: PMC3474787 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurological and cognitive impairment persist in more than 20% of cerebral malaria (CM) patients long after successful anti-parasitic treatment. We recently reported that long term memory and motor coordination deficits are also present in our experimental cerebral malaria model (ECM). We also documented, in a murine model, a lack of obvious pathology or inflammation after parasite elimination, suggesting that the long-term negative neurological outcomes result from potentially reversible biochemical and physiological changes in brains of ECM mice, subsequent to acute ischemic and inflammatory processes. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that acute ECM results in significantly reduced activation of protein kinase B (PKB or Akt) leading to decreased Akt phosphorylation and inhibition of the glycogen kinase synthase (GSK3β) in the brains of mice infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA) compared to uninfected controls and to mice infected with the non-neurotrophic P. berghei NK65 (PbN). Though Akt activation improved to control levels after chloroquine treatment in PbA-infected mice, the addition of lithium chloride, a compound which inhibits GSK3β activity and stimulates Akt activation, induced a modest, but significant activation of Akt in the brains of infected mice when compared to uninfected controls treated with chloroquine with and without lithium. In addition, lithium significantly reversed the long-term spatial and visual memory impairment as well as the motor coordination deficits which persisted after successful anti-parasitic treatment. GSK3β inhibition was significantly increased after chloroquine treatment, both in lithium and non-lithium treated PbA-infected mice. These data indicate that acute ECM is associated with abnormalities in cell survival pathways that result in neuronal damage. Regulation of Akt/GSK3β with lithium reduces neuronal degeneration and may have neuroprotective effects in ECM. Aberrant regulation of Akt/GSK3β signaling likely underlies long-term neurological sequelae observed in ECM and may yield adjunctive therapeutic targets for the management of CM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minxian Dai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Professions, St John's University, Queens, New York, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Brandi Freeman
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Henry J. Shikani
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Fernando Pereira Bruno
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - J. Elias Collado
- Pontificia Universidad Catolica Madrey Maestra, Santiago, Dominican Republic
| | - Rolando Macias
- Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Sandra E. Reznik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Professions, St John's University, Queens, New York, United States of America
| | - Peter Davies
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- The Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Litwin-Zucker Center for the Study of Alzheimer's Disease and Memory Disorders, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - David Conover Spray
- The Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Herbert Bernard Tanowitz
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Louis Martin Weiss
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Mahalia Sabrina Desruisseaux
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
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Ukil A, Kar S, Srivastav S, Ghosh K, Das PK. Curative effect of 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid in experimental visceral leishmaniasis depends on phosphatase-dependent modulation of cellular MAP kinases. PLoS One 2011; 6:e29062. [PMID: 22194991 PMCID: PMC3237588 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We earlier showed that 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid (GRA), a pentacyclic triterpenoid from licorice root, could completely cure visceral leishmaniasis in BALB/c mouse model. This was associated with induction of nitric oxide and proinflammatory cytokine production through the up regulation of NF-κB. In the present study we tried to decipher the underlying cellular mechanisms of the curative effect of GRA. Analysis of MAP kinase pathways revealed that GRA caused strong activation of p38 and to a lesser extent, ERK in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM). Almost complete abrogation of GRA-induced cytokine production in presence of specific inhibitors of p38 and ERK1/2 confirmed the involvement of these MAP kinases in GRA-mediated responses. GRA induced mitogen- and stress-activated protein kinase (MSK1) activity in a time-dependent manner suggested that GRA-mediated NF-κB transactivation is mediated by p38, ERK and MSK1 pathway. As kinase/phosphatase balance plays an important role in modulating infection, the effect of GRA on MAPK directed phosphatases (MKP) was studied. GRA markedly reduced the expression and activities of three phosphatases, MKP1, MKP3 and protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) along with a substantial reduction of p38 and ERK dephosphorylation in infected BMDM. Similarly in the in vivo situation, GRA treatment of L. donovani-infected BALB/c mice caused marked reduction of spleen parasite burden associated with concomitant decrease of individual phosphatase levels. However, activation of kinases also played an important role as the protective effect of GRA was significantly abrogated by pharmacological inhibition of p38 and ERK pathway. Curative effect of GRA may, therefore, be associated with restoration of proper cellular kinase/phosphatase balance, rather than modulation of either kinases or phosphatases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anindita Ukil
- Department of Biochemistry, Calcutta University, Kolkata, India
| | - Susanta Kar
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Supriya Srivastav
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Kuntal Ghosh
- Department of Biochemistry, Calcutta University, Kolkata, India
| | - Pijush K. Das
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
- * E-mail:
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Fauconnier M, Bourigault ML, Meme S, Szeremeta F, Palomo J, Danneels A, Charron S, Fick L, Jacobs M, Beloeil JC, Ryffel B, Quesniaux VFJ. Protein kinase C-theta is required for development of experimental cerebral malaria. Am J Pathol 2010; 178:212-21. [PMID: 21224058 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2010.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2010] [Revised: 09/08/2010] [Accepted: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral malaria is the most severe neurologic complication in children and young adults infected with Plasmodium falciparum. T-cell activation is required for development of Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA)-induced experimental cerebral malaria (CM). To characterize the T-cell activation pathway involved, the role of protein kinase C-theta (PKC-θ) in experimental CM development was examined. PKC-θ-deficient mice are resistant to CM development. In the absence of PKC-θ, no neurologic sign of CM developed after blood stage PbA infection. Resistance of PKC-θ-deficient mice correlated with unaltered cerebral microcirculation and absence of ischemia, as documented by magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance angiography, whereas wild-type mice developed distinct microvascular pathology. Recruitment and activation of CD8(+) T cells, and ICAM-1 and CD69 expression were reduced in the brain of resistant mice; however, the pulmonary inflammation and edema associated with PbA infection were still present in the absence of functional PKC-θ. Resistant PKC-θ-deficient mice developed high parasitemia, and died at 3 weeks with severe anemia. Therefore, PKC-θ signaling is crucial for recruitment of CD8(+) T cells and development of brain microvascular pathology resulting in fatal experimental CM, and may represent a novel therapeutic target of CM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Fauconnier
- University of Orléans and CNRS, Molecular Immunology and Embryology UMR6218, Orléans, France
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5
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Ahmad R, Srivastava AK. Effect of Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis infection on hepatic and splenic glutathione-S-transferase(s) in Swiss albino and db/+ mice: efficacy of mefloquine and menadione in antimalarial chemotherapy. Parasitology 2007; 134:931-8. [PMID: 17352848 DOI: 10.1017/s003118200700234x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The present report deals with the status of hepatic and splenic glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activities in mice during experimental infection with Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis and subsequent treatment of infected mice with mefloquine (Mf) and menadione (Md). The infection caused significant decline in the hepatic and splenic glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activities of albino and db/+ mice. The decline was observed in the levels of both cytosolic and microsomal GST(s) of liver and spleen in both types of mice. Intraperitoneal administration of mefloquine at a dose of 5 mg/kg and menadione at a dose of 100 mg/kg, twice daily from day 1 p.i. (day 0) until day 10, caused restoration in the levels of hepatic as well as splenic GST(s), albeit to varying degrees. Mf was able to suppress parasitaemia by day 5 in the case of albino mice and by day 3 in the case of db/+ mice but was unable to cure both types of mice completely. On the other hand, Md caused a delay in maturation of infection in both cases, but could not cure the mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ahmad
- Division of Biochemistry, PO Box No. 173, Central Drug Research Institute, Chattar Manzil Palace, Lucknow-226001, India
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6
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Iwalokun BA, Bamiro SB, Ogunledun A. Levels and interactions of plasma xanthine oxidase, catalase and liver function parameters in Nigerian children with Plasmodium falciparum infection. APMIS 2007; 114:842-50. [PMID: 17207084 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2006.apm_457.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Elevated plasma levels of xanthine oxidase and liver function parameters have been associated with inflammatory events in several human diseases. While xanthine oxidase provides in vitro protection against malaria, its pathophysiological functions in vivo and interactions with liver function parameters remain unclear. This study examined the interactions and plasma levels of xanthine oxidase (XO) and uric acid (UA), catalase (CAT) and liver function parameters GOT, GPT and bilirubin in asymptomatic (n=20), uncomplicated (n=32), and severe (n=18) falciparum malaria children aged 3-13 years. Compared to age-matched control (n=16), significant (p<0.05) elevation in xanthine oxidase by 100-550%, uric acid by 15.4-153.8%, GOT and GPT by 22.1-102.2%, and total bilirubin by 2.3-86% according to parasitaemia (geometric mean parasite density (GMPD)=850-87100 parasites/microL) was observed in the malarial children. Further comparison with control revealed higher CAT level (16.2+/-0.5 vs 14.6+/-0.4 U/L; p<0.05) lacking significant (p>0.05) correlation with XO, but lower CAT level (13.4-5.4 U/L) with improved correlations (r=-0.53 to -0.91; p<0.05) with XO among the asymptomatic and symptomatic malaria children studied. 75% of control, 45% of asymptomatic, 21.9% of uncomplicated, and none of severe malaria children had Hb level>11.0 g/dL. Multivariate analyses further revealed significant (p<0.05) correlations between liver function parameters and xanthine oxidase (r=0.57-0.64) only in the severe malaria group. We conclude that elevated levels of XO and liver enzymes are biochemical features of Plasmodium falciparum parasitaemia in Nigerian children, with both parameters interacting differently to modulate the catalase response in asymptomatic and symptomatic falciparum malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Iwalokun
- Dept of Biochemistry, Lagos State University, Apapa, Lagos, Nigeria.
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7
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De-Oliveira ACAX, Da-Matta AC, Paumgartten FJR. Plasmodium berghei (ANKA): infection induces CYP2A5 and 2E1 while depressing other CYP isoforms in the mouse liver. Exp Parasitol 2006; 113:256-61. [PMID: 16540109 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2006.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2005] [Revised: 01/26/2006] [Accepted: 01/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
It has been reported that malaria infection impairs hepatic drug clearance and causes a down-regulation of CYP-mediated monooxygenase activities in rodents and humans. In the present study, we investigated the effects of Plasmodium berghei infection on the activity of liver monooxygenases in female DBA/2 and C57BL/6 mice. In both mouse strains, P. berghei infection decreased activities mediated by CYP1A (EROD: DBA/2 65.3%, C57BL/6 44.7%) and 2B (BROD: DBA/2 64.3%, C57BL/6 49.8%) subfamily isoforms and increased activities mediated by 2A5 (COH: DBA/2 182.4%, C57BL/6 148.5%) and 2E1 (PNPH: DBA/2 177.8%, C57BL/6 128.5%) isoforms as compared to non-infected controls. Since malaria infection also produced an increase in ALT (273.1%) and AST (354.1%) activities in the blood serum, our findings are consistent with the view that CYP2A5 activity is induced by liver injury. An almost generalized depression of CYP-mediated activities has been found with numerous infections and inflammatory stimuli but an induction of CYP2A5 had been previously noted only in some viral hepatitis and trematode (liver fluke) infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C A X De-Oliveira
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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Ishikawa S, Uozumi N, Shiibashi T, Izumi T, Fukayama M, Shimizu T, Watanabe J, Nogami S. Short report: Lethal malaria in cytosolic phospholipase A2- and phospholipase A2IIA-deficient mice. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2004; 70:645-50. [PMID: 15211007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid mediators play important roles in the pathogenesis of malaria. Phospholipase A2s are enzymes involved in the production of these mediators, and they function in inflammation. Among them, cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) is a key enzyme in the metabolism of arachidonic acid, the first intermediate in the production of lipid mediators. Plasmodium berghei ANKA causes cerebral malaria in CL57B/6 mice, and we recently produced cPLA2-deficient mice with this background. With the expectation of reduced pathogenicity, we performed experimental infection in these mice. Unexpectedly, the infected mice developed cerebral malaria and died at the same time as the control mice, while the parasitemia progressed similarly in both groups. These observations suggest that secretory PLA2s rather than cPLA2 may be involved in the aggravation, although possible compensation by the induction of other enzymes has not been excluded. The present findings are expected to help clarify the involvement of various phospholipase A2s in malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumpei Ishikawa
- Department of Pathology, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Tokyo, Japan
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Adachi K, Tsutsui H, Seki E, Nakano H, Takeda K, Okumura K, Van Kaer L, Nakanishi K. Contribution of CD1d-unrestricted hepatic DX5+ NKT cells to liver injury in Plasmodium berghei-parasitized erythrocyte-injected mice. Int Immunol 2004; 16:787-98. [PMID: 15096477 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxh080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Inoculation with erythrocytes infected with Plasmodium berghei, a protozoan causing mouse lethal malaria, induces liver injury in mice, although the parasite cannot invade host hepatocytes at this infectious stage. As previously reported, hepatic infiltrates participate in this liver injury by exerting their perforin-dependent killing action. Here, we have investigated the cellular mechanisms underlying P. berghei-induced incidental liver injury. Hepatic lymphocytes from P. berghei-infected mice killed normal hepatocytes, but not ConA-induced lymphoblasts. Furthermore, the hepatic lymphocytes from infected C57BL/6 mice displayed cytotoxicity against hepatocytes from C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice, indicating MHC-unrestricted hepatocytotoxicity by these hepatic lymphocytes. NK cells were not involved in this hepatocytotoxicity. However, DX5+ cells sorted from the liver of infected CD1d-deficient mice killed normal hepatocytes, indicating that CD1d-independent DX5+ T cells are the effector cells. The hepatocytotoxicity of these hepatic DX5+ T cells did not require TCR engagement. These findings indicate that hepatic CD1d-independent DX5+ T cells play a critical role in P. berghei-induced liver injury. Our studies may have general implications for tissue injuries that are caused by 'bystander killing' or other poorly defined cell-mediated killing mechanisms.
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MESH Headings
- Alanine Transaminase/analysis
- Animals
- Antigens, CD1/metabolism
- Antigens, CD1d
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/immunology
- Erythrocytes/parasitology
- Female
- Hepatitis, Animal/immunology
- Hepatitis, Animal/parasitology
- Hepatitis, Animal/pathology
- Hepatocytes/immunology
- Hepatocytes/parasitology
- Hepatocytes/pathology
- Injections
- Interleukin-12/analysis
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Liver/immunology
- Liver/parasitology
- Liver/pathology
- Malaria/immunology
- Malaria/parasitology
- Malaria/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Parasitemia/enzymology
- Parasitemia/immunology
- Plasmodium berghei
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Keishi Adachi
- Department of Immunology and Medical Zoology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
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10
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Hermsen CC, Konijnenberg Y, Mulder L, Loé C, van Deuren M, van der Meer JWM, van Mierlo GJ, Eling WMC, Hack CE, Sauerwein RW. Circulating concentrations of soluble granzyme A and B increase during natural and experimental Plasmodium falciparum infections. Clin Exp Immunol 2003; 132:467-72. [PMID: 12780694 PMCID: PMC1808730 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2003.02160.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Release of soluble Granzymes (sGranzymes) is considered to reflect activation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and NK cells. sGranzymes and a number of pro-inflammatory cytokines were measured in plasma of malaria patients with natural or experimentally induced Plasmodium falciparum infections. Concentrations of sGranzyme A and B, IL-10, IL-12p70 and CRP were significantly increased in African children presenting with clinical malaria; IL-10 and CRP concentrations were significantly correlated with disease severity. In nonimmune Dutch volunteers which were experimentally infected by P. falciparum-infected mosquitoes, sGranzyme A increment started 1-2 days prior to clinical symptoms and microscopically detectable parasitaemia. This coincided with increases in IFNgamma, IL-12p40 and IL-8, while sGranzyme B and IL-10 levels increased 24-48 h later. The elevation of sGranzyme A and IFNgamma in nonimmune volunteers suggests that NK cells are activated upon release of parasites by infected liver cells and subsequently during blood stage infection; thus, NK cells are likely involved innate immune human host resistance in the early phase of a malaria infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Hermsen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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11
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Kikuchi T, Furuta T, Kojima S. Kinetics of the nucleoside triphosphate hydrolase of Toxoplasma gondii in mice with acute and chronic toxoplasmosis. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 2002; 96:35-41. [PMID: 11989532 DOI: 10.1179/000349802125000493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The kinetics of the nucleoside triphosphate hydrolase (NTPase) of Toxoplasma gondii was examined using an avidin-biotin sandwich-ELISA (ABS-ELISA) based on an anti-NTPase monoclonal antibody, 6C6. The RH and ME49 strains of the parasite were used to produce acute and chronic infections in mice, respectively. In the acute model, detectable serum concentrations of NTPase were observed from day 1 post-infection and gradually increased until the death of the mice. They were associated with parasitaemia (as estimated by bioassay). No anti-T. gondii antibody could be detected at any time. In the chronic model, in which 20 T. gondii ME49 cysts were given to each mouse per os, the NTPase concentration generally increased from day 3, peaked between days 7 and 14 and then declined. However, one of the four mice used still had a high serum concentration of NTPase on day 35. Again, detectable NTPase concentrations occurred when the mice had parasitaemias. Antibody to T. gondii was detected from day 7 (IgM) or 10 (IgG) and brain cysts were observed from day 14. Since detectable serum concentrations of NTPase appear to be associated with parasitaemia in both acute and chronic toxoplasmosis, the ABS-ELISA of the enzyme may make a useful diagnostic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kikuchi
- Department of Parasitology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Japan.
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12
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Abstract
An immunohistochemical method was developed, using a polyclonal antibody, to detect the enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) in normal and malaria-infected tissue. Plasmodium berghei ANKA, a cerebral malaria (CM) model, and P. berghei K173, a non-cerebral malaria (NCM) model, were used. It was found that vascular endothelial cells were the primary site of IDO expression in both models of malaria infection and that this response was systemic, with the vascular endothelium of brain, heart, lung, spleen and uterus all staining positive. These results suggest that IDO is part of a systemic host response to parasite infection. Although high levels of IDO production alone may not cause pathology, it is possible that when its production is combined with other features of CM, such as breakdown of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), metabolites of the kynurenine pathway may be able to influence the otherwise tightly regulated, immunologically privileged site of the CNS and cause some of the symptoms and pathology observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Hansen
- Department of Pathology, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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13
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van der Heyde HC, Gu Y, Zhang Q, Sun G, Grisham MB. Nitric oxide is neither necessary nor sufficient for resolution of Plasmodium chabaudi malaria in mice. J Immunol 2000; 165:3317-23. [PMID: 10975849 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.165.6.3317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is a life-threatening re-emerging disease, yet it is still not clear how bloodstage malarial parasites are killed. Nitric oxide (NO), which has potent anti-microbial activity, may represent an important killing mechanism. The production of NO during descending Plasmodium chabaudi parasitemia, a period when parasites are killed by the immune response, supports this concept. However, NOS20/0 and NOS30/0 mice as well as mice treated with NO synthase 2 (NOS2) inhibitors do not develop exacerbated malaria, indicating that NO production is not necessary for the suppression of P. chabaudi parasitemia. It is possible due to the plasticity in the immune response during malaria that Ab-mediated immunity is enhanced in the absence of NO, thereby explaining the lack of exacerbated malaria in NOS-deficient mice even though NO may function in protection. However, NOS2- and B cell-deficient mice, which cannot use Ab-mediated immunity, suppress their parasitemia with a similar time course as B cell-deficient controls. C57BL/6 mice treated with Propionibacterium acnes to elicit high levels of macrophage-derived NO have a similar time course of P. chabaudi parasitemia as P. acnes-treated NOS20/0 mice, which do not produce NO; this indicates that NO is not sufficient for parasite killing. Collectively, these results indicate that NO is not necessary or sufficient to resolve P. chabaudi malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- H C van der Heyde
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology and Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Inflammation and Immunology Research Group, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA.
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14
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Srivastava S, Alhomida AS, Siddiqi NJ. Studies on erythrocytic methemoglobin reductase systems in Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis infected mice. In Vivo 2000; 14:547-50. [PMID: 10945172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The methemoglobin reductase system plays a vital role in maintaining the equilibrium between hemoglobin and methemoglobin in blood. Exposure of red blood cells to oxidative stress (pathological/physiological) causes an impairment in this equilibrium. OBJECTIVE To study the status of methemoglobin and the related reductase system during Plasmoidum yoelii nigeriensis (P. y. nigeriensis) infection in mice. METHOD Mice were divided into two groups viz., normal mice and P. y. nigeriensis infected mice. Malaria infection was induced by intraperitoneal inoculation of 10(6) infected erythrocytes. RESULTS The present investigation revealed significant decrease in the activity of methemoglobin reductase, with concomitant rise in methemoglobin content during P. y. nigeriensis infection in mice erythrocytes. This was accompanied with a significant increase in reduced glutathione and ascorbic acid levels. Also the activities of the associated enzymes viz., lactate dehydrogenase, glucose-6-Phosphate dehydrogenase and glutathione reductase were found to increase with progressive rise in parasitemia. CONCLUSION P. y. nigeriensis infection in mice results in impairment of methemoglobin reductase in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Srivastava
- Department of Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
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15
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Cano RC, Hliba E, Rubiolo ER. Creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase levels as potential indicators of Trypanosoma cruzi infectivity and histotropism in experimental Chagas' disease. Parasitol Res 2000; 86:244-52. [PMID: 10726996 DOI: 10.1007/s004360050038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The results of the present study reveal an early increase in activity levels of creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase in the plasma of mice infected with Trypanosoma cruzi strains K-1, X-1, and Tulahuen as compared with uninfected control mice. An increase in creatine kinase activity was detected earlier in K-1- and X-1-infected mice than in Tulahuen-infected mice. Moreover, an increase in lactate dehydrogenase activity occurred at 1.5 days after infection with the X-1 and Tulahuen strains and at 3.5 days after infection with the K-1 strain. Generally, the highest activity levels were found in the plasma of mice infected with the most virulent and lethal Tulahuen strain as compared with the less virulent and nonlethal K-1 and X-1 strains. A significant decrease in creatine kinase levels occurred later in the tissues than in the plasma of K-1- and X-1-infected mice but did not vary significantly in any of the tissues from Tulahuen-infected mice. Similarly, the specific activity of lactate dehydrogenase in tissues from K-1- and X-1-infected mice dropped at a later stage than did the activity in plasma, but infection with the Tulahuen strain caused an earlier reduction in the activity of lactate dehydrogenase in the heart and skeletal muscle. The activity levels of both enzymes in plasma and tissues showed a linearly negative and statistically significant correlation. The present study reveals that levels of creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase activity in plasma could be early indicators of and suitable tools for monitoring of the infectivity of these strains of T. cruzi and might reflect their inherent histotropism during experimentally acute Chagas' disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Cano
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina.
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16
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Anstey NM, Weinberg JB, Wang Z, Mwaikambo ED, Duffy PE, Granger DL. Effects of age and parasitemia on nitric oxide production/leukocyte nitric oxide synthase type 2 expression in asymptomatic, malaria-exposed children. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1999; 61:253-8. [PMID: 10463676 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.1999.61.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Age appears to influence not only the acquisition of clinical immunity to malaria but also the susceptibility to and clinical manifestations of severe malaria. Asymptomatic malaria-exposed Tanzanian children have high production of nitric oxide (NO) and universal expression of leukocyte NO synthase type 2 (NOS2), which may protect against disease. To determine the effects of age and parasitemia on NO production, we measured urine and plasma NO metabolites and leukocyte NOS2 expression in 45 fasting, asymptomatic, malaria-exposed children of different ages, stratifying parasitemia by thick film and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. Although NO production was significantly higher in thick film-positive children than in thick film-negative children, after adjusting for age and gender, we were unable to detect a difference in NO production in thick film-negative children between those who were PCR positive and PCR negative. The relationship between age and NO production was determined using a generalized additive model adjusted for the effects of gender and parasitemia. Production of NO using all three measures was highest in infancy, decreasing after the first year of life, and then increasing again after 5 years of age. This pattern of age-related NO production is the reverse of the pattern of age-related morbidity from cerebral malaria in coastal Tanzanian children. Elevated production of NO in both infants and older children may be related to age per se and malaria infection respectively, and may be one of the mediators of the anti-disease immunity found most commonly in these two age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Anstey
- Tropical Medicine and International Health Unit, and Biostatistics Unit, Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
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17
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El Sawalhy A, Seed JR. Diagnosis of trypanosomiasis in experimental mice and field-infected camels by detection of antibody to trypanosome tyrosine aminotransferase. J Parasitol 1998; 84:1245-9. [PMID: 9920321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Sera from animals with acute and chronic Trypansoma evansi infections were examined directly for trypanosome tyrosine aminotransferase activity and indirectly for their ability to inhibit tyrosine aminotransferase activity. It was shown that sera from acutely infected mice and camels with high parasitemias contained significant levels of trypanosome tyrosine aminotransferase activity. In contrast, the sera from chronically infected mice and camels did not contain significant tyrosine aminotransferase activity, but they were able to neutralize the enzyme activity in trypanosome homogenates. The sera from camels with other pathological conditions did not neutralize this enzyme activity. It is suggested that the inhibitory factor in the chronic sera is antibody. The potential use of the direct enzyme assay and the indirect neutralization assay as diagnostic tools are discussed. Finally, the use of these assays to distinguish between early (acute) and late (chronic) infections are also suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- A El Sawalhy
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt
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18
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Abstract
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is essential for the growth of intraerythrocytic malaria parasites to synthesize pyrimidine through CO2 fixation and to regulate intracellular pH. CO2 transport across the plasma membrane of erythrocytes is facilitated by carbonic anhydrase (CA). With the use of electron microscopy and CA-specific Hansson's stain, CA is found also in all the intraerythrocytic stages of Plasmodium falciparum. When CA inhibitors, including acetazolamide, potassium iodide, and sodium deoxycholate, were added to continuous culture of P. falciparum, they, particularly sodium deoxycholate, produced a marked reduction in parasitemia. These results explain the biochemical basis of some of the clinical conditions associated with malaria and strongly suggest that CA inhibitors have potential as a new class of antimalarials.
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Affiliation(s)
- K K Sein
- Institute of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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19
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Webb H, Carnall N, Vanhamme L, Rolin S, Van Den Abbeele J, Welburn S, Pays E, Carrington M. The GPI-phospholipase C of Trypanosoma brucei is nonessential but influences parasitemia in mice. J Cell Biol 1997; 139:103-14. [PMID: 9314532 PMCID: PMC2139819 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.139.1.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/1996] [Revised: 07/17/1997] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In the mammalian host, the cell surface of Trypanosoma brucei is protected by a variant surface glycoprotein that is anchored in the plasma membrane through covalent attachment of the COOH terminus to a glycosylphosphatidylinositol. The trypanosome also contains a phospholipase C (GPI-PLC) that cleaves this anchor and could thus potentially enable the trypanosome to shed the surface coat of VSG. Indeed, release of the surface VSG can be observed within a few minutes on lysis of trypanosomes in vitro. To investigate whether the ability to cleave the membrane anchor of the VSG is an essential function of the enzyme in vivo, a GPI-PLC null mutant trypanosome has been generated by targeted gene deletion. The mutant trypanosomes are fully viable; they can go through an entire life cycle and maintain a persistent infection in mice. Thus the GPI-PLC is not an essential activity and is not necessary for antigenic variation. However, mice infected with the mutant trypanosomes have a reduced parasitemia and survive longer than those infected with control trypanosomes. This phenotype is partially alleviated when the null mutant is modified to express low levels of GPI-PLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Webb
- Department of Biochemistry, Cambridge University, United Kingdom
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20
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Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is implicated in a variety of major cellular functions including defence from invasion by microbical pathogens. Evidence has been presented suggesting that it is an important mediator of protection in the early non-specific responses to malaria in mice infected with Plasmodium chabaudi (Taylor-Robinson et al. 1993). Other data from in vitro studies on the asexual stages of human parasite Plasmodium falciparum indicated that while nitric oxide itself may not be inhibitory to parasite development, its downstream products do have some anti-plasmodial activity (Rockett et al. 1991) and these could be generated by macrophages (Gyan et al. 1994). Similarly, the sexual phases of both rodent (Motard et al. 1993) and human malaria (Naotunne et al. 1993) are reportedly susceptible to the toxic effects mediated by nitric oxide generated by blood leucocytes in the course of transmission to the mosquito vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- I W Jones
- Department of Biology, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London
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21
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Agrawal A, Tripathi LM, Puri SK, Pandey VC. Studies on ammonia-metabolizing enzymes during Plasmodium yoelii infection and pyrimethamine treatment in mice. Int J Parasitol 1996; 26:451-5. [PMID: 8773535 DOI: 10.1016/0020-7519(96)00014-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Blood ammonia content and enzymes involved in ammonia metabolism, namely glutamine synthetase (GS), glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), monoamine oxidase (MAO), alanine amino-transferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), were studied in Plasmodium yoelii-infected drug-treated mice tissues. The ammonia content in blood increased with the rise of parasitaemia. Hepatic GS, GDH and MAO showed a marked decrease in enzyme activity during parasitic infection. In contrast, cerebral GS and MAO showed a significant increase during infection. However, the parallel measurement of renal enzymes did not show any noticeable alterations except for ALT and AST. Oral pyrimethamine treatment (10 mg/kg for 4 days) in infected mice (5-10%) returned the altered levels of the above enzymes to almost normal 1 week after the cessation of drug treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Agrawal
- Division of Biochemistry, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
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22
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Nok AJ, Onyenekwe PC, Ibrahim S, Bature A, Ogbadoyi E. Glutathione reductase (EC 1.6.4.2.) in experimental trypanosomiasis. Cell Biochem Funct 1995; 13:149-51. [PMID: 7758150 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.290130212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The activity of glutathione reductase (GHSR) in extracts of kidney, liver and testis of rats infected with Trypanosoma congolense decreased with every wave of parasitemia. The implications of these observations as they relate to the risk of oxidative stress are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Nok
- Department of Biochemistry, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Nigeria
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23
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Basco LK, Marquet F, Makler MM, Le Bras J. Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax: lactate dehydrogenase activity and its application for in vitro drug susceptibility assay. Exp Parasitol 1995; 80:260-71. [PMID: 7895836 DOI: 10.1006/expr.1995.1032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Lactate dehydrogenase, the terminal enzyme of anerobic Embden-Meyerhoff glycolysis, plays an important role in the carbohydrate metabolism of human malaria parasites. Based on the ability of malarial lactate dehydrogenase to use 3-acetylpyridine NAD as a coenzyme in a reaction leading to the formation of pyruvate from L-lactate, the enzymatic activity of fresh clinical isolates of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax was determined in relation to incubation time, asexual stages, and parasitemia and applied to a drug susceptibility assay. Lactate dehydrogenase activity was detectable at a parasitemia > 0.4%, at a hematocrit of 1.5%, and increased with parasitemia. Maximal lactate dehydrogenase activity was generally observed between 36 and 48 hr, when the trophozoites and schizonts predominated. The results of the in vitro drug susceptibility assays based on the inhibition of lactate dehydrogenase activity and on the incorporation of tritium-labeled hypoxanthine were correlated. For an optimal performance against fresh clinical malaria isolates, however, the enzymatic assay requires an initial parasitemia between 1 and 2% at a hematocrit of 1.5%.
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Affiliation(s)
- L K Basco
- Centre National de Référence pour la Chimiosensibilité du Paludisme, Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Paris, France
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24
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Srivastava P, Arif AJ, Pandey VC. Status of hepatic glutathione-S-transferase(s) during Plasmodium berghei infection and chloroquine treatment in Mastomys natalensis. Int J Parasitol 1995; 25:203-5. [PMID: 7622326 DOI: 10.1016/0020-7519(94)00089-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodium berghei infection in Mastomys natalensis impaired the hepatic mitochondrial, microsomal and cytosolic glutathione-S-transferase(s) activity with 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene as substrate. The enzyme activity was concomitantly decreased with rise in parasitaemia. The decreased enzyme activity due to infection was almost normalized with oral treatment of 16 mg (kg body wt)-1 of chloroquine for 4 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Srivastava
- Division of Biochemistry, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
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25
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Alcântara-Neves NM, Pontes-de-Carvalho LC. Circulating trans-sialidase activity and trans-sialidase-inhibiting antibodies in Trypanosoma cruzi-infected mice. Parasitol Res 1995; 81:560-4. [PMID: 7479647 DOI: 10.1007/bf00932022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Parasite-derived trans-sialidase (TS) activity was demonstrated in the serum and blood of Trypanosoma cruzi-infected mice. Serum TS activity levels correlated well with parasitemia in BALB/c and Swiss mice during the initial stages of the infection. However, in later stages the TS activity levels decreased despite increasing parasitemia. This coincided with the appearance of circulating TS antibodies. On the other hand, there was always a good correlation between TS activity and parasitemia in athymic nude mice. Sera from mice with high parasitemia and low TS activity inhibited TS activity in vitro. The inhibition was also observed with purified serum IgG, and it was absorbed by staphylococcal protein A, indicating that it was caused by anti-TS IgG antibodies. These antibodies inhibited the enzymatic activity of insolubilized TS, indicating that they act by interfering with the catalytic site rather than by aggregating the enzyme. The presence of inhibitory antibodies, however, did not prevent the progression of parasitemia in BALB/c mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Alcântara-Neves
- Laboratório de Imunologia Molecular e Celular, LASP, Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, BA, Brazil
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