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Namoto K, Baader C, Orsini V, Landshammer A, Breuer E, Dinh KT, Ungricht R, Pikiolek M, Laurent S, Lu B, Aebi A, Schönberger K, Vangrevelinghe E, Evrova O, Sun T, Annunziato S, Lachal J, Redmond E, Wang L, Wetzel K, Capodieci P, Turner J, Schutzius G, Unterreiner V, Trunzer M, Buschmann N, Behnke D, Machauer R, Scheufler C, Parker CN, Ferro M, Grevot A, Beyerbach A, Lu WY, Forbes SJ, Wagner J, Bouwmeester T, Liu J, Sohal B, Sahambi S, Greenbaum LE, Lohmann F, Hoppe P, Cong F, Sailer AW, Ruffner H, Glatthar R, Humar B, Clavien PA, Dill MT, George E, Maibaum J, Liberali P, Tchorz JS. NIBR-LTSi is a selective LATS kinase inhibitor activating YAP signaling and expanding tissue stem cells in vitro and in vivo. Cell Stem Cell 2024; 31:554-569.e17. [PMID: 38579685 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2024.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
The YAP/Hippo pathway is an organ growth and size regulation rheostat safeguarding multiple tissue stem cell compartments. LATS kinases phosphorylate and thereby inactivate YAP, thus representing a potential direct drug target for promoting tissue regeneration. Here, we report the identification and characterization of the selective small-molecule LATS kinase inhibitor NIBR-LTSi. NIBR-LTSi activates YAP signaling, shows good oral bioavailability, and expands organoids derived from several mouse and human tissues. In tissue stem cells, NIBR-LTSi promotes proliferation, maintains stemness, and blocks differentiation in vitro and in vivo. NIBR-LTSi accelerates liver regeneration following extended hepatectomy in mice. However, increased proliferation and cell dedifferentiation in multiple organs prevent prolonged systemic LATS inhibition, thus limiting potential therapeutic benefit. Together, we report a selective LATS kinase inhibitor agonizing YAP signaling and promoting tissue regeneration in vitro and in vivo, enabling future research on the regenerative potential of the YAP/Hippo pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Namoto
- Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Clara Baader
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Vanessa Orsini
- Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Eva Breuer
- University Hospital Zurich (USZ), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kieu Trinh Dinh
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, Research Group Experimental Hepatology, Inflammation and Cancer, Heidelberg, Germany; Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Bo Lu
- Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alexandra Aebi
- Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Olivera Evrova
- Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tianliang Sun
- Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland; Division of Liver Diseases, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Julie Lachal
- Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Emily Redmond
- Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Louis Wang
- Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kristie Wetzel
- Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Gabi Schutzius
- Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Markus Trunzer
- Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Dirk Behnke
- Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Magali Ferro
- Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Armelle Grevot
- Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Wei-Yu Lu
- University of Edinburgh, Center for Inflammation Research, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Stuart J Forbes
- University of Edinburgh, Center for Regenerative Medicine, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jürgen Wagner
- Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Jun Liu
- Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Bindi Sohal
- Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Felix Lohmann
- Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Hoppe
- Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Feng Cong
- Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Heinz Ruffner
- Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ralf Glatthar
- Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bostjan Humar
- University Hospital Zurich (USZ), Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Michael T Dill
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, Research Group Experimental Hepatology, Inflammation and Cancer, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Intoxication, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Jürgen Maibaum
- Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Prisca Liberali
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jan S Tchorz
- Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland.
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2
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Richards SM, Guo F, Zou H, Nigsch F, Baiges A, Pachori A, Zhang Y, Lens S, Pitts R, Finkel N, Loureiro J, Mongeon D, Ma S, Watkins M, Polus F, Albillos A, Tellez L, Martinez-González J, Bañares R, Turon F, Ferrusquía-Acosta J, Perez-Campuzano V, Magaz M, Forns X, Badman M, Sailer AW, Ukomadu C, Hernández-Gea V, Garcia-Pagán JC. Non-invasive candidate protein signature predicts hepatic venous pressure gradient reduction in cirrhotic patients after sustained virologic response. Liver Int 2023; 43:1984-1994. [PMID: 37443448 DOI: 10.1111/liv.15657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS A reduction in hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG) is the most accurate marker for assessing the severity of portal hypertension and the effectiveness of intervention treatments. This study aimed to evaluate the prognostic potential of blood-based proteomic biomarkers in predicting HVPG response amongst cirrhotic patients with portal hypertension due to Hepatitis C virus (HCV) and had achieved sustained virologic response (SVR). METHODS The study comprised 59 patients from two cohorts. Patients underwent paired HVPG (pretreatment and after SVR), liver stiffness (LSM), and enhanced liver fibrosis scores (ELF) measurements, as well as proteomics-based profiling on serum samples using SomaScan® at baseline (BL) and after SVR (EOS). Machine learning with feature selection (Caret, Random Forest and RPART) methods were performed to determine the proteins capable of classifying HVPG responders. Model performance was evaluated using AUROC (pROC R package). RESULTS Patients were stratified by a change in HVPG (EOS vs. BL) into responders (greater than 20% decline in HVPG from BL, or <10 mmHg at EOS with >10 mmHg at BL) and non-responders. LSM and ELF decreased markedly after SVR but did not correlate with HVPG response. SomaScan (SomaLogic, Inc., Boulder, CO) analysis revealed a substantial shift in the peripheral proteome composition, reflected by 82 significantly differentially abundant proteins. Twelve proteins accurately distinguished responders from non-responders, with an AUROC of .86, sensitivity of 83%, specificity of 83%, accuracy of 83%, PPV of 83%, and NPV of 83%. CONCLUSIONS A combined non-invasive soluble protein signature was identified, capable of accurately predicting HVPG response in HCV liver cirrhosis patients after achieving SVR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fang Guo
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, East Hannover, New Jersey, USA
| | - Heng Zou
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, East Hannover, New Jersey, USA
| | - Florian Nigsch
- Novartis Institutes of Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anna Baiges
- Barcelona Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, Barcelona Health Care Provider of the European Reference Network on Rare Liver, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBEREHD (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas), Barcelona, Spain
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic, Institut de Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Departament de Medicina. Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut. Universitat de Barcelona., Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alok Pachori
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, East Hannover, New Jersey, USA
| | - Yiming Zhang
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, East Hannover, New Jersey, USA
| | - Sabela Lens
- CIBEREHD (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas), Barcelona, Spain
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic, Institut de Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Departament de Medicina. Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut. Universitat de Barcelona., Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rebecca Pitts
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nancy Finkel
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joseph Loureiro
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dale Mongeon
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shenglin Ma
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mollie Watkins
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Florine Polus
- Novartis Institutes of Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Agustin Albillos
- CIBEREHD (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas), Barcelona, Spain
- Servicio de Gastroenterología y Hepatología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Universidad de Alcalá, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Tellez
- CIBEREHD (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas), Barcelona, Spain
- Servicio de Gastroenterología y Hepatología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Universidad de Alcalá, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Martinez-González
- CIBEREHD (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas), Barcelona, Spain
- Servicio de Gastroenterología y Hepatología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Universidad de Alcalá, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Bañares
- CIBEREHD (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas), Barcelona, Spain
- Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fanny Turon
- Barcelona Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, Barcelona Health Care Provider of the European Reference Network on Rare Liver, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBEREHD (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas), Barcelona, Spain
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic, Institut de Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Departament de Medicina. Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut. Universitat de Barcelona., Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Ferrusquía-Acosta
- Barcelona Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, Barcelona Health Care Provider of the European Reference Network on Rare Liver, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Valeria Perez-Campuzano
- Barcelona Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, Barcelona Health Care Provider of the European Reference Network on Rare Liver, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBEREHD (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas), Barcelona, Spain
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic, Institut de Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Departament de Medicina. Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut. Universitat de Barcelona., Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Magaz
- Barcelona Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, Barcelona Health Care Provider of the European Reference Network on Rare Liver, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBEREHD (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas), Barcelona, Spain
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic, Institut de Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Departament de Medicina. Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut. Universitat de Barcelona., Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Forns
- CIBEREHD (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas), Barcelona, Spain
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic, Institut de Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Departament de Medicina. Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut. Universitat de Barcelona., Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michael Badman
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Chinweike Ukomadu
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Virginia Hernández-Gea
- Barcelona Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, Barcelona Health Care Provider of the European Reference Network on Rare Liver, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBEREHD (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas), Barcelona, Spain
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic, Institut de Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Departament de Medicina. Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut. Universitat de Barcelona., Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Garcia-Pagán
- Barcelona Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, Barcelona Health Care Provider of the European Reference Network on Rare Liver, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBEREHD (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas), Barcelona, Spain
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic, Institut de Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Departament de Medicina. Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut. Universitat de Barcelona., Barcelona, Spain
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3
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Chang FY, Siuti P, Laurent S, Williams T, Glassey E, Sailer AW, Gordon DB, Hemmerle H, Voigt CA. Publisher Correction: Gut-inhabiting Clostridia build human GPCR ligands by conjugating neurotransmitters with diet- and human-derived fatty acids. Nat Microbiol 2021; 6:818-820. [PMID: 33888882 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-021-00910-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Yuan Chang
- Synthetic Biology Center, Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,The Foundry, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Piro Siuti
- Synthetic Biology Group, Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Stephane Laurent
- Disease Area X, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Williams
- The Foundry, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Emerson Glassey
- Synthetic Biology Center, Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Andreas W Sailer
- Disease Area X, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - David Benjamin Gordon
- Synthetic Biology Center, Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,The Foundry, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Horst Hemmerle
- Synthetic Biology Group, Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Christopher A Voigt
- Synthetic Biology Center, Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,The Foundry, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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4
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Velasco-Estevez M, Koch N, Klejbor I, Laurent S, Dev KK, Szutowicz A, Sailer AW, Rutkowska A. EBI2 Is Temporarily Upregulated in MO3.13 Oligodendrocytes during Maturation and Regulates Remyelination in the Organotypic Cerebellar Slice Model. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094342. [PMID: 33919387 PMCID: PMC8122433 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The EBI2 receptor regulates the immune system and is expressed in various immune cells including B and T lymphocytes. It is also expressed in astrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS) where it regulates pro-inflammatory cytokine release, cell migration and protects from chemically induced demyelination. Its signaling and expression are implicated in various diseases including multiple sclerosis, where its expression is increased in infiltrating immune cells in the white matter lesions. Here, for the first time, the EBI2 protein in the CNS cells in the human brain was examined. The function of the receptor in MO3.13 oligodendrocytes, as well as its role in remyelination in organotypic cerebellar slices, were investigated. Human brain sections were co-stained for EBI2 receptor and various markers of CNS-specific cells and the human oligodendrocyte cell line MO3.13 was used to investigate changes in EBI2 expression and cellular migration. Organotypic cerebellar slices prepared from wild-type and cholesterol 25-hydroxylase knock-out mice were used to study remyelination following lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC)-induced demyelination. The data showed that EBI2 receptor is present in OPCs but not in myelinating oligodendrocytes in the human brain and that EBI2 expression is temporarily upregulated in maturing MO3.13 oligodendrocytes. Moreover, we show that migration of MO3.13 cells is directly regulated by EBI2 and that its signaling is necessary for remyelination in cerebellar slices post-LPC-induced demyelination. The work reported here provides new information on the expression and role of EBI2 in oligodendrocytes and myelination and provides new tools for modulation of oligodendrocyte biology and therapeutic approaches for demyelinating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Velasco-Estevez
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland; (M.V.-E.); (N.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Nina Koch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland; (M.V.-E.); (N.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Ilona Klejbor
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Stephane Laurent
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics/Disease Area X/Liver, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland; (S.L.); (A.W.S.)
| | - Kumlesh K. Dev
- School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland;
| | - Andrzej Szutowicz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland; (M.V.-E.); (N.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Andreas W. Sailer
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics/Disease Area X/Liver, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland; (S.L.); (A.W.S.)
| | - Aleksandra Rutkowska
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland; (M.V.-E.); (N.K.); (A.S.)
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland;
- Correspondence:
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5
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Misselwitz B, Wyss A, Raselli T, Cerovic V, Sailer AW, Krupka N, Ruiz F, Pot C, Pabst O. The oxysterol receptor GPR183 in inflammatory bowel diseases. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 178:3140-3156. [PMID: 33145756 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune cell trafficking is an important mechanism for the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The oxysterol receptor GPR183 and its ligands, dihydroxylated oxysterols, can mediate positioning of immune cells including innate lymphoid cells. GPR183 has been mapped to an IBD risk locus, however another gene, Ubac2 is encoded on the reverse strand and associated with Behçet's disease, therefore the role of GPR183 as a genetic risk factor requires validation. GPR183 and production of its oxysterol ligands are up-regulated in human IBD and murine colitis. Gpr183 inactivation reduced severity of colitis in group 3 innate lymphoid cells-dependent colitis and in IL-10 colitis but not in dextran sodium sulphate colitis. Irrespectively, Gpr183 knockout strongly reduced accumulation of intestinal lymphoid tissue in health and all colitis models. In conclusion, genetic, translational and experimental studies implicate GPR183 in IBD pathogenesis and GPR183-dependent cell migration might be a therapeutic drug target for IBD. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue on Oxysterols, Lifelong Health and Therapeutics. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v178.16/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Misselwitz
- Gastroenterology, University Hospital of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital Bern and Bern University, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Annika Wyss
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tina Raselli
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Vuk Cerovic
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Andreas W Sailer
- Disease Area X, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Niklas Krupka
- Gastroenterology, University Hospital of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital Bern and Bern University, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Florian Ruiz
- Service of Neurology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Caroline Pot
- Service of Neurology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Pabst
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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6
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Raselli T, Wyss A, Gonzalez Alvarado MN, Weder B, Mamie C, Spalinger MR, Van Haaften WT, Dijkstra G, Sailer AW, Imenez Silva PH, Wagner CA, Tosevski V, Leibl S, Scharl M, Rogler G, Hausmann M, Misselwitz B. The Oxysterol Synthesising Enzyme CH25H Contributes to the Development of Intestinal Fibrosis. J Crohns Colitis 2019; 13:1186-1200. [PMID: 31220227 PMCID: PMC6751338 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjz039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal fibrosis and stenosis are common complications of Crohn's disease [CD], frequently requiring surgery. Anti-inflammatory strategies can only partially prevent fibrosis; hence, anti-fibrotic therapies remain an unmet clinical need. Oxysterols are oxidised cholesterol derivatives with important roles in various biological processes. The enzyme cholesterol 25-hydroxylase [CH25H] converts cholesterol to 25-hydroxycholesterol [25-HC], which modulates immune responses and oxidative stress. In human intestinal samples from CD patients, we found a strong correlation of CH25H mRNA expression with the expression of fibrosis markers. We demonstrate reduced intestinal fibrosis in mice deficient for the CH25H enzyme, using the sodium dextran sulphate [DSS]-induced chronic colitis model. Additionally, using a heterotopic transplantation model of intestinal fibrosis, we demonstrate reduced collagen deposition and lower concentrations of hydroxyproline in CH25H knockouts. In the heterotopic transplant model, CH25H was expressed in fibroblasts. Taken together, our findings indicate an involvement of oxysterol synthesis in the pathogenesis of intestinal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Raselli
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich University, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - A Wyss
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich University, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M N Gonzalez Alvarado
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich University, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - B Weder
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich University, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - C Mamie
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich University, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M R Spalinger
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich University, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - W T Van Haaften
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich University, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - G Dijkstra
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - A W Sailer
- Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - C A Wagner
- Institute of Physiology, Zurich University, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - V Tosevski
- Mass Cytometry Facility, Zurich University, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Leibl
- Institute of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich and Zurich University, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M Scharl
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich University, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - G Rogler
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich University, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M Hausmann
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich University, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - B Misselwitz
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich University, Zurich, Switzerland
- Corresponding author: Dr. Benjamin Misselwitz, Dept. of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital Bern and Bern University, Freiburgstr 18, 3010 Bern, Switzerland.
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7
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Beck KR, Kanagaratnam S, Kratschmar DV, Birk J, Yamaguchi H, Sailer AW, Seuwen K, Odermatt A. Enzymatic interconversion of the oxysterols 7β,25-dihydroxycholesterol and 7-keto,25-hydroxycholesterol by 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 and 2. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 190:19-28. [PMID: 30902677 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Oxysterols are cholesterol metabolites derived through either autoxidation or enzymatic processes. They consist of a large family of bioactive lipids that have been associated with the progression of multiple pathologies. In order to unravel (patho-)physiological mechanisms involving oxysterols, it is crucial to elucidate the underlying formation and degradation of oxysterols. A role of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (11β-HSDs) in oxysterol metabolism by catalyzing the interconversion of 7-ketocholesterol (7kC) and 7β-hydroxycholesterol (7βOHC) has already been reported. The present study addresses a function of 11β-HSD1 in the enzymatic generation of 7β,25-dihydroxycholesterol (7β25OHC) from 7-keto,25-hydroxycholesterol (7k25OHC) and tested whether 11β-HSD2 is able to catalyze the reverse reaction. For the first time, using recombinant enzymes, the formation of 7k25OHC from 7kC by cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (CH25H) and further stereospecific oxoreduction to 7β25OHC by human and mouse 11β-HSD1 could be demonstrated. Additionally, experiments using human 11β-HSD2 showed the oxidation of 7β25OHC to 7k25OHC. Molecular modeling provided an explanation for the stereospecific interconversion of 7β25OHC and 7k25OHC. Production of the Epstein-Barr virus-induced gene 2 (EBI2) ligand 7β25OHC from 7k25OHC in challenged tissue by 11β-HSD1 may be important in inflammation. In conclusion, these results demonstrate a novel glucocorticoid-independent pre-receptor regulation mediated by 11β-HSDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina R Beck
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sharavan Kanagaratnam
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Denise V Kratschmar
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Julia Birk
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hideaki Yamaguchi
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Meijo University, Nagoya 468-8502, Japan
| | - Andreas W Sailer
- Disease Area X, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Klaus Seuwen
- Disease Area X, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alex Odermatt
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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8
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Raselli T, Hearn T, Wyss A, Atrott K, Peter A, Frey-Wagner I, Spalinger MR, Maggio EM, Sailer AW, Schmitt J, Schreiner P, Moncsek A, Mertens J, Scharl M, Griffiths WJ, Bueter M, Geier A, Rogler G, Wang Y, Misselwitz B. Elevated oxysterol levels in human and mouse livers reflect nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. J Lipid Res 2019; 60:1270-1283. [PMID: 31113816 PMCID: PMC6602130 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m093229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), a primary cause of liver disease, leads to complications such as fibrosis, cirrhosis, and carcinoma, but the pathophysiology of NASH is incompletely understood. Epstein-Barr virus-induced G protein-coupled receptor 2 (EBI2) and its oxysterol ligand 7α,25-dihydroxycholesterol (7α,25-diHC) are recently discovered immune regulators. Several lines of evidence suggest a role of oxysterols in NASH pathogenesis, but rigorous testing has not been performed. We measured oxysterol levels in the livers of NASH patients by LC-MS and tested the role of the EBI2-7α,25-diHC system in a murine feeding model of NASH. Free oxysterol profiling in livers from NASH patients revealed a pronounced increase in 24- and 7-hydroxylated oxysterols in NASH compared with controls. Levels of 24- and 7-hydroxylated oxysterols correlated with histological NASH activity. Histological analysis of murine liver samples demonstrated ballooning and liver inflammation. No significant genotype-related differences were observed in Ebi2−/− mice and mice with defects in the 7α,25-diHC synthesizing enzymes CH25H and CYP7B1 compared with wild-type littermate controls, arguing against an essential role of these genes in NASH pathogenesis. Elevated 24- and 7-hydroxylated oxysterol levels were confirmed in murine NASH liver samples. Our results suggest increased bile acid synthesis in NASH samples, as judged by the enhanced level of 7α-hydroxycholest-4-en-3-one and impaired 24S-hydroxycholesterol metabolism as characteristic biochemical changes in livers affected by NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Raselli
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tom Hearn
- Swansea University Medical School Singleton Park, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Annika Wyss
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kirstin Atrott
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alain Peter
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle Frey-Wagner
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marianne R Spalinger
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ewerton M Maggio
- Institute for Surgical Pathology University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas W Sailer
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Schmitt
- Division of Hepatology Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Schreiner
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anja Moncsek
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Joachim Mertens
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Scharl
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Marco Bueter
- Department of Visceral Surgery University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Geier
- Division of Hepatology Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Rogler
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yuqin Wang
- Swansea University Medical School Singleton Park, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin Misselwitz
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland .,Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital Bern and Bern University, Bern, Switzerland
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9
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Planas-Paz L, Sun T, Pikiolek M, Cochran NR, Bergling S, Orsini V, Yang Z, Sigoillot F, Jetzer J, Syed M, Neri M, Schuierer S, Morelli L, Hoppe PS, Schwarzer W, Cobos CM, Alford JL, Zhang L, Cuttat R, Waldt A, Carballido-Perrig N, Nigsch F, Kinzel B, Nicholson TB, Yang Y, Mao X, Terracciano LM, Russ C, Reece-Hoyes JS, Gubser Keller C, Sailer AW, Bouwmeester T, Greenbaum LE, Lugus JJ, Cong F, McAllister G, Hoffman GR, Roma G, Tchorz JS. YAP, but Not RSPO-LGR4/5, Signaling in Biliary Epithelial Cells Promotes a Ductular Reaction in Response to Liver Injury. Cell Stem Cell 2019; 25:39-53.e10. [PMID: 31080135 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Biliary epithelial cells (BECs) form bile ducts in the liver and are facultative liver stem cells that establish a ductular reaction (DR) to support liver regeneration following injury. Liver damage induces periportal LGR5+ putative liver stem cells that can form BEC-like organoids, suggesting that RSPO-LGR4/5-mediated WNT/β-catenin activity is important for a DR. We addressed the roles of this and other signaling pathways in a DR by performing a focused CRISPR-based loss-of-function screen in BEC-like organoids, followed by in vivo validation and single-cell RNA sequencing. We found that BECs lack and do not require LGR4/5-mediated WNT/β-catenin signaling during a DR, whereas YAP and mTORC1 signaling are required for this process. Upregulation of AXIN2 and LGR5 is required in hepatocytes to enable their regenerative capacity in response to injury. Together, these data highlight heterogeneity within the BEC pool, delineate signaling pathways involved in a DR, and clarify the identity and roles of injury-induced periportal LGR5+ cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Planas-Paz
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tianliang Sun
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Monika Pikiolek
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nadire R Cochran
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sebastian Bergling
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Vanessa Orsini
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Zinger Yang
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Frederic Sigoillot
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jasna Jetzer
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Maryam Syed
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marilisa Neri
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sven Schuierer
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lapo Morelli
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Philipp S Hoppe
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Wibke Schwarzer
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Carlos M Cobos
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland; Hospital Aleman, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - John L Alford
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Le Zhang
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Rachel Cuttat
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Annick Waldt
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Florian Nigsch
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bernd Kinzel
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas B Nicholson
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yi Yang
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Xiaohong Mao
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Carsten Russ
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - John S Reece-Hoyes
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Andreas W Sailer
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tewis Bouwmeester
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Linda E Greenbaum
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, East Hanover, NJ, USA
| | - Jesse J Lugus
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Feng Cong
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Gregory McAllister
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Gregory R Hoffman
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Guglielmo Roma
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jan S Tchorz
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland.
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10
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Wyss A, Raselli T, Perkins N, Ruiz F, Schmelczer G, Klinke G, Moncsek A, Roth R, Spalinger MR, Hering L, Atrott K, Lang S, Frey-Wagner I, Mertens JC, Scharl M, Sailer AW, Pabst O, Hersberger M, Pot C, Rogler G, Misselwitz B. The EBI2-oxysterol axis promotes the development of intestinal lymphoid structures and colitis. Mucosal Immunol 2019; 12:733-745. [PMID: 30742043 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-019-0140-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The gene encoding for Epstein-Barr virus-induced G-protein-coupled receptor 2 (EBI2) is a risk gene for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Together with its oxysterol ligand 7α,25-dihydroxycholesterol, EBI2 mediates migration and differentiation of immune cells. However, the role of EBI2 in the colonic immune system remains insufficiently studied. We found increased mRNA expression of EBI2 and oxysterol-synthesizing enzymes (CH25H, CYP7B1) in the inflamed colon of patients with ulcerative colitis and mice with acute or chronic dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) colitis. Accordingly, we detected elevated levels of 25-hydroxylated oxysterols, including 7α,25-dihydroxycholesterol in mice with acute colonic inflammation. Knockout of EBI2 or CH25H did not affect severity of DSS colitis; however, inflammation was decreased in male EBI2-/- mice in the IL-10 colitis model. The colonic immune system comprises mucosal lymphoid structures, which accumulate upon chronic inflammation in IL-10-deficient mice and in chronic DSS colitis. However, EBI2-/- mice formed significantly less colonic lymphoid structures at baseline and showed defects in inflammation-induced accumulation of lymphoid structures. In summary, we report induction of the EBI2-7α,25-dihydroxycholesterol axis in colitis and a role of EBI2 for the accumulation of lymphoid tissue during homeostasis and inflammation. These data implicate the EBI2-7α,25-dihydroxycholesterol axis in IBD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Wyss
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tina Raselli
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nathan Perkins
- Division of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University Children's Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Florian Ruiz
- Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Division of Neurology and Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Gérard Schmelczer
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Glynis Klinke
- Division of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University Children's Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Neuropediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anja Moncsek
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - René Roth
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marianne R Spalinger
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Larissa Hering
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kirstin Atrott
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Lang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle Frey-Wagner
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Joachim C Mertens
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Scharl
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas W Sailer
- Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Pabst
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Martin Hersberger
- Division of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University Children's Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Caroline Pot
- Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Division of Neurology and Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Gerhard Rogler
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Misselwitz
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. .,University Clinic for Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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11
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Dutta P, Dargahi L, O'Connell KE, Bolia A, Ozkan B, Sailer AW, Dev KK. A novel modelling mechanism of PAEL receptor and GABARAPL2 interaction involved in Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Lett 2018; 673:12-18. [PMID: 29496607 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.02.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Parkin associated endothelin like receptor (PAELR) is G-protein coupled and ubiquitinated by parkin, promoting its degradation. In autosomal recessive Parkinson's disease, mutations in parkin lead to PAELR aggregation in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), ER stress, neurotoxicity and cell death. We have identified previously that the protein kinase C interacting protein (PICK1) interacts with and regulates the expression and cell toxicity of PAELR. Here, we experimentally identify and provide in-silico modelling of a novel interaction between PAELR and GABARAPL2 (γ-aminobutyrate type A receptor associated protein like 2), which is an autophagosome-specific Ub-like protein implicated in vesicle trafficking and autophagy. We show that the family of GABARAPs interact with the carboxy terminal (ct) of PAELR and find the cysteine rich region (-CCCCCC-EEC) of ct-PAELR interacts with the GABAA binding site of GABARAPL2. This interaction is modelled by in-slico analysis and confirmed using affinity chromatography, showing Myc-tagged GABARAPL2 is retained by a GST fusion of the ct-PAELR. We also demonstrate that transient transfection of GABARAPL2 in HEK293 cells reduces PAELR expression. This study supports the idea that protein levels of PAELR are likely regulated by a multitude of proteins including parkin, PICK1 and GABARAPL2 via mechanisms that include ubiquitination, proteasomal degradagtion and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Dutta
- Drug Development, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Leila Dargahi
- Drug Development, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kara E O'Connell
- Drug Development, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ashini Bolia
- Department of Physics, Center for Biological Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Banu Ozkan
- Department of Physics, Center for Biological Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Andreas W Sailer
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kumlesh K Dev
- Drug Development, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland.
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12
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Rutkowska A, Shimshek DR, Sailer AW, Dev KK. EBI2 regulates pro-inflammatory signalling and cytokine release in astrocytes. Neuropharmacology 2018; 133:121-128. [PMID: 29374507 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The endogenous oxysterol 7α, 25-dihydroxycholesterol (7α25HC) ligand activates the G protein-coupled receptor EBI2 to regulate T cell-dependant antibody response and B cell migration. We have demonstrated that EBI2 is expressed in human and mouse astrocytes, that 7α25HC induces intracellular signalling and astrocyte migration, and that EBI2 plays a role in the crosstalk between astrocytes and macrophages. Recently, we demonstrate that EBI2 regulates myelin development and inhibits LPC-induced demyelination. Here, we show that 7α25HC inhibits LPS- and IL17/TNF-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine release in astrocytes. We observe the following: 1. Human astrocytes treated with IL17/TNF increases the nuclear translocation of NFκB, which is attenuated by pre-treatment with 7α25HC; 2. IL17/TNF increases cell impedance in human astrocytes, which is also attenuated by pre-treatment with 7α25HC; 3. The EBI2 antagonist NIBR189 inhibits these effects of 7α25HC, supporting the role of EBI2; 4. in vivo data corroborate these in vitro findings, showing that EBI2 knock-out (KO) animals display enhanced pro-inflammatory cytokine in response to LPS challenge, in the brain. These results demonstrate a role for oxysterol/EBI2 signalling in attenuating the response of astrocytes to pro-inflammatory signals as well as limiting the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Rutkowska
- Drug Development, School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Derya R Shimshek
- Neuroscience, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas W Sailer
- Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kumlesh K Dev
- Drug Development, School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
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13
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Rutkowska A, Sailer AW, Dev KK. EBI2 receptor regulates myelin development and inhibits LPC-induced demyelination. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:250. [PMID: 29246262 PMCID: PMC5732472 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-1025-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The G protein-coupled receptor EBI2 (Epstein-Barr virus-induced gene 2) is activated by 7α, 25-dihydroxycholesterol (7α25HC) and plays a role in T cell-dependant antibody response and B cell migration. Abnormal EBI2 signaling is implicated in a range of autoimmune disorders; however, its role in the CNS remains poorly understood. METHODS Here we characterize the role of EBI2 in myelination under normal and pathophysiological conditions using organotypic cerebellar slice cultures and EBI2 knock-out (KO) animals. RESULTS We find that MBP expression in brains taken from EBI2 KO mice is delayed compared to those taken from wild type (WT) mice. In agreement with these in vivo findings, we show that antagonism of EBI2 reduces MBP expression in vitro. Importantly, we demonstrate that EBI2 activation attenuates lysolecithin (LPC)-induced demyelination in mouse organotypic slice cultures. Moreover, EBI2 activation also inhibits LPC-mediated release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL6 and IL1β in cerebellar slices. CONCLUSIONS These results, for the first time, display a role for EBI2 in myelin development and protection from demyelination under pathophysiological conditions and suggest that modulation of this receptor may be beneficial in neuroinflammatory and demyelinating disorders such as multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Rutkowska
- Drug Development, School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland. .,Medical University of Gdańsk, M. Skłodowskiej-Curie 3a, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Andreas W Sailer
- Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kumlesh K Dev
- Drug Development, School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
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14
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Sic H, Speletas M, Cornacchione V, Seidl M, Beibel M, Linghu B, Yang F, Sevdali E, Germenis AE, Oakeley EJ, Vangrevelinghe E, Sailer AW, Traggiai E, Gram H, Eibel H. An Activating Janus Kinase-3 Mutation Is Associated with Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Antigen-4-Dependent Immune Dysregulation Syndrome. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1824. [PMID: 29375547 PMCID: PMC5770691 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterozygous mutations in the cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) are associated with lymphadenopathy, autoimmunity, immune dysregulation, and hypogammaglobulinemia in about 70% of the carriers. So far, the incomplete penetrance of CTLA-4 haploinsufficiency has been attributed to unknown genetic modifiers, epigenetic changes, or environmental effects. We sought to identify potential genetic modifiers in a family with differential clinical penetrance of CTLA-4 haploinsufficiency. Here, we report on a rare heterozygous gain-of-function mutation in Janus kinase-3 (JAK3) (p.R840C), which is associated with the clinical manifestation of CTLA-4 haploinsufficiency in a patient carrying a novel loss-of-function mutation in CTLA-4 (p.Y139C). While the asymptomatic parents carry either the CTLA-4 mutation or the JAK3 variant, their son has inherited both heterozygous mutations and suffers from hypogammaglobulinemia combined with autoimmunity and lymphoid hyperplasia. Although the patient's lymph node and spleen contained many hyperplastic germinal centers with follicular helper T (TFH) cells and immunoglobulin (Ig) G-positive B cells, plasma cell, and memory B cell development was impaired. CXCR5+PD-1+TIGIT+ TFH cells contributed to a large part of circulating T cells, but they produced only very low amounts of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-10, and IL-21 required for the development of memory B cells and plasma cells. We, therefore, suggest that the combination of the loss-of-function mutation in CTLA-4 with the gain-of-function mutation in JAK3 directs the differentiation of CD4 T cells into dysfunctional TFH cells supporting the development of lymphadenopathy, hypogammaglobulinemia, and immunodeficiency. Thus, the combination of rare genetic heterozygous variants that remain clinically unnoticed individually may lead to T cell hyperactivity, impaired memory B cell, and plasma cell development resulting finally in combined immunodeficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko Sic
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Matthaios Speletas
- Department of Immunology and Histocompatibility, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, Larissa, Greece
| | | | - Maximillian Seidl
- Institute for Surgical Pathology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martin Beibel
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bolan Linghu
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Fan Yang
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Eirini Sevdali
- Department of Immunology and Histocompatibility, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, Larissa, Greece
| | - Anastasios E Germenis
- Department of Immunology and Histocompatibility, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, Larissa, Greece
| | | | | | | | | | - Hermann Gram
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hermann Eibel
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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15
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Clottu AS, Mathias A, Sailer AW, Schluep M, Seebach JD, Du Pasquier R, Pot C. EBI2 Expression and Function: Robust in Memory Lymphocytes and Increased by Natalizumab in Multiple Sclerosis. Cell Rep 2017; 18:213-224. [PMID: 28052250 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction between oxysterols and the G protein-coupled receptor Epstein-Barr virus-induced gene 2 (EBI2) fine-tunes immune cell migration, a mechanism efficiently targeted by several disease-modifying treatments developed to treat multiple sclerosis (MS), such as natalizumab. We previously showed that memory CD4+ T lymphocytes migrate specifically in response to 7α,25-dihydroxycholesterol (7α,25-OHC) via EBI2 in the MS murine model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. However, the EBI2 expression profile in human lymphocytes in both healthy and MS donors is unknown. Here, we characterize EBI2 biology in human lymphocytes. We observed that EBI2 is functionally expressed on memory CD4+ T cells and is enhanced under natalizumab treatment. These data suggest a significant role for EBI2 in human CD4+ T cell migration, notably in patients with MS. Better knowledge of EBI2 involvement in autoimmunity may therefore lead to an improved understanding of the physiopathology of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie S Clottu
- Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital, Chemin des Boveresses 155, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Geneva University Medical Center, Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; Division of Immunology and Allergology, Department of Medical Specialties, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, 1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland
| | - Amandine Mathias
- Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital, Chemin des Boveresses 155, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Andreas W Sailer
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Forum 1, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Myriam Schluep
- Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital, Rue du Bugnon 46, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jörg D Seebach
- Division of Immunology and Allergology, Department of Medical Specialties, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, 1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland
| | - Renaud Du Pasquier
- Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital, Chemin des Boveresses 155, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland; Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital, Rue du Bugnon 46, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Caroline Pot
- Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital, Chemin des Boveresses 155, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Geneva University Medical Center, Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital, Rue du Bugnon 46, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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16
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Rutkowska A, Dev KK, Sailer AW. The Role of the Oxysterol/EBI2 Pathway in the Immune and Central Nervous Systems. Curr Drug Targets 2017; 17:1851-1860. [PMID: 26898310 DOI: 10.2174/1389450117666160217123042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Oxysterols are pleiotropic messengers interacting with multiple receptor systems. One of the cognate receptors for oxysterols is EBI2, a G protein-coupled receptor highly expressed in the cells of the immune system. Here we discuss the receptor's role in the adapted immunity and inflammation as well as the receptor's expression and function in the CNS with the focus on astrocytes. We also discuss expression and signalling of oxysterol-producing enzymes such as CH25H and CYP7B1 in the CNS and the immune system. These steps will help to elucidate a possible role for this pathway in the physiology of the central and peripheral nervous system and its possible link to human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Rutkowska
- School of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 152 - 160 Pearse Street, Ireland
| | | | - Andreas W Sailer
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Forum 1, CH-4002, Switzerland
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17
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Macia MS, Halbritter J, Delous M, Bredrup C, Gutter A, Filhol E, Mellgren AEC, Leh S, Bizet A, Braun DA, Gee HY, Silbermann F, Henry C, Krug P, Bole-Feysot C, Nitschké P, Joly D, Nicoud P, Paget A, Haugland H, Brackmann D, Ahmet N, Sandford R, Cengiz N, Knappskog PM, Boman H, Linghu B, Yang F, Oakeley EJ, Saint Mézard P, Sailer AW, Johansson S, Rødahl E, Saunier S, Hildebrandt F, Benmerah A. Mutations in MAPKBP1 Cause Juvenile or Late-Onset Cilia-Independent Nephronophthisis. Am J Hum Genet 2017; 100:372. [PMID: 28157543 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2017.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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18
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Macia MS, Halbritter J, Delous M, Bredrup C, Gutter A, Filhol E, Mellgren AE, Leh S, Bizet A, Braun DA, Gee HY, Silbermann F, Henry C, Krug P, Bole-Feysot C, Nitschké P, Joly D, Nicoud P, Paget A, Haugland H, Brackmann D, Ahmet N, Sandford R, Cengiz N, Knappskog PM, Boman H, Linghu B, Yang F, Oakeley EJ, Saint Mézard P, Sailer AW, Johansson S, Rødahl E, Saunier S, Hildebrandt F, Benmerah A. Mutations in MAPKBP1 Cause Juvenile or Late-Onset Cilia-Independent Nephronophthisis. Am J Hum Genet 2017; 100:323-333. [PMID: 28089251 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Nephronophthisis (NPH), an autosomal-recessive tubulointerstitial nephritis, is the most common cause of hereditary end-stage renal disease in the first three decades of life. Since most NPH gene products (NPHP) function at the primary cilium, NPH is classified as a ciliopathy. We identified mutations in a candidate gene in eight individuals from five families presenting late-onset NPH with massive renal fibrosis. This gene encodes MAPKBP1, a poorly characterized scaffolding protein for JNK signaling. Immunofluorescence analyses showed that MAPKBP1 is not present at the primary cilium and that fibroblasts from affected individuals did not display ciliogenesis defects, indicating that MAPKBP1 may represent a new family of NPHP not involved in cilia-associated functions. Instead, MAPKBP1 is recruited to mitotic spindle poles (MSPs) during the early phases of mitosis where it colocalizes with its paralog WDR62, which plays a key role at MSP. Detected mutations compromise recruitment of MAPKBP1 to the MSP and/or its interaction with JNK2 or WDR62. Additionally, we show increased DNA damage response signaling in fibroblasts from affected individuals and upon knockdown of Mapkbp1 in murine cell lines, a phenotype previously associated with NPH. In conclusion, we identified mutations in MAPKBP1 as a genetic cause of juvenile or late-onset and cilia-independent NPH.
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19
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Crick PJ, Griffiths WJ, Zhang J, Beibel M, Abdel-Khalik J, Kuhle J, Sailer AW, Wang Y. Reduced Plasma Levels of 25-Hydroxycholesterol and Increased Cerebrospinal Fluid Levels of Bile Acid Precursors in Multiple Sclerosis Patients. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:8009-8020. [PMID: 27878760 PMCID: PMC5684259 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0281-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune, inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS). We have measured the levels of over 20 non-esterified sterols in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from patients suffering from MS, inflammatory CNS disease, neurodegenerative disease and control patients. Analysis was performed following enzyme-assisted derivatisation by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) exploiting multistage fragmentation (MSn). We found increased concentrations of bile acid precursors in CSF from each of the disease states and that patients with inflammatory CNS disease classified as suspected autoimmune disease or of unknown aetiology also showed elevated concentrations of 25-hydroxycholestertol (25-HC, P < 0.05) in CSF. Cholesterol concentrations in CSF were not changed except for patients diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (P < 0.01) or pathogen-based infections of the CNS (P < 0.05) where they were elevated. In plasma, we found that 25-HC (P < 0.01), (25R)26-hydroxycholesterol ((25R)26-HC, P < 0.05) and 7α-hydroxy-3-oxocholest-4-enoic acid (7αH,3O-CA, P < 0.05) were reduced in relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) patients compared to controls. The pattern of reduced plasma levels of 25-HC, (25R)26-HC and 7αH,3O-CA was unique to RRMS. In summary, in plasma, we find that the concentration of 25-HC in RRMS patients is significantly lower than in controls. This is consistent with the hypothesis that a lower propensity of macrophages to synthesise 25-HC will result in reduced negative feedback by 25-HC on IL-1 family cytokine production and exacerbated MS. In CSF, we find that the dominating metabolites reflect the acidic pathway of bile acid biosynthesis and the elevated levels of these in CNS disease is likely to reflect cholesterol release as a result of demyelination or neuronal death. 25-HC is elevated in patients with inflammatory CNS disease probably as a consequence of up-regulation of the type 1 interferon-stimulated gene cholesterol 25-hydroxylase in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Crick
- Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | | | - Juan Zhang
- Analytical Science and Imaging, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martin Beibel
- Developmental & Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Jens Kuhle
- Neurology, Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, CH-4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas W Sailer
- Developmental & Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Yuqin Wang
- Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK.
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20
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Rutkowska A, O’Sullivan SA, Christen I, Zhang J, Sailer AW, Dev KK. The EBI2 signalling pathway plays a role in cellular crosstalk between astrocytes and macrophages. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25520. [PMID: 27166278 PMCID: PMC4863252 DOI: 10.1038/srep25520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
EBI2 is a G protein-coupled receptor activated by oxysterol 7α, 25-dihydroxycholesterol (7α25HC) and regulates T cell-dependant antibody response and B cell migration. We recently found EBI2 is expressed in human astrocytes, regulates intracellular signalling and modulates astrocyte migration. Here, we report that LPS treatment of mouse astrocytes alters mRNA levels of EBI2 and oxysterols suggesting that the EBI2 signalling pathway is sensitive to LPS-mediated immune challenge. We also find that conditioned media obtained from LPS-stimulated mouse astrocytes induces macrophage migration, which is inhibited by the EBI2 antagonist NIBR189. These results demonstrate a role for the EBI2 signalling pathway in astrocytes as a sensor for immune challenge and for communication with innate immune cells such as macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Isabelle Christen
- Analytical Sciences and Imaging, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Juan Zhang
- Analytical Sciences and Imaging, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas W. Sailer
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kumlesh K. Dev
- Drug Development, School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
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21
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Bizet AA, Becker-Heck A, Ryan R, Weber K, Filhol E, Krug P, Halbritter J, Delous M, Lasbennes MC, Linghu B, Oakeley EJ, Zarhrate M, Nitschké P, Garfa-Traore M, Serluca F, Yang F, Bouwmeester T, Pinson L, Cassuto E, Dubot P, Elshakhs NAS, Sahel JA, Salomon R, Drummond IA, Gubler MC, Antignac C, Chibout S, Szustakowski JD, Hildebrandt F, Lorentzen E, Sailer AW, Benmerah A, Saint-Mezard P, Saunier S. Mutations in TRAF3IP1/IFT54 reveal a new role for IFT proteins in microtubule stabilization. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8666. [PMID: 26487268 PMCID: PMC4617596 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Ciliopathies are a large group of clinically and genetically heterogeneous disorders caused by defects in primary cilia. Here we identified mutations in TRAF3IP1 (TNF Receptor-Associated Factor Interacting Protein 1) in eight patients from five families with nephronophthisis (NPH) and retinal degeneration, two of the most common manifestations of ciliopathies. TRAF3IP1 encodes IFT54, a subunit of the IFT-B complex required for ciliogenesis. The identified mutations result in mild ciliary defects in patients but also reveal an unexpected role of IFT54 as a negative regulator of microtubule stability via MAP4 (microtubule-associated protein 4). Microtubule defects are associated with altered epithelialization/polarity in renal cells and with pronephric cysts and microphthalmia in zebrafish embryos. Our findings highlight the regulation of cytoplasmic microtubule dynamics as a role of the IFT54 protein beyond the cilium, contributing to the development of NPH-related ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albane A. Bizet
- Inserm UMR-1163, Laboratory of Hereditary Kidney Diseases, 75015 Paris, France
- Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Anita Becker-Heck
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel CH-4002, Switzerland
| | - Rebecca Ryan
- Inserm UMR-1163, Laboratory of Hereditary Kidney Diseases, 75015 Paris, France
- Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Kristina Weber
- Department of Structural Cell Biology, Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Emilie Filhol
- Inserm UMR-1163, Laboratory of Hereditary Kidney Diseases, 75015 Paris, France
- Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Pauline Krug
- Inserm UMR-1163, Laboratory of Hereditary Kidney Diseases, 75015 Paris, France
- Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Jan Halbritter
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Clinic Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marion Delous
- Inserm UMR-1163, Laboratory of Hereditary Kidney Diseases, 75015 Paris, France
- Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France
| | | | - Bolan Linghu
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Edward J. Oakeley
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel CH-4002, Switzerland
| | - Mohammed Zarhrate
- Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France
- Inserm UMR-1163, Genomic Core Facility, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Patrick Nitschké
- Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France
- Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Bioinformatics Core Facility, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Meriem Garfa-Traore
- Cell Imaging Platform, INSERM US24 Structure Fédérative de recherche Necker, Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité University, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Fabrizio Serluca
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Fan Yang
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Tewis Bouwmeester
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel CH-4002, Switzerland
| | - Lucile Pinson
- Department of Medical Genetic, Arnaud de Villeneuve University Health Center, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Elisabeth Cassuto
- Nephrology department, L'Archet II Hospital, Nice University Health Center, 06202 Nice, France
| | - Philippe Dubot
- Hemodialysis-Nephrology Department, William Morey Hospital, 71321 Chalon-sur-Saône, France
| | - Neveen A. Soliman Elshakhs
- Department of Pediatrics, Center of Pediatric Nephrology and Transplantation, Cairo University, Egyptian Group for Orphan Renal Diseases, 11956 Cairo, Egypt
| | - José A. Sahel
- INSERM U968, CNRS UMR 7210; Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, UMR S968, Institut de la vision, 75012 Paris, France
- Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM, Direction de l'Hospitalisation et de l'Organisation des Soins, Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1423, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Rémi Salomon
- Inserm UMR-1163, Laboratory of Hereditary Kidney Diseases, 75015 Paris, France
- Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France
- Assistance Publique—Hôpitaux de Paris, Pediatric Nephrologic department, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Iain A. Drummond
- Nephrology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02114, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Marie-Claire Gubler
- Inserm UMR-1163, Laboratory of Hereditary Kidney Diseases, 75015 Paris, France
- Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Corinne Antignac
- Inserm UMR-1163, Laboratory of Hereditary Kidney Diseases, 75015 Paris, France
- Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Genetics, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Salahdine Chibout
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel CH-4002, Switzerland
| | | | - Friedhelm Hildebrandt
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Esben Lorentzen
- Department of Structural Cell Biology, Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Andreas W. Sailer
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel CH-4002, Switzerland
| | - Alexandre Benmerah
- Inserm UMR-1163, Laboratory of Hereditary Kidney Diseases, 75015 Paris, France
- Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France
| | | | - Sophie Saunier
- Inserm UMR-1163, Laboratory of Hereditary Kidney Diseases, 75015 Paris, France
- Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France
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22
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Becker-Heck A, Bizet A, Ryan R, Krug P, Filhol E, Linghu B, Oakeley E, Serluca F, Legendre F, Dörner N, Lasbennes MC, Duca J, Yang F, Damask A, Klickstein L, Labow M, Schebesta M, Bouwmeester T, Valette H, Pinson L, Goubaux B, Dubot P, Salomon R, Antignac C, Gubler M, Jeanpierre C, Chibout S, Bole-Feysot C, Nitschké P, Benmerah A, Szustakowski JD, Sailer AW, Saunier S, Saint-Mezard P. Identification of human mutations in TRAF3IP1 in patients with nephronophthisis and retinal degeneration. Cilia 2015. [PMCID: PMC4519160 DOI: 10.1186/2046-2530-4-s1-p52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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23
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Karuna R, Christen I, Sailer AW, Bitsch F, Zhang J. Detection of dihydroxycholesterols in human plasma using HPLC-ESI-MS/MS. Steroids 2015; 99:131-8. [PMID: 25683891 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report a straightforward sample preparation procedure and a direct liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) method for the analysis of 7alpha,25-dihydroxycholesterol (7α25-OHC) and 7alpha,27-dihydroxycholesterol (7α27-OHC). By applying a slow protein precipitation approach using cold ethanol, we were able to detect and quantify 7α25-OHC and 7α27-OHC in a fast and reliable manner. The average concentrations from 20 healthy individuals were determined to be 0.21±0.05nM for 7α25-OHC and 3.4±0.1nM for 7α27-OHC. In addition, we are the first to report the average degrees of esterification (n=8) to be 73.8% and 82% for 7α25-OHC and 7α27-OHC, respectively. Using the established method, we achieved the sensitivity sufficient for detecting low abundant dihydroxylated oxysterols in healthy individuals. This result should enable extension of these studies towards a comprehensive analysis of oxysterol levels under disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratna Karuna
- Analytical Sciences and Imaging, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Isabelle Christen
- Analytical Sciences and Imaging, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas W Sailer
- Developmental & Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Francis Bitsch
- Analytical Sciences and Imaging, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Juan Zhang
- Analytical Sciences and Imaging, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland.
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Rutkowska A, Preuss I, Gessier F, Sailer AW, Dev KK. EBI2 regulates intracellular signaling and migration in human astrocyte. Glia 2014; 63:341-51. [PMID: 25297897 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The G protein-coupled receptor EBI2 (Epstein-Barr virus-induced gene 2) is activated by 7α, 25-dihydroxycholesterol (7α25HC) and plays a role in T cell-dependant antibody response and B cell migration. Aberrant EBI2 signaling is implicated in a range of autoimmune disorders however its role in the CNS remains unknown. Here we characterize the functional role of EBI2 in GLIA cells using primary human astrocytes and EBI2 knockout animals. We find human and mouse astrocytes express EBI2 and the enzymes necessary for synthesis and degradation of 7α25HC. In astrocytes, EBI2 activation stimulates ERK phosphorylation, Ca(2+) signaling and induces cellular migration. These results, for the first time, demonstrate a role for EBI2 in astrocyte function and suggest that modulation of this receptor may be beneficial in neuroinflammatory disorders.
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25
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Theofilopoulos S, Griffiths WJ, Crick PJ, Yang S, Meljon A, Ogundare M, Kitambi SS, Lockhart A, Tuschl K, Clayton PT, Morris AA, Martinez A, Reddy MA, Martinuzzi A, Bassi MT, Honda A, Mizuochi T, Kimura A, Nittono H, De Michele G, Carbone R, Criscuolo C, Yau JL, Seckl JR, Schüle R, Schöls L, Sailer AW, Kuhle J, Fraidakis MJ, Gustafsson JÅ, Steffensen KR, Björkhem I, Ernfors P, Sjövall J, Arenas E, Wang Y. Cholestenoic acids regulate motor neuron survival via liver X receptors. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:4829-42. [PMID: 25271621 DOI: 10.1172/jci68506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholestenoic acids are formed as intermediates in metabolism of cholesterol to bile acids, and the biosynthetic enzymes that generate cholestenoic acids are expressed in the mammalian CNS. Here, we evaluated the cholestenoic acid profile of mammalian cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and determined that specific cholestenoic acids activate the liver X receptors (LXRs), enhance islet-1 expression in zebrafish, and increase the number of oculomotor neurons in the developing mouse in vitro and in vivo. While 3β,7α-dihydroxycholest-5-en-26-oic acid (3β,7α-diHCA) promoted motor neuron survival in an LXR-dependent manner, 3β-hydroxy-7-oxocholest-5-en-26-oic acid (3βH,7O-CA) promoted maturation of precursors into islet-1+ cells. Unlike 3β,7α-diHCA and 3βH,7O-CA, 3β-hydroxycholest-5-en-26-oic acid (3β-HCA) caused motor neuron cell loss in mice. Mutations in CYP7B1 or CYP27A1, which encode enzymes involved in cholestenoic acid metabolism, result in different neurological diseases, hereditary spastic paresis type 5 (SPG5) and cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX), respectively. SPG5 is characterized by spastic paresis, and similar symptoms may occur in CTX. Analysis of CSF and plasma from patients with SPG5 revealed an excess of the toxic LXR ligand, 3β-HCA, while patients with CTX and SPG5 exhibited low levels of the survival-promoting LXR ligand 3β,7α-diHCA. Moreover, 3β,7α-diHCA prevented the loss of motor neurons induced by 3β-HCA in the developing mouse midbrain in vivo.Our results indicate that specific cholestenoic acids selectively work on motor neurons, via LXR, to regulate the balance between survival and death.
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26
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Daugvilaite V, Arfelt KN, Benned-Jensen T, Sailer AW, Rosenkilde MM. Oxysterol-EBI2 signaling in immune regulation and viral infection. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:1904-12. [PMID: 24810762 PMCID: PMC4209795 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201444493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The seven transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) induced gene 2 (EBI2; also known as GPR183) was identified in 1993 on the basis of its substantial upregulation in EBV-infected cells. It is primarily expressed in lymphoid cells; most abundantly in B cells. EBI2 is central for the positioning of B cells within the lymphoid organs, a process that is regulated in part by a chemotactic gradient formed by the endogenous lipid agonists, and in part by a fine-tuned regulation of EBI2 cell surface expression. The most potent endogenous EBI2 agonist is 7α, 25-dihydroxyxcholesterol (7α,25-OHC), yet many structurally related oxysterols can bind to an EBI2 pocket that is defined by the upper parts of the transmembrane helices and extracellular receptor regions. EBI2 signals via Gαi, as well as via G protein-independent pathways like β-arrestin recruitment. The concerted action of these pathways leads to cell migration. By genetically interfering with its up- and downregulation, EBI2 was also recently shown to induce cell proliferation, an action that could be inhibited by small molecule antagonists. Here, we focus on the oxysterol-EBI2 axis in immune control, including its role in the EBV life cycle. We also summarize the structural and functional properties of EBI2 interaction with oxysterol agonists and small molecule antagonists and discuss EBI2 as therapeutic target for diseases of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktorija Daugvilaite
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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27
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Dutta P, O'Connell KE, Ozkan SB, Sailer AW, Dev KK. The protein interacting with C-kinase (PICK1) interacts with and attenuates parkin-associated endothelial-like (PAEL) receptor-mediated cell death. J Neurochem 2014; 130:360-73. [PMID: 24749734 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 03/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The parkin-associated endothelial-like receptor (PAELR, GPR37) is an orphan G protein-coupled receptor that interacts with and is degraded by parkin-mediated ubiquitination. Mutations in parkin are thought to result in PAELR accumulation and increase neuronal cell death in Parkinson's disease. In this study, we find that the protein interacting with C-kinase (PICK1) interacts with PAELR. Specifically, the Postsynaptic density protein-95/Discs large/ZO-1 (PDZ) domain of PICK1 interacted with the last three residues of the c-terminal (ct) located PDZ motif of PAELR. Pull-down assays indicated that recombinant and native PICK1, obtained from heterologous cells and rat brain tissue, respectively, were retained by a glutathione S-transferase fusion of ct-PAELR. Furthermore, coimmunoprecipitation studies isolated a PAELR-PICK1 complex from transiently transfected cells. PICK1 interacts with parkin and our data showed that PICK1 reduces PAELR expression levels in transiently transfected heterologous cells compared to a PICK1 mutant that does not interact with PAELR. Finally, PICK1 over-expression in HEK293 cells reduced cell death induced by PAEALR over-expression during rotenone treatment and these effects of PICK1 were attenuated during inhibition of the proteasome. These results suggest a role for PICK1 in preventing PAELR-induced cell toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Dutta
- Molecular Neuropharmacology, Drug Development, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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28
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Gessier F, Preuss I, Yin H, Rosenkilde MM, Laurent S, Endres R, Chen YA, Marsilje TH, Seuwen K, Nguyen DG, Sailer AW. Identification and Characterization of Small Molecule Modulators of the Epstein–Barr Virus-Induced Gene 2 (EBI2) Receptor. J Med Chem 2014; 57:3358-68. [DOI: 10.1021/jm4019355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hong Yin
- Genomics
Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Mette M. Rosenkilde
- Laboratory
for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology,
Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | | | | | - Yu A. Chen
- Genomics
Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Thomas H. Marsilje
- Genomics
Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | | | - Deborah G. Nguyen
- Genomics
Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California 92121, United States
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29
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Hannedouche S, Beck V, Leighton-Davies J, Beibel M, Roma G, Oakeley EJ, Lannoy V, Bernard J, Hamon J, Barbieri S, Preuss I, Lasbennes MC, Sailer AW, Suply T, Seuwen K, Parker CN, Bassilana F. Identification of the C3a receptor (C3AR1) as the target of the VGF-derived peptide TLQP-21 in rodent cells. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:27434-27443. [PMID: 23940034 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.497214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
TLQP-21, a peptide derived from VGF (non-acronymic) by proteolytic processing, has been shown to modulate energy metabolism, differentiation, and cellular response to stress. Although extensively investigated, the receptor for this endogenous peptide has not previously been described. This study describes the use of a series of studies that show G protein-coupled receptor-mediated biological activity of TLQP-21 signaling in CHO-K1 cells. Unbiased genome-wide sequencing of the transcriptome from responsive CHO-K1 cells identified a prioritized list of possible G protein-coupled receptors bringing about this activity. Further experiments using a series of defined receptor antagonists and siRNAs led to the identification of complement C3a receptor-1 (C3AR1) as a target for TLQP-21 in rodents. We have not been able to demonstrate so far that this finding is translatable to the human receptor. Our results are in line with a large number of physiological observations in rodent models of food intake and metabolic control, where TLQP-21 shows activity. In addition, the sensitivity of TLQP-21 signaling to pertussis toxin is consistent with the known signaling pathway of C3AR1. The binding of TLQP-21 to C3AR1 not only has effects on signaling but also modulates cellular functions, as TLQP-21 was shown to have a role in directing migration of mouse RAW264.7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Valerie Beck
- From Novartis AG, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Martin Beibel
- From Novartis AG, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Guglielmo Roma
- From Novartis AG, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Jacques Hamon
- From Novartis AG, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Samuel Barbieri
- From Novartis AG, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Inga Preuss
- From Novartis AG, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Thomas Suply
- From Novartis AG, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Klaus Seuwen
- From Novartis AG, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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30
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Yi T, Wang X, Kelly LM, An J, Xu Y, Sailer AW, Gustafsson JA, Russell DW, Cyster JG. Oxysterol gradient generation by lymphoid stromal cells guides activated B cell movement during humoral responses. Immunity 2012; 37:535-48. [PMID: 22999953 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2012.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Revised: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
7α,25-dihydroxycholesterol (7α,25-OHC) is a ligand for the G protein-coupled receptor EBI2; however, the cellular sources of this oxysterol are undefined. 7α,25-OHC is synthesized from cholesterol by the stepwise actions of two enzymes, CH25H and CYP7B1, and is metabolized to a 3-oxo derivative by HSD3B7. We showed that all three enzymes control EBI2 ligand concentration in lymphoid tissues. Lymphoid stromal cells were the main CH25H- and CYP7B1-expressing cells required for positioning of B cells, and they also mediated 7α,25-OHC inactivation. CH25H and CYP7B1 were abundant at the follicle perimeter, whereas CH25H expression by follicular dendritic cells was repressed. CYP7B1, CH25H, and HSD3B7 deficiencies each resulted in defective T cell-dependent plasma cell responses. These findings establish that CYP7B1 and HSD3B7, as well as CH25H, have essential roles in controlling oxysterol production in lymphoid tissues, and they suggest that differential enzyme expression in stromal cell subsets establishes 7α,25-OHC gradients required for B cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tangsheng Yi
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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31
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Benned-Jensen T, Norn C, Laurent S, Madsen CM, Larsen HM, Arfelt KN, Wolf RM, Frimurer T, Sailer AW, Rosenkilde MM. Molecular characterization of oxysterol binding to the Epstein-Barr virus-induced gene 2 (GPR183). J Biol Chem 2012; 287:35470-35483. [PMID: 22875855 PMCID: PMC3471686 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.387894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxysterols are oxygenated cholesterol derivates that are emerging as a physiologically important group of molecules. Although they regulate a range of cellular processes, only few oxysterol-binding effector proteins have been identified, and the knowledge of their binding mode is limited. Recently, the family of G protein-coupled seven transmembrane-spanning receptors (7TM receptors) was added to this group. Specifically, the Epstein-Barr virus-induced gene 2 (EBI2 or GPR183) was shown to be activated by several oxysterols, most potently by 7α,25-dihydroxycholesterol (7α,25-OHC). Nothing is known about the binding mode, however. Using mutational analysis, we identify here four key residues for 7α,25-OHC binding: Arg-87 in TM-II (position II:20/2.60), Tyr-112 and Tyr-116 (positions III:09/3.33 and III:13/3.37) in TM-III, and Tyr-260 in TM-VI (position VI:16/6.51). Substituting these residues with Ala and/or Phe results in a severe decrease in agonist binding and receptor activation. Docking simulations suggest that Tyr-116 interacts with the 3β-OH group in the agonist, Tyr-260 with the 7α-OH group, and Arg-87, either directly or indirectly, with the 25-OH group, although nearby residues likely also contribute. In addition, Tyr-112 is involved in 7α,25-OHC binding but via hydrophobic interactions. Finally, we show that II:20/2.60 constitutes an important residue for ligand binding in receptors carrying a positively charged residue at this position. This group is dominated by lipid- and nucleotide-activated receptors, here exemplified by the CysLTs, P2Y12, and P2Y14. In conclusion, we present the first molecular characterization of oxysterol binding to a 7TM receptor and identify position II:20/2.60 as a generally important residue for ligand binding in certain 7TM receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tau Benned-Jensen
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Christoffer Norn
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Stephane Laurent
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian M Madsen
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Hjalte M Larsen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Kristine N Arfelt
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Romain M Wolf
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Frimurer
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Andreas W Sailer
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mette M Rosenkilde
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
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32
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Schmid HA, Lambertini C, van Vugt HH, Barzaghi-Rinaudo P, Schäfer J, Hillenbrand R, Sailer AW, Kaufmann M, Nuciforo P. Monoclonal antibodies against the human somatostatin receptor subtypes 1-5: development and immunohistochemical application in neuroendocrine tumors. Neuroendocrinology 2012; 95:232-47. [PMID: 22156600 DOI: 10.1159/000330616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activation of somatostatin receptors (sstr1-5) by somatostatin and its analogues exerts an inhibitory effect on hormone secretion and provides the basis for the treatment of a range of endocrine diseases such as acromegaly, Cushing's disease and neuroendocrine tumors (NET). The lack of well-characterized commercially available sstr subtype-specific antibodies prevents routine identification of the sstr expression profile in patients. METHODS We generated and characterized new mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting the five human sstr subtypes using ELISA and immunohistochemistry, and tested their suitability in formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) human tissues and archival samples of normal pancreatic tissue and NET. RESULTS All mAbs were highly specific with no cross-reactivity. The sstr1-5 immunoreactivity in gastrointestinal NET (n=67) was correlated with clinicopathologic data. With the exception of sstr3, NET were highly positive for all receptor subtypes (42, 63, 6, 32 and 65% of tumors were positive for sstr1, sstr2a, sstr3, sstr4 and sstr5, respectively). sstr1, sstr2a and sstr5 were present at the plasma membrane and in the cytoplasm of tumor cells, whereas sstr3 and sstr4 were almost exclusively cytoplasmic. Immunoreactivity of sstr1, sstr2a and sstr4 tended to decrease as tumor aggressiveness increased. sstr5 showed an opposite pattern, with higher staining in well-differentiated carcinomas compared with well-differentiated tumors. sstr5 immunoreactivity was correlated with the presence of metastases and angioinvasion, suggesting a possible association with more aggressive behavior. CONCLUSION Determination of the sstr1-5 by immunohistochemistry using subtype-specific mAbs is feasible in FFPE tissue and may provide a tool for routine clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert A Schmid
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland.
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33
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Hannedouche S, Zhang J, Yi T, Shen W, Nguyen D, Pereira JP, Guerini D, Baumgarten BU, Roggo S, Wen B, Knochenmuss R, Noël S, Gessier F, Kelly LM, Vanek M, Laurent S, Preuss I, Miault C, Christen I, Karuna R, Li W, Koo DI, Suply T, Schmedt C, Peters EC, Falchetto R, Katopodis A, Spanka C, Roy MO, Detheux M, Chen YA, Schultz PG, Cho CY, Seuwen K, Cyster JG, Sailer AW. Oxysterols direct immune cell migration via EBI2. Nature 2011; 475:524-7. [PMID: 21796212 PMCID: PMC4297623 DOI: 10.1038/nature10280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 337] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus-induced gene 2 (EBI2, also known as GPR183) is a G-protein-coupled receptor that is required for humoral immune responses; polymorphisms in the receptor have been associated with inflammatory autoimmune diseases. The natural ligand for EBI2 has been unknown. Here we describe the identification of 7α,25-dihydroxycholesterol (also called 7α,25-OHC or 5-cholesten-3β,7α,25-triol) as a potent and selective agonist of EBI2. Functional activation of human EBI2 by 7α,25-OHC and closely related oxysterols was verified by monitoring second messenger readouts and saturable, high-affinity radioligand binding. Furthermore, we find that 7α,25-OHC and closely related oxysterols act as chemoattractants for immune cells expressing EBI2 by directing cell migration in vitro and in vivo. A critical enzyme required for the generation of 7α,25-OHC is cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (CH25H). Similar to EBI2 receptor knockout mice, mice deficient in CH25H fail to position activated B cells within the spleen to the outer follicle and mount a reduced plasma cell response after an immune challenge. This demonstrates that CH25H generates EBI2 biological activity in vivo and indicates that the EBI2-oxysterol signalling pathway has an important role in the adaptive immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juan Zhang
- Analytical Sciences; Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tangsheng Yi
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Weijun Shen
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Deborah Nguyen
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - João P. Pereira
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Danilo Guerini
- Autoimmunity, Transplantation and Inflammation; Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Birgit U. Baumgarten
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways; Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Silvio Roggo
- Global Discovery Chemistry; Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ben Wen
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Richard Knochenmuss
- Analytical Sciences; Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Francois Gessier
- Global Discovery Chemistry; Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lisa M. Kelly
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mirka Vanek
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways; Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stephane Laurent
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways; Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Inga Preuss
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways; Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Charlotte Miault
- Global Discovery Chemistry; Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle Christen
- Analytical Sciences; Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ratna Karuna
- Analytical Sciences; Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Wei Li
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Dong-In Koo
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Thomas Suply
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways; Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian Schmedt
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Eric C. Peters
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Rocco Falchetto
- Analytical Sciences; Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Katopodis
- Autoimmunity, Transplantation and Inflammation; Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Carsten Spanka
- Global Discovery Chemistry; Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Yu Alice Chen
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Peter G. Schultz
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Charles Y. Cho
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Klaus Seuwen
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways; Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jason G. Cyster
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Andreas W. Sailer
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways; Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
- Corresponding author: Andreas W. Sailer, Ph. D. Developmental & Molecular Pathways Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Forum 1, Novartis Campus, WSJ-355.4.025.8 4056 Basel, Switzerland Phone: +41 79 5500941 Fax: +41 61 6968714
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34
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Fendt M, Buchi M, Bürki H, Imobersteg S, Ricoux B, Suply T, Sailer AW. Neuropeptide S receptor deficiency modulates spontaneous locomotor activity and the acoustic startle response. Behav Brain Res 2010; 217:1-9. [PMID: 20888368 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2010.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2010] [Revised: 09/17/2010] [Accepted: 09/21/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the phenotype of heterozygous and homozygous neuropeptide S receptor (Npsr) deficient C57BL/6 mice in NPS- and cocaine induced hyperactivity, spontaneous and reactive locomotor activity, elevated plus maze, conditioned fear, and prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle response. In Npsr-deficient mice, a strong reduction of spontaneous locomotor activity and of the startle magnitude was observed; heterozygous mice had an intermediate phenotype. In the other experiments, Npsr deficiency leads to no or only a very modest phenotype. These results support an important role of neuropeptide S in regulating locomotor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Fendt
- Novartis Institutes of BioMedical Research, Neuropsychiatry, GPCR Expertise Program, Basel, Switzerland.
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Fendt M, Imobersteg S, Bürki H, McAllister KH, Sailer AW. Intra-amygdala injections of neuropeptide S block fear-potentiated startle. Neurosci Lett 2010; 474:154-157. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2010] [Revised: 02/19/2010] [Accepted: 03/09/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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36
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Jiang J, Hoang M, Young JR, Chaung D, Eid R, Turner C, Lin P, Tong X, Wang J, Tan C, Feighner S, Palyha O, Hreniuk DL, Pan J, Sailer AW, MacNeil DJ, Howard A, Shearman L, Stribling S, Camacho R, Strack A, Van der Ploeg LHT, Goulet MT, DeVita RJ. 2-Aminoquinoline melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH)1R antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:5270-4. [PMID: 16919456 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2006] [Revised: 07/31/2006] [Accepted: 08/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A series of 2-aminoquinoline compounds was prepared and evaluated in MCH1R binding and functional antagonist assays. Small dialkyl, methylalkyl, methylcycloalkyl, and cyclic amines were tolerated at the quinoline 2-position. The in vivo efficacy of compound 12 was explored and compared to that of a related inactive analog to determine their effects on food intake and body weight in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlong Jiang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065-0900, USA
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37
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Jiang J, Lin P, Hoang M, Chang L, Tan C, Feighner S, Palyha OC, Hreniuk DL, Pan J, Sailer AW, Morin NR, MacNeil DJ, Howard AD, Van der Ploeg LHT, Goulet MT, DeVita RJ. 4-Aminoquinoline melanin-concentrating hormone 1-receptor (MCH1R) antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:5275-9. [PMID: 16919453 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2006] [Revised: 07/31/2006] [Accepted: 08/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Structure-activity relationships of a 4-aminoquinoline MCH1R antagonist lead series were explored by synthesis of analogs with modifications at the 2-, 4-, and 6-positions of the original HTS hit. Improvements to the original screening lead included lipophilic groups at the 2-position and biphenyl, cyclohexyl phenyl, and hydrocinnamyl carboxamides at the 6-position. Modifications of the 4-amino group were not well tolerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlong Jiang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065-0900, USA
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38
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Sano H, Feighner SD, Hreniuk DL, Iwaasa H, Sailer AW, Pan J, Reitman ML, Kanatani A, Howard AD, Tan CP. Characterization of the bombesin-like peptide receptor family in primates. Genomics 2004; 84:139-46. [PMID: 15203211 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2004.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2003] [Accepted: 01/23/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, bombesin-like peptides mediate a broad range of physiological functions through binding to three highly conserved G-protein-coupled receptors: the neuromedin B-preferring, the gastrin-releasing peptide-preferring, and the bombesin-receptor subtype 3. Selective modulation of these receptors presents opportunities for the development of novel therapeutics. To ascertain if rhesus monkey could serve as a surrogate animal model for the development of modulators of bombesin-like receptor function, we undertook a search for additional receptor family members and studied the expression profiles of the three known bombesin-related receptors. We found no evidence for additional receptor family members in mammals, suggesting that the expression of the previously described bombesin-receptor subtype 4 is limited to amphibians. We studied the distribution of the three receptors in a broad array of human and rhesus monkey tissues. Based on the similarity between the human and the rhesus expression profiles, we conclude that the rhesus monkey may be a suitable animal model to evaluate the clinical efficacy and potential side effects of bombesin-like peptide ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Sano
- Department of Metabolic Disorders, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
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39
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South SM, Kohno T, Kaspar BK, Hegarty D, Vissel B, Drake CT, Ohata M, Jenab S, Sailer AW, Malkmus S, Masuyama T, Horner P, Bogulavsky J, Gage FH, Yaksh TL, Woolf CJ, Heinemann SF, Inturrisi CE. A conditional deletion of the NR1 subunit of the NMDA receptor in adult spinal cord dorsal horn reduces NMDA currents and injury-induced pain. J Neurosci 2003; 23:5031-40. [PMID: 12832526 PMCID: PMC6741202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
To determine the importance of the NMDA receptor (NMDAR) in pain hypersensitivity after injury, the NMDAR1 (NR1) subunit was selectively deleted in the lumbar spinal cord of adult mice by the localized injection of an adenoassociated virus expressing Cre recombinase into floxed NR1 mice. NR1 subunit mRNA and dendritic protein are reduced by 80% in the area of the virus injection, and NMDA currents, but not AMPA currents, are reduced 86-88% in lamina II neurons. The spatial NR1 knock-out does not alter heat or cold paw-withdrawal latencies, mechanical threshold, or motor function. However, injury-induced pain produced by intraplantar formalin is reduced by 70%. Our results demonstrate conclusively that the postsynaptic NR1 receptor subunit in the lumbar dorsal horn of the spinal cord is required for central sensitization, the central facilitation of pain transmission produced by peripheral injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M South
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021, USA
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40
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Contractor A, Sailer AW, Darstein M, Maron C, Xu J, Swanson GT, Heinemann SF. Loss of kainate receptor-mediated heterosynaptic facilitation of mossy-fiber synapses in KA2-/- mice. J Neurosci 2003; 23:422-9. [PMID: 12533602 PMCID: PMC6741894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Multimeric assemblies of kainate (KA) receptor subunits form glutamate-gated ion channels that mediate EPSCs and function as presynaptic modulators of neurotransmitter release at some central synapses. The KA2 subunit is a likely constituent of many neuronal kainate receptors, because it is widely expressed in most neurons in the CNS. We have studied the effect of genetic ablation of this receptor subunit on synaptic transmission at the mossy-fiber-CA3 pyramidal cell synapse in hippocampal slices, where kainate receptors are localized to both presynaptic and postsynaptic sites. We found that both postsynaptic and presynaptic mossy-fiber kainate receptor function is altered in neurons from KA2-/- mice. The presynaptic facilitatory autoreceptor, which modulates glutamate release from mossy-fiber terminals, had a reduced affinity for exogenous agonists and synaptic glutamate. Although presynaptic facilitation attributable to homosynaptic glutamate release was normal at mossy-fiber synapses in KA2-/- neurons, heterosynaptic kainate receptor-mediated facilitation resulting from the spillover of glutamate from CA3 collateral synapses was absent. Consistent with a decrease in glutamate affinity of the receptor, the half-decay of the postsynaptic kainate-mediated EPSC was shorter in the knock-out mice. These results identify the KA2 subunit as a determinant of kainate receptor function at presynaptic and postsynaptic mossy-fiber kainate receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anis Contractor
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
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Van der Ploeg LHT, Martin WJ, Howard AD, Nargund RP, Austin CP, Guan X, Drisko J, Cashen D, Sebhat I, Patchett AA, Figueroa DJ, DiLella AG, Connolly BM, Weinberg DH, Tan CP, Palyha OC, Pong SS, MacNeil T, Rosenblum C, Vongs A, Tang R, Yu H, Sailer AW, Fong TM, Huang C, Tota MR, Chang RS, Stearns R, Tamvakopoulos C, Christ G, Drazen DL, Spar BD, Nelson RJ, MacIntyre DE. A role for the melanocortin 4 receptor in sexual function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:11381-6. [PMID: 12172010 PMCID: PMC123265 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.172378699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
By using a combination of genetic, pharmacological, and anatomical approaches, we show that the melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R), implicated in the control of food intake and energy expenditure, also modulates erectile function and sexual behavior. Evidence supporting this notion is based on several findings: (i) a highly selective non-peptide MC4R agonist augments erectile activity initiated by electrical stimulation of the cavernous nerve in wild-type but not Mc4r-null mice; (ii) copulatory behavior is enhanced by administration of a selective MC4R agonist and is diminished in mice lacking Mc4r; (iii) reverse transcription (RT)-PCR and non-PCR based methods demonstrate MC4R expression in rat and human penis, and rat spinal cord, hypothalamus, brainstem, pelvic ganglion (major autonomic relay center to the penis), but not in rat primary corpus smooth muscle cavernosum cells; and (iv) in situ hybridization of glans tissue from the human and rat penis reveal MC4R expression in nerve fibers and mechanoreceptors in the glans of the penis. Collectively, these data implicate the MC4R in the modulation of penile erectile function and provide evidence that MC4R-mediated proerectile responses may be activated through neuronal circuitry in spinal cord erectile centers and somatosensory afferent nerve terminals of the penis. Our results provide a basis for the existence of MC4R-controlled neuronal pathways that control sexual function.
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Tan CP, Sano H, Iwaasa H, Pan J, Sailer AW, Hreniuk DL, Feighner SD, Palyha OC, Pong SS, Figueroa DJ, Austin CP, Jiang MM, Yu H, Ito J, Ito M, Ito M, Guan XM, MacNeil DJ, Kanatani A, Van der Ploeg LHT, Howard AD. Melanin-concentrating hormone receptor subtypes 1 and 2: species-specific gene expression. Genomics 2002; 79:785-92. [PMID: 12036292 DOI: 10.1006/geno.2002.6771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To assess the contribution of potential central nervous system pathways implicated in the control of appetite regulation and energy metabolism, it is essential to first identify appropriate animal models. Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH), a conserved cyclic neuropeptide implicated in the modulation of food intake, has been shown to bind and activate two G-protein-coupled receptors, called GPR24 and MCHR2, expressed in human brain and other tissues. Here we show that several non-human species (rat, mouse, hamster, guinea pig, and rabbit) do not have functional MCHR2 receptors, or encode a nonfunctional MCHR2 pseudogene while retaining GPR24 expression. We identified three species for further evaluation that express both MCH receptor subtypes. We cloned and functionally characterized dog, ferret, and rhesus GPR24 and MCHR2 in mammalian cells and studied their brain distribution patterns by in situ hybridization. The homology, expression profile, and functional similarity of the receptors in the dog, ferret, and rhesus to that of human support the potential use of these species as preclinical animal models in the development of therapeutic agents for obesity or other MCH-mediated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina P Tan
- Department of Obesity and Metabolic Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
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43
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Sailer AW, Sano H, Zeng Z, McDonald TP, Pan J, Pong SS, Feighner SD, Tan CP, Fukami T, Iwaasa H, Hreniuk DL, Morin NR, Sadowski SJ, Ito M, Ito M, Bansal A, Ky B, Figueroa DJ, Jiang Q, Austin CP, MacNeil DJ, Ishihara A, Ihara M, Kanatani A, Van der Ploeg LH, Howard AD, Liu Q. Identification and characterization of a second melanin-concentrating hormone receptor, MCH-2R. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:7564-9. [PMID: 11404457 PMCID: PMC34708 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.121170598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2001] [Accepted: 04/05/2001] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) is a 19-aa cyclic neuropeptide originally isolated from chum salmon pituitaries. Besides its effects on the aggregation of melanophores in fish several lines of evidence suggest that in mammals MCH functions as a regulator of energy homeostasis. Recently, several groups reported the identification of an orphan G protein-coupled receptor as a receptor for MCH (MCH-1R). We hereby report the identification of a second human MCH receptor termed MCH-2R, which shares about 38% amino acid identity with MCH-1R. MCH-2R displayed high-affinity MCH binding, resulting in inositol phosphate turnover and release of intracellular calcium in mammalian cells. In contrast to MCH-1R, MCH-2R signaling is not sensitive to pertussis toxin and MCH-2R cannot reduce forskolin-stimulated cAMP production, suggesting an exclusive G(alpha)q coupling of the MCH-2R in cell-based systems. Northern blot and in situ hybridization analysis of human and monkey tissue shows that expression of MCH-2R mRNA is restricted to several regions of the brain, including the arcuate nucleus and the ventral medial hypothalamus, areas implicated in regulation of body weight. In addition, the human MCH-2R gene was mapped to the long arm of chromosome 6 at band 6q16.2-16.3, a region reported to be associated with cytogenetic abnormalities of obese patients. The characterization of a second mammalian G protein-coupled receptor for MCH potentially indicates that the control of energy homeostasis in mammals by the MCH neuropeptide system may be more complex than initially anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- A W Sailer
- Department of Metabolic Disorders, Merck Research Laboratories, P. O. Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
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