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Visser E, Den Oudsten BL, Lodder P, Gosens T, De Vries J. Psychological risk factors that characterize acute stress disorder and trajectories of posttraumatic stress disorder after injury: a study using latent class analysis. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2022; 13:2006502. [PMID: 35087642 PMCID: PMC8788340 DOI: 10.1080/20008198.2021.2006502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The course and different characteristics of acute and posttraumatic stress disorder (ASD, PTSD) in trauma populations are unclear. Objective The aims were to identify longitudinal trajectories of PTSD, to establish a risk profile for ASD and PTSD based on patients' sociodemographic, clinical, and psychological characteristics, and to study the effect of ASD and dissociation on PTSD during 12 months after trauma. Method Patients completed questionnaires after inclusion and at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months afterwards. Trajectories were identified using repeated measures latent class analysis (RMLCA). The risk profile was based on a ranking of importance of each characteristic using Cohen's d effect sizes and odds ratios. The impact of ASD and dissociation on PTSD was examined using logistic regression analyses. Results Altogether, 267 patients were included. The mean age was 54.0 (SD = 16.1) and 62% were men. The prevalence rate of ASD was approximately 21.7% at baseline, and 36.1% of trauma patients exhibited PTSD at 12 months after injury. Five trajectories were identified: (1) no PTSD symptoms, (2) mild, (3) moderate, (4) subclinical, and (5) severe PTSD symptoms. These trajectories seemed to remain stable over time. Compared with patients in other trajectories, patients with ASD and (subclinical) PTSD were younger and scored higher on anxiety, depressive symptoms, neuroticism, and trait anxiety. Regarding dissociation symptoms, inability to recall memories about the event was significantly more present than an altered sense of reality, (105 (40.7%) versus 56 (21.7%), p = .031), although that symptom had the strongest likelihood for PTSD. Patients with dissociation were significantly at risk for PTSD than patients without dissociation (OR = 4.82; 95%CI: 1.91-12.25). Conclusions Psychological factors characterized ASD and trajectories of PTSD during 12 months post-trauma. Healthcare providers who are aware of these findings could early identify patients at risk for ASD and PTSD and refer them for patient-centred interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Visser
- Department Trauma TopCare, ETZ Hospital (Elisabeth-TweeSteden Ziekenhuis), Tilburg, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Psychology, ETZ Hospital (Elisabeth-TweeSteden Ziekenhuis), Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | | | - Paul Lodder
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
- Department of Methodology and Statistics, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Taco Gosens
- Department of Orthopaedics, ETZ Hospital (Elisabeth-TweeSteden Ziekenhuis), Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Jolanda De Vries
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
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Li Y, Wang Y, Jiang J, Valdimarsdóttir UA, Fall K, Fang F, Song H, Lu D, Zhang W. Psychological distress among health professional students during the COVID-19 outbreak. Psychol Med 2021; 51:1952-1954. [PMID: 32389148 PMCID: PMC7225209 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291720001555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to the drastic surge of COVID-19 patients, many countries are considering or already graduating health professional students early to aid professional resources. We aimed to assess outbreak-related psychological distress and symptoms of acute stress reaction (ASR) in health professional students and to characterize individuals with potential need for interventions. METHODS We conducted a prospective cohort study of 1442 health professional students at Sichuan University, China. At baseline (October 2019), participants were assessed for childhood adversity, stressful life events, internet addiction, and family functioning. Using multivariable logistic regression, we examined associations of the above exposures with subsequent psychological distress and ASR in response to the outbreak. RESULTS Three hundred and eighty-four (26.63%) participants demonstrated clinically significant psychological distress, while 160 (11.10%) met the criterion for a probable ASR. Individuals who scored high on both childhood adversity and stressful life event experiences during the past year were at increased risks of both distress (ORs 2.00-2.66) and probable ASR (ORs 2.23-3.10), respectively. Moreover, internet addiction was associated with elevated risks of distress (OR 2.05, 95% CI 1.60-2.64) and probable ASR (OR 2.15, 95% CI 1.50-3.10). By contrast, good family functioning was associated with decreased risks of distress (OR 0.43, 95% CI 0.33-0.55) and probable ASR (OR 0.48, 95% CI 0.33-0.69). All associations were independent of baseline psychological distress. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that COVID-19 related psychological distress and high symptoms burden of ASR are common among health professional students. Extended family and professional support should be considered for vulnerable individuals during these unprecedented times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Li
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yue Wang
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jingwen Jiang
- West China Biomedical Big Data Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Unnur A. Valdimarsdóttir
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center of Public Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Katja Fall
- Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fang Fang
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Huan Song
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- West China Biomedical Big Data Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Center of Public Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Donghao Lu
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Clinical Research Center for Breast Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- West China Biomedical Big Data Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Li X, Sun L, Li Q, Wang L. Prediction of posttraumatic stress disorder by acute stress disorder in traffic accident survivors. Turk J Med Sci 2021; 51:2502-2509. [PMID: 34165271 DOI: 10.3906/sag-2008-282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM To investigate the predictive effect of different symptoms of early acute stress disorder (ASD) on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in traffic accident survivors. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 206 traffic accident survivors were assessed with the Acute Stress Disorder Scale (ASDS) within 2-23 days after accidents, as well as with 17-item PTSD Checklist-Specific Stressor Version (PCL-S) during 4-12 months after accidents. All into the first group of subjects by senior surgeon assessment, based on the clinical, radiological and laboratory examination, excluded traumatic brain injuries and mild brain injury. And then, assessmented by clinical psychological practitioner. RESULTS The severity of ASD can significantly predict the severity of PTSD symptoms. ASD reexperience symptoms and avoidance symptoms can significantly predict PTSD reexperience symptoms and avoidance symptoms. ASD hyperarousal symptoms can significantly predict PTSD hyperarousal symptoms. CONCLUSIONS ASD and PTSD are common psychological disorders among traffic accident survivors. ASD can predict the symptoms and severity of PTSD.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Stress Disorders, Traumatic, Acute/diagnosis
- Stress Disorders, Traumatic, Acute/epidemiology
- Stress Disorders, Traumatic, Acute/psychology
- Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/diagnosis
- Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/epidemiology
- Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/psychology
- Accidents, Traffic/psychology
- Survivors/psychology
- Brain Injuries
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuli Li
- Department of , Qingzhou Clinical Hospital, Weifang Medical University, Shandong, China
| | - Luyi Sun
- Department of Radiotherapy, Qingzhou Clinical Hospital, Weifang Medical University, Shandong, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Radiotherapy, Qingzhou Clinical Hospital, Weifang Medical University, Shandong, China
| | - Li Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Abstract
This mixed-methods pilot study investigated maternal perceived stress specific to infant neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) hospitalization as a moderator of the relationship between traumatic childbirth appraisal and symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). NICU mothers (N = 77) were recruited via social media 1 to 4 months postpartum for a cross-sectional survey about perinatal experiences. Measures included traumatic childbirth, PTSD Checklist for DSM-5, and Parental Stressor Scale (PSS): NICU. Quantitative results indicated that, only at high levels of stress, women who reported traumatic childbirth (68%) reported significantly higher PTSD symptoms [b = 18.00, standard error = 7.18, t = 2.51, P = .015, 95% confidence interval (3.65, 32.36)]. Qualitative analysis identified additional stressors: maternal emotional well-being, dissatisfaction with care, infant health problems, breastfeeding, and additional characteristics of the NICU environment. Results provide supportive evidence that NICU mothers are at high risk for childbirth-related trauma and PTSD. Perceived stress related to the NICU may be an important intervention target when developing trauma-informed patient care. In addition to the domains captured by the PSS: NICU, maternal emotional well-being, interpersonal relationships with NICU staff, and stress related to breastfeeding are additional areas for improvement in the family-centered NICU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan Sharp
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island (Drs Sharp and Ward); Women's Medicine Collaborative, The Miriam Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island (Dr Sharp); Department of Psychology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina (Ms Huber and Dr Dolbier); and Center for Behavioral and Preventative Medicine, The Miriam Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island (Dr Ward)
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Ballivian J, Alcaide ML, Cecchini D, Jones DL, Abbamonte JM, Cassetti I. Impact of COVID-19-Related Stress and Lockdown on Mental Health Among People Living With HIV in Argentina. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2020; 85:475-482. [PMID: 33136748 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000002493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, causative agent of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has necessitated widespread lockdown to mitigate the pandemic. This study examines the influence of resilience on the impact of COVID-related stress and enforced lockdown on mental health, drug use, and treatment adherence among people living with HIV (PLWH) in Argentina. SETTING PLWH residing predominantly in Buenos Aires Metropolitan Area and urban regions of Argentina were identified from a private clinic electronic database. METHODS Participants completed an anonymous online survey to evaluate the impact of COVID-19 on economic disruption, resilience, mental health outcomes (depression, anxiety, stress, and loneliness), adherence to HIV treatment, and substance use. We performed ordinary least squares and logistic regressions to test whether resilient coping buffered the impact of economic disruption on mental health and drug use during quarantine. RESULTS A total of 1336 PLWH aged 18-82 were enrolled. The impact of economic disruption on mental health ΔF(1,1321) = 8.86, P = 0.003 and loneliness ΔF(1,1326) = 5.77, P = 0.016 was buffered by resilience. A 3-way interaction between resilient buffering, stress, and sex was significant ΔF(1,1325) = 4.76, P = 0.029. Participants reported less than excellent adherence to medication (33%), disruption to mental health services (11%), and disruption to substance abuse treatment (1.3%) during lockdown. DISCUSSION The impact of COVID-stress and lockdown on emotional distress seemed mitigated by resilience coping strategies, and the buffering impact of resilience on perceived stress was greater among women. Results highlight PLWH's capacity to adhere to treatment in challenging circumstances and the importance of developing resilience skills for better coping with stress and adversity.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptation, Psychological
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Argentina
- Betacoronavirus
- COVID-19
- Coronavirus Infections/complications
- Coronavirus Infections/economics
- Coronavirus Infections/prevention & control
- Coronavirus Infections/psychology
- Female
- HIV Infections/complications
- HIV Infections/psychology
- Humans
- Intimate Partner Violence/trends
- Least-Squares Analysis
- Logistic Models
- Loneliness
- Male
- Mental Health/trends
- Mental Health Services/standards
- Middle Aged
- Pandemics/economics
- Pandemics/prevention & control
- Pneumonia, Viral/complications
- Pneumonia, Viral/economics
- Pneumonia, Viral/prevention & control
- Pneumonia, Viral/psychology
- Resilience, Psychological
- SARS-CoV-2
- Sex Factors
- Social Isolation/psychology
- Social Support
- Stress Disorders, Traumatic, Acute/etiology
- Stress Disorders, Traumatic, Acute/psychology
- Substance-Related Disorders/etiology
- Substance-Related Disorders/therapy
- Surveys and Questionnaires
- Treatment Adherence and Compliance
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria L Alcaide
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL; and
| | | | - Deborah L Jones
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - John M Abbamonte
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
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Abstract
As cases of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) continue to rise, psychological endurance is a challenge many people will face. For mental health, heightened stress responses to the pandemic, is likely to manifest in three ways: 1) development of a new episode of a disorder in those with a predisposition to a major psychiatric disorder or an acute exacerbation in those who already have such a disorder, 2) development of a trauma or stressor related disorder, such as acute stress disorder, Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), or adjustment disorders, and 3) development of a symptomatic stress response that does not meet the diagnostic criteria of a psychiatric disorder. The authors reviewed existing literature on past epidemics, natural disasters, and COVID-19 with a focus on psychiatry and mental health. Psychological effects of past epidemics (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome CoV-1, Ebola, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, the Anthrax threat), past natural disasters, and current COVID-19 data suggest numerous psychological effects following the pandemic. Alcohol use, PTSD, anxiety, anger, fear of contagion, perceived risk, uncertainty, and distrust are a few of the immediate and long-term effects that are likely to result from the COVID-19 pandemic. Identifying people in need of mental health care and determining the appropriate psychiatric services and therapy needed will be important. Increasing the use and availability of telehealth, group meetings, and online resources are some ways that health care workers can prepare for the increasing demand of psychiatric services during and following the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Esterwood
- Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina USA
| | - Sy Atezaz Saeed
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, 600 Moye Blvd., Suite 4E-102, , Greenville, North Carolina 27834 USA
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García-Fernández L, Romero-Ferreiro V, López-Roldán PD, Padilla S, Rodriguez-Jimenez R. Mental Health in Elderly Spanish People in Times of COVID-19 Outbreak. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2020; 28:1040-1045. [PMID: 32718855 PMCID: PMC7340042 DOI: 10.1016/j.jagp.2020.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aim to assess COVID-19 outbreak-related emotional symptoms, identify gender differences, and study the relationship between the emotional state and environmental features in the elderly. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study starting on March 29 to April 5, 2020 based on a national online survey using snowball sampling techniques. Symptoms of anxiety (Hamilton Anxiety Scale), depression (Beck Depression Inventory) and acute stress (Acute Stress Disorder Inventory) were compared between people over and under 60 years old. Gender differences and the relationship of loneliness, regular exercise, economic losses and use of anxiolytics on the mental state were evaluated. RESULTS One thousand six hundred thirty-nine (150 [9.2%] aged ≥60) participants completed the survey. The greater than or equal to 60 group showed lower mean (SD) BDI levels than the less than 60 group (3.02 [3.28] versus 4.30 [4.93]); and lower mean (SD) acute stress disorder inventory scores than the less than 60 group (3.68 [3.20] versus 4.45 [3.06]). There were no gender differences in any of the clinical measures. The presence of economic losses as well as the increase in the use of anxiolytics was significantly associated with higher emotional distress in the elderly compared to the younger group. CONCLUSIONS Older people have shown less emotional distress, with no differences between men and women. Economic loss and substance use should be monitored to guarantee the emotional well-being of the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena García-Fernández
- Clinical Medicine Department, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Alicante, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitario de San Juan, Alicante, Spain; CIBERSAM (Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Mental Health), Spain.
| | - Verónica Romero-Ferreiro
- CIBERSAM (Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Mental Health), Spain; Brain Mapping Unit, Instituto Pluridisciplinar Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychiatry. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas 12), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Sergio Padilla
- Clinical Medicine Department, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Alicante, Spain; Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital Universitario de Elche, Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | - Roberto Rodriguez-Jimenez
- CIBERSAM (Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Mental Health), Spain; Department of Psychiatry. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas 12), Madrid, Spain; Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
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Goh RK, Ho RC, Ng BY. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Road Traffic Accident Survivors - Can We Do More? Ann Acad Med Singap 2019; 48:169-170. [PMID: 31377760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
MESH Headings
- Accidents, Traffic/prevention & control
- Accidents, Traffic/psychology
- Early Diagnosis
- Early Medical Intervention
- Humans
- Mass Screening
- Singapore
- Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/diagnosis
- Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/psychology
- Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/therapy
- Stress Disorders, Traumatic, Acute/diagnosis
- Stress Disorders, Traumatic, Acute/psychology
- Stress Disorders, Traumatic, Acute/therapy
- Survivors/psychology
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Kh Goh
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore
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Gilmore AK, Hahn CK, Jaffe AE, Walsh K, Moreland AD, Ward-Ciesielski EF. Suicidal ideation among adults with a recent sexual assault: Prescription opioid use and prior sexual assault. Addict Behav 2018; 85:120-124. [PMID: 29902682 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sexual assault (SA) is common, and recent sexual assault is associated with suicidal ideation and prescription opioid (PO) use. PO use is also associated with increased risk of suicidal ideation. The current study examined suicidal ideation among adults seeking medical and psychological follow-up care after a SA medical forensic examination based on PO use and prior SA. METHODS Adults (n = 60) who received a SA medical forensic exam at the emergency room within 120 h of a SA were invited to receive medical and psychological follow-up care, which included a questionnaire about current mental health symptoms. RESULTS Results from a linear regression model revealed that more acute stress symptoms were associated with higher suicidal ideation. Further, there was a significant association between PO use and suicidal ideation among those with a prior SA such that those with a prior SA and who used POs reported more severe suicidal ideation than those with a prior SA who did not use POs. CONCLUSIONS Routine screening at the emergency department for PO use and prior SA may help prevention efforts for suicide among adults who recently experienced SA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K Gilmore
- College of Nursing, Medical University of South Carolina, United States; Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, United States.
| | - Christine K Hahn
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, United States
| | - Anna E Jaffe
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, United States
| | - Kate Walsh
- Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University, United States
| | - Angela D Moreland
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, United States
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Zhu DR, Julian J, Lee SJA, Thanataveerat A, Sumner JA. Patterns of peritraumatic threat perceptions in patients evaluated for suspected acute coronary syndrome according to prior and current posttraumatic stress symptoms. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2018; 53:119-124. [PMID: 29789141 PMCID: PMC6388421 DOI: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Prior posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and elevated threat perceptions predict posttraumatic psychopathology after evaluation for acute coronary syndrome (ACS), but most research has measured threat retrospectively. We investigated how threat perceptions during ACS evaluation in the emergency department (ED) and upon recall were associated with posttraumatic psychopathology burden due to prior trauma and the suspected ACS. METHODS Perceived threat was assessed in the ED, and ED threat recall was assessed upon inpatient transfer/discharge, along with acute stress disorder (ASD) symptoms due to suspected ACS and PTSD symptoms due to prior trauma. The sample comprised 894 participants (mean age = 60.7 ± 13.1 years; 46.8% female; 56.3% Hispanic; 20.5% Black). One-way ANOVAs examined how those with consistent posttraumatic psychopathology (prior PTSD/ASD; 14.8%), prior posttraumatic psychopathology (prior PTSD/no ASD; 6.8%), new-onset posttraumatic psychopathology (no PTSD/ASD; 15.7%), or no posttraumatic psychopathology (no PTSD/no ASD; 62.8%) differed in threat perception, threat recall, and their discrepancy. RESULTS Threat perception scores ranged from 6 to 24. Participants with consistent posttraumatic psychopathology had higher threat perceptions (M = 14.01) than those with prior posttraumatic psychopathology (M = 12.02) and new-onset posttraumatic psychopathology (M = 12.21) (ps ≤ 0.001); the latter two did not differ significantly but had higher threat perceptions than those with no posttraumatic psychopathology (M = 9.84) (p < .001). Similar results were observed for threat recall (p < .001). The new-onset posttraumatic psychopathology group also had a greater increase in perceived threat versus the no posttraumatic psychopathology group (p = .06). Results were similar adjusting for potential confounders. CONCLUSIONS Assessing threat perceptions during ACS evaluation and hospitalization may help identify those at risk for emotional difficulties post-ACS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna R Zhu
- Center for Behavioral Cardiovascular Health, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.
| | - Jacob Julian
- Center for Behavioral Cardiovascular Health, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Sung J A Lee
- Center for Behavioral Cardiovascular Health, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Anusorn Thanataveerat
- Center for Behavioral Cardiovascular Health, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jennifer A Sumner
- Center for Behavioral Cardiovascular Health, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
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11
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Han C, Park M, Lee JY, Jung HY, Park SM, Choi JS. Dysfunctional information processing in individuals with acute exposure to sexual abuse: An ERP study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e10880. [PMID: 29851807 PMCID: PMC6392618 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000010880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute stress disorder (ASD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may occur after traumatic event and also cause significant life time impairment. P300 event-related potential (ERP) is a potential biological marker for PTSD and can reflect cognitive impairment in information processing and attention. Despite the usefulness of ERP, there are few attempts to reveal relationships between ASD and P300. In the present study, we aimed to determine if the P300 of the patients who were the victims of sexual abuse reflected the quantitative trait of ASD or if P300 is applicable as a state marker for predicting the risk of PTSD.Fifteen female victims of sexual abuse diagnosed with ASD and 18 healthy controls (HCs) without trauma exposure participated in this study. We investigated the P300 ERPs in patients with ASD to compare them with those of HCs. ERPs were acquired from female adults during an auditory oddball task. Between-group differences in amplitudes or latencies of P300 were investigated using repeated-measures analysis of variance.The ASD groups showed reduced P300 amplitudes at the midline centroparietal site as well as reduced accuracy rates during an auditory oddball task compared with the HCs.These results indicate that ASD have abnormalities in the P300 compared to those in HCs. Moreover, the reduction in P300 could be considered a candidate neurophysiological marker for ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changwoo Han
- Department of Psychiatry, Eulji University Gangnam Eulji Hospital, Seoul
- Department of Addiction Rehabilitation Social Welfare, Eulji University, Kyunggi
| | - Minkyung Park
- Department of Psychiatry, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center
| | - Jun-Young Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science
| | - Hee Yeon Jung
- Department of Psychiatry, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science
- Department of Clinical Medical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Mi Park
- Department of Psychiatry, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center
- Department of Clinical Medical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Seok Choi
- Department of Psychiatry, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anthony S David
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
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Newman MG, Jacobson NC, Erickson TM, Fisher AJ. Interpersonal Problems Predict Differential Response to Cognitive Versus Behavioral Treatment in a Randomized Controlled Trial. Behav Ther 2017; 48:56-68. [PMID: 28077221 PMCID: PMC5240795 DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We examined dimensional interpersonal problems as moderators of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) versus its components (cognitive therapy [CT] and behavioral therapy [BT]). We predicted that people with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) whose interpersonal problems reflected more dominance and intrusiveness would respond best to a relaxation-based BT compared to CT or CBT, based on studies showing that people with personality features associated with a need for autonomy respond best to treatments that are more experiential, concrete, and self-directed compared to therapies involving abstract analysis of one's problems (e.g., containing CT). METHOD This was a secondary analysis of Borkovec, Newman, Pincus, and Lytle (2002). Forty-seven participants with principal diagnoses of GAD were assigned randomly to combined CBT (n = 16), CT (n = 15), or BT (n = 16). RESULTS As predicted, compared to participants with less intrusiveness, those with dimensionally more intrusiveness responded with greater GAD symptom reduction to BT than to CBT at posttreatment and greater change to BT than to CT or CBT across all follow-up points. Similarly, those with more dominance responded better to BT compared to CT and CBT at all follow-up points. Additionally, being overly nurturant at baseline was associated with GAD symptoms at baseline, post, and all follow-up time-points regardless of therapy condition. CONCLUSIONS Generally anxious individuals with domineering and intrusive problems associated with higher need for control may respond better to experiential behavioral interventions than to cognitive interventions, which may be perceived as a direct challenge of their perceptions.
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Brown RC, Nugent NR, Hawn SE, Koenen KC, Miller A, Amstadter AB, Saxe G. Predicting the Transition From Acute Stress Disorder to Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Children With Severe Injuries. J Pediatr Health Care 2016; 30:558-568. [PMID: 26776839 PMCID: PMC4945483 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedhc.2015.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study was to examine predictors of risk for and the transition between acute stress disorder (ASD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in a longitudinal sample of youth with severe injuries admitted to the hospital. These data would assist with treatment and discharge planning. METHODS Youth were assessed for ASD during the initial hospital stay and were followed-up over an 18-month period for PTSD (n = 151). Youth were classified into four groups, including Resilient (ASD-, PTSD-), ASD Only (ASD+, PTSD-), PTSD Only (ASD-, PTSD+), and Chronic (ASD+, PTSD+). Demographic, psychiatric, social context, and injury-related factors were examined as predictors of diagnostic transition. RESULTS The results of multivariate analysis of variance and pairwise comparisons found that peritraumatic dissociation, gender, and socioeconomic status were significant predictors after controlling for multiple testing. DISCUSSION Results suggest that both within-child and contextual factors contribute to the longitudinal response to trauma in children. Clinicians should consider early screening and discharge planning, particularly for children most at risk.
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Merino H, Senra C, Ferreiro F. Are Worry and Rumination Specific Pathways Linking Neuroticism and Symptoms of Anxiety and Depression in Patients with Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Major Depressive Disorder and Mixed Anxiety-Depressive Disorder? PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156169. [PMID: 27243462 PMCID: PMC4886972 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examines the relationships between neuroticism (higher-order vulnerability factor), the cognitive styles of worry, brooding and reflection (second-order vulnerability factors) and symptoms of anxiety and depression in three groups of patients: patients with Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD), with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and with Mixed Anxiety-Depressive Disorder (MADD). One hundred and thirty four patients completed a battery of questionnaires including measures of neuroticism, worry, rumination (brooding and reflection), anxiety and depression. Multiple mediation analyses indicate that worry may act as a mediating mechanism linking neuroticism and anxiety symptoms in the three diagnostic groups, whereas brooding-rumination may play a mediating role between neuroticism and depressive symptoms in patients with MDD and MADD and, with less certainty, in patients with GAD. Overall, our findings suggest that neuroticism may increase the risk of anxious and depressive symptoms via specific links involving either worry or brooding, respectively, and that both worry and brooding may operate in the three groups examined, irrespectively of whether anxiety or depression are the main emotions or whether they coexist without any clear predominance; consequently, we hypothesize the existence of "specific transdiagnostic" mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hipólito Merino
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Carmen Senra
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Fátima Ferreiro
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
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Price M, van Stolk-Cooke K. Examination of the interrelations between the factors of PTSD, major depression, and generalized anxiety disorder in a heterogeneous trauma-exposed sample using DSM 5 criteria. J Affect Disord 2015; 186:149-55. [PMID: 26241663 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2015.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to traumatic events places individuals at high risk for multiple psychiatric disorders, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), major depressive disorder (MDD), and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). The high rates of comorbidity among these conditions merit evaluation in order to improve diagnosis and treatment approaches. The current study evaluated the association between PTSD, MDD, and GAD factors as presented in the DSM 5. 602 trauma-exposed individuals who experienced an event that met Criterion A for the DSM 5 PTSD diagnosis were recruited through Amazon.com, Inc.'s Mechanical Turk (MTurk) to complete an assessment of the impact of stressful events on their lives. High interrelations were detected among the 4 PTSD factors, 2 MDD factors that corresponded to somatic and affective symptoms, and the single GAD factor. The affective factor of MDD was most strongly related to the emotional numbing factor of PTSD, whereas the somatic factor of MDD was most strongly related to the hyperarousal factor of PTSD. The GAD factor was most strongly related to the hyperarousal factor of PTSD, relative to the other PTSD factors. The strength of the interrelations between factors of the three disorders is largely a function of the overlap in symptoms and calls into question the uniqueness of negative affective symptoms of PTSD, MDD and GAD. Results suggest that improved understanding of the trauma reaction requires a focus on the unique presentation of each individual and assessment of multiple disorders.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptation, Psychological
- Adult
- Anxiety Disorders/diagnosis
- Anxiety Disorders/etiology
- Anxiety Disorders/psychology
- Comorbidity
- Depressive Disorder, Major/diagnosis
- Depressive Disorder, Major/etiology
- Depressive Disorder, Major/psychology
- Factor Analysis, Statistical
- Female
- Humans
- Life Change Events
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/diagnosis
- Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/etiology
- Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/psychology
- Stress Disorders, Traumatic, Acute/diagnosis
- Stress Disorders, Traumatic, Acute/etiology
- Stress Disorders, Traumatic, Acute/psychology
- Violence/psychology
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Price
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Vermont, United States.
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Helpman L, Besser A, Neria Y. Acute posttraumatic stress symptoms but not generalized anxiety symptoms are associated with severity of exposure to war trauma: A study of civilians under fire. J Anxiety Disord 2015; 35:27-34. [PMID: 26343559 PMCID: PMC4623950 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress (PTSS) and generalized anxiety symptoms (GAS) may ensue following trauma. While they are now thought to represent different psychopathological entities, it is not clear whether both GAS and PTSS show a dose-response to trauma exposure. The current study aimed to address this gap in knowledge and to investigate the moderating role of subjects' demographics in the exposure-outcome associations. The sample included 249 civilian adults, assessed during the 2014 Israel-Gaza military conflict. The survey probed demographic information, trauma exposure, and symptoms. PTSS but not GAS was associated with exposure severity. Women were at higher risk for both PTSS and GAS than men. In addition, several demographic variables were only associated with PTSS levels. PTSS dose-response effect was moderated by education. These findings are in line with emerging neurobiological and cognitive research, suggesting that although PTSS and GAS have shared risk factors they represent two different psychopathological entities. Clinical and theoretical implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liat Helpman
- Columbia University and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, Unit #69, New York, NY 10032, United States.
| | - Avi Besser
- Sapir Academic College, D.N. Hof Ashkelon, 79165, Israel.
| | - Yuval Neria
- Columbia University and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, Unit #69, New York, NY 10032, United States.
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Shahini M, Rescorla L, Wancata J, Ahmeti A. Mental health problems in Kosovar adolescents: results from a national mental health survey. Neuropsychiatr 2015; 29:125-32. [PMID: 26290137 DOI: 10.1007/s40211-015-0155-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Our purpose was to determine the effects of gender and age on Kosovar YSR scores and the prevalence of self-reported behavioral/emotional problems in Kosovar adolescents based on scores above a cutpoint. METHODS Participants were 1351 adolescents recruited from secondary schools in seven regions of Kosova who completed the Youth Self-Report. RESULTS The oldest adolescents had the highest scores on many YSR scales. Although Kosova's mean problems scores were not elevated relative to international norms, the percentage of adolescents scoring in the deviant range (borderline + clinical) was much higher than expected for almost all YSR problem scales, including Total Problems (31.2%), Internalizing (40.8%), and Externalizing (23.4%). The 23% prevalence of elevated scores on Stress Problems was triple the expected 7% prevalence based on a 93rd percentile cutpoint. CONCLUSION Results revealed much higher prevalence of psychopathology than would be expected based on international norms, with 25-40% of Kosovar adolescents scoring in the deviant range on YSR scales, Thus, our research indicates a need for expanding psychiatry services to meet the pressing mental health needs of Kosovar adolescents as well as the importance of considering mental health problems in their social context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mimoza Shahini
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Clinical Center of Kosova, 10000, Prishtine, Kosove.
| | - Leslie Rescorla
- Department of Psychology, Bryn Mawr College, 101 N. Merion, Avenue, 19010, Bryn Mawr, PA, USA
| | - Johannes Wancata
- Klinische Abteilung für Sozialpsychiatrie, Univ.-Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Medizinische Universität Wien, Allgemeines Krankenhaus der Stadt Wien, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Adelina Ahmeti
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Clinical Center of Kosova, 10000, Prishtine, Kosove.
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Ponteva M, Henriksson M, Isoaho R, Laukkala T, Punamäki L, Wahlbeck K. [Update on Current Care Guidelines: Post-traumatic Stress Disorder]. Duodecim 2015; 131:558-559. [PMID: 26237898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The updated Current Care Guidelines for ASD and PTSD recommend psychosocial support and careful monitoring for acute stress reaction (ASR) and acute stress disorder (ASD). If symptoms require, short focused cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy can be used for ASD. Medication is rarely necessary. Trauma-focused psychotherapeutic interventions are the first-line treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Antidepressant medication is an effective second-line treatment. Psychotherapeutic interventions and medication should often be combined. Specific groups, such as children, the elderly, and military and peacekeeping personnel need tailored interventions.
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Shevlin M, Hyland P, Elklit A. Different profiles of acute stress disorder differentially predict posttraumatic stress disorder in a large sample of female victims of sexual trauma. Psychol Assess 2014; 26:1155-61. [PMID: 24978131 DOI: 10.1037/a0037272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to test the dimensional structure of acute stress disorder (ASD). Latent profile analysis was conducted on scores from the Acute Stress Disorder Scale (Bryant, Moulds, & Guthrie, 2000) using a large sample of female victims of sexual trauma. Four distinct classes were found. Two of the classes represented high and low levels of ASD, and the high ASD class was associated with a high probability of subsequent posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). There were 2 intermediate classes that were differentiated by the number of arousal symptoms, and the class with high levels of arousal symptoms had a higher risk of PTSD. The results suggested that ASD is best described by qualitatively and quantitatively differing subgroups in this sample, whereas previous research has assumed ASD to be dimensional. This may explain the limited success of using ASD to predict subsequent PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Shevlin
- School of Psychology and Psychology Research Institute, University of Ulster
| | | | - Ask Elklit
- National Center of Psychotraumatology, University of Southern Denmark
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22
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Abstract
Unfortunately, the number of bank robberies is increasing and little is known about the subsequent risk of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Several studies have investigated the prediction of PTSD through the presence of acute stress disorder (ASD). However, there have only been a few studies following nonsexual assault. The present study investigated the predictive power of different aspects of the ASD diagnosis and symptom severity on PTSD prevalence and symptom severity in 132 bank employees. The PTSD diagnosis, based on the three core symptom clusters, was best identified using cutoff scores on the Acute Stress Disorder scale. ASD severity accounted for 40% and the inclusion of other risk factors accounted for 50% of the PTSD severity variance. In conclusion, results indicated that ASD appears to predict PTSD differently following nonsexual assault than other trauma types. ASD severity was a stronger predictor of PTSD than ASD diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maj Hansen
- National Centre for Psychotraumatology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark.
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23
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Kavan MG, Elsasser GN, Barone EJ. The physician's role in managing acute stress disorder. Am Fam Physician 2012; 86:643-649. [PMID: 23062092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Acute stress disorder is a psychiatric diagnosis that may occur in patients within four weeks of a traumatic event. Features include anxiety, intense fear or helplessness, dissociative symptoms, reexperiencing the event, and avoidance behaviors. Persons with this disorder are at increased risk of developing posttraumatic stress disorder. Other risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder include current or family history of anxiety or mood disorders, a history of sexual or physical abuse, lower cognitive ability, engaging in excessive safety behaviors, and greater symptom severity one to two weeks after the trauma. Common reactions to trauma include physical, mental, and emotional symptoms. Persistent psychological distress that is severe enough to interfere with psychological or social functioning may warrant further evaluation and intervention. Patients experiencing acute stress disorder may benefit from psychological first aid, which includes ensuring the patient's safety; providing information about the event, stress reactions, and how to cope; offering practical assistance; and helping the patient to connect with social support and other services. Cognitive behavior therapy is effective in reducing symptoms and decreasing the future incidence of posttraumatic stress disorder. Critical Incident Stress Debriefing aims to mitigate emotional distress through sharing emotions about the traumatic event, providing education and tips on coping, and attempting to normalize reactions to trauma. However, this method may actually impede natural recovery by overwhelming victims. There is insufficient evidence to recommend the routine use of drugs in the treatment of acute stress disorder. Short-term pharmacologic intervention may be beneficial in relieving specific associated symptoms, such as pain, insomnia, and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Kavan
- Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE 68178, USA.
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Bryant RA, Creamer M, O'Donnell M, Silove D, McFarlane AC. The capacity of acute stress disorder to predict posttraumatic psychiatric disorders. J Psychiatr Res 2012; 46:168-73. [PMID: 22088925 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2011.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2010] [Revised: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One rationale for establishing the acute stress disorder diagnosis was to identify recently trauma-exposed people who may develop later posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This study conducted a multi-site assessment of the extent to which ASD predicts subsequent PTSD, and also major depressive disorder, panic disorder, agoraphobia, social phobia, specific phobia, generalized anxiety disorder, and substance use disorder, 12 months after trauma. METHOD Consecutive admissions to 5 major trauma hospitals across Australia (N = 1084) were assessed during hospital admission and within one month of trauma exposure and subsequently re-assessed for psychiatric disorder 12 months after the initial assessment (N = 859). RESULTS Whereas 120 (10%) patients met criteria for ASD in the initial month after trauma, 83 (10%) met criteria for PTSD, and 268 (31%) had any psychiatric disorder at 12 months. In terms of those diagnosed with ASD, 28 (36%) subsequently met criteria for PTSD and 50 (65%) subsequently developed any psychiatric disorder. CONCLUSIONS Whereas the majority of people with ASD subsequently develop a psychiatric disorder, most people with a disorder at 12 months do not initially display ASD.
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25
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Ogłodek E, Araszkiewicz A. [Post-traumatic stress]. Pol Merkur Lekarski 2012; 32:5-8. [PMID: 22400171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
As civilization advanced, the number of disasters, including their types and size of the threat to humanity. In addition to natural disasters and wars, there are currently a disaster communication, environmental and technological. Disasters "new generation" include increasingly frequent bombings and terrorist attacks. These events are an impediment to long-lasting and deep impact on the mental functioning of the victims of the event. This represents a potential risk of a variety of psychopathological symptoms, which go beyond the limits of human suffering. ICD-I0 classification includes individuals sickness arising as a consequence of pathological after surviving the disaster, which include: acute stress disorder (ASD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), post-traumatic stress disorder linked to depression, symptoms anxiety, addictions, dissociative disorders and personality changes and permanent after the disaster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Ogłodek
- Medical University of Bydgoszcz, Poland, Chair of Psychiatry.
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Chan AOM, Kee JPC, Chan YH. Awareness and utilization of peer support programs in Singapore public general hospitals. Int J Emerg Ment Health 2012; 14:217-223. [PMID: 23894802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
To address the effects of acute, chronic and cumulative stress in the healthcare environment in Singapore, the Ministry of Health provided funding to develop a comprehensive crisis response management system (peer support programs/PSPs) that increases mental health awareness, provides emotional support to affected staff during work-related critical incidents and assists hospital management to better understand the emotional needs of the employees. This paper reports the awareness and utilization of PSPs in Singapore public general hospitals about one year after they were set up.
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MESH Headings
- Attitude of Health Personnel
- Awareness
- Cooperative Behavior
- Crisis Intervention/statistics & numerical data
- Cross-Sectional Studies
- Cumulative Trauma Disorders/diagnosis
- Cumulative Trauma Disorders/epidemiology
- Cumulative Trauma Disorders/psychology
- Cumulative Trauma Disorders/therapy
- Data Collection
- Health Services Accessibility
- Hospitals, General
- Hospitals, Public
- Humans
- Interdisciplinary Communication
- Occupational Diseases/diagnosis
- Occupational Diseases/epidemiology
- Occupational Diseases/psychology
- Occupational Diseases/therapy
- Peer Group
- Personnel, Hospital/psychology
- Personnel, Hospital/statistics & numerical data
- Self-Help Groups/statistics & numerical data
- Singapore
- Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/diagnosis
- Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/epidemiology
- Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/psychology
- Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/therapy
- Stress Disorders, Traumatic, Acute/diagnosis
- Stress Disorders, Traumatic, Acute/epidemiology
- Stress Disorders, Traumatic, Acute/psychology
- Stress Disorders, Traumatic, Acute/therapy
- Utilization Review/statistics & numerical data
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Abstract
Recent work has documented the relatively high incidence of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptoms in women during the birth delivery process and afterwards, even in uncomplicated births. This phenomenon, however, has yet to be linked with cases of neonaticide (child homicide in the first 24 hr of life) or infanticide (child homicide within the 1st year of life). Women are more likely to experience mental disorder after childbirth than at any other time in their lives, and the intentional killing of an offspring by a mentally ill mother is likely underreported. The immediate postpartum period is a time of heightened vigilance by health providers and, when the tragic death of an infant occurs, forensic professionals should specifically assess for PTSD. As an illustration, the authors present a case of maternal neonaticide that was directly linked to PTSD without any other concomitant mental disorder. PTSD is a viable mitigating factor to be examined in legal defenses of infanticide either in isolation or in conjunction with other factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Nesca
- Athabasca University, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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Kozarić-Kovačić D, Jambrošić-Sakoman A, Jovanovic T. Startle reactivity in acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder. Stud Health Technol Inform 2011; 167:194-198. [PMID: 21685666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to prospectively examine electromyographic (EMG) responses in patients diagnosed with acute stress disorder (ASD) after experiencing a traffic accident or violent attack, within one month after the traumatic event and six months later. Half of the participants met criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after six months. Psychophysiological parameters can provide a better clarification between ASD and PTSD patients. Heightened startle magnitude in the immediate aftermath of trauma may be a good predictor of PTSD; moreover, a lack of startle habituation appears to be a more stable marker of PTSD, which persists for six months after trauma exposure.
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Mitchell JT. Critical decision points in crisis support: using checklists and flow charts in psychological crises. Int J Emerg Ment Health 2011; 13:137-146. [PMID: 22708143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The field of crisis intervention has grown dramatically during the last hundred years. Many new procedures and techniques have been added to the crisis intervention repertoire. Periodically, providers of crisis intervention, psychological first aid, critical incident stress management, or Peer Support overlook important elements of crisis intervention or make inadvertent mistakes as they attempt to intervene. The use of checklists and flow charts, similar to those used in aviation and medicine, may assist crisis intervention personnel in properly assessing a traumatic event and its impact on the people involved. Simple checklists and flow charts may significantly decrease the potential for mistakes in crisis intervention. This article provides background on the development of flip charts in aviation and medicine and suggests how these tools may be utilized within the field of crisis intervention. Examples of checklists and flow charts that are relevant to crisis intervention are provided. The article also provides guidelines for developing additional checklists and flow charts for use in crisis intervention services.
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Favelle GK. Trauma postvention response in Manitoba: coping with trauma and disasters. Int J Emerg Ment Health 2011; 13:155-160. [PMID: 22708145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Manitoba utilises three different trauma "postvention" services and approaches to assist responders (including emergency services, government and non-governmental organisations) and communities affected by trauma and disaster. A coordinated response is required to assist those affected utilising: Community Trauma Postvention and Critical Incident Stress Management services and a multifaceted psychosocial support approach. It is important to recognise the role and place of each service and approach to ensure all those affected have an opportunity to have their needs met in a comprehensive and efficient manner. This paper briefly describes the concept of "postvention" and the situations in which these "postvention" services and approaches were developed and/or utilised in Manitoba and internationally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon K Favelle
- Manitoba Office of the Fire Commissioner, Manitoba Emergency Services College.
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32
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Connolly S, Sakai C. Brief trauma intervention with Rwandan genocide-survivors using thought field therapy. Int J Emerg Ment Health 2011; 13:161-172. [PMID: 22708146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This randomized waitlist control study examined the efficacy of Thought Field Therapy (TFT) in reducing Posttraumatic Stress Disorder symptoms in survivors of the 1994 genocide in Rwanda. Participants included 145 adult genocide survivors randomly assigned to an immediate TFT treatment group or a waitlist control group. Group differences adjusted for pretest scores and repeated measures anovas were statistically significant at p < .001 for 9 of 10 TSI trauma subscales and for both severity and frequency on the MPSS, with moderate to large effect sizes. Reduced trauma symptoms for the group receiving TFT were found for all scales. Reductions in trauma symptoms were sustained at a 2-year follow-up assessment. Limitations, clinical implications, and future research are discussed.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the prediction of cognitive models of trauma that negative, catastrophic appraisals central to the development of psychopathological stress reactions. DESIGN A cross-sectional, concurrent design was used. METHODS Sixty-six children (aged 7-13 years), who were hospitalized after traumatic injury were assessed within 4 weeks of their trauma for acute stress disorder, depression, and administered the Child Post-traumatic Cognitions Inventory (cPTCI). Parental acute stress was also assessed. RESULTS Children's negative appraisals of their ongoing vulnerability accounted for 44% of the variance of acute stress reactions in children. Injury severity, depression, age, and parental acute stress levels did not account for significant additional variance. CONCLUSIONS The findings provide support for cognitive models of trauma adaptation and highlight the importance of assessing children's appraisals of their traumatic experience in order to develop effective interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Salmon
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Australia.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated the relationship between hyperarousal, intrusions, and dissociative experiences in acute stress disorder (ASD). METHOD Trauma survivors with ASD (n=30) and without ASD (n=30) completed either a hyperventilation provocation test (HVPT) or a non-hyperventilating control procedure whilst monitoring intrusive experiences. Participants then completed the Physical Reactions Scale and the Peritraumatic Dissociative Experiences Questionnaire. RESULTS Whereas the hyperventilation procedure resulted in an increase in the number of intrusions for ASD participants, the hyperventilation procedure resulted in a decrease in the number of intrusions for non-ASD participants. Contrary to expectations, there was no differences in dissociative reactions across group or condition. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide evidence that intrusive phenomenon are directly associated with elevated states of arousal for individuals with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Hopwood
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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Biggs QM, Fullerton CS, Reeves JJ, Grieger TA, Reissman D, Ursano RJ. Acute stress disorder, depression, and tobacco use in disaster workers following 9/11. Am J Orthopsychiatry 2010; 80:586-92. [PMID: 20950299 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-0025.2010.01063.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Early posttraumatic psychiatric disorders have not been well studied in disaster workers. This study examined the rates of probable acute stress disorder (ASD), probable depression, increased tobacco use, and their associated risk factors in 9/11 World Trade Center disaster workers. Surveys were obtained from 90 disaster workers (e.g., medical personnel, police, firefighters, search and rescue) 2-3 weeks after 9/11. Nearly 15% of disaster workers had probable ASD and 26% had probable depression. Probable ASD and depression were highly related to functional impairment. The risk for ASD was increased for those with 9/11-specific disaster exposures, more pre-9/11 trauma exposures, and the peritraumatic dissociative symptom of altered sense of time. Disaster workers who were younger, non-White, or who had increasing numbers of peritraumatic dissociative symptoms were more likely to have probable depression. More than half of tobacco users increased their tobacco use after 9/11. Additionally, all tobacco users with probable ASD and almost all tobacco users with probable depression increased tobacco use. Rapid mobilization of resources for early screening and intervention and health promotion campaigns aimed at improving adverse health-related behaviors may be helpful for this high-risk group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quinn M Biggs
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814-4712, USA.
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36
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Abstract
In recent years, a number of studies have investigated the prediction of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) through the presence of acute stress disorder (ASD). The predictive power of ASD on PTSD was examined in a population of 148 female rape victims who visited a center for rape victims shortly after the rape or attempted rape. The PTSD diagnosis based solely on the three core symptom clusters was best identified by a subclinical ASD diagnosis based on all ASD criteria except dissociation. However, a full PTSD diagnosis including the A( 2) and F criteria was best identified by classifying victims according to a full ASD diagnosis. Regardless of whether cases were classified according to full PTSD status or according to meeting the criteria for the three PTSD core symptom clusters, the classification was correct only in approximately two thirds of the cases. A regression analysis based on ASD severity and sexual problems following the rape accounted for only 28% of the PTSD severity variance. In conclusion, the ASD diagnosis is not an optimal method for identifying those most at risk for PTSD. It remains to be seen whether a better way can be found.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptation, Psychological
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Child
- Crime/psychology
- Denmark/epidemiology
- Female
- Humans
- Middle Aged
- Prevalence
- Psychiatric Status Rating Scales
- Psychometrics/statistics & numerical data
- Rape/psychology
- Regression Analysis
- Risk Factors
- Severity of Illness Index
- Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/diagnosis
- Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/epidemiology
- Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/psychology
- Stress Disorders, Traumatic, Acute/diagnosis
- Stress Disorders, Traumatic, Acute/epidemiology
- Stress Disorders, Traumatic, Acute/psychology
- Young Adult
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37
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Scott JM, Nipper N, Smith R. Clinical inquiries: what is the most effective way to relieve symptoms of acute stress disorder? J Fam Pract 2010; 59:463-464. [PMID: 20714457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) that emphasizes exposure-based treatment is the most effective intervention for adults with acute stress disorder (ASD). Exposure-based therapy reduces symptoms in adults with ASD more than CBT that focuses on cognitive restructuring; both therapies are better than no treatment at all. Avoid drug treatment within 4 weeks of appearance of symptoms, unless distress is too severe to be managed with psychological treatment alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Scott
- Eglin Air Force Base Family Medicine Residency, Eglin AFB, FL, USA
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38
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Pandya A, Katz CL, Smith R, Ng AT, Tafoya M, Holmes A, North CS. Services provided by volunteer psychiatrists after 9/11 at the New York City family assistance center: September 12-November 20, 2001. J Psychiatr Pract 2010; 16:193-9. [PMID: 20485109 PMCID: PMC3086595 DOI: 10.1097/01.pra.0000375717.77831.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize the experience of volunteer disaster psychiatrists who provided pro bono psychiatric services to 9/11 survivors in New York City, from September 12, 2001 to November 20, 2001. METHOD Disaster Psychiatry Outreach (DPO) is a non-profit organization founded in 1998 to provide volunteer psychiatric care to people affected by disasters and to promote education and research in support of this mission. Data for this study were collected from one-page clinical encounter forms completed by 268 DPO psychiatrists for 2 months after 9/11 concerning 848 patients served by the DPO 9/11 response program at the New York City Family Assistance Center. RESULTS In this endeavor, 268 psychiatrist volunteers evaluated 848 individuals and provided appropriate interventions. The most commonly recorded clinical impressions indicated stress-related and adjustment disorders, but other conditions such as bereavement, major depression, and substance abuse/dependence were also observed. Free samples were available for one sedative and one anxiolytic agent; not surprisingly, these were the most commonly prescribed medications. Nearly half of those evaluated received psychotropic medications. CONCLUSIONS In the acute aftermath of the attacks of September 11, 2001, volunteer psychiatrists were able to provide services in a disaster response setting, in which they were co-located with other disaster responders. These services included psychiatric assessment, provision of medication, psychological first aid, and referrals for ongoing care. Although systematic diagnoses could not be confirmed, the fact that most patients were perceived to have a psychiatric diagnosis and a substantial proportion received psychotropic medication suggests potential specific roles for psychiatrists that are unique and different from roles of other mental health professionals in the early post-disaster setting. In addition to further characterizing post-disaster mental health needs and patterns of service provision, future research should focus on the short- and long-term effects of psychiatric interventions, such as providing acute psychotropic medication services and assessing the effectiveness of traditional acute post-disaster interventions including crisis counseling and psychological first aid.
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MESH Headings
- Adjustment Disorders/diagnosis
- Adjustment Disorders/epidemiology
- Adjustment Disorders/psychology
- Adjustment Disorders/rehabilitation
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Alcoholism/diagnosis
- Alcoholism/epidemiology
- Alcoholism/psychology
- Alcoholism/rehabilitation
- Anti-Anxiety Agents/therapeutic use
- Bereavement
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Crisis Intervention/statistics & numerical data
- Cross-Sectional Studies
- Depressive Disorder, Major/epidemiology
- Depressive Disorder, Major/rehabilitation
- Family/psychology
- Female
- Health Services Needs and Demand
- Humans
- Hypnotics and Sedatives/therapeutic use
- Male
- Middle Aged
- New York City
- Patient Care Team
- Psychiatry
- Referral and Consultation
- Relief Work
- September 11 Terrorist Attacks/psychology
- Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/diagnosis
- Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/epidemiology
- Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/psychology
- Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/rehabilitation
- Stress Disorders, Traumatic, Acute/diagnosis
- Stress Disorders, Traumatic, Acute/epidemiology
- Stress Disorders, Traumatic, Acute/psychology
- Stress Disorders, Traumatic, Acute/rehabilitation
- Substance-Related Disorders/diagnosis
- Substance-Related Disorders/epidemiology
- Substance-Related Disorders/psychology
- Substance-Related Disorders/rehabilitation
- Survivors/psychology
- Survivors/statistics & numerical data
- Volunteers
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Pandya
- University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Disaster Psychiatry Outreach, New York, New York
| | - Craig L. Katz
- Disaster Psychiatry Outreach, New York, New York
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Rebecca Smith
- Disaster Psychiatry Outreach, New York, New York
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Anthony T. Ng
- Disaster Psychiatry Outreach, New York, New York
- Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Psychiatry, Odenton, Maryland
| | - Michael Tafoya
- Disaster Psychiatry Outreach, New York, New York
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | | | - Carol S. North
- Disaster Psychiatry Outreach, New York, New York
- VA North Texas Health Care System and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry and Department of Surgery/Division of Emergency Medicine, Dallas, TX
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39
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The amelioration of psychological distress following traumatic events is a major concern. Systematic reviews suggest that interventions targeted at all of those exposed to such events are not effective at preventing post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Recently other forms of intervention have been developed with the aim of treating acute traumatic stress problems. OBJECTIVES To perform a systematic review of randomised controlled trials of all psychological treatments and interventions commenced within three months of a traumatic event aimed at treating acute traumatic stress reactions. The review followed the guidelines of the Cochrane Collaboration. SEARCH STRATEGY Systematic searches were performed of of CCDAN Registers up to August 2008. Editions of key journals were searched by hand over a period of two years; personal communication was undertaken with key experts in the field; online discussion fora were searched. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials of any psychological intervention or treatment designed to reduce acute traumatic stress symptoms, with the exception of single session interventions. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Data were entered and analysed for summary effects using Review Manager 5.0 software. Standardised mean differences were calculated for continuous variable outcome data. Relative risks were calculated for dichotomous outcome data. When statistical heterogeneity was present a random effects model was applied. MAIN RESULTS Fifteen studies (two with long term follow-up studies) were identified examining a range of interventions.In terms of main findings, twelve studies evaluated brief trauma focused cognitive behavioural interventions (TF-CBT). TF-CBT was more effective than a waiting list intervention (6 studies, 471 participants; SMD -0.64, 95% CI -1.06, -0.23) and supportive counselling (4 studies, 198 participants; SMD -0.67, 95% CI -1.12, -0.23). Effects against supportive counselling were still present at 6 month follow-up (4 studies, 170 participants; SMD -0.64, 95% CI -1.02, -0.25). There was no evidence of the effectiveness of a structured writing intervention when compared against minimal intervention (2 studies, 149 participants; SMD -0.15, 95% CI -0.48, 0.17). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS There was evidence that individual TF-CBT was effective for individuals with acute traumatic stress symptoms compared to both waiting list and supportive counselling interventions. The quality of trials included was variable and sample sizes were often small. There was considerable clinical heterogeneity in the included studies and unexplained statistical heterogeneity observed in some comparisons. This suggests the need for caution in interpreting the results of this review. Additional high quality trials with longer follow up periods are required to further test TF-CBT and other forms of psychological intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil P Roberts
- Traumatic Stress Service, Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Monmouth House, University Hospital of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK, CF14 4XW
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40
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Kozarić-Kovacić D, Jambrosić Sakoman A, Jovanovic T, Milas G. Psychophysiological indicators of acute stress disorder. Stud Health Technol Inform 2010; 154:185-189. [PMID: 20543295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
AIM The aim of the current study was to compare basal psychophysiology and startle reflexes in acute stress disorder (ASD) patients and controls. Stress reactions to traumatic event include acute and chronic reactions like ASD and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). They are characterized by prominent psychophysiological symptoms that can give insight into the pathogenesis of PTSD. METHODS We measured heart-rate (HR), respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), electrodermal activity (EDA) and electromyography (EMG) of musculus orbicularis occuli during an acclimation period and during the presentation of startle stimuli in 29 ASD patients with different traumatic experiences and in 33 healthy controls. RESULTS ASD subjects had similar habituation to the startle probe as healthy controls. EDA for individuals with ASD after traffic accident was higher then for healthy controls. There were no differences for heart-rate in two compared groups. CONCLUSION EDA appears to offer the most reliable psychophysiological indices in the ASD following traffic accident.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragica Kozarić-Kovacić
- University Hospital Dubrava, Department of Psychiatry, Referral Centre for Stress Related Disorders of the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare of the Republic of Croatia, Regional Center for Psychotrauma, Zagreb, Croatia.
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41
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Attal J. [Post-traumatic stress disorder and acute stress disorder]. Rev Prat 2009; 59:969-972. [PMID: 19839469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a disabling chronic disorder, which is often under-diagnosed, difficult to treat and to predict. The emotional and physical symptoms occur in three clusters: re-experiencing the trauma, avoidance of reminders of the event and hyperarousal for at least one month. Up to 80% of patients with PTSD have another psychiatric disorder. The main risk factors of PTSD are psychiatric and trauma history, trauma severity, peritraumatic dissociation and lack of social support. Treatment relies on psychotherapies like cognitive behavior therapy or EMDR and pharmacologic treatment like selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors without neglecting the forensic aspect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérome Attal
- Service universitaire de psychiatrie adulte, hôpital La Colombière, 34295 Montpellier Cedex 5.
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42
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Colović O, Lecić-Tosevski D, Mandić V, Tosković O. The impact of stress related disorders on quality of life. Psychiatr Danub 2009; 21:199-205. [PMID: 19556949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some new studies have shown a significant connection between post-traumatic stress disorder and impairment of the quality of life (QoL), whereas, to our knowledge, research on the connection between other disorders of the stress related group and quality of life do not exist. The objective of our study was to assess the connection between stress related disorders and the quality of life. SUBJECTS AND METHODS We studied the quality of life in 160 subjects who have experienced certain stressogenic life events. Within the first group (80 subjects) a certain stress related disorder was diagnosed after a stressogenic life event. In the second group (80 subjects) none of the stress related disorders was developed after a stressogenic life event. The diagnosis was made based on the ICD-10 criteria; the stress was assessed by the Impact of Events Scale (IES) and QoL by the Manchester Short Assessment Quality of Life Scale (MANSA). RESULTS Persons in whom some stress related disorders were diagnosed had a lower quality of life compared to persons who experienced stress but did not develop a disorder (p<0.01). CONCLUSION Given the long-term stressogenic situation in our country, which is still ongoing, we think that comprehensive measures of prevention, early diagnostics and efficient treatment of stress related disorders are necessary in order to improve the quality of life for the persons with these disorders and their families, but also for society as a whole.
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43
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Arendt M, Rosenberg R. [Psychological debriefing]. Ugeskr Laeger 2009; 171:607-610. [PMID: 19284905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Diagnostic criteria for stress reactions and adjustment disorders are summarized. Existing psychological treatments are outlined with a focus on evidence-based methods, and recommendations for treatment are described. The conclusion is that there is no evidence for the effect of psychological debriefing or other professional treatment in the immediate aftermath of traumatic events. On the other hand, cognitive behavioural therapy, EMDR and similar methods with focus on exposure can be recommended, both as a preventive strategy and for patients with post-traumatic stress disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikkel Arendt
- Arhus Universitetshospital, Center for Psykiatrisk Forskning.
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44
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Kapfhammer HP. [Therapeutic possibilities after traumatic experiences]. Psychiatr Danub 2008; 20:532-545. [PMID: 19011595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Acute stress disorder (ASD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are frequent, but not obligatory psychological sequelae following trauma. A major subgroup of patients face a chronic course of illness associated with an increased psychiatric comorbidity and significant impairments in psychosocial adaptation. The typical psychopathological symptoms of ASD and PTSD are best described within a multifactorial model integrating both neurobiological and psychosocial influences. The complex etiopathogenesis of acute and posttraumatic stress disorder favours multimodal approaches in the treatment. Differential psychotherapeutic and pharmacological strategies are available. In a critical survey on empirical studies, psychological debriefing cannot be considered as a positive approach to be recommended as general preventive measure during the immediate posttraumatic phase. Positive effects of cognitive-behavioral interventions can be established for ASD. Psychodynamic psychotherapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy and EMDR show promising results in the treatment of PTSD. Major clinical restrictions of patient sampling within special research facilities, however, do not allow an unconditional generalization of these data to psychiatric routine care. In an empirical analysis the SSRIs are the most and best studied medications for ASD and PTSD. In comparison to tricyclic antidepressants SSRIs demonstrate a broader spectrum of therapeutic effects and are better tolerated. The substance classes of SSNRI, DAS, SARI and NaSSA are to be considered as drugs of second choice. They promise a therapeutic efficacy equivalent to the SSRIs, being investigated so far only in open studies. MAO-inhibitors may dispose of a positive therapeutic potential, their profile of side effects must be respected, however. Mood stabilizers and atypical neuroleptics may be used first and foremost in add-on strategies. Benzodiazepines should be used only with increased caution for a short time in states of acute crisis. In early interventions, substances blocking the norepinephric hyperactivity seem to be promising alternatives. Stress doses of hydrocortisone may be considered as an experimental pharmacological strategy so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Peter Kapfhammer
- Klinik für Psychiatrie, Medizinische Universität Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 31, Graz, Austria.
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45
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Abstract
Toward the development of a unifying diagnosis for acute stress responses this article attempts to find a place for combat stress reaction (CSR) within the spectrum of other defined acute stress responses. This article critically compares the diagnostic criteria of acute stress disorder (ASD), acute stress reaction (ASR), and CSR. Prospective studies concerning the predictive value of ASD, ASR, and CSR are reviewed. Questions, recommendations, and implications for clinical practice are raised concerning the completeness of the current acute stress response diagnoses, the heterogeneity of different stressors, the scope of expected outcomes, and the importance of decline in function as an indicator of future psychological, psychiatric, and somatic distress.
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MESH Headings
- Combat Disorders/classification
- Combat Disorders/epidemiology
- Combat Disorders/psychology
- Humans
- Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/classification
- Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/epidemiology
- Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/psychology
- Stress Disorders, Traumatic, Acute/classification
- Stress Disorders, Traumatic, Acute/epidemiology
- Stress Disorders, Traumatic, Acute/psychology
- Stress, Psychological/classification
- Stress, Psychological/epidemiology
- Stress, Psychological/psychology
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanna Isserlin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Western Ontario. London, Canada.
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46
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Joshi PT, Parr AF, Efron LA. TV coverage of tragedies: what is the impact on children? Indian Pediatr 2008; 45:629-634. [PMID: 18723904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paramjit T Joshi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Childrens National Medical Center, George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington DC 20010-2970, USA.
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Kongsted A, Bendix T, Qerama E, Kasch H, Bach FW, Korsholm L, Jensen TS. Acute stress response and recovery after whiplash injuries. A one-year prospective study. Eur J Pain 2008; 12:455-63. [PMID: 17900949 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpain.2007.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2006] [Revised: 06/29/2007] [Accepted: 07/09/2007] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Chronic whiplash-associated disorder (WAD) represents a major medical and psycho-social problem. The typical symptomatology presented in WAD is to some extent similar to symptoms of post traumatic stress disorder. In this study we examined if the acute stress reaction following a whiplash injury predicted long-term sequelae. Participants with acute whiplash-associated symptoms after a motor vehicle accident were recruited from emergency units and general practitioners. The predictor variable was the sum score of the impact of event scale (IES) completed within 10 days after the accident. The main outcome-measures were neck pain and headache, neck disability, general health, and working ability one year after the accident. A total of 737 participants were included and completed the IES, and 668 (91%) participated in the 1-year follow-up. A baseline IES-score denoting a moderate to severe stress response was obtained by 13% of the participants. This was associated with increased risk of considerable persistent pain (OR=3.3; 1.8-5.9), neck disability (OR=3.2; 1.7-6.0), reduced working ability (OR=2.8; 1.6-4.9), and lowered self-reported general health one year after the accident. These associations were modified by baseline neck pain intensity. It was not possible to distinguish between participants who recovered and those who did not by means of the IES (AUC=0.6). In conclusion, the association between the acute stress reaction and persistent WAD suggests that post traumatic stress reaction may be important to consider in the early management of whiplash injury. However, the emotional response did not predict chronicity in individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Kongsted
- The Back Research Center Part of Clinical Locomotion Science, Backcenter Funen, University of Southern Denmark, Funen Hospital Ringe, Lindevej 5, DK-5750 Ringe, Denmark.
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Kaitz M, Stecklov G, Devor N. Anxiety symptoms of new mothers during a period of recurrent, local terror. J Affect Disord 2008; 107:211-5. [PMID: 17761306 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2007.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2007] [Revised: 07/16/2007] [Accepted: 07/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE From September 2000, Israelis have been exposed to frequent terror attacks. In this study, we evaluated the severity of anxiety symptoms among Jerusalem-based mothers during the period of terror (1/2002 to 2/2005). METHOD Women (N=595) were recruited from maternity wards in public hospitals throughout the three year interval, and each participant was administered a standardized anxiety inventory (Beck Anxiety Inventory, BAI) by phone five months after giving birth. RESULTS Results show that anxiety scores were within normal range throughout the assessment period, but were most severe early in 2002, when the casualty-toll was especially high. Psychological symptoms consistently were rated higher in severity than physiological symptoms and only physiological symptoms declined in the aftermath of attacks. Tests for risk factors revealed higher scores among young mothers (<21 years old), new immigrants (<10 years in the country), and women who delivered by c-section. CONCLUSION Our sample did not experience high levels of anxiety despite the challenge of adapting to parenthood within a context of local terror.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marsha Kaitz
- Department of Psychology, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel.
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49
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Acute Stress Disorder (ASD) and subclinical symptoms of acute stress (SAS) may be a useful framework for understanding the psychological reactions of mothers and fathers of children newly diagnosed with a pediatric malignancy. PATIENTS AND METHODS Mothers (N = 129) and fathers (N = 72) of 138 children newly diagnosed with cancer completed questionnaires assessing acute distress, anxiety, and family functioning. Demographic data were also gathered. Inclusion criteria were: a confirmed diagnosis of a pediatric malignancy in a child under the age of 18 years without prior chronic or life threatening illness and fluency in English or Spanish. RESULTS Descriptive statistics and multiple linear regressions were used to examine predictors of SAS. Fifty-one percent (N = 66) of mothers and 40% (N = 29) of fathers met DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for ASD. The majority of the sample reported experiencing at least one SAS. General anxiety, but not family functioning, was a strong predictor of SAS in both mothers and fathers even after controlling for demographic characteristics. CONCLUSIONS Immediately following their child's diagnosis of cancer, most mothers and fathers experience SAS, with a subsample meeting criteria for ASD. More anxious parents are at heightened risk of more intense reactions. The findings support the need for evidence-based psychosocial support at diagnosis and throughout treatment for families who are at risk for acute distress reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahna L.H. Pai
- Division of Oncology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Melissa Alderfer
- Division of Oncology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Wei-Ting Hwang
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Anne Reilly
- Division of Oncology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Anne E. Kazak
- Division of Oncology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Correspondence to: Anne E. Kazak, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Room 1486 CHOP North, 34th St. and Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104.
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50
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Langeland W, Olff M. Psychobiology of posttraumatic stress disorder in pediatric injury patients: A review of the literature. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2008; 32:161-74. [PMID: 17825911 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2007.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2007] [Revised: 07/18/2007] [Accepted: 07/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Research suggests that about a quarter to a third of children with traffic-related injuries develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Early symptoms of PTSD have been found to predict poor mental and physical outcome in studies of medically injured children. However, these symptoms are rarely recognized by physicians who provide emergency care for these children. In addition, there is insufficient knowledge about predictors of posttraumatic stress symptoms in this specific pediatric population. Early identification of those children at particular risk is needed to target preventive interventions appropriately. After some introducing remarks on the classification and the nature of posttraumatic stress reactions, current research findings on psychological and biological correlates of PTSD in pediatric injury patients are presented. The particular focus in this paper is on the neurobiological mechanisms that influence psychological responses to extreme stress and the development of PTSD. Continued study of the psychobiology of trauma and PTSD in pediatric injury patients, both in terms of neurobiology and treatment is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willie Langeland
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Psychological Trauma, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 5, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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