1
|
Gazol A, Valeriano C, Colangelo M, Ibáñez R, Valerio M, Rubio-Cuadrado Á, Camarero JJ. Growth of tree (Pinus sylvestris) and shrub (Amelanchier ovalis) species is constrained by drought with higher shrub sensitivity in dry sites. Sci Total Environ 2024; 918:170539. [PMID: 38296069 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
We lack understanding of how variable is radial growth of coexisting tree and shrub species, and how growth is constrained by drought depending on site aridity. Here, we compared the radial growth of two widespread and coexisting species, a winter deciduous shrub (Amelanchier ovalis Medik.) and an evergreen conifer tree (Pinus sylvestris L.). We sampled four sites in Northeastern Spain subjected to different aridity levels and used dendrochronological methods to quantify growth patterns and responses to climate variables. The growth of the two species varied between regions, being lower in the driest sites. The first-order autocorrelation (growth persistence) was higher in more mesic sites but without clear differences between species. Tree and shrub growth negatively responded to elevated summer temperatures and positively to spring-summer precipitation and wet conditions. However, negative growth responses of the shrub to drought were only observed in the two driest sites in contrast to widespread responses of the tree. Abrupt growth reductions were common in the drier sites, but resilience indices show that the two species rapidly recovered pre-drought growth levels. The lower growth synchrony of the shrub as compared to the tree can be due to the multistemmed architecture, fast growth and low stature of the shrub. Besides, the high dependency of the shrub growth on summer rainfall can explain why drought limitations were only apparent in the two driest sites. In any case, results point out to the dendrochronological potential of shrubs, which is particularly relevant giving its ability to inhabit woodlands and treeless regions under harsh climatic conditions. Nevertheless, further research is required to elucidate the capacity of shrub species to tolerate drought, as well as to understand how shrubs thrive in water- and cold-limited environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Gazol
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Avda. Montañana 1005, E-50192 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Cristina Valeriano
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Avda. Montañana 1005, E-50192 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Michele Colangelo
- Scuola di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università della Basilicata, Viale dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Ricardo Ibáñez
- Departamento de Biología Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Navarra, Spain
| | - Mercedes Valerio
- Departamento de Biología Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Navarra, Spain; Department of Botany, Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, Na Zlaté stoce 1, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Álvaro Rubio-Cuadrado
- Departamento de Sistemas y Recursos Naturales, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería de Montes, Forestal y del Medio Natural, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - J Julio Camarero
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Avda. Montañana 1005, E-50192 Zaragoza, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fajardo A, Gazol A, Meynard PM, Mayr C, Martínez Pastur GJ, Peri PL, Camarero JJ. Climate change-related growth improvements in a wide niche-breadth tree species across contrasting environments. Ann Bot 2023; 131:941-951. [PMID: 36996263 PMCID: PMC10332394 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The vulnerability and responsiveness of forests to drought are immensely variable across biomes. Intraspecific tree responses to drought in species with wide niche breadths that grow across contrasting climatically environments might provide key information regarding forest resistance and changes in species distribution under climate change. Using a species with an exceptionally wide niche breath, we tested the hypothesis that tree populations thriving in dry environments are more resistant to drought than those growing in moist locations. METHODS We determined temporal trends in tree radial growth of 12 tree populations of Nothofagus antarctica (Nothofagaceae) located across a sharp precipitation gradient (annual precipitation of 500-2000 mm) in Chile and Argentina. Using dendrochronological methods, we fitted generalized additive mixed-effect models to predict the annual basal area increment as a function of year and dryness (De Martonne aridity index). We also measured carbon and oxygen isotope signals (and estimated intrinsic water-use efficiency) to provide potential physiological causes for tree growth responses to drought. KEY RESULTS We found unexpected improvements in growth during 1980-1998 in moist sites, while growth responses in dry sites were mixed. All populations, independent of site moisture, showed an increase in their intrinsic water-use efficiency in recent decades, a tendency that seemed to be explained by an increase in the photosynthetic rate instead of drought-induced stomatal closure, given that δ18O did not change with time. CONCLUSIONS The absence of drought-induced negative effects on tree growth in a tree species with a wide niche breadth is promising because it might relate to the causal mechanisms tree species possess to face ongoing drought events. We suggest that the drought resistance of N. antarctica might be attributable to its low stature and relatively low growth rate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Fajardo
- Instituto de Investigación Interdisciplinaria (I), Vicerrectoría Académica, Universidad de Talca, Campus Lircay, Talca 3460000, Chile
| | - Antonio Gazol
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Avda. Montañana 1005, E-50192 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Paulo Moreno Meynard
- Centro de Investigación en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia (CIEP), Camino Baguales s/n, Coyhaique 5951601, Chile
| | - Christoph Mayr
- Institut für Geographie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Guillermo J Martínez Pastur
- Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas (CADIC), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Houssay 200 (9410) Ushuaia, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina
| | - Pablo L Peri
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA)-CONICET, cc332 (9400) Río Gallegos, Santa Cruz, Argentina
| | - J Julio Camarero
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Avda. Montañana 1005, E-50192 Zaragoza, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
García-García I, Méndez-Cea B, González de Andrés E, Gazol A, Sánchez-Salguero R, Manso-Martínez D, Horreo JL, Camarero JJ, Linares JC, Gallego FJ. Climate and Soil Microsite Conditions Determine Local Adaptation in Declining Silver Fir Forests. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:2607. [PMID: 37514222 PMCID: PMC10384727 DOI: 10.3390/plants12142607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Ongoing climatic change is threatening the survival of drought-sensitive tree species, such as silver fir (Abies alba). Drought-induced dieback had been previously explored in this conifer, although the role played by tree-level genetic diversity and its relationship with growth patterns and soil microsite conditions remained elusive. We used double digest restriction-site-associated DNA sequencing (ddRADseq) to describe different genetic characteristics of five silver fir forests in the Spanish Pyrenees, including declining and non-declining trees. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were used to investigate the relationships between genetics, dieback, intraspecific trait variation (functional dendrophenotypic traits and leaf traits), local bioclimatic conditions, and rhizosphere soil properties. While there were no noticeable genetic differences between declining and non-declining trees, genome-environment associations with selection signatures were abundant, suggesting a strong influence of climate, soil physicochemical properties, and soil microbial diversity on local adaptation. These results provide novel insights into how genetics and diverse environmental factors are interrelated and highlight the need to incorporate genetic data into silver fir forest dieback studies to gain a better understanding of local adaptation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel García-García
- Departamento de Genética, Fisiología y Microbiología, Unidad de Genética, Facultad de CC Biológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Belén Méndez-Cea
- Departamento de Genética, Fisiología y Microbiología, Unidad de Genética, Facultad de CC Biológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Antonio Gazol
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Raúl Sánchez-Salguero
- Departamento de Sistemas Físicos, Químicos y Naturales, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - David Manso-Martínez
- Departamento de Genética, Fisiología y Microbiología, Unidad de Genética, Facultad de CC Biológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Horreo
- Departamento de Genética, Fisiología y Microbiología, Unidad de Genética, Facultad de CC Biológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - J Julio Camarero
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Linares
- Departamento de Sistemas Físicos, Químicos y Naturales, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Gallego
- Departamento de Genética, Fisiología y Microbiología, Unidad de Genética, Facultad de CC Biológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Méndez-Cea B, García-García I, Gazol A, Camarero JJ, de Andrés EG, Colangelo M, Valeriano C, Gallego FJ, Linares JC. Weak genetic differentiation but strong climate-induced selective pressure toward the rear edge of mountain pine in north-eastern Spain. Sci Total Environ 2023; 858:159778. [PMID: 36309267 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Local differentiation at distribution limits may influence species' adaptive capacity to environmental changes. However, drivers, such gene flow and local selection, are still poorly understood. We focus on the role played by range limits in mountain forests to test the hypothesis that relict tree populations are subjected to genetic differentiation and local adaptation. Two alpine treelines of mountain pine (Pinus uncinata Ram. ex DC) were investigated in the Spanish Pyrenees. Further, an isolated relict population forming the species' southernmost distribution limit in north-eastern Spain was also investigated. Using genotyping by sequencing, a genetic matrix conformed by single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) was obtained. This matrix was used to perform genotype-environment and genotype-phenotype associations, as well as to model risk of non-adaptedness. Increasing climate seasonality appears as an essential element in the interpretation of SNPs subjected to selective pressures. Genetic differentiations were overall weak. The differences in leaf mass area and radial growth rate, as well as the identification of several SNPs subjected to selective pressures, exceeded neutral predictions of differentiation among populations. Despite genetic drift might prevail in the isolated population, the Fst values (0.060 and 0.066) showed a moderate genetic drift and Nm values (3.939 and 3.555) indicate the presence of gene flow between the relict population and both treelines. Nonetheless, the SNPs subjected to selection pressures provide evidences of possible selection in treeline ecotones. Persistence in range boundaries seems to involve several selective pressures in species' traits, which were significantly related to enhanced drought seasonality at the limit of P. uncinata distribution range. We conclude that gene flow is unlikely to constrain adaptation in the P. uncinata rear edge, although this species shows vulnerability to future climate change scenarios involving warmer and drier conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Belén Méndez-Cea
- Dpto. Genética, Fisiología y Microbiología, Unidad de Genética, Facultad de CC Biológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Spain.
| | - Isabel García-García
- Dpto. Genética, Fisiología y Microbiología, Unidad de Genética, Facultad de CC Biológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Spain.
| | - Antonio Gazol
- Pyrenean Institute of Ecology (IPE-CSIC), Zaragoza E-50059, Spain.
| | - J Julio Camarero
- Pyrenean Institute of Ecology (IPE-CSIC), Zaragoza E-50059, Spain.
| | | | - Michele Colangelo
- Pyrenean Institute of Ecology (IPE-CSIC), Zaragoza E-50059, Spain; School of Agricultural, Forest, Food and Environmental Sciences (SAFE), University of Basilicata, Potenza 85100, Italy
| | | | - Francisco Javier Gallego
- Dpto. Genética, Fisiología y Microbiología, Unidad de Genética, Facultad de CC Biológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Spain.
| | - Juan Carlos Linares
- Dpto. Sistemas Físicos, Químicos y Naturales, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Sevilla, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Díaz‐Martínez P, Ruiz‐Benito P, Madrigal‐González J, Gazol A, Andivia E. Positive effects of warming do not compensate growth reduction due to increased aridity in Mediterranean mixed forests. Ecosphere 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Díaz‐Martínez
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Madrid Spain
| | - Paloma Ruiz‐Benito
- Forest Ecology and Restoration Group, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida Universidad de Alcala Alcalá de Henares Spain
- Environmental Remote Sensing Research Group, Department of Geology, Geography and the Environment University of Alcala Alcalá de Henares Spain
| | | | - Antonio Gazol
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE‐CSIC) Zaragoza Spain
| | - Enrique Andivia
- Department of Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution, Faculty of Biological Sciences Universidad Complutense de Madrid Madrid Spain
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gazol A, Camarero JJ, Sánchez-Salguero R, Zavala MA, Serra-Maluquer X, Gutiérrez E, de Luis M, Sangüesa-Barreda G, Novak K, Rozas V, Tíscar PA, Linares JC, Martínez Del Castillo E, Ribas M, García-González I, Silla F, Camison Á, Génova M, Olano JM, Hereş AM, Yuste JC, Longares LA, Hevia A, Galván JD, Ruiz-Benito P. Tree growth response to drought partially explains regional-scale growth and mortality patterns in Iberian forests. Ecol Appl 2022; 32:e2589. [PMID: 35333426 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Tree-ring data has been widely used to inform about tree growth responses to drought at the individual scale, but less is known about how tree growth sensitivity to drought scales up driving changes in forest dynamics. Here, we related tree-ring growth chronologies and stand-level forest changes in basal area from two independent data sets to test if tree-ring responses to drought match stand forest dynamics (stand basal area growth, ingrowth, and mortality). We assessed if tree growth and changes in forest basal area covary as a function of spatial scale and tree taxa (gymnosperm or angiosperm). To this end, we compared a tree-ring network with stand data from the Spanish National Forest Inventory. We focused on the cumulative impact of drought on tree growth and demography in the period 1981-2005. Drought years were identified by the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index, and their impacts on tree growth by quantifying tree-ring width reductions. We hypothesized that forests with greater drought impacts on tree growth will also show reduced stand basal area growth and ingrowth and enhanced mortality. This is expected to occur in forests dominated by gymnosperms on drought-prone regions. Cumulative growth reductions during dry years were higher in forests dominated by gymnosperms and presented a greater magnitude and spatial autocorrelation than for angiosperms. Cumulative drought-induced tree growth reductions and changes in forest basal area were related, but initial stand density and basal area were the main factors driving changes in basal area. In drought-prone gymnosperm forests, we observed that sites with greater growth reductions had lower stand basal area growth and greater mortality. Consequently, stand basal area, forest growth, and ingrowth in regions with large drought impacts was significantly lower than in regions less impacted by drought. Tree growth sensitivity to drought can be used as a predictor of gymnosperm demographic rates in terms of stand basal area growth and ingrowth at regional scales, but further studies may try to disentangle how initial stand density modulates such relationships. Drought-induced growth reductions and their cumulative impacts have strong potential to be used as early-warning indicators of regional forest vulnerability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Gazol
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Raúl Sánchez-Salguero
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Zaragoza, Spain
- Departamento de Sistemas Físicos, Químicos y Naturales, Univ. Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Miguel A Zavala
- Universidad de Alcalá, Grupo de Ecología y Restauración Forestal, Departamento Ciencias de la Vida, Campus Universitario, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Emilia Gutiérrez
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Martín de Luis
- Departamento de Geografía y Ordenación del Territorio - IUCA, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Gabriel Sangüesa-Barreda
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Zaragoza, Spain
- EiFAB-iuFOR, Campus Duques de Soria, University of Valladolid, Soria, Spain
| | - Klemen Novak
- Department of Wood Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Departamento de Ecología, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Vicente Rozas
- EiFAB-iuFOR, Campus Duques de Soria, University of Valladolid, Soria, Spain
| | - Pedro A Tíscar
- Centro de Capacitación y Experimentación Forestal, Cazorla, Spain
| | - Juan C Linares
- Departamento de Sistemas Físicos, Químicos y Naturales, Univ. Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - Montse Ribas
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ignacio García-González
- Departamento de Botánica, Escola Politécnica Superior de Enxeñaría, Campus Terra, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Fernando Silla
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Parasitología, Ecología, Edafología y Química Agrícola, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Álvaro Camison
- Ingeniería Forestal y del Medio Natural, Universidad de Extremadura, Plasencia, Spain
| | - Mar Génova
- Departamento de Sistemas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M Olano
- EiFAB-iuFOR, Campus Duques de Soria, University of Valladolid, Soria, Spain
| | - Ana-Maria Hereş
- Department of Forest Sciences, Transilvania University of Braşov, Braşov, Romania
- Basque Centre for Climate Change (BC3), Leioa, Spain
| | - Jorge Curiel Yuste
- Basque Centre for Climate Change (BC3), Leioa, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Luis A Longares
- Departamento de Geografía y Ordenación del Territorio - IUCA, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Andrea Hevia
- Departamento de Ciencias Agroforestales, Universidad de Huelva, Huelva, Spain
| | | | - Paloma Ruiz-Benito
- Universidad de Alcalá, Grupo de Ecología y Restauración Forestal, Departamento Ciencias de la Vida, Campus Universitario, Madrid, Spain
- Remote Sensing Research Group, Department of Geology, Geography and Environment, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
González de Andrés E, Gazol A, Querejeta JI, Igual JM, Colangelo M, Sánchez‐Salguero R, Linares JC, Camarero JJ. The role of nutritional impairment in carbon-water balance of silver fir drought-induced dieback. Glob Chang Biol 2022; 28:4439-4458. [PMID: 35320604 PMCID: PMC9540818 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Rear-edge populations at the xeric distribution limit of tree species are particularly vulnerable to forest dieback triggered by drought. This is the case of silver fir (Abies alba) forests located in Southwestern Europe. While silver fir drought-induced dieback patterns have been previously explored, information on the role played by nutritional impairment is lacking despite its potential interactions with tree carbon-water balances. We performed a comparative analysis of radial growth, intrinsic water-use efficiency (iWUE), oxygen isotopes (δ18 O) and nutrient concentrations in leaves of declining (DD) and non-declining (ND) trees in silver fir in four forests in the Spanish Pyrenees. We also evaluated the relationships among dieback predisposition, intraspecific trait variation (wood density and leaf traits) and rhizosphere soil physical-chemical properties. The onset of growth decline in DD trees occurred more than two decades ago, and they subsequently showed low growth resilience against droughts. The DD trees presented consistently lower foliar concentrations of nutrients such as P, K, Cu and Ni than ND trees. The strong effects of foliar nutrient status on growth resilience indices support the key role played by mineral nutrition in tree functioning and growth before, during and after drought. In contrast, variability in wood density and leaf morphological traits, as well as soil properties, showed weak relationships with tree nutritional status and drought performance. At the low elevation, warmer sites, DD trees showed stronger climate-growth relationships and lower δ18 O than ND trees. The uncoupling between iWUE and δ18 O, together with the positive correlations between P and K leaf concentrations and δ18 O, point to deeper soil/bedrock water sources and vertical decoupling between nutrient and water uptake in DD trees. This study provides novel insights into the mechanisms driving silver fir dieback and highlights the need to incorporate tree nutrition into forest dieback studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonio Gazol
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE‐CSIC)ZaragozaSpain
| | | | - José M. Igual
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Salamanca (IRNASA‐CSIC)SalamancaSpain
| | - Michele Colangelo
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE‐CSIC)ZaragozaSpain
- Scuola di Scienze AgrarieForestaliAlimentarie AmbientaliUniversità della BasilicataPotenzaItaly
| | - Raúl Sánchez‐Salguero
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE‐CSIC)ZaragozaSpain
- Dpto. de Sistemas FísicosQuímicos y NaturalesUniversidad Pablo de OlavideSevillaSpain
| | - Juan Carlos Linares
- Dpto. de Sistemas FísicosQuímicos y NaturalesUniversidad Pablo de OlavideSevillaSpain
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Serra-Maluquer X, Gazol A, Anderegg WRL, Martínez-Vilalta J, Mencuccini M, Camarero JJ. Wood density and hydraulic traits influence species' growth response to drought across biomes. Glob Chang Biol 2022; 28:3871-3882. [PMID: 35124877 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Tree species display a wide variety of water-use strategies, growth rates and capacity to tolerate drought. However, if we want to forecast species capacity to cope with increasing aridity and drought, we need to identify which measurable traits confer resilience to drought across species. Here, we use a global tree ring network (65 species; 1931 site series of ring-width indices-RWI) to evaluate the relationship of long-term growth-drought sensitivity (RWI-SPEI drought index relationship) and short-term growth response to extreme drought episodes (resistance, recovery and resilience indices) with functional traits related to leaf, wood and hydraulic properties. Furthermore, we assess the influence of climate (temperature, precipitation and climatic water deficit) on these trait-growth relationships. We found a close correspondence between the long-term relationship between RWI and SPEI and resistance and recovery of tree growth to severe drought episodes. Species displaying a stronger RWI-SPEI relationship to drought and low resistance and high recovery to extreme drought episodes tended to have a higher wood density (WD) and more negative leaf minimum water potential (Ψmin). Such associations were largely maintained when accounting for direct climate effects. Our results indicate that, at a cross-species level and global scale, wood and hydraulic functional traits explain species' growth responses to drought at short- and long-term scales. These trait-growth response relationships can improve our understanding of the cross-species capacity to withstand climate change and inform models to better predict drought effects on forest ecosystem dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonio Gazol
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Jordi Martínez-Vilalta
- CREAF, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallés), Catalonia, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Catalonia, Spain
| | - Maurizio Mencuccini
- CREAF, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallés), Catalonia, Spain
- ICREA, Barcelona, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Camarero JJ, Tardif J, Gazol A, Conciatori F. Pine processionary moth outbreaks cause longer growth legacies than drought and are linked to the North Atlantic Oscillation. Sci Total Environ 2022; 819:153041. [PMID: 35038538 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Climatic warming is assumed to expand the geographic range of insect pests whose distribution is mainly constrained by low temperatures. This is the case of the pine processionary moth (Thaumetopoea pityocampa), which is one of the main conifer defoliators in the Mediterranean Basin. Warmer winters may lead to a northward/upward expansion of this insect, as short-term studies have shown. However, no long-term data, i.e. spanning at least one century, has been used to examine these projections. We test the hypotheses that climatic warming (i) has caused an upward shift of the pine processionary moth, and (ii) has increased the frequency of severe defoliations. We used dendrochronological methods to reconstruct defoliations over the period 1900-2006 in 14 sites spanning a wide altitudinal range (1070-1675 m) in Teruel, eastern Spain. We built local ring-width chronologies for four co-occurring pine species with different degree of susceptibility against the moth defoliations, from highly suitable or palatable species (Pinus nigra) to moderately (Pinus sylvestris, Pinus halepensis) or rarely defoliated species (Pinus pinaster). We validated the tree-ring reconstructions of outbreaks using a field record of stand defoliations spanning the period 1971-2006. Outbreaks in the most affected P. nigra stands corresponded to abrupt one- to two-year growth reductions (70-90% growth loss). Reconstructed outbreaks occurred on average every 9-14 years. The growth memory of outbreaks was weaker but lasted longer (1-6 years) than that due to droughts (1-3 years). Neither an upward expansion nor an increase in outbreak frequency was observed. Severe PPM defoliations did not increase as climate warmed, rather they were positively related to the winter North Atlantic Oscillation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Julio Camarero
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (CSIC), Apdo. 202, 50192 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Jacques Tardif
- Centre for Forest Interdisciplinary Research (C-FIR), University of Winnipeg, 515 Portage Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3B 2E9, Canada.
| | - Antonio Gazol
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (CSIC), Apdo. 202, 50192 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - France Conciatori
- Centre for Forest Interdisciplinary Research (C-FIR), University of Winnipeg, 515 Portage Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3B 2E9, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Gazol A, Camarero JJ. Compound climate events increase tree drought mortality across European forests. Sci Total Environ 2022; 816:151604. [PMID: 34780817 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Climate change can lead to the simultaneous occurrence of extreme droughts and heat waves increasing the frequency of compound events with unknown impacts on forests. Here we use two independent datasets, a compiled database of tree drought mortality events and the ICP-Forest level I plots, to study the impacts of the simultaneous occurrence of hot summers, with elevated vapour pressure deficit (VPD), and dry years on forest defoliation and mortality across Europe. We focused on tree drought mortality and background mortality rates, and we studied their co-occurrence with compound events of hot summers and dry years. In total, 143 out of 310 mortality events across Europe, i.e. 46% of cases, corresponded with rare compound events characterized by hot summers and dry years. Over the past decades, summer temperature increased in most sites and severe droughts resulted in compound events not observed before the 1980s. From the ICP-Forest plots we identified 291 (1718 trees) and 61 plots (128 trees) where severe defoliation and mortality, respectively, were caused by drought. The analyses of these events showed that 34% and 27% of the defoliation and mortality cases corresponded with rare compound climate events, respectively. Background mortality rates across Europe in the period 1993-2013 presented higher values in regions where summer temperature and VPD more steeply rose, where drought frequency increased. The steady increase in summer temperatures and VPD in Southern and Eastern Europe may favor the occurrence of compound events of hot summers and dry conditions. Giving that both, local and intense tree drought mortality events and background forest mortality rates, are linked to such compound events we can expect an increase in forest drought mortality in these European regions over the next decades.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Gazol
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), E-50059 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - J Julio Camarero
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), E-50059 Zaragoza, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Colangelo M, Camarero JJ, Gazol A, Piovesan G, Borghetti M, Baliva M, Gentilesca T, Rita A, Schettino A, Ripullone F. Mediterranean old-growth forests exhibit resistance to climate warming. Sci Total Environ 2021; 801:149684. [PMID: 34467901 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Old-growth mountain forests represent an ideal setting for studying long-term impacts of climate change. We studied the few remnants of old-growth forests located within the Pollino massif (southern Italy) to evaluate how the growth of conspecific young and old trees responded to climate change. We investigated two conifer species (Abies alba and Pinus leucodermis) and two hardwood species (Fagus sylvatica and Quercus cerris). We sampled one stand per species along an altitudinal gradient, ranging from a drought-limited low-elevation hardwood forest to a cold-limited subalpine pine forest. We used a dendrochronological approach to characterize the long-term growth dynamics of old (age > 120 years) versus young (age < 120 years) trees. Younger trees grew faster than their older conspecifics during their juvenile stage, regardless of species. Linear mixed effect models were used to quantify recent growth trends (1950-2015) and responses to climate for old and young trees. Climate sensitivity, expressed as radial growth responses to climate during the last three decades, partially differed between species because high spring temperatures enhanced conifer growth, whereas F. sylvatica growth was negatively affected by warmer spring conditions. Furthermore, tree growth was negatively impacted by summer drought in all species. Climate sensitivity differed between young and old trees, with younger trees tending to be more sensitive in P. leucodermis and A. alba, whereas older F. sylvatica trees were more sensitive. In low-elevation Q. cerris stands, limitation of growth due to drought was not related to tree age, suggesting symmetric water competition. We found evidence for a fast-growth trend in young individuals compared with that in their older conspecifics. Notably, old trees tended to have relatively stable growth rates, showing remarkable resistance to climate warming. These responses to climate change should be recognized when forecasting the future dynamics of old-growth forests for their sustainable management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michele Colangelo
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), 50192 Zaragoza, Spain; School of Agricultural, Forest, Food and Environmental Sciences (SAFE), University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy.
| | - J Julio Camarero
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), 50192 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Antonio Gazol
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), 50192 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Gianluca Piovesan
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences (DAFNE), Università della Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy.
| | - Marco Borghetti
- School of Agricultural, Forest, Food and Environmental Sciences (SAFE), University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy.
| | - Michele Baliva
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences (DAFNE), Università della Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy.
| | - Tiziana Gentilesca
- School of Agricultural, Forest, Food and Environmental Sciences (SAFE), University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy.
| | - Angelo Rita
- School of Agricultural, Forest, Food and Environmental Sciences (SAFE), University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy; Dipartimento di Agraria, Università di Napoli Federico II, via Università 100, IT-80055 Portici (Napoli), Italy.
| | | | - Francesco Ripullone
- School of Agricultural, Forest, Food and Environmental Sciences (SAFE), University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Camarero JJ, Gazol A, Linares JC, Fajardo A, Colangelo M, Valeriano C, Sánchez-Salguero R, Sangüesa-Barreda G, Granda E, Gimeno TE. Differences in temperature sensitivity and drought recovery between natural stands and plantations of conifers are species-specific. Sci Total Environ 2021; 796:148930. [PMID: 34378542 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Forests are being impacted by climate and land-use changes which have altered their productivity and growth. Understanding how tree growth responds to climate in natural and planted stands may provide valuable information to prepare management in sight of climate change. Plantations are expected to show higher sensitivity to climate and lower post-drought resilience than natural stands, due to their lower compositional and structural diversity. We reconstructed and compared the radial growth of six conifers with contrasting ecological and climatic niches (Abies pinsapo, Cedrus atlantica, Pinus sylvestris, Pinus nigra, Pinus pinea, Pinus pinaster) in natural and planted stands subjected to seasonal drought in 40 sites. We quantified the relationships between individual growth variability and climate variables (temperature, precipitation and the SPEI drought index), as well as post-drought resilience. Elevated precipitation during the previous autumn-winter and current spring to early summer enhanced growth in both natural and planted stands of all species. Temperature effects on growth were less consistent: only plantations of A. pinsapo, C. atlantica, P. nigra, P. pinea, P. sylvetris and a natural stand of P. nigra showed negative impacts of summer temperature on growth. Drought reduced growth of all species in both plantations and natural stands, with variations in the temporal scale of the response. Drought constrained growth more severely in natural stands than in plantations of C. atlantica, P. pinaster and P. nigra, whereas the inverse pattern was found for A. pinsapo. Resilience to drought varied between species: natural stands of A. pinsapo, C. atlantica and P. pinaster recovered faster than plantations, while P. pinea plantations recovered faster than natural stands. Overall, plantations did not consistently show a higher sensitivity to climate and a lower capacity to recover after drought. Therefore, plantations are potential tools for mitigating climate warming.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Julio Camarero
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Avda. Montañana 1005, E-50192 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Antonio Gazol
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Avda. Montañana 1005, E-50192 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Linares
- Depto. de Sistemas Físicos, Químicos y Naturales, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Ctra. Utrera km. 1, E-41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Alex Fajardo
- Instituto de Investigación Interdisciplinario (I(3)), Universidad de Talca, Campus Lircay, Talca 3460000, Chile
| | - Michele Colangelo
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Avda. Montañana 1005, E-50192 Zaragoza, Spain; Scuola di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università della Basilicata, Viale dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Cristina Valeriano
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Avda. Montañana 1005, E-50192 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Raúl Sánchez-Salguero
- Depto. de Sistemas Físicos, Químicos y Naturales, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Ctra. Utrera km. 1, E-41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - Elena Granda
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Alcalá, E-28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa E Gimeno
- Basque Centre for Climate Change (BC3), Leioa 48940, Spain; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao 48008, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Camarero JJ, Gazol A, Sánchez-Salguero R, Fajardo A, McIntire EJB, Liang E. Tree growth and treeline responses to temperature: Different questions and concepts. Glob Chang Biol 2021; 27:e13-e14. [PMID: 34089540 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Climate warming is expected to enhance tree growth at alpine treelines. A higher growth rate is forecasted as temperatures rise and growth becomes less dependent on the temperature rise. Since radial growth is just one component of treeline dynamics those forecasts do not necessarily apply to treeline elevation or latitude; treelines can shift upward or poleward or remain stable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonio Gazol
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Raúl Sánchez-Salguero
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Zaragoza, Spain
- Depto. de Sistemas Físicos, Químicos y Naturales, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Alex Fajardo
- Instituto de Investigación Interdisciplinario (I3), Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | | | - Eryuan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System Science (LATPES), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Valeriano C, Gazol A, Colangelo M, González de Andrés E, Camarero JJ. Modeling Climate Impacts on Tree Growth to Assess Tree Vulnerability to Drought During Forest Dieback. Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:672855. [PMID: 34512680 PMCID: PMC8426521 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.672855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Forest dieback because of drought is a global phenomenon threatening particular tree populations. Particularly vulnerable stands are usually located in climatically stressing locations such as xeric sites subjected to seasonal drought. These tree populations show a pronounced loss of vitality, growth decline, and high mortality in response to extreme climate events such as heat waves and droughts. However, dieback events do not uniformly affect stands, with some trees showing higher symptoms of drought vulnerability than other neighboring conspecifics. In this study, we investigated if trees showing different vulnerabilities to dieback showed lower growth rates (Grs) and higher sensitivities to the climate in the past using dendroecology and the Vaganov-Shashkin (VS) process-based growth model. We studied two Pinus pinaster stands with contrasting Grs showing recent dieback in the Iberian System, north-eastern Spain. We compared coexisting declining (D) and non-declining (ND) trees with crown defoliation values above and below the 50% threshold, respectively. The mean growth rate was lower in D than in ND trees in the two stands. The two vigor classes showed a growth divergence prior to the dieback onset and different responsiveness to climate. The ND trees were more responsive to changes in spring water balance and soil moisture than D trees, indicating a loss of growth responsiveness to the climate in stressed trees. Such an interaction between water availability and vigor was reflected by the VS-model simulations, which provided evidence for the observation that growth was mainly limited by low soil moisture in both sites. Such an interaction between water availability and vigor was reflected by the VS-model simulations, which provided evidence for the observation that growth was mainly limited by low soil moisture in both sites. The presented comparisons indicated different stand vulnerabilities to drought contingent on-site conditions. Further research should investigate the role played by environmental conditions and individual features such as access to soil water or hydraulic traits and implement them in process-based growth models to better forecast dieback.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Valeriano
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Zaragoza, Spain
- Departamento de Sistemas Naturales e Historia Forestal, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Gazol
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Michele Colangelo
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Zaragoza, Spain
- School of Agricultural, Forest, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bose AK, Scherrer D, Camarero JJ, Ziche D, Babst F, Bigler C, Bolte A, Dorado-Liñán I, Etzold S, Fonti P, Forrester DI, Gavinet J, Gazol A, de Andrés EG, Karger DN, Lebourgeois F, Lévesque M, Martínez-Sancho E, Menzel A, Neuwirth B, Nicolas M, Sanders TGM, Scharnweber T, Schröder J, Zweifel R, Gessler A, Rigling A. Climate sensitivity and drought seasonality determine post-drought growth recovery of Quercus petraea and Quercus robur in Europe. Sci Total Environ 2021; 784:147222. [PMID: 34088042 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have identified strong relationships between delayed recovery of tree growth after drought and tree mortality caused by subsequent droughts. These observations raise concerns about forest ecosystem services and post-drought growth recovery given the projected increase in drought frequency and extremes. For quantifying the impact of extreme droughts on tree radial growth, we used a network of tree-ring width data of 1689 trees from 100 sites representing most of the distribution of two drought tolerant, deciduous oak species (Quercus petraea and Quercus robur). We first examined which climatic factors and seasons control growth of the two species and if there is any latitudinal, longitudinal or elevational trend. We then quantified the relative departure from pre-drought growth during droughts, and how fast trees were able to recover the pre-drought growth level. Our results showed that growth was more related to precipitation and climatic water balance (precipitation minus potential evapotranspiration) than to temperature. However, we did not detect any clear latitudinal, longitudinal or elevational trends except a decreasing influence of summer water balance on growth of Q. petraea with latitude. Neither species was able to maintain the pre-drought growth level during droughts. However, both species showed rapid recovery or even growth compensation after summer droughts but displayed slow recovery in response to spring droughts where none of the two species was able to fully recover the pre-drought growth-level over the three post-drought years. Collectively, our results indicate that oaks which are considered resilient to extreme droughts have also shown vulnerability when droughts occurred in spring especially at sites where long-term growth is not significantly correlated with climatic factors. This improved understanding of the role of drought seasonality and climate sensitivity of sites is key to better predict trajectories of post-drought growth recovery in response to the drier climate projected for Europe.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arun K Bose
- WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland; Forestry and Wood Technology Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh.
| | - Daniel Scherrer
- WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - J Julio Camarero
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Avda. Montañana 1005, Apdo. 202, Zaragoza E-50192, Spain
| | - Daniel Ziche
- Faculty of Forest and Environment, Eberswalde University for Sustainable Development, 16225 Eberswalde, Germany
| | - Flurin Babst
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, USA; Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, USA
| | - Christof Bigler
- ETH Zurich, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Forest Ecology, Universitätstrasse 22, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Bolte
- Thünen Institute of Forest Ecosystems, Alfred-Moeller-Str. 1, Haus 41/42, 16225 Eberswalde, Germany
| | - Isabel Dorado-Liñán
- Forest Genetics and Ecophysiology Research Group, E.T.S. Forestry Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sophia Etzold
- WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Fonti
- WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - David I Forrester
- WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Jordane Gavinet
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), UMR 5175, CNRS, Univ Montpellier, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, EPHE, IRD, 1919 route de Mende, F-34293 Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Antonio Gazol
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Avda. Montañana 1005, Apdo. 202, Zaragoza E-50192, Spain
| | - Ester González de Andrés
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Avda. Montañana 1005, Apdo. 202, Zaragoza E-50192, Spain
| | - Dirk Nikolaus Karger
- WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | | | - Mathieu Lévesque
- ETH Zurich, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Forest Ecology, Universitätstrasse 22, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elisabet Martínez-Sancho
- WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Annette Menzel
- Technische Universität München, TUM School of Life Sciences, Freising, Germany; Technische Universität München, Institute for Advanced Study, Garching, Germany
| | | | - Manuel Nicolas
- Departement Recherche et Développement, ONF, Office National des Fôrets, Batiment B, Boulevard de Constance, Fontainebleau F-77300, France
| | - Tanja G M Sanders
- Thünen Institute of Forest Ecosystems, Alfred-Moeller-Str. 1, Haus 41/42, 16225 Eberswalde, Germany
| | - Tobias Scharnweber
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, Soldmannstr.15, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jens Schröder
- Faculty of Forest and Environment, Eberswalde University for Sustainable Development, 16225 Eberswalde, Germany
| | - Roman Zweifel
- WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Arthur Gessler
- WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland; Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Rigling
- WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland; Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Pompa-García M, González-Cásares M, Gazol A, Camarero JJ. Run to the hills: Forest growth responsiveness to drought increased at higher elevation during the late 20th century. Sci Total Environ 2021; 772:145286. [PMID: 33578149 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Climate warming is expected to enhance forest growth in cold-limited biomes while triggering reductions in drought-limited biomes. However, as temperature raises, it is unclear how temperature- and drought-growth couplings shift across elevation gradients in different biomes. We still lack comprehensive analyses on how altitude modulates the influence of temperature and drought on tree growth during the second half of the 20th century when climate warming accelerated. We compared the worldwide responses of tree growth (RWI, ring-width indices) to two of its major climatic constraints, growing-season minimum temperatures and drought (SPEI index), across biomes and elevation gradients during two periods with different warming rates (1960-1980 vs. 1980-2000). We found a decrease in the correlations of minimum temperatures with growth, but a strengthening of drought-growth relationships. However, these patterns varied across biomes because correlations between growth and temperature decreased in temperate forests and woodland shrubland, while correlations between growth and SPEI increased in boreal forests and decreased in temperate forests. Differences in growth responsiveness to climate between the two periods were more marked for mid-latitude forests situated between 1200 and 1600 m. The slopes of the relationships between growth-temperature correlations and elevation decreased in late spring and midsummer. The slopes of the relationships between growth-drought correlations and elevation increased in temperate forests and woodland shrubland suggesting that drought impacts are "climbing" in these biomes. Temperature controls on forest growth are relaxing as the climate warms, while drought is becoming a more significant constraint for tree growth, particularly for mid-elevation forests and in drought-prone woodland and shrubland. The strengthening of drought-growth coupling should be considered in vegetation models to reduce the uncertainty on forest climate mitigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marín Pompa-García
- Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Durango, Mexico.
| | | | - Antonio Gazol
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Zaragoza, Spain.
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Vicente-Serrano SM, Peña-Angulo D, Murphy C, López-Moreno JI, Tomas-Burguera M, Domínguez-Castro F, Tian F, Eklundh L, Cai Z, Alvarez-Farizo B, Noguera I, Camarero JJ, Sánchez-Salguero R, Gazol A, Grainger S, Conradt T, Boincean B, El Kenawy A. The complex multi-sectoral impacts of drought: Evidence from a mountainous basin in the Central Spanish Pyrenees. Sci Total Environ 2021; 769:144702. [PMID: 33736257 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We analyzed the impacts of drought severity on a variety of sectors in a topographically complex basin (the upper Aragón basin 2181 km2) in the Central Spanish Pyrenees. Using diverse data sources including meteorological and hydrological observations, remote sensing and tree rings, we analyze the possible hydrological implications of drought occurrence and severity on water availability in various sectors, including downstream impacts on irrigation water supply for crop production. Results suggest varying responses in forest activity, secondary growth, plant phenology, and crop yield to drought impacts. Specifically, meteorological droughts have distinct impacts downstream, mainly due to water partitioning between streamflow and irrigation channels that transport water to crop producing areas. This implies that drought severity can extend beyond the physical boundaries of the basin, with impacts on crop productivity. This complex response to drought impacts makes it difficult to develop objective basin-scale operational definitions for monitoring drought severity. Moreover, given the high spatial variability in responses to drought across sectors, it is difficult to establish reliable drought thresholds from indices that are relevant across all socio-economic sectors. The anthropogenic impacts (e.g. water regulation projects, ecosystem services, land cover and land use changes) pose further challenges to assessing the response of different systems to drought severity. This study stresses the need to consider the seasonality of drought impacts and appropriate drought time scales to adequately assess and understand their complexity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S M Vicente-Serrano
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPE-CSIC), Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - D Peña-Angulo
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPE-CSIC), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - C Murphy
- Irish Climate Analysis and Research UnitS (ICARUS), Department of Geography, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland
| | - J I López-Moreno
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPE-CSIC), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - M Tomas-Burguera
- Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEAD-CSIC), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - F Domínguez-Castro
- Aragonese Agency for Research and Development Researcher (ARAID), Spain; Department of Geography, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - F Tian
- Department of Geography, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - L Eklundh
- Department of Geography, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Z Cai
- Department of Geography, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - B Alvarez-Farizo
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPE-CSIC), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - I Noguera
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPE-CSIC), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - J J Camarero
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPE-CSIC), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - R Sánchez-Salguero
- Departamento Sistemas Físicos, Químicos y Naturales, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - A Gazol
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPE-CSIC), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - S Grainger
- Irish Climate Analysis and Research UnitS (ICARUS), Department of Geography, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland
| | - T Conradt
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Potsdam, Germany
| | - B Boincean
- Selectia Research Institute Of Field Crops, Balti, Republic of Moldova
| | - A El Kenawy
- Department of Geography, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Department of Geography, Sultan Qaboos University, Al Khoud, Muscat, Oman
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Camarero JJ, Gazol A, Sánchez-Salguero R, Fajardo A, McIntire EJB, Gutiérrez E, Batllori E, Boudreau S, Carrer M, Diez J, Dufour-Tremblay G, Gaire NP, Hofgaard A, Jomelli V, Kirdyanov AV, Lévesque E, Liang E, Linares JC, Mathisen IE, Moiseev PA, Sangüesa-Barreda G, Shrestha KB, Toivonen JM, Tutubalina OV, Wilmking M. Global fading of the temperature-growth coupling at alpine and polar treelines. Glob Chang Biol 2021; 27:1879-1889. [PMID: 33508887 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Climate warming is expected to positively alter upward and poleward treelines which are controlled by low temperature and a short growing season. Despite the importance of treelines as a bioassay of climate change, a global field assessment and posterior forecasting of tree growth at annual scales is lacking. Using annually resolved tree-ring data located across Eurasia and the Americas, we quantified and modeled the relationship between temperature and radial growth at treeline during the 20th century. We then tested whether this temperature-growth association will remain stable during the 21st century using a forward model under two climate scenarios (RCP 4.5 and 8.5). During the 20th century, growth enhancements were common in most sites, and temperature and growth showed positive trends. Interestingly, the relationship between temperature and growth trends was contingent on tree age suggesting biogeographic patterns in treeline growth are contingent on local factors besides climate warming. Simulations forecast temperature-growth decoupling during the 21st century. The growing season at treeline is projected to lengthen and growth rates would increase and become less dependent on temperature rise. These forecasts illustrate how growth may decouple from climate warming in cold regions and near the margins of tree existence. Such projected temperature-growth decoupling could impact ecosystem processes in mountain and polar biomes, with feedbacks on climate warming.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonio Gazol
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Raúl Sánchez-Salguero
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC, Zaragoza, Spain
- Depto. de Sistemas Físicos, Químicos y Naturales, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Alex Fajardo
- Centro de Investigación en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia (CIEP), Coyhaique, Chile
| | | | - Emilia Gutiérrez
- Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enric Batllori
- Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centre for Ecological Research and Forestry Applications (CREAF), Bellatera, Spain
| | | | - Marco Carrer
- Dip. TeSAF, Universitá degli Studi di Padova, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Jeff Diez
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | | | - Narayan P Gaire
- Nepal Academy of Science and Technology, Kathmandu, Nepal
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yunnan, China
| | | | - Vincent Jomelli
- CNRS Cerege, Technopôle de L'Environnement Arbois-Méditerranée, Aix en Provence, France
| | - Alexander V Kirdyanov
- Institute of Ecology and Geography, Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
- V.N.Sukachev Institute of Forest SB RAS, Federal Research Center 'Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS', Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Esther Lévesque
- Centre d'Études nordiques (CEN), Univ. Québec à Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
| | - Eryuan Liang
- Laboratory of Alpine Ecology, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Carlos Linares
- Depto. de Sistemas Físicos, Químicos y Naturales, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - Pavel A Moiseev
- Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, UrB RAS, Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | | | | | | | - Olga V Tutubalina
- Department of Geography, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Martin Wilmking
- DendroGreif, Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, Univ. Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Astigarraga J, Andivia E, Zavala MA, Gazol A, Cruz-Alonso V, Vicente-Serrano SM, Ruiz-Benito P. Evidence of non-stationary relationships between climate and forest responses: Increased sensitivity to climate change in Iberian forests. Glob Chang Biol 2020; 26:5063-5076. [PMID: 32479675 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Climate and forest structure are considered major drivers of forest demography and productivity. However, recent evidence suggests that the relationships between climate and tree growth are generally non-stationary (i.e. non-time stable), and it remains uncertain whether the relationships between climate, forest structure, demography and productivity are stationary or are being altered by recent climatic and structural changes. Here we analysed three surveys from the Spanish Forest Inventory covering c. 30 years of information and we applied mixed and structural equation models to assess temporal trends in forest structure (stand density, basal area, tree size and tree size inequality), forest demography (ingrowth, growth and mortality) and above-ground forest productivity. We also quantified whether the interactive effects of climate and forest structure on forest demography and above-ground forest productivity were stationary over two consecutive time periods. Since the 1980s, density, basal area and tree size increased in Iberian forests, and tree size inequality decreased. In addition, we observed reductions in ingrowth and growth, and increases in mortality. Initial forest structure and water availability mainly modulated the temporal trends in forest structure and demography. The magnitude and direction of the interactive effects of climate and forest structure on forest demography changed over the two time periods analysed indicating non-stationary relationships between climate, forest structure and demography. Above-ground forest productivity increased due to a positive balance between ingrowth, growth and mortality. Despite increasing productivity over time, we observed an aggravation of the negative effects of climate change and increased competition on forest demography, reducing ingrowth and growth, and increasing mortality. Interestingly, our results suggest that the negative effects of climate change on forest demography could be ameliorated through forest management, which has profound implications for forest adaptation to climate change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julen Astigarraga
- Forest Ecology and Restoration Group, Department of Life Sciences, University of Alcala, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Enrique Andivia
- Department of Biodiversity, Ecology & Evolution, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A Zavala
- Forest Ecology and Restoration Group, Department of Life Sciences, University of Alcala, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
- Franklin Institute, University of Alcala, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Antonio Gazol
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Verónica Cruz-Alonso
- Forest Ecology and Restoration Group, Department of Life Sciences, University of Alcala, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
- CREAF, Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplicacions Forestals, Cerdanyola de Vallès, Spain
| | | | - Paloma Ruiz-Benito
- Forest Ecology and Restoration Group, Department of Life Sciences, University of Alcala, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
- Environmental Remote Sensing Group, Department of Geology, Geography and Environment, University of Alcala, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Gazol A, Hernández-Alonso R, Camarero JJ. Patterns and Drivers of Pine Processionary Moth Defoliation in Mediterranean Mountain Forests. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
21
|
Hevia A, Sánchez-Salguero R, Camarero JJ, Querejeta JI, Sangüesa-Barreda G, Gazol A. Long-term nutrient imbalances linked to drought-triggered forest dieback. Sci Total Environ 2019; 690:1254-1267. [PMID: 31470488 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Drought-induced forest dieback is causing reductions in productivity, increasing tree mortality and impairing terrestrial carbon uptake worldwide. However, the role played by long-term nutrient imbalances during drought-induced dieback is still unknown. To improve our knowledge on the relationships between dieback and nutrient imbalances, we analysed wood anatomical traits (tree-ring width and wood density), soil properties and long-term chemical information in tree-ring wood (1900-2010) by non-destructive Micro X-ray fluorescence (μXRF) and destructive (ICP-OES) techniques. We studied two major European conifers with ongoing drought-induced dieback in mesic (Abies alba, silver fir) and xeric (Pinus sylvestris, Scots pine) sites. In each site we compared coexisting declining (D) and non-declining (ND) trees. We used dendrochronology and generalized additive and linear mixed models to analyse trends in tree-ring nutrients and their relationships with wood traits. The D trees presented lower growth and higher minimum wood density than ND trees, corresponding to a smaller lumen area of earlywood tracheids and thus a lower theoretical hydraulic conductivity. These differences in growth and wood-anatomy were more marked in silver fir than in Scots pine. Moreover, most of the chemical elements showed higher concentrations in D than in ND trees during the last two-five decades (e.g., Mn, K and Mg), while Ca and Na increased in the sapwood of ND trees. The Mn concentrations, and related ratios (Ca:Mn, Mn:Al and P:Mn) showed the highest differences between D and ND trees for both tree species. These findings suggest that a reduced hydraulic conductivity, consistent with hydraulic impairment, is affecting the use of P in D trees, making them more prone to drought-induced damage. The retrospective quantifications of Mn ratios may be used as early-warning signals of impending dieback.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Hevia
- Forest and Wood Technology Research Centre (CETEMAS), Pumarabule, Carbayín, s/n, 33936 Siero, Asturias, Spain; Departamento de Ciencias Agroforestales, Universidad de Huelva, Crta. Palos-La Rábida s/n, 21819 Palos de la Frontera, Spain; Dept. Sistemas Físicos, Químicos y Naturales, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Crta. Utrera km. 1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Raúl Sánchez-Salguero
- Dept. Sistemas Físicos, Químicos y Naturales, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Crta. Utrera km. 1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain; Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Avda. Montañana 1005, 50192 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - J Julio Camarero
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Avda. Montañana 1005, 50192 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - José I Querejeta
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS-CSIC), Campus Universitario de Espinardo, PO Box 164, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Gabriel Sangüesa-Barreda
- Depto. Ciencias Agroforestales, iUFOR-Universidad de Valladolid, Campus Duques de Soria, 42004 Soria, Spain; Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Avda. Montañana 1005, 50192 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Antonio Gazol
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Avda. Montañana 1005, 50192 Zaragoza, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Serra-Maluquer X, Gazol A, Sangüesa-Barreda G, Sánchez-Salguero R, Rozas V, Colangelo M, Gutiérrez E, Camarero JJ. Geographically Structured Growth decline of Rear-Edge Iberian Fagus sylvatica Forests After the 1980s Shift Toward a Warmer Climate. Ecosystems 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-019-00339-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
23
|
Olson ME, Soriano D, Rosell JA, Anfodillo T, Donoghue MJ, Edwards EJ, León-Gómez C, Dawson T, Camarero Martínez JJ, Castorena M, Echeverría A, Espinosa CI, Fajardo A, Gazol A, Isnard S, Lima RS, Marcati CR, Méndez-Alonzo R. Plant height and hydraulic vulnerability to drought and cold. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:7551-7556. [PMID: 29967148 PMCID: PMC6055177 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1721728115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how plants survive drought and cold is increasingly important as plants worldwide experience dieback with drought in moist places and grow taller with warming in cold ones. Crucial in plant climate adaptation are the diameters of water-transporting conduits. Sampling 537 species across climate zones dominated by angiosperms, we find that plant size is unambiguously the main driver of conduit diameter variation. And because taller plants have wider conduits, and wider conduits within species are more vulnerable to conduction-blocking embolisms, taller conspecifics should be more vulnerable than shorter ones, a prediction we confirm with a plantation experiment. As a result, maximum plant size should be short under drought and cold, which cause embolism, or increase if these pressures relax. That conduit diameter and embolism vulnerability are inseparably related to plant size helps explain why factors that interact with conduit diameter, such as drought or warming, are altering plant heights worldwide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Olson
- Departamento de Botánica, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Ciudad de México (CDMX), Mexico;
| | - Diana Soriano
- Departamento de Botánica, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Ciudad de México (CDMX), Mexico
| | - Julieta A Rosell
- Laboratorio Nacional de Ciencias de la Sostenibilidad, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 CDMX, Mexico
| | - Tommaso Anfodillo
- Department Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Michael J Donoghue
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8106;
| | - Erika J Edwards
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8106
| | - Calixto León-Gómez
- Departamento de Botánica, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Ciudad de México (CDMX), Mexico
| | - Todd Dawson
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3140
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3140
| | - J Julio Camarero Martínez
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Matiss Castorena
- Departamento de Botánica, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Ciudad de México (CDMX), Mexico
| | - Alberto Echeverría
- Departamento de Botánica, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Ciudad de México (CDMX), Mexico
| | - Carlos I Espinosa
- Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, San Cayetano Alto sn, Loja, Ecuador
| | - Alex Fajardo
- Centro de Investigación en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia Conicyt-Regional R10C1003, Universidad Austral de Chile, 5951601 Coyhaique, Chile
| | - Antonio Gazol
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Sandrine Isnard
- Botany and Modelling of Plant Architecture and Vegetation Joint Research Unit, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Montpellier, 98800 Nouméa, New Caledonia
| | - Rivete S Lima
- Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, 58051-900 Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Carmen R Marcati
- Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, 18603970 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Méndez-Alonzo
- Departamento de Biología de la Conservación, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, 22860 Baja California, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Yuan Z, Ali A, Wang S, Gazol A, Freckleton R, Wang X, Lin F, Ye J, Zhou L, Hao Z, Loreau M. Abiotic and biotic determinants of coarse woody productivity in temperate mixed forests. Sci Total Environ 2018; 630:422-431. [PMID: 29482149 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Forests play an important role in regulating the global carbon cycle. Yet, how abiotic (i.e. soil nutrients) and biotic (i.e. tree diversity, stand structure and initial biomass) factors simultaneously contribute to aboveground biomass (coarse woody) productivity, and how the relative importance of these factors changes over succession remain poorly studied. Coarse woody productivity (CWP) was estimated as the annual aboveground biomass gain of stems using 10-year census data in old growth and secondary forests (25-ha and 4.8-ha, respectively) in northeast China. Boosted regression tree (BRT) model was used to evaluate the relative contribution of multiple metrics of tree diversity (taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic diversity and trait composition as well as stand structure attributes), stand initial biomass and soil nutrients on productivity in the studied forests. Our results showed that community-weighted mean of leaf phosphorus content, initial stand biomass and soil nutrients were the three most important individual predictors for CWP in secondary forest. Instead, initial stand biomass, rather than diversity and functional trait composition (vegetation quality) was the most parsimonious predictor of CWP in old growth forest. By comparing the results from secondary and old growth forest, the summed relative contribution of trait composition and soil nutrients on productivity decreased as those of diversity indices and initial biomass increased, suggesting the stronger effect of diversity and vegetation quantity over time. Vegetation quantity, rather than diversity and soil nutrients, is the main driver of forest productivity in temperate mixed forest. Our results imply that diversity effect for productivity in natural forests may not be so important as often suggested, at least not during the later stage of forest succession. This finding suggests that as a change of the importance of different divers of productivity, the environmentally driven filtering decreases and competitively driven niche differentiation increases with forest succession.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zuoqiang Yuan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110164, PR China
| | - Arshad Ali
- Spatial Ecology Lab, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, Guangdong, China
| | - Shaopeng Wang
- Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Science, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Antonio Gazol
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecologia, IPE-CSIC, Avenida Montanana 1005, 50010 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Robert Freckleton
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Alfred Denny Building, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Xugao Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110164, PR China
| | - Fei Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110164, PR China
| | - Ji Ye
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110164, PR China
| | - Li Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110164, PR China
| | - Zhanqing Hao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110164, PR China.
| | - Michel Loreau
- Centre for Biodiversity Theory and Modelling, Theoretical and Experimental Ecology Station, CNRS and Paul Sabatier University, 09200 Moulis, France
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Gazol A, Camarero JJ, Vicente-Serrano SM, Sánchez-Salguero R, Gutiérrez E, de Luis M, Sangüesa-Barreda G, Novak K, Rozas V, Tíscar PA, Linares JC, Martín-Hernández N, Martínez Del Castillo E, Ribas M, García-González I, Silla F, Camisón A, Génova M, Olano JM, Longares LA, Hevia A, Tomás-Burguera M, Galván JD. Forest resilience to drought varies across biomes. Glob Chang Biol 2018; 24:2143-2158. [PMID: 29488293 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Forecasted increase drought frequency and severity may drive worldwide declines in forest productivity. Species-level responses to a drier world are likely to be influenced by their functional traits. Here, we analyse forest resilience to drought using an extensive network of tree-ring width data and satellite imagery. We compiled proxies of forest growth and productivity (TRWi, absolutely dated ring-width indices; NDVI, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) for 11 tree species and 502 forests in Spain corresponding to Mediterranean, temperate, and continental biomes. Four different components of forest resilience to drought were calculated based on TRWi and NDVI data before, during, and after four major droughts (1986, 1994-1995, 1999, and 2005), and pointed out that TRWi data were more sensitive metrics of forest resilience to drought than NDVI data. Resilience was related to both drought severity and forest composition. Evergreen gymnosperms dominating semi-arid Mediterranean forests showed the lowest resistance to drought, but higher recovery than deciduous angiosperms dominating humid temperate forests. Moreover, semi-arid gymnosperm forests presented a negative temporal trend in the resistance to drought, but this pattern was absent in continental and temperate forests. Although gymnosperms in dry Mediterranean forests showed a faster recovery after drought, their recovery potential could be constrained if droughts become more frequent. Conversely, angiosperms and gymnosperms inhabiting temperate and continental sites might have problems to recover after more intense droughts since they resist drought but are less able to recover afterwards.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Gazol
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | | | - Raúl Sánchez-Salguero
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Zaragoza, Spain
- Depto. Sistemas Físicos, Químicos y Naturales, Univ. Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Emilia Gutiérrez
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Martin de Luis
- Depto. Geografía y Ordenación del Territorio - IUCA, Univ. Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Klemen Novak
- Depto. Geografía y Ordenación del Territorio - IUCA, Univ. Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Depto. de Ecología, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Vicente Rozas
- Depto. Ciencias Agroforestales, EU Ing. Agrarias, iuFOR-Univ., Valladolid, Spain
| | - Pedro A Tíscar
- Centro de Capacitación y Experimentación Forestal, Cazorla, Spain
| | - Juan C Linares
- Depto. Sistemas Físicos, Químicos y Naturales, Univ. Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
| | | | | | - Montse Ribas
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ignacio García-González
- Depto. Botánica, Escola Politécnica Superior, Campus Terra, Univ. Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Fernando Silla
- Depto. Biología Animal, Parasitología, Ecología, Edafología y Química Agrícola, Univ. Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Alvaro Camisón
- Ingeniería Forestal y del Medio Natural, Univ. Extremadura, Plasencia, Spain
| | - Mar Génova
- Depto. Sistemas y Recursos Naturales, Univ. Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M Olano
- Depto. Ciencias Agroforestales, EU Ing. Agrarias, iuFOR-Univ., Valladolid, Spain
| | - Luis A Longares
- Depto. Geografía y Ordenación del Territorio - IUCA, Univ. Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Andrea Hevia
- Forest and Wood Technology Research Centre (CETEMAS), Grado, Spain
| | - Miquel Tomás-Burguera
- Estación Experimental Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEAD-CSIC), Zaragoza, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Pacheco A, Camarero JJ, Ribas M, Gazol A, Gutierrez E, Carrer M. Disentangling the climate-driven bimodal growth pattern in coastal and continental Mediterranean pine stands. Sci Total Environ 2018; 615:1518-1526. [PMID: 28927808 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Mediterranean climate promotes two distinct growth peaks separated by summer quiescence in trees. This bimodal pattern has been associated to favourable growing conditions during spring and autumn when mild temperatures and soil-water availability enhance cambial activity. Climatic models predict progressive warming and drying for the Mediterranean Basin, which could shorten or shift the spring and autumn growing seasons. We explored this idea by comparing two sites with different Mediterranean climate types (continental/dry and coastal/wet) and studied how climate drives the bimodal growth pattern in Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis). Specifically we investigated the intra-annual changes in wood anatomy and the corresponding formation of density fluctuations (IADF). Trees on both sites were analyzed by dendrometer monitoring and by developing chronologies of wood anatomical traits. Radial-increment dynamics followed a similar bimodal pattern in both sites but coastal trees showed higher increments during the spring and autumn growth peaks, especially in autumn. The summer rest of cambium activity occurs almost one month earlier in the coastal than in the inland site. Lumen area and cell-wall thickness were significantly smaller in the continental site, while the increment rate of cell-wall thickness during an IADF event was much higher in the coastal pines. The accumulated soil moisture deficit was the main climatic constraint of tracheid enlargement in continental pines. Intra-annual density fluctuations were more frequent in the coastal trees where wood anatomy features recover to average values after such events, meanwhile inland trees presented a much lower recovery rate. Growth bimodality and the formation of density fluctuations were linked, but mild climate of the coastal site allows a longer growing season, which explains why trees in this area showed higher and more variable growth rates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Pacheco
- Universitá degli Studi di Padova, Dip. TeSAF, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy.
| | - J Julio Camarero
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Avda. Montañana 1005, Apdo. 202, E-50192 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Montse Ribas
- Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal, 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Gazol
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Avda. Montañana 1005, Apdo. 202, E-50192 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - E Gutierrez
- Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal, 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marco Carrer
- Universitá degli Studi di Padova, Dip. TeSAF, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Julio Camarero J, Gazol A, Sangüesa-Barreda G, Cantero A, Sánchez-Salguero R, Sánchez-Miranda A, Granda E, Serra-Maluquer X, Ibáñez R. Forest Growth Responses to Drought at Short- and Long-Term Scales in Spain: Squeezing the Stress Memory from Tree Rings. Front Ecol Evol 2018. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2018.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
28
|
Gazol A, Camarero JJ, Sangüesa-Barreda G, Vicente-Serrano SM. Post-drought Resilience After Forest Die-Off: Shifts in Regeneration, Composition, Growth and Productivity. Front Plant Sci 2018; 9:1546. [PMID: 30410500 PMCID: PMC6210004 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
A better understanding on the consequences of drought on forests can be reached by paying special attention to their resilience capacity, i.e., the ability to return to a state similar to pre-drought conditions. Nevertheless, extreme droughts may surpass the threshold for the resilience capacity triggering die-off causing multiple changes at varying spatial and temporal scales and affecting diverse processes (tree growth and regeneration, ecosystem productivity). Combining several methodological tools allows reaching a comprehensive characterization of post-drought forest resilience. We evaluated the changes in the abundance, regeneration capacity (seedling abundance), and radial growth (annual tree rings) of the main tree species. We also assessed if drought-induced reductions in growth and regeneration of the dominant tree species scale-up to drops in vegetation productivity by using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). We studied two conifer forests located in north-eastern Spain which displayed drought-induced die-off during the last decades: a Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) forest under continental Mediterranean conditions and a Silver fir (Abies alba) forest under more temperate conditions. We found a strong negative impact of a recent severe drought (2012) on Scots pine growth, whereas the coexisting Juniperus thurifera showed positive trends in basal area increment (0.02 ± 0.003 cm2 yr-1). No Scots pine recruitment was observed in sites with intense die-off, but J. thurifera and Quercus ilex recruited. The 2012 drought event translated into a strong NDVI reduction (32% lower than the 1982-2014 average). In Silver fir we found a negative impact of the 2012 drought on short-term radial growth, whilst long-term growth of Silver fir and the coexisting Fagus sylvatica showed positive trends. Growth rates were higher in F. sylvatica (0.04 ± 0.003 cm2 yr-1) than in A. alba (0.02 ± 0.004 cm2 yr-1). These two species recruited beneath declining and non-declining Silver fir trees. The 2012 drought translated into a strong NDVI reduction which lasted until 2013. The results presented here suggest two different post-drought vegetation pathways. In the Scots pine forest, the higher growth and recruitment rates of J. thurifera correspond to a vegetation shift where Scots pine is being replaced by the drought-tolerant juniper. Conversely, in the Silver fir forest there is an increase of F. sylvatica growth and abundance but no local extinction of the Silver fir. Further research is required to monitor the evolution of these forests in the forthcoming years to illustrate the cumulative impacts of drought on successional dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Gazol
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - J. Julio Camarero
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Zaragoza, Spain
- *Correspondence: J. Julio Camarero,
| | - Gabriel Sangüesa-Barreda
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Zaragoza, Spain
- Departamento de Ciencias Agroforestales, EU de Ingenierías Agrarias, Universidad de Valladolid, Soria, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Pellizzari E, Camarero JJ, Gazol A, Granda E, Shetti R, Wilmking M, Moiseev P, Pividori M, Carrer M. Diverging shrub and tree growth from the Polar to the Mediterranean biomes across the European continent. Glob Chang Biol 2017; 23:3169-3180. [PMID: 27885769 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Climate warming is expected to enhance productivity and growth of woody plants, particularly in temperature-limited environments at the northernmost or uppermost limits of their distribution. However, this warming is spatially uneven and temporally variable, and the rise in temperatures differently affects biomes and growth forms. Here, applying a dendroecological approach with generalized additive mixed models, we analysed how the growth of shrubby junipers and coexisting trees (larch and pine species) responds to rising temperatures along a 5000-km latitudinal range including sites from the Polar, Alpine to the Mediterranean biomes. We hypothesize that, being more coupled to ground microclimate, junipers will be less influenced by atmospheric conditions and will less respond to the post-1950 climate warming than coexisting standing trees. Unexpectedly, shrub and tree growth forms revealed divergent growth trends in all the three biomes, with juniper performing better than trees at Mediterranean than at Polar and Alpine sites. The post-1980s decline of tree growth in Mediterranean sites might be induced by drought stress amplified by climate warming and did not affect junipers. We conclude that different but coexisting long-living growth forms can respond differently to the same climate factor and that, even in temperature-limited area, other drivers like the duration of snow cover might locally play a fundamental role on woody plants growth across Europe.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Pellizzari
- Deaparment of TeSAF, Università Degli Studi di Padova, Legnaro, I-35020, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Gazol
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Zaragoza, 50059, Spain
| | - Elena Granda
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Zaragoza, 50059, Spain
| | - Rohan Shetti
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, 17487, Germany
| | - Martin Wilmking
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, 17487, Germany
| | - Pavel Moiseev
- Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology UD RAS, Yekaterinburg, 620144, Russia
| | - Mario Pividori
- Deaparment of TeSAF, Università Degli Studi di Padova, Legnaro, I-35020, Italy
| | - Marco Carrer
- Deaparment of TeSAF, Università Degli Studi di Padova, Legnaro, I-35020, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Sánchez-Salguero R, Camarero JJ, Gutiérrez E, González Rouco F, Gazol A, Sangüesa-Barreda G, Andreu-Hayles L, Linares JC, Seftigen K. Assessing forest vulnerability to climate warming using a process-based model of tree growth: bad prospects for rear-edges. Glob Chang Biol 2017; 23:2705-2719. [PMID: 27782362 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Growth models can be used to assess forest vulnerability to climate warming. If global warming amplifies water deficit in drought-prone areas, tree populations located at the driest and southernmost distribution limits (rear-edges) should be particularly threatened. Here, we address these statements by analyzing and projecting growth responses to climate of three major tree species (silver fir, Abies alba; Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris; and mountain pine, Pinus uncinata) in mountainous areas of NE Spain. This region is subjected to Mediterranean continental conditions, it encompasses wide climatic, topographic and environmental gradients, and, more importantly, it includes rear-edges of the continuous distributions of these tree species. We used tree-ring width data from a network of 110 forests in combination with the process-based Vaganov-Shashkin-Lite growth model and climate-growth analyses to forecast changes in tree growth during the 21st century. Climatic projections were based on four ensembles CO2 emission scenarios. Warm and dry conditions during the growing season constrain silver fir and Scots pine growth, particularly at the species rear-edge. By contrast, growth of high-elevation mountain pine forests is enhanced by climate warming. The emission scenario (RCP 8.5) corresponding to the most pronounced warming (+1.4 to 4.8 °C) forecasted mean growth reductions of -10.7% and -16.4% in silver fir and Scots pine, respectively, after 2050. This indicates that rising temperatures could amplify drought stress and thus constrain the growth of silver fir and Scots pine rear-edge populations growing at xeric sites. Contrastingly, mountain pine growth is expected to increase by +12.5% due to a longer and warmer growing season. The projections of growth reduction in silver fir and Scots pine portend dieback and a contraction of their species distribution areas through potential local extinctions of the most vulnerable driest rear-edge stands. Our modeling approach provides accessible tools to evaluate forest vulnerability to warmer conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Sánchez-Salguero
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), 50192, Zaragoza, Spain
- Departamento de Sistemas Físicos, Químicos y Naturales, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013, Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - Emilia Gutiérrez
- Department d' Ecologia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fidel González Rouco
- Departamento de Astrofísica y CC. de la Atmósfera, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Gazol
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), 50192, Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Laia Andreu-Hayles
- Tree-Ring Laboratory, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Palisades, NY, 10964, USA
- Institut Català de Ciències del Clima (IC3), 08005, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Linares
- Departamento de Sistemas Físicos, Químicos y Naturales, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Kristina Seftigen
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Colangelo M, Camarero JJ, Borghetti M, Gazol A, Gentilesca T, Ripullone F. Size Matters a Lot: Drought-Affected Italian Oaks Are Smaller and Show Lower Growth Prior to Tree Death. Front Plant Sci 2017; 8:135. [PMID: 28270816 PMCID: PMC5318376 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Hydraulic theory suggests that tall trees are at greater risk of drought-triggered death caused by hydraulic failure than small trees. In addition the drop in growth, observed in several tree species prior to death, is often interpreted as an early-warning signal of impending death. We test these hypotheses by comparing size, growth, and wood-anatomy patterns of living and now-dead trees in two Italian oak forests showing recent mortality episodes. The mortality probability of trees is modeled as a function of recent growth and tree size. Drift-diffusion-jump (DDJ) metrics are used to detect early-warning signals. We found that the tallest trees of the anisohydric Italian oak better survived drought contrary to what was predicted by the theory. Dead trees were characterized by a lower height and radial-growth trend than living trees in both study sites. The growth reduction of now-dead trees started about 10 years prior to their death and after two severe spring droughts during the early 2000s. This critical transition in growth was detected by DDJ metrics in the most affected site. Dead trees were also more sensitive to drought stress in this site indicating different susceptibility to water shortage between trees. Dead trees did not form earlywood vessels with smaller lumen diameter than surviving trees but tended to form wider latewood vessels with a higher percentage of vessel area. Since living and dead trees showed similar competition we did not expect that moderate thinning and a reduction in tree density would increase the short-term survival probability of trees.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michele Colangelo
- School of Agricultural Forest Food and Environmental Sciences, University of BasilicataPotenza, Italy
| | - Jesús J. Camarero
- Pyrenean Institute of Ecology – Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasZaragoza, Spain
| | - Marco Borghetti
- School of Agricultural Forest Food and Environmental Sciences, University of BasilicataPotenza, Italy
| | - Antonio Gazol
- Pyrenean Institute of Ecology – Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasZaragoza, Spain
| | - Tiziana Gentilesca
- School of Agricultural Forest Food and Environmental Sciences, University of BasilicataPotenza, Italy
| | - Francesco Ripullone
- School of Agricultural Forest Food and Environmental Sciences, University of BasilicataPotenza, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Gazol A, Camarero JJ, Anderegg WRL, Vicente-Serrano SM. Impacts of droughts on the growth resilience of Northern Hemisphere forests. Global Ecol Biogeogr 2017; 26:166-176. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1111/geb.12526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Gazol
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPE-CSIC); Zaragoza Spain
| | - J. J. Camarero
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPE-CSIC); Zaragoza Spain
| | - W. R. L. Anderegg
- Department of Biology; University of Utah; Salt Lake City UT USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; Princeton University; Princeton NJ USA
| | - S. M. Vicente-Serrano
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPE-CSIC); Zaragoza Spain
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Yuan Z, Gazol A, Wang X, Lin F, Ye J, Zhang Z, Suo Y, Kuang X, Wang Y, Jia S, Hao Z. Pattern and dynamics of biomass stock in old growth forests: The role of habitat and tree size. Acta Oecologica 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2016.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
34
|
Pellizzari E, Camarero JJ, Gazol A, Sangüesa-Barreda G, Carrer M. Wood anatomy and carbon-isotope discrimination support long-term hydraulic deterioration as a major cause of drought-induced dieback. Glob Chang Biol 2016; 22:2125-37. [PMID: 26790660 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Hydraulic impairment due to xylem embolism and carbon starvation are the two proposed mechanisms explaining drought-induced forest dieback and tree death. Here, we evaluate the relative role played by these two mechanisms in the long-term by quantifying wood-anatomical traits (tracheid size and area of parenchyma rays) and estimating the intrinsic water-use efficiency (iWUE) from carbon isotopic discrimination. We selected silver fir and Scots pine stands in NE Spain with ongoing dieback processes and compared trees showing contrasting vigour (declining vs nondeclining trees). In both species earlywood tracheids in declining trees showed smaller lumen area with thicker cell wall, inducing a lower theoretical hydraulic conductivity. Parenchyma ray area was similar between the two vigour classes. Wet spring and summer conditions promoted the formation of larger lumen areas, particularly in the case of nondeclining trees. Declining silver firs presented a lower iWUE than conspecific nondeclining trees, but the reverse pattern was observed in Scots pine. The described patterns in wood anatomical traits and iWUE are coherent with a long-lasting deterioration of the hydraulic system in declining trees prior to their dieback. Retrospective quantifications of lumen area permit to forecast dieback in declining trees 2-5 decades before growth decline started. Wood anatomical traits provide a robust tool to reconstruct the long-term capacity of trees to withstand drought-induced dieback.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Pellizzari
- Dip. TeSAF, Universitá degli Studi di Padova, Agripolis I-35020, Legnaro, Italy
| | - J Julio Camarero
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Avda Montañana 1005, Zaragoza, 50059, Spain
| | - Antonio Gazol
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Avda Montañana 1005, Zaragoza, 50059, Spain
| | | | - Marco Carrer
- Dip. TeSAF, Universitá degli Studi di Padova, Agripolis I-35020, Legnaro, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Gazol A, Zobel M, Cantero JJ, Davison J, Esler KJ, Jairus T, Öpik M, Vasar M, Moora M. Impact of alien pines on local arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities-evidence from two continents. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2016; 92:fiw073. [PMID: 27056916 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiw073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The introduction of alien plants can influence biodiversity and ecosystems. However, its consequences for soil microbial communities remain poorly understood. We addressed the impact of alien ectomycorrhizal (EcM) pines on local arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal communities in two regions with contrasting biogeographic histories: in South Africa, where no native EcM plant species are present; and in Argentina, where EcM trees occur naturally. The effect of alien pines on AM fungal communities differed between these regions. In South Africa, plantations of alien EcM pines exhibited lower AM fungal richness and significantly altered community composition, compared with native fynbos. In Argentina, the richness and composition of local AM fungal communities were similar in plantations of alien EcM pines and native forest. However, the presence of alien pines resulted in slight changes to the phylogenetic structure of root AM fungal communities in both regions. In pine clearcut areas in South Africa, the richness and composition of AM fungal communities were intermediate between the native fynbos and the alien pine plantation, which is consistent with natural regeneration of former AM fungal communities following pine removal. We conclude that the response of local AM fungal communities to alien EcM pines differs between biogeographic regions with different histories of species coexistence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Gazol
- Pyrenean Institute of Ecology (CSIC), Avda. Montañana 1005, Apdo. 202, 50192 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Martin Zobel
- Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, Tartu, 51005, Estonia
| | - Juan José Cantero
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Sciences, National University of Rio Cuarto, Ruta Nac. 36-Km. 601-X5804BYA Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - John Davison
- Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, Tartu, 51005, Estonia
| | - Karen J Esler
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology and Centre for Invasion Biology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag x1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - Teele Jairus
- Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, Tartu, 51005, Estonia
| | - Maarja Öpik
- Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, Tartu, 51005, Estonia
| | - Martti Vasar
- Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, Tartu, 51005, Estonia
| | - Mari Moora
- Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, Tartu, 51005, Estonia
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Julio Camarero J, Gazol A, Sancho-Benages S, Sangüesa-Barreda G. Know your limits? Climate extremes impact the range of Scots pine in unexpected places. Ann Bot 2015; 116:917-27. [PMID: 26292992 PMCID: PMC4640128 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcv124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Although extreme climatic events such as drought are known to modify forest dynamics by triggering tree dieback, the impact of extreme cold events, especially at the low-latitude margin ('rear edge') of species distributional ranges, has received little attention. The aim of this study was to examine the impact of one such extreme cold event on a population of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) along the species' European southern rear-edge range limit and to determine how such events can be incorporated into species distribution models (SDMs). METHODS A combination of dendrochronology and field observation was used to quantify how an extreme cold event in 2001 in eastern Spain affected growth, needle loss and mortality of Scots pine. Long-term European climatic data sets were used to contextualize the severity of the 2001 event, and an SDM for Scots pine in Europe was used to predict climatic range limits. KEY RESULTS The 2001 winter reached record minimum temperatures (equivalent to the maximum European-wide diurnal ranges) and, for trees already stressed by a preceding dry summer and autumn, this caused dieback and large-scale mortality. Needle loss and mortality were particularly evident in south-facing sites, where post-event recovery was greatly reduced. The SDM predicted European Scots pine distribution mainly on the basis of responses to maximum and minimum monthly temperatures, but in comparison with this the observed effects of the 2001 cold event at the southerly edge of the range limit were unforeseen. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that in order to better forecast how anthropogenic climate change might affect future forest distributions, distribution modelling techniques such as SDMs must incorporate climatic extremes. For Scots pine, this study shows that the effects of cold extremes should be included across the entire distribution margin, including the southern 'rear edge', in order to avoid biased predictions based solely on warmer climatic scenarios.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Julio Camarero
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología, CSIC (IPE-CSIC), Avda. Montañana 1005, Apdo. 202, E-50192 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Antonio Gazol
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología, CSIC (IPE-CSIC), Avda. Montañana 1005, Apdo. 202, E-50192 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Santiago Sancho-Benages
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología, CSIC (IPE-CSIC), Avda. Montañana 1005, Apdo. 202, E-50192 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Gabriel Sangüesa-Barreda
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología, CSIC (IPE-CSIC), Avda. Montañana 1005, Apdo. 202, E-50192 Zaragoza, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Camarero JJ, Gazol A, Galván JD, Sangüesa-Barreda G, Gutiérrez E. Disparate effects of global-change drivers on mountain conifer forests: warming-induced growth enhancement in young trees vs. CO2 fertilization in old trees from wet sites. Glob Chang Biol 2015; 21:738-49. [PMID: 25362899 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Theory predicts that the postindustrial rise in the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere (c(a)) should enhance tree growth either through a direct fertilization effect or indirectly by improving water use efficiency in dry areas. However, this hypothesis has received little support in cold-limited and subalpine forests where positive growth responses to either rising ca or warmer temperatures are still under debate. In this study, we address this issue by analyzing an extensive dendrochronological network of high-elevation Pinus uncinata forests in Spain (28 sites, 544 trees) encompassing the whole biogeographical extent of the species. We determine if the basal area increment (BAI) trends are linked to climate warming and increased c(a) by focusing on region- and age-dependent responses. The largest improvement in BAI over the past six centuries occurred during the last 150 years affecting young trees and being driven by recent warming. Indeed, most studied regions and age classes presented BAI patterns mainly controlled by temperature trends, while growing-season precipitation was only relevant in the driest sites. Growth enhancement was linked to rising ca in mature (151-300 year-old trees) and old-mature trees (301-450 year-old trees) from the wettest sites only. This finding implies that any potential fertilization effect of elevated c(a) on forest growth is contingent on tree features that vary with ontogeny and it depends on site conditions (for instance water availability). Furthermore, we found widespread growth decline in drought-prone sites probably indicating that the rise in ca did not compensate for the reduction in water availability. Thus, warming-triggered drought stress may become a more important direct driver of growth than rising ca in similar subalpine forests. We argue that broad approaches in biogeographical and temporal terms are required to adequately evaluate any effect of rising c(a) on forest growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Julio Camarero
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Avda. Montañana 1005, Apdo. 202, Zaragoza, E-50192, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Camarero JJ, Gazol A, Sangüesa-Barreda G, Oliva J, Vicente-Serrano SM. To die or not to die: early warnings of tree dieback in response to a severe drought. J Ecol 2015. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2745.12295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Julio Camarero
- ARAID; Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC); Avda. Montañana 1005 50192 Zaragoza Spain
- Departament d'Ecologia; Universitat de Barcelona; Avda. Diagonal 645 08028 Barcelona Spain
| | - Antonio Gazol
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC); Avda. Montañana 1005 50192 Zaragoza Spain
| | | | - Jonàs Oliva
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Box 7026 S-750 07 Uppsala Sweden
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Uria-Diez J, Gazol A, Ibáñez R. Drivers of a riparian forest specialist (Carex remota, Cyperaceae): it is not only a matter of soil moisture. Am J Bot 2014; 101:1286-1292. [PMID: 25143468 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1300443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED • PREMISE OF THE STUDY Plants respond to the prevailing conditions in the surrounding environment, but since they are dynamic systems this response may vary during their life. Thus, the identification of key aspects for the maintenance of plant populations requires the consideration of plant performance across environmental gradients and along life stages. This study examines how abiotic conditions and biotic interactions and processes determine the spatial distribution of two life-story stages that play a key role in the functioning of a representative population of Carex remota.• METHODS We used structural equation modeling (SEM) to test for direct and indirect influences of abiotic and biotic factors on seedlings and adults of Carex remota. The variables used in the analysis were number of seedlings, cover of adults, soil moisture, leaf litter cover, relative light, and topographic position.• KEY RESULTS Population patterns partially depend on direct and indirect effects of abiotic conditions. Whereas adult individuals were only affected by topsoil moisture, seedling emergence was largely affected by multiple environmental conditions. The number of seedlings increased with high topsoil moisture, low leaf-litter values, high light values as well as in low parts of the study area. The importance of adult individuals in determining seedling success is also highlighted: higher abundance provides seed rain in the surroundings and modifies the microenvironmental conditions favoring high seedling establishment.• CONCLUSIONS As hypothesized, adults and seedlings responded to the environmental conditions differently. Seedling emergence was a critical aspect in C. remota performance, and abrupt changes in the environment during this stage may strongly influence population performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Uria-Diez
- Department of Environmental Biology, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea s/n 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Antonio Gazol
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40 51005 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ricardo Ibáñez
- Department of Environmental Biology, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea s/n 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Koorem K, Gazol A, Öpik M, Moora M, Saks Ü, Uibopuu A, Sõber V, Zobel M. Soil nutrient content influences the abundance of soil microbes but not plant biomass at the small-scale. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91998. [PMID: 24637633 PMCID: PMC3956881 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Small-scale heterogeneity of abiotic and biotic factors is expected to play a crucial role in species coexistence. It is known that plants are able to concentrate their root biomass into areas with high nutrient content and also acquire nutrients via symbiotic microorganisms such as arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. At the same time, little is known about the small-scale distribution of soil nutrients, microbes and plant biomass occurring in the same area. We examined small-scale temporal and spatial variation as well as covariation of soil nutrients, microbial biomass (using soil fatty acid biomarker content) and above- and belowground biomass of herbaceous plants in a natural herb-rich boreonemoral spruce forest. The abundance of AM fungi and bacteria decreased during the plant growing season while soil nutrient content rather increased. The abundance of all microbes studied also varied in space and was affected by soil nutrient content. In particular, the abundance of AM fungi was negatively related to soil phosphorus and positively influenced by soil nitrogen content. Neither shoot nor root biomass of herbaceous plants showed any significant relationship with variation in soil nutrient content or the abundance of soil microbes. Our study suggests that plants can compensate for low soil phosphorus concentration via interactions with soil microbes, most probably due to a more efficient symbiosis with AM fungi. This compensation results in relatively constant plant biomass despite variation in soil phosphorous content and in the abundance of AM fungi. Hence, it is crucial to consider both soil nutrient content and the abundance of soil microbes when exploring the mechanisms driving vegetation patterns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kadri Koorem
- Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Antonio Gazol
- Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Maarja Öpik
- Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mari Moora
- Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ülle Saks
- Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Annika Uibopuu
- Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Virve Sõber
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Martin Zobel
- Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Price JN, Gazol A, Tamme R, Hiiesalu I, Pärtel M. The functional assembly of experimental grasslands in relation to fertility and resource heterogeneity. Funct Ecol 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jodi N. Price
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences; University of Tartu; Lai 40 Tartu Estonia 51005 Australia
- School of Plant Biology; University of Western Australia; Crawley Perth WA 6009 Australia
| | - Antonio Gazol
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences; University of Tartu; Lai 40 Tartu Estonia 51005 Australia
| | - Riin Tamme
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences; University of Tartu; Lai 40 Tartu Estonia 51005 Australia
| | - Inga Hiiesalu
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences; University of Tartu; Lai 40 Tartu Estonia 51005 Australia
- Institute of Botany; Czech Academy of Sciences; Dukelská 135 37982 Třeboň Czech Republic
| | - Meelis Pärtel
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences; University of Tartu; Lai 40 Tartu Estonia 51005 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Gazol A, Tamme R, Price JN, Hiiesalu I, Laanisto L, Pärtel M. A negative heterogeneity-diversity relationship found in experimental grassland communities. Oecologia 2013; 173:545-55. [PMID: 23468237 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-013-2623-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent meta-analyses and simulation studies have suggested that the relationship between soil resource heterogeneity and plant diversity (heterogeneity-diversity relationship; HDR) may be negative when heterogeneity occurs at small spatial scales. To explore different mechanisms that can explain a negative HDR, we conducted a mesocosm experiment combining a gradient of soil nutrient availability (low, medium, high) and scale of heterogeneity (homogeneous, large-scale heterogeneous, small-scale heterogeneous). The two heterogeneous treatments were created using chessboard combinations of low and high fertility patches, and had the same overall fertility as the homogeneous medium treatment. Soil patches were designed to be relatively larger (156 cm(2)) and smaller (39 cm(2)) than plant root extent. We found plant diversity was significantly lower in the small-scale heterogeneous treatment compared to the homogeneous treatment of the same fertility. Additionally, low fertility patches in the small-scale heterogeneous treatment had lower diversity than patches of the same size in the low fertility treatment. Shoot and root biomass were larger in the small-scale heterogeneous treatment than in the homogeneous treatment of the same fertility. Further, we found that soil resource heterogeneity may reduce diversity indirectly by increasing shoot biomass, thereby enhancing asymmetric competition for light resources. When soil resource heterogeneity occurs at small spatial scales it can lower plant diversity by increasing asymmetric competition belowground, since plants with large root systems can forage among patches and exploit soil resources. Additionally, small-scale soil heterogeneity may lower diversity indirectly, through increasing light competition, when nutrient uptake by competitive species increases shoot biomass production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Gazol
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, 51005, Tartu, Estonia,
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Laanisto L, Tamme R, Hiiesalu I, Szava-Kovats R, Gazol A, Pärtel M. Microfragmentation concept explains non-positive environmental heterogeneity-diversity relationships. Oecologia 2012; 171:217-26. [PMID: 22752212 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-012-2398-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Although recent studies have revealed that the relationship between diversity and environmental heterogeneity is not always positive, as classical niche theory predicts, scientists have had difficulty interpreting these results from an ecological perspective. We propose a new concept-microfragmentation-to explain how small-scale heterogeneity can have neutral or even negative effect on species diversity. We define microfragmentation as a community level process of splitting habitat into a more heterogeneous environment that can have non-positive effects on the diversity through habitat loss and subsequent isolation. We provide support for the microfragmentation concept with results from spatially explicit heterogeneity-diversity model simulations, in which varying sets of species (with different ratios of specialist and generalist species) were modeled at different levels of configurational heterogeneity (meaning that only the habitat structure was changed, not its composition). Our results indicate that environmental heterogeneity can affect community diversity in the same way as fragmentation at the landscape level. Although generalist species might not be seriously affected by microfragmentation, the persistence of specialist species can be seriously disturbed by small-scale patchiness. The microfragmentation concept provides new insight into community level diversity dynamics and can influence conservation and management strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauri Laanisto
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Yuan Z, Gazol A, Wang X, Xing D, Lin F, Bai X, Zhao Y, Li B, Hao Z. What happens below the canopy? Direct and indirect influences of the dominant species on forest vertical layers. OIKOS 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2011.19757.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
45
|
|