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Samer C, McWilliam HE, McSharry BP, Velusamy T, Burchfield JG, Stanton RJ, Tscharke DC, Rossjohn J, Villadangos JA, Abendroth A, Slobedman B. Multi-targeted loss of the antigen presentation molecule MR1 during HSV-1 and HSV-2 infection. iScience 2024; 27:108801. [PMID: 38303725 PMCID: PMC10831258 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.108801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC), Class-I-related (MR1) molecule presents microbiome-synthesized metabolites to Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, present at sites of herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection. During HSV type 1 (HSV-1) infection there is a profound and rapid loss of MR1, in part due to expression of unique short 3 protein. Here we show that virion host shutoff RNase protein downregulates MR1 protein, through loss of MR1 transcripts. Furthermore, a third viral protein, infected cell protein 22, also downregulates MR1, but not classical MHC-I molecules. This occurs early in the MR1 trafficking pathway through proteasomal degradation. Finally, HSV-2 infection results in the loss of MR1 transcripts, and intracellular and surface MR1 protein, comparable to that seen during HSV-1 infection. Thus HSV coordinates a multifaceted attack on the MR1 antigen presentation pathway, potentially protecting infected cells from MAIT cell T cell receptor-mediated detection at sites of primary infection and reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Samer
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, and the Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Hamish E.G. McWilliam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Brian P. McSharry
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, and the Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
- School of Dentistry and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Health, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Thilaga Velusamy
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - James G. Burchfield
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Richard J. Stanton
- Division of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales
| | - David C. Tscharke
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Division of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Jose A. Villadangos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Allison Abendroth
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, and the Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Barry Slobedman
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, and the Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
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Stern L, McGuire HM, Avdic S, Blyth E, Gottlieb D, Patrick E, Abendroth A, Slobedman B. Circulating cytokine and chemokine patterns associated with cytomegalovirus reactivation after stem cell transplantation. Clin Transl Immunology 2023; 12:e16815. [PMID: 38034080 PMCID: PMC10684332 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) reactivation is the leading viral complication after allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). Understanding of circulating cytokine/chemokine patterns which accompany HCMV reactivation and correlate with HCMV DNAemia magnitude is limited. We aimed to characterise plasma cytokine/chemokine profiles in 36 allo-HSCT patients (21 with HCMV reactivation and 15 without HCMV reactivation) at four time-points in the first 100-day post-transplant. Methods The concentrations of 31 cytokines/chemokines in plasma samples were analysed using a multiplex bead-based immunoassay. Cytokine/chemokine concentrations were compared in patients with high-level HCMV DNAemia, low-level HCMV DNAemia or no HCMV reactivation, and correlated with immune cell frequencies measured using mass cytometry. Results Increased plasma levels of T helper 1-type cytokines/chemokines (TNF, IL-18, IP-10, MIG) were detected in patients with HCMV reactivation at the peak of HCMV DNAemia, relative to non-reactivators. Stem cell factor (SCF) levels were significantly higher before the detection of HCMV reactivation in patients who went on to develop high-level HCMV DNAemia (810-52 740 copies/mL) vs. low-level HCMV DNAemia (< 250 copies/mL). High-level HCMV reactivators, but not low-level reactivators, developed an elevated inflammatory cytokine/chemokine profile (MIP-1α, MIP-1β, TNF, LT-α, IL-13, IL-9, SCF, HGF) at the peak of reactivation. Plasma cytokine concentrations displayed unique correlations with circulating immune cell frequencies in patients with HCMV reactivation. Conclusion This study identifies distinct circulating cytokine/chemokine signatures associated with the magnitude of HCMV DNAemia and the progression of HCMV reactivation after allo-HSCT, providing important insight into immune recovery patterns associated with HCMV reactivation and viral control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Stern
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and HealthThe University of SydneySydneyNSWAustralia
- Charles Perkins CentreThe University of SydneySydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Helen M McGuire
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and HealthThe University of SydneySydneyNSWAustralia
- Charles Perkins CentreThe University of SydneySydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Selmir Avdic
- Westmead Institute for Medical ResearchThe University of SydneySydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Emily Blyth
- Westmead Institute for Medical ResearchThe University of SydneySydneyNSWAustralia
- Blood Transplant and Cell Therapies Program, Department of HaematologyWestmead HospitalSydneyNSWAustralia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Medical SchoolThe University of SydneySydneyNSWAustralia
| | - David Gottlieb
- Westmead Institute for Medical ResearchThe University of SydneySydneyNSWAustralia
- Blood Transplant and Cell Therapies Program, Department of HaematologyWestmead HospitalSydneyNSWAustralia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Medical SchoolThe University of SydneySydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Ellis Patrick
- Westmead Institute for Medical ResearchThe University of SydneySydneyNSWAustralia
- School of Mathematics and StatisticsThe University of SydneySydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Allison Abendroth
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and HealthThe University of SydneySydneyNSWAustralia
- Charles Perkins CentreThe University of SydneySydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Barry Slobedman
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and HealthThe University of SydneySydneyNSWAustralia
- Charles Perkins CentreThe University of SydneySydneyNSWAustralia
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3
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Traves R, Opadchy T, Slobedman B, Abendroth A. Varicella zoster virus downregulates expression of the non-classical antigen presentation molecule CD1d. J Infect Dis 2023:jiad512. [PMID: 37972257 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The non-classical antigen presentation molecule CD1d presents lipid antigens to invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells. Activation of these cells triggers a rapid cytokine response providing an interface between innate and adaptive immune responses. The importance of CD1d and iNKT cells in varicella zoster virus (VZV) infection has been emphasised by clinical reports of individuals with CD1d or iNKT cell deficiencies experiencing severe, disseminated varicella post-vaccination. METHODS Three strains of VZV, VZV-S, rOka, and VZV rOka-66S were used to infect Jurkat cells. Flow cytometry of VZV- and mock-infected cells assessed the modulatory impact of VZV on CD1d. Infected cell-supernatant and transwell coculture experiments explored the role of soluble factors in VZV-mediated immunomodulation. CD1d transcripts were assessed by RT-qPCR. RESULTS Surface and intracellular flow cytometry demonstrated CD1d was strikingly downregulated by VZV-S and rOka in both infected and VZV antigen-negative cells compared to mock. CD1d downregulation is cell-contact-dependant and CD1d transcripts are targeted by VZV. Mechanistic investigations using rOka-66S (unable to express the viral kinase ORF66), implicate this protein in CD1d modulation in infected cells. CONCLUSIONS VZV implements multiple mechanisms targeting both CD1d transcript and protein. This provides evidence of VZV interaction with and manipulation of the CD1d-iNKT cell axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee Traves
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Tara Opadchy
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Barry Slobedman
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Allison Abendroth
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
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4
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Speck P, Mackenzie J, Bull RA, Slobedman B, Drummer H, Fraser J, Herrero L, Helbig K, Londrigan S, Moseley G, Prow N, Hansman G, Edwards R, Ahlenstiel C, Abendroth A, Tscharke D, Hobson-Peters J, Kriiger-Loterio R, Parry R, Marsh G, Harding E, Jacques DA, Gartner MJ, Lee WS, McAuley J, Vaz P, Sainsbury F, Tate MD, Sinclair J, Imrie A, Rawlinson S, Harman A, Carr JM, Monson EA, Hibma M, Mahony TJ, Tu T, Center RJ, Shrestha LB, Hall R, Warner M, Ward V, Anderson DE, Eyre NS, Netzler NE, Peel AJ, Revill P, Beard M, Legione AR, Spencer AJ, Idris A, Forwood J, Sarker S, Purcell DFJ, Bartlett N, Deerain JM, Brew BJ, Asgari S, Farrell H, Khromykh A, Enosi Tuipulotu D, Anderson D, Mese S, Tayyar Y, Edenborough K, Uddin JM, Hussain A, Daymond CJI, Agius J, Johnson KN, Shirmast P, Abedinzadeshahri M, MacDiarmid R, Ashley CL, Laws J, Furfaro LL, Burton TD, Johnson SMR, Telikani Z, Petrone M, Roby JA, Samer C, Suhrbier A, Van Der Kamp A, Cunningham A, Donato C, Mahar J, Black WD, Vasudevan S, Lenchine R, Spann K, Rawle DJ, Rudd P, Neil J, Kingston R, Newsome TP, Kim KW, Mak J, Lowry K, Bryant N, Meers J, Roberts JA, McMillan N, Labzin LI, Slonchak A, Hugo LE, Henzeler B, Newton ND, David CT, Reading PC, Esneau C, Briody T, Nasr N, McNeale D, McSharry B, Fakhri O, Horsburgh BA, Logan G, Howley P, Young P. Statement in Support of: "Virology under the Microscope-a Call for Rational Discourse". mBio 2023:e0081523. [PMID: 37097032 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00815-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Speck
- Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia
| | - Jason Mackenzie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rowena A Bull
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Lara Herrero
- Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Karla Helbig
- La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sarah Londrigan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Natalie Prow
- Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Grant Hansman
- Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | | | | | | | - David Tscharke
- Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | | | | | - Rhys Parry
- University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Glenn Marsh
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Emma Harding
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David A Jacques
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Matthew J Gartner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Wen Shi Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Julie McAuley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paola Vaz
- University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Michelle D Tate
- Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jane Sinclair
- University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Allison Imrie
- University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | - Andrew Harman
- The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | - Thomas Tu
- The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | | | - Robyn Hall
- Ausvet Pty Ltd., Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Black Mountain, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Morgyn Warner
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | | - Danielle E Anderson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Natalie E Netzler
- University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre of Research Excellence, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Peter Revill
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael Beard
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | | | | - Adi Idris
- Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
- Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jade Forwood
- Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Subir Sarker
- La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Damian F J Purcell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nathan Bartlett
- The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Joshua M Deerain
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bruce J Brew
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- University of Notre Dame, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- St. Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sassan Asgari
- University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Helen Farrell
- University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Sevim Mese
- University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yaman Tayyar
- Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
- Prorenata Biotech, Moledinar, Queensland, Australia
| | | | | | - Abrar Hussain
- Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Connor J I Daymond
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | - Robin MacDiarmid
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Jay Laws
- La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lucy L Furfaro
- University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Mary Petrone
- The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Justin A Roby
- Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Carolyn Samer
- The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andreas Suhrbier
- University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Anthony Cunningham
- The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Celeste Donato
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jackie Mahar
- The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Wesley D Black
- Biotopia Environmental Assessment Pty Ltd., Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | - Kirsten Spann
- Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Daniel J Rawle
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Penny Rudd
- Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jessica Neil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | - Ki Wook Kim
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Johnson Mak
- Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kym Lowry
- University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nathan Bryant
- The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Joanne Meers
- University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jason A Roberts
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Leon E Hugo
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Patrick C Reading
- University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Camille Esneau
- The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tatiana Briody
- University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Najla Nasr
- The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Brian McSharry
- Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Omid Fakhri
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Black Mountain, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | | | - Grant Logan
- Children's Medical Research Institute, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul Howley
- Vaxmed Pty Ltd., Berwick, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul Young
- University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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5
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Speck P, Mackenzie J, Bull RA, Slobedman B, Drummer H, Fraser J, Herrero L, Helbig K, Londrigan S, Moseley G, Prow N, Hansman G, Edwards R, Ahlenstiel C, Abendroth A, Tscharke D, Hobson-Peters J, Kriiger-Loterio R, Parry R, Marsh G, Harding E, Jacques DA, Gartner MJ, Lee WS, McAuley J, Vaz P, Sainsbury F, Tate MD, Sinclair J, Imrie A, Rawlinson S, Harman A, Carr JM, Monson EA, Hibma M, Mahony TJ, Tu T, Center RJ, Shrestha LB, Hall R, Warner M, Ward V, Anderson DE, Eyre NS, Netzler NE, Peel AJ, Revill P, Beard M, Legione AR, Spencer AJ, Idris A, Forwood J, Sarker S, Purcell DFJ, Bartlett N, Deerain JM, Brew BJ, Asgari S, Farrell H, Khromykh A, Enosi Tuipulotu D, Anderson D, Mese S, Tayyar Y, Edenborough K, Uddin JM, Hussain A, Daymond CJI, Agius J, Johnson KN, Shirmast P, Abedinzadeshahri M, MacDiarmid R, Ashley CL, Laws J, Furfaro LL, Burton TD, Johnson SMR, Telikani Z, Petrone M, Roby JA, Samer C, Suhrbier A, Van Der Kamp A, Cunningham A, Donato C, Mahar J, Black WD, Vasudevan S, Lenchine R, Spann K, Rawle DJ, Rudd P, Neil J, Kingston R, Newsome TP, Kim KW, Mak J, Lowry K, Bryant N, Meers J, Roberts JA, McMillan N, Labzin LI, Slonchak A, Hugo LE, Henzeler B, Newton ND, David CT, Reading PC, Esneau C, Briody T, Nasr N, McNeale D, McSharry B, Fakhri O, Horsburgh BA, Logan G, Howley P, Young P. Statement in Support of: "Virology under the Microscope-a Call for Rational Discourse". mSphere 2023:e0016523. [PMID: 37097028 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00165-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Speck
- Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia
| | - Jason Mackenzie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rowena A Bull
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Lara Herrero
- Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Karla Helbig
- La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sarah Londrigan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Natalie Prow
- Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Grant Hansman
- Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | | | | | | | - David Tscharke
- Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | | | | | - Rhys Parry
- University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Glenn Marsh
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Emma Harding
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David A Jacques
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Matthew J Gartner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Wen Shi Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Julie McAuley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paola Vaz
- University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Michelle D Tate
- Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jane Sinclair
- University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Allison Imrie
- University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | - Andrew Harman
- The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | - Thomas Tu
- The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | | | - Robyn Hall
- Ausvet Pty Ltd., Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Black Mountain, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Morgyn Warner
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | | - Danielle E Anderson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Natalie E Netzler
- University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre of Research Excellence, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Peter Revill
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael Beard
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | | | | - Adi Idris
- Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
- Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jade Forwood
- Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Subir Sarker
- La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Damian F J Purcell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nathan Bartlett
- The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Joshua M Deerain
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bruce J Brew
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- University of Notre Dame, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- St. Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sassan Asgari
- University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Helen Farrell
- University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Sevim Mese
- University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yaman Tayyar
- Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
- Prorenata Biotech, Moledinar, Queensland, Australia
| | | | | | - Abrar Hussain
- Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Connor J I Daymond
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | - Robin MacDiarmid
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Jay Laws
- La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lucy L Furfaro
- University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Mary Petrone
- The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Justin A Roby
- Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Carolyn Samer
- The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andreas Suhrbier
- University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Anthony Cunningham
- The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Celeste Donato
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jackie Mahar
- The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Wesley D Black
- Biotopia Environmental Assessment Pty Ltd., Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | - Kirsten Spann
- Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Daniel J Rawle
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Penny Rudd
- Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jessica Neil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | - Ki Wook Kim
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Johnson Mak
- Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kym Lowry
- University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nathan Bryant
- The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Joanne Meers
- University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jason A Roberts
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Leon E Hugo
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Patrick C Reading
- University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Camille Esneau
- The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tatiana Briody
- University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Najla Nasr
- The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Brian McSharry
- Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Omid Fakhri
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Black Mountain, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | | | - Grant Logan
- Children's Medical Research Institute, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul Howley
- Vaxmed Pty Ltd., Berwick, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul Young
- University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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Speck P, Mackenzie J, Bull RA, Slobedman B, Drummer H, Fraser J, Herrero L, Helbig K, Londrigan S, Moseley G, Prow N, Hansman G, Edwards R, Ahlenstiel C, Abendroth A, Tscharke D, Hobson-Peters J, Kriiger-Loterio R, Parry R, Marsh G, Harding E, Jacques DA, Gartner MJ, Lee WS, McAuley J, Vaz P, Sainsbury F, Tate MD, Sinclair J, Imrie A, Rawlinson S, Harman A, Carr JM, Monson EA, Hibma M, Mahony TJ, Tu T, Center RJ, Shrestha LB, Hall R, Warner M, Ward V, Anderson DE, Eyre NS, Netzler NE, Peel AJ, Revill P, Beard M, Legione AR, Spencer AJ, Idris A, Forwood J, Sarker S, Purcell DFJ, Bartlett N, Deerain JM, Brew BJ, Asgari S, Farrell H, Khromykh A, Enosi Tuipulotu D, Anderson D, Mese S, Tayyar Y, Edenborough K, Uddin JM, Hussain A, Daymond CJI, Agius J, Johnson KN, Shirmast P, Abedinzadeshahri M, MacDiarmid R, Ashley CL, Laws J, Furfaro LL, Burton TD, Johnson SMR, Telikani Z, Petrone M, Roby JA, Samer C, Suhrbier A, Van Der Kamp A, Cunningham A, Donato C, Mahar J, Black WD, Vasudevan S, Lenchine R, Spann K, Rawle DJ, Rudd P, Neil J, Kingston R, Newsome TP, Kim KW, Mak J, Lowry K, Bryant N, Meers J, Roberts JA, McMillan N, Labzin LI, Slonchak A, Hugo LE, Henzeler B, Newton ND, David CT, Reading PC, Esneau C, Briody T, Nasr N, McNeale D, McSharry B, Fakhri O, Horsburgh BA, Logan G, Howley P, Young P. Statement in Support of: "Virology under the Microscope-a Call for Rational Discourse". J Virol 2023; 97:e0045123. [PMID: 37097023 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00451-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Speck
- Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia
| | - Jason Mackenzie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rowena A Bull
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Lara Herrero
- Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Karla Helbig
- La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sarah Londrigan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Natalie Prow
- Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Grant Hansman
- Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | | | | | | | - David Tscharke
- Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | | | | | - Rhys Parry
- University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Glenn Marsh
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Emma Harding
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David A Jacques
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Matthew J Gartner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Wen Shi Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Julie McAuley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paola Vaz
- University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Michelle D Tate
- Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jane Sinclair
- University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Allison Imrie
- University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | - Andrew Harman
- The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | - Thomas Tu
- The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | | | - Robyn Hall
- Ausvet Pty Ltd., Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Black Mountain, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Morgyn Warner
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | | - Danielle E Anderson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Natalie E Netzler
- University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre of Research Excellence, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Peter Revill
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael Beard
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | | | | - Adi Idris
- Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
- Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jade Forwood
- Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Subir Sarker
- La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Damian F J Purcell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nathan Bartlett
- The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Joshua M Deerain
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bruce J Brew
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- University of Notre Dame, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- St. Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sassan Asgari
- University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Helen Farrell
- University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Sevim Mese
- University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yaman Tayyar
- Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
- Prorenata Biotech, Moledinar, Queensland, Australia
| | | | | | - Abrar Hussain
- Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Connor J I Daymond
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | - Robin MacDiarmid
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Jay Laws
- La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lucy L Furfaro
- University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Mary Petrone
- The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Justin A Roby
- Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Carolyn Samer
- The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andreas Suhrbier
- University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Anthony Cunningham
- The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Celeste Donato
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jackie Mahar
- The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Wesley D Black
- Biotopia Environmental Assessment Pty Ltd., Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | - Kirsten Spann
- Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Daniel J Rawle
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Penny Rudd
- Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jessica Neil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | - Ki Wook Kim
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Johnson Mak
- Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kym Lowry
- University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nathan Bryant
- The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Joanne Meers
- University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jason A Roberts
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Leon E Hugo
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Patrick C Reading
- University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Camille Esneau
- The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tatiana Briody
- University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Najla Nasr
- The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Brian McSharry
- Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Omid Fakhri
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Black Mountain, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | | | - Grant Logan
- Children's Medical Research Institute, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul Howley
- Vaxmed Pty Ltd., Berwick, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul Young
- University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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7
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Purohit SK, Corbett AJ, Slobedman B, Abendroth A. Varicella Zoster Virus infects mucosal associated Invariant T cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1121714. [PMID: 37006246 PMCID: PMC10063790 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1121714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionMucosal Associated Invariant T (MAIT) cells are innate-like T cells that respond to conserved pathogen-derived vitamin B metabolites presented by the MHC class I related-1 molecule (MR1) antigen presentation pathway. Whilst viruses do not synthesize these metabolites, we have reported that varicella zoster virus (VZV) profoundly suppresses MR1 expression, implicating this virus in manipulation of the MR1:MAIT cell axis. During primary infection, the lymphotropism of VZV is likely to be instrumental in hematogenous dissemination of virus to gain access to cutaneous sites where it clinically manifests as varicella (chickenpox). However, MAIT cells, which are found in the blood and at mucosal and other organ sites, have yet to be examined in the context of VZV infection. The goal of this study was to examine any direct impact of VZV on MAIT cells.MethodsUsing flow cytometry, we interrogated whether primary blood derived MAIT cells are permissive to infection by VZV whilst further analysing differential levels of infection between various MAIT cell subpopulations. Changes in cell surface extravasation, skin homing, activation and proliferation markers after VZV infection of MAIT cells was also assessed via flow cytometry. Finally the capacity of MAIT cells to transfer infectious virus was tested through an infectious center assay and imaged via fluorescence microscopy.ResultsWe identify primary blood-derived MAIT cells as being permissive to VZV infection. A consequence of VZV infection of MAIT cells was their capacity to transfer infectious virus to other permissive cells, consistent with MAIT cells supporting productive infection. When subgrouping MAIT cells by their co- expression of a variety cell surface markers, there was a higher proportion of VZV infected MAIT cells co-expressing CD4+ and CD4+/CD8+ MAIT cells compared to the more phenotypically dominant CD8+ MAIT cells, whereas infection was not associated with differences in co-expression of CD56 (MAIT cell subset with enhanced responsiveness to innate cytokine stimulation), CD27 (co-stimulatory) or PD-1 (immune checkpoint). Infected MAIT cells retained high expression of CCR2, CCR5, CCR6, CLA and CCR4, indicating a potentially intact capacity for transendothelial migration, extravasation and trafficking to skin sites. Infected MAIT cells also displayed increased expression of CD69 (early activation) and CD71 (proliferation) markers.DiscussionThese data identify MAIT cells as being permissive to VZV infection and identify impacts of such infection on co- expressed functional markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivam K. Purohit
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Alexandra J. Corbett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Barry Slobedman
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- *Correspondence: Allison Abendroth, ; Barry Slobedman,
| | - Allison Abendroth
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- *Correspondence: Allison Abendroth, ; Barry Slobedman,
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Ashley CL, McSharry BP, McWilliam HEG, Stanton RJ, Fielding CA, Mathias RA, Fairlie DP, McCluskey J, Villadangos JA, Rossjohn J, Abendroth A, Slobedman B. Suppression of MR1 by human cytomegalovirus inhibits MAIT cell activation. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1107497. [PMID: 36845106 PMCID: PMC9950634 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1107497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The antigen presentation molecule MHC class I related protein-1 (MR1) is best characterized by its ability to present bacterially derived metabolites of vitamin B2 biosynthesis to mucosal-associated invariant T-cells (MAIT cells). Methods Through in vitro human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection in the presence of MR1 ligand we investigate the modulation of MR1 expression. Using coimmunoprecipitation, mass spectrometry, expression by recombinant adenovirus and HCMV deletion mutants we investigate HCMV gpUS9 and its family members as potential regulators of MR1 expression. The functional consequences of MR1 modulation by HCMV infection are explored in coculture activation assays with either Jurkat cells engineered to express the MAIT cell TCR or primary MAIT cells. MR1 dependence in these activation assays is established by addition of MR1 neutralizing antibody and CRISPR/Cas-9 mediated MR1 knockout. Results Here we demonstrate that HCMV infection efficiently suppresses MR1 surface expression and reduces total MR1 protein levels. Expression of the viral glycoprotein gpUS9 in isolation could reduce both cell surface and total MR1 levels, with analysis of a specific US9 HCMV deletion mutant suggesting that the virus can target MR1 using multiple mechanisms. Functional assays with primary MAIT cells demonstrated the ability of HCMV infection to inhibit bacterially driven, MR1-dependent activation using both neutralizing antibodies and engineered MR1 knockout cells. Discussion This study identifies a strategy encoded by HCMV to disrupt the MR1:MAIT cell axis. This immune axis is less well characterized in the context of viral infection. HCMV encodes hundreds of proteins, some of which regulate the expression of antigen presentation molecules. However the ability of this virus to regulate the MR1:MAIT TCR axis has not been studied in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline L. Ashley
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, and the Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Brian P. McSharry
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, and the Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Dentistry and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Health, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Hamish E. G. McWilliam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology (Bio21), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Richard J. Stanton
- Division of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Ceri A. Fielding
- Division of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Rommel A. Mathias
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Microbiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - David P. Fairlie
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - James McCluskey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jose A. Villadangos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology (Bio21), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Division of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Allison Abendroth
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, and the Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Barry Slobedman
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, and the Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Samer C, Traves R, Purohit S, Abendroth A, McWilliam H, Slobedman B. VIRAL IMPACTS ON MR1 ANTIGEN PRESENTATION TO MAIT CELLS. Crit Rev Immunol 2022; 41:49-67. [DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.2022041981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Abendroth A, Slobedman B. Modulation of MHC and MHC-Like Molecules by Varicella Zoster Virus. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2022; 438:85-102. [DOI: 10.1007/82_2022_254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Purohit SK, Samer C, McWilliam HEG, Traves R, Steain M, McSharry BP, Kinchington PR, Tscharke DC, Villadangos JA, Rossjohn J, Abendroth A, Slobedman B. Varicella Zoster Virus Impairs Expression of the Nonclassical Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I-Related Gene Protein (MR1). J Infect Dis 2021; 227:391-401. [PMID: 34648018 PMCID: PMC9891426 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The antigen presentation molecule MR1 (major histocompatibility complex, class I-related) presents ligands derived from the riboflavin (vitamin B) synthesis pathway, which is not present in mammalian species or viruses, to mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells. In this study, we demonstrate that varicella zoster virus (VZV) profoundly suppresses MR1 expression. We show that VZV targets the intracellular reservoir of immature MR1 for degradation, while preexisting, ligand-bound cell surface MR1 is protected from such targeting, thereby highlighting an intricate temporal relationship between infection and ligand availability. We also identify VZV open reading frame (ORF) 66 as functioning to suppress MR1 expression when this viral protein is expressed during transient transfection, but this is not apparent during infection with a VZV mutant virus lacking ORF66 expression. This indicates that VZV is likely to encode multiple viral genes that target MR1. Overall, we identify an immunomodulatory function of VZV whereby infection suppresses the MR1 biosynthesis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hamish E G McWilliam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Renee Traves
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Megan Steain
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Brian P McSharry
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Paul R Kinchington
- Department of Ophthalmology and Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David C Tscharke
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Jose A Villadangos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia,Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Wales, United Kingdom
| | | | - Barry Slobedman
- Correspondence: Barry Slobedman, BSc (Hons), PhD, Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown NSW 2006, Australia ()
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12
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McSharry BP, Samer C, McWilliam HEG, Ashley CL, Yee MB, Steain M, Liu L, Fairlie DP, Kinchington PR, McCluskey J, Abendroth A, Villadangos JA, Rossjohn J, Slobedman B. Virus-Mediated Suppression of the Antigen Presentation Molecule MR1. Cell Rep 2021; 30:2948-2962.e4. [PMID: 32130899 PMCID: PMC7798347 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The antigen-presenting molecule MR1 presents microbial metabolites related to vitamin B2 biosynthesis to mucosal-associated invariant T cells (MAIT cells). Although bacteria and fungi drive the MR1 biosynthesis pathway, viruses have not previously been implicated in MR1 expression or its antigen presentation. We demonstrate that several herpesviruses inhibit MR1 cell surface upregulation, including a potent inhibition by herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). This virus profoundly suppresses MR1 cell surface expression and targets the molecule for proteasomal degradation, whereas ligand-induced cell surface expression of MR1 prior to infection enables MR1 to escape HSV-1-dependent targeting. HSV-1 downregulation of MR1 is dependent on de novo viral gene expression, and we identify the Us3 viral gene product as functioning to target MR1. Furthermore, HSV-1 downregulation of MR1 disrupts MAIT T cell receptor (TCR) activation. Accordingly, virus-mediated targeting of MR1 defines an immunomodulatory strategy that functionally disrupts the MR1-MAIT TCR axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian P McSharry
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Carolyn Samer
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Hamish E G McWilliam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Caroline L Ashley
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael B Yee
- Departments of Ophthalmology and of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Megan Steain
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ligong Liu
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - David P Fairlie
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Paul R Kinchington
- Departments of Ophthalmology and of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - James McCluskey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Allison Abendroth
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jose A Villadangos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Wales, UK
| | - Barry Slobedman
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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13
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Bernshtein B, Nachshon A, Shnayder M, Stern L, Avdic S, Blyth E, Gottlieb D, Abendroth A, Slobedman B, Stern-Ginossar N, Schwartz M. Profiling the Blood Compartment of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Patients During Human Cytomegalovirus Reactivation. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:607470. [PMID: 33489936 PMCID: PMC7820775 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.607470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a widespread pathogen establishing a latent infection in its host. HCMV reactivation is a major health burden in immunocompromised individuals, and is a major cause of morbidity and mortality following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Here we determined HCMV genomic levels using droplet digital PCR in different peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) populations in HCMV reactivating HSCT patients. This high sensitivity approach revealed that all PBMC populations harbored extremely low levels of viral DNA at the peak of HCMV DNAemia. Transcriptomic analysis of PBMCs from high-DNAemia samples revealed elevated expression of genes typical of HCMV specific T cells, while regulatory T cell enhancers as well as additional genes related to immune response were downregulated. Viral transcript levels in these samples were extremely low, but remarkably, the detected transcripts were mainly immediate early viral genes. Overall, our data indicate that HCMV DNAemia is associated with distinct signatures of immune response in the blood compartment, however it is not necessarily accompanied by substantial infection of PBMCs and the residual infected PBMCs are not productively infected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biana Bernshtein
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Aharon Nachshon
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Miri Shnayder
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Lauren Stern
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Selmir Avdic
- Sydney Cellular Therapies Laboratory, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Emily Blyth
- Sydney Cellular Therapies Laboratory, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,BMT and Cell Therapies Unit, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Westmead Institute for Medical Research at the University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - David Gottlieb
- BMT and Cell Therapies Unit, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Westmead Institute for Medical Research at the University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Allison Abendroth
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Barry Slobedman
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Noam Stern-Ginossar
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Michal Schwartz
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Abendroth
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Barry Slobedman
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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15
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McGuire HM, Rizzetto S, Withers BP, Clancy LE, Avdic S, Stern L, Patrick E, Fazekas de St Groth B, Slobedman B, Gottlieb DJ, Luciani F, Blyth E. Mass cytometry reveals immune signatures associated with cytomegalovirus (CMV) control in recipients of allogeneic haemopoietic stem cell transplant and CMV-specific T cells. Clin Transl Immunology 2020; 9:e1149. [PMID: 32642063 PMCID: PMC7332355 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is known to have a significant impact on immune recovery post‐allogeneic haemopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT). Adoptive therapy with donor‐derived or third‐party virus‐specific T cells (VST) can restore CMV immunity leading to clinical benefit in prevention and treatment of post‐HSCT infection. We developed a mass cytometry approach to study natural immune recovery post‐HSCT and assess the mechanisms underlying the clinical benefits observed in recipients of VST. Methods A mass cytometry panel of 38 antibodies was utilised for global immune assessment (72 canonical innate and adaptive immune subsets) in HSCT recipients undergoing natural post‐HSCT recovery (n = 13) and HSCT recipients who received third‐party donor‐derived CMV‐VST as salvage for unresponsive CMV reactivation (n = 8). Results Mass cytometry identified distinct immune signatures associated with CMV characterised by a predominance of innate cells (monocytes and NK) seen early and an adaptive signature with activated CD8+ T cells seen later. All CMV‐VST recipients had failed standard antiviral pharmacotherapy as a criterion for trial involvement; 5/8 had failed to develop the adaptive immune signature by study enrolment despite significant CMV antigen exposure. Of these, VST administration resulted in development of the adaptive signature in association with CMV control in three patients. Failure to respond to CMV‐VST in one patient was associated with persistent absence of the adaptive immune signature. Conclusion The clinical benefit of CMV‐VST may be mediated by the recovery of an adaptive immune signature characterised by activated CD8+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen M McGuire
- Ramaciotti Facility for Human Systems Biology The University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre The University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia.,Discipline of Pathology Faculty of Medicine and Health The University of Sydney Camperdown NSW Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health The University of Sydney Camperdown NSW Australia
| | - Simone Rizzetto
- Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity University of New South Wales Sydney NSW Australia.,School of Medical Sciences University of New South Wales Kensington NSW Australia
| | - Barbara P Withers
- Faculty of Medicine and Health The University of Sydney Camperdown NSW Australia.,St Vincent's Hospital Darlinghurst NSW Australia
| | - Leighton E Clancy
- Sydney Cellular Therapies Laboratory Westmead NSW Australia.,BMT and Cell Therapies Program Westmead Hospital Sydney NSW Australia.,Westmead Institute for Medical Research The University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Selmir Avdic
- Faculty of Medicine and Health The University of Sydney Camperdown NSW Australia.,Westmead Institute for Medical Research The University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Lauren Stern
- Charles Perkins Centre The University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health The University of Sydney Camperdown NSW Australia.,Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology Faculty of Medicine and Health The University of Sydney Camperdown NSW Australia
| | - Ellis Patrick
- Westmead Institute for Medical Research The University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia.,School of Mathematics and Statistics Faculty of Science The University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Barbara Fazekas de St Groth
- Ramaciotti Facility for Human Systems Biology The University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre The University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia.,Discipline of Pathology Faculty of Medicine and Health The University of Sydney Camperdown NSW Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health The University of Sydney Camperdown NSW Australia
| | - Barry Slobedman
- Charles Perkins Centre The University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health The University of Sydney Camperdown NSW Australia.,Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology Faculty of Medicine and Health The University of Sydney Camperdown NSW Australia
| | - David J Gottlieb
- Faculty of Medicine and Health The University of Sydney Camperdown NSW Australia.,BMT and Cell Therapies Program Westmead Hospital Sydney NSW Australia.,Westmead Institute for Medical Research The University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Fabio Luciani
- Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity University of New South Wales Sydney NSW Australia.,School of Medical Sciences University of New South Wales Kensington NSW Australia
| | - Emily Blyth
- Faculty of Medicine and Health The University of Sydney Camperdown NSW Australia.,Sydney Cellular Therapies Laboratory Westmead NSW Australia.,BMT and Cell Therapies Program Westmead Hospital Sydney NSW Australia.,Westmead Institute for Medical Research The University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
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16
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Suárez NM, Blyth E, Li K, Ganzenmueller T, Camiolo S, Avdic S, Withers B, Linnenweber-Held S, Gwinner W, Dhingra A, Heim A, Schulz TF, Gunson R, Gottlieb D, Slobedman B, Davison AJ. Whole-Genome Approach to Assessing Human Cytomegalovirus Dynamics in Transplant Patients Undergoing Antiviral Therapy. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:267. [PMID: 32612959 PMCID: PMC7308726 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is the most frequent cause of opportunistic viral infection following transplantation. Viral factors of potential clinical importance include the selection of mutants resistant to antiviral drugs and the occurrence of infections involving multiple HCMV strains. These factors are typically addressed by analyzing relevant HCMV genes by PCR and Sanger sequencing, which involves independent assays of limited sensitivity. To assess the dynamics of viral populations with high sensitivity, we applied high-throughput sequencing coupled with HCMV-adapted target enrichment to samples collected longitudinally from 11 transplant recipients (solid organ, n = 9, and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell, n = 2). Only the latter presented multiple-strain infections. Four cases presented resistance mutations (n = 6), two (A594V and L595S) at high (100%) and four (V715M, V781I, A809V, and T838A) at low (<25%) frequency. One allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipient presented up to four resistance mutations, each at low frequency. The use of high-throughput sequencing to monitor mutations and strain composition in people at risk of HCMV disease is of potential value in helping clinicians implement the most appropriate therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás M Suárez
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Emily Blyth
- Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Blood and Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Cellular Therapies Laboratory, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kathy Li
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Tina Ganzenmueller
- Institute for Medical Virology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Salvatore Camiolo
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Selmir Avdic
- Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Barbara Withers
- Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Silvia Linnenweber-Held
- Department of Nephrology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany.,Public Health Agency of Lower Saxony, Hanover, Germany
| | - Wilfried Gwinner
- Department of Nephrology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Akshay Dhingra
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Albert Heim
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Thomas F Schulz
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Hanover, Germany
| | - Rory Gunson
- West of Scotland Specialist Virology Centre, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - David Gottlieb
- Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Blood and Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Barry Slobedman
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew J Davison
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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17
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Gerada C, Campbell TM, Kennedy JJ, McSharry BP, Steain M, Slobedman B, Abendroth A. Manipulation of the Innate Immune Response by Varicella Zoster Virus. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1. [PMID: 32038653 PMCID: PMC6992605 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Varicella zoster virus (VZV) is the causative agent of chickenpox (varicella) and shingles (herpes zoster). VZV and other members of the herpesvirus family are distinguished by their ability to establish a latent infection, with the potential to reactivate and spread virus to other susceptible individuals. This lifelong relationship continually subjects VZV to the host immune system and as such VZV has evolved a plethora of strategies to evade and manipulate the immune response. This review will focus on our current understanding of the innate anti-viral control mechanisms faced by VZV. We will also discuss the diverse array of strategies employed by VZV to regulate these innate immune responses and highlight new knowledge on the interactions between VZV and human innate immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea Gerada
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Tessa M Campbell
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jarrod J Kennedy
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Brian P McSharry
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Megan Steain
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Barry Slobedman
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Allison Abendroth
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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18
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Shnayder M, Nachshon A, Rozman B, Bernshtein B, Lavi M, Fein N, Poole E, Avdic S, Blyth E, Gottlieb D, Abendroth A, Slobedman B, Sinclair J, Stern-Ginossar N, Schwartz M. Single cell analysis reveals human cytomegalovirus drives latently infected cells towards an anergic-like monocyte state. eLife 2020; 9:e52168. [PMID: 31967545 PMCID: PMC7039680 DOI: 10.7554/elife.52168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) causes a lifelong infection through establishment of latency. Although reactivation from latency can cause life-threatening disease, our molecular understanding of HCMV latency is incomplete. Here we use single cell RNA-seq analysis to characterize latency in monocytes and hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). In monocytes, we identify host cell surface markers that enable enrichment of latent cells harboring higher viral transcript levels, which can reactivate more efficiently, and are characterized by reduced intrinsic immune response that is important for viral gene expression. Significantly, in latent HSPCs, viral transcripts could be detected only in monocyte progenitors and were also associated with reduced immune-response. Overall, our work indicates that regardless of the developmental stage in which HCMV infects, HCMV drives hematopoietic cells towards a weaker immune-responsive monocyte state and that this anergic-like state is crucial for the virus ability to express its transcripts and to eventually reactivate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miri Shnayder
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
| | - Aharon Nachshon
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
| | - Batsheva Rozman
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
| | - Biana Bernshtein
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
| | - Michael Lavi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
| | - Noam Fein
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
| | - Emma Poole
- Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Selmir Avdic
- Sydney Cellular Therapies Laboratory, WestmeadSydneyAustralia
| | - Emily Blyth
- Sydney Cellular Therapies Laboratory, WestmeadSydneyAustralia
- Blood and Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, Westmead HospitalSydneyAustralia
| | - David Gottlieb
- Sydney Cellular Therapies Laboratory, WestmeadSydneyAustralia
- Blood and Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, Westmead HospitalSydneyAustralia
| | - Allison Abendroth
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, University of SydneySydneyAustralia
| | - Barry Slobedman
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, University of SydneySydneyAustralia
| | - John Sinclair
- Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Noam Stern-Ginossar
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
| | - Michal Schwartz
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
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19
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Ashley CL, Abendroth A, McSharry BP, Slobedman B. Interferon-Independent Innate Responses to Cytomegalovirus. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2751. [PMID: 31921100 PMCID: PMC6917592 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The critical role of interferons (IFNs) in mediating the innate immune response to cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is well established. However, in recent years the functional importance of the IFN-independent antiviral response has become clearer. IFN-independent, IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3)-dependent interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) regulation in the context of CMV infection was first documented 20 years ago. Since then several IFN-independent, IRF3-dependent ISGs have been characterized and found to be among the most influential in the innate response to CMV. These include virus inhibitory protein, endoplasmic reticulum-associated IFN-inducible (viperin), ISG15, members of the interferon inducible protein with tetratricopeptide repeats (IFIT) family, interferon-inducible transmembrane (IFITM) proteins and myxovirus resistance proteins A and B (MxA, MxB). IRF3-independent, IFN-independent activation of canonically IFN-dependent signaling pathways has also been documented, such as IFN-independent biphasic activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) during infection of monocytes, differential roles of mitochondrial and peroxisomal mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein (MAVS), and the ability of human CMV (HCMV) immediate early protein 1 (IE1) protein to reroute IL-6 signaling and activation of STAT1 and its associated ISGs. This review examines the role of identified IFN-independent ISGs in the antiviral response to CMV and describes pathways of IFN-independent innate immune response induction by CMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline L Ashley
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Allison Abendroth
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Brian P McSharry
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Barry Slobedman
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
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20
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Sutherland JP, Steain M, Buckland ME, Rodriguez M, Cunningham AL, Slobedman B, Abendroth A. Persistence of a T Cell Infiltrate in Human Ganglia Years After Herpes Zoster and During Post-herpetic Neuralgia. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2117. [PMID: 31572325 PMCID: PMC6749866 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is a human herpesvirus which causes varicella (chicken pox) during primary infection, establishes latency in sensory ganglia, and can reactivate from this site to cause herpes zoster (HZ) (shingles). A major complication of HZ is a severe and often debilitating pain called post-herpetic neuralgia (PHN) which persists long after the resolution of the HZ-associated rash. The underlying cause of PHN is not known, although it has been postulated that it may be a consequence of immune cell mediated damage. However, the nature of virus-immune cell interactions within ganglia during PHN is unknown. We obtained rare formalin fixed paraffin embedded sections cut from surgically excised ganglia from a PHN-affected patient years following HZ rash resolution. VZV DNA was readily detected by qPCR and regions of immune infiltration were detected by hematoxylin and eosin staining. Immunostaining using a range of antibodies against immune cell subsets revealed an immune cell response comprising of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and CD20+ B cells. This study explores the immune cell repertoire present in ganglia during PHN and provides evidence for an ongoing immune cell inflammation years after HZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy P Sutherland
- Emergency Department, Westmead Hospital, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Megan Steain
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael E Buckland
- Department of Neuropathology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael Rodriguez
- Department of Pathology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Anthony L Cunningham
- Centre for Virus Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Barry Slobedman
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Allison Abendroth
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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21
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Campbell TM, McSharry BP, Steain M, Russell TA, Tscharke DC, Kennedy JJ, Slobedman B, Abendroth A. Functional paralysis of human natural killer cells by alphaherpesviruses. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007784. [PMID: 31194857 PMCID: PMC6564036 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are implicated as important anti-viral immune effectors in varicella zoster virus (VZV) infection. VZV can productively infect human NK cells, yet it is unknown how, or if, VZV can directly affect NK cell function. Here we demonstrate that VZV potently impairs the ability of NK cells to respond to target cell stimulation in vitro, leading to a loss of both cytotoxic and cytokine responses. Remarkably, not only were VZV infected NK cells affected, but VZV antigen negative NK cells that were exposed to virus in culture were also inhibited. This powerful impairment of function was dependent on direct contact between NK cells and VZV infected inoculum cells. Profiling of the NK cell surface receptor phenotype by multiparameter flow cytometry revealed that functional receptor expression is predominantly stable. Furthermore, inhibited NK cells were still capable of releasing cytotoxic granules when the stimulation signal bypassed receptor/ligand interactions and early signalling, suggesting that VZV paralyses NK cells from responding. Phosflow examination of key components in the degranulation signalling cascade also demonstrated perturbation following culture with VZV. In addition to inhibiting degranulation, IFN-γ and TNF production were also repressed by VZV co-culture, which was most strongly regulated in VZV infected NK cells. Interestingly, the closely related virus, herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), was also capable of efficiently infecting NK cells in a cell-associated manner, and demonstrated a similar capacity to render NK cells unresponsive to target cell stimulation–however HSV-1 differentially targeted cytokine production compared to VZV. Our findings progress a growing understanding of pathogen inhibition of NK cell function, and reveal a previously unreported strategy for VZV to manipulate the immune response. Natural killer (NK) cells–as their name implies–are the immune system’s ready to respond ‘killers’, being able to help control viral infection by cytolytic killing of infected cells and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines to activate and direct the immune response. In retaliation, viruses like varicella zoster virus (VZV; the cause of chickenpox and shingles) work to dampen the immune system in order to establish infection in human hosts. We have identified a previously uncharacterised ability of VZV to render NK cells unresponsive to target cells, hindering NK cells from both cytotoxic function and cytokine production. NK cells still maintained predominantly stable expression of functional surface receptors, and were capable of releasing cytotoxic granules when given a receptor-independent stimulus. In this way, VZV paralyses NK cells from functionally responding to target cells, essentially taking the ‘killer’ out of natural killer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa Mollie Campbell
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Brian Patrick McSharry
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Megan Steain
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tiffany Ann Russell
- Department of Microbial Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - David Carl Tscharke
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Jarrod John Kennedy
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Barry Slobedman
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Allison Abendroth
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail:
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22
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Stern L, Withers B, Avdic S, Gottlieb D, Abendroth A, Blyth E, Slobedman B. Human Cytomegalovirus Latency and Reactivation in Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipients. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1186. [PMID: 31191499 PMCID: PMC6546901 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) reactivation is a major infectious cause of morbidity and mortality after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). HCMV is a ubiquitous beta-herpesvirus which asymptomatically infects immunocompetent individuals but establishes lifelong latency, with the potential to reactivate to a life-threatening productive infection when the host immune system is suppressed or compromised. Opportunistic HCMV reactivation is the most common viral complication following engraftment after HSCT and is associated with a marked increase in non-relapse mortality, which appears to be linked to complex effects on post-transplant immune recovery. This minireview explores the cellular sites of HCMV latency and reactivation in HSCT recipients and provides an overview of the risk factors for HCMV reactivation post-HSCT. The impact of HCMV in shaping post-transplant immune reconstitution and its relationship with patient outcomes such as relapse and graft-versus-host disease will be discussed. Finally, we survey current and emerging strategies to prevent and control HCMV reactivation in HSCT recipients, with recent developments including adoptive T cell therapies to accelerate HCMV-specific T cell reconstitution and new anti-HCMV drug therapy for HCMV reactivation after HSCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Stern
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Sydney Medical School, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Barbara Withers
- Department of Haematology, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Selmir Avdic
- Westmead Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Cellular Therapies Laboratory, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - David Gottlieb
- Westmead Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Cellular Therapies Laboratory, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Blood and Marrow Transplant Unit, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Allison Abendroth
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Sydney Medical School, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Emily Blyth
- Westmead Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Cellular Therapies Laboratory, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Blood and Marrow Transplant Unit, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Barry Slobedman
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Sydney Medical School, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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23
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Machala EA, McSharry BP, Rouse BT, Abendroth A, Slobedman B. Gal power: the diverse roles of galectins in regulating viral infections. J Gen Virol 2019; 100:333-349. [PMID: 30648945 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses, as a class of pathogenic microbe, remain a significant health burden globally. Viral infections result in significant morbidity and mortality annually and many remain in need of novel vaccine and anti-viral strategies. The development of effective novel anti-viral therapeutics, in particular, requires detailed understanding of the mechanism of viral infection, and the host response, including the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system. In recent years, the role of glycans and lectins in pathogen-host interactions has become an increasingly relevant issue. This review focuses on the interactions between a specific lectin family, galectins, and the broad range of viral infections in which they play a role. Discussed are the diverse activities that galectins play in interacting directly with virions or the cells they infect, to promote or inhibit viral infection. In addition we describe how galectin expression is regulated both transcriptionally and post-transcriptionally by viral infections. We also compare the contribution of known galectin-mediated immune modulation, across a range of innate and adaptive immune anti-viral responses, to the outcome of viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Machala
- 1Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Brian P McSharry
- 1Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Barry T Rouse
- 2Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Allison Abendroth
- 1Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Barry Slobedman
- 1Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
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24
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Stern L, McGuire H, Avdic S, Rizzetto S, Fazekas de St Groth B, Luciani F, Slobedman B, Blyth E. Mass Cytometry for the Assessment of Immune Reconstitution After Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1672. [PMID: 30093901 PMCID: PMC6070614 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mass cytometry, or Cytometry by Time-Of-Flight, is a powerful new platform for high-dimensional single-cell analysis of the immune system. It enables the simultaneous measurement of over 40 markers on individual cells through the use of monoclonal antibodies conjugated to rare-earth heavy-metal isotopes. In contrast to the fluorochromes used in conventional flow cytometry, metal isotopes display minimal signal overlap when resolved by single-cell mass spectrometry. This review focuses on the potential of mass cytometry as a novel technology for studying immune reconstitution in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients. Reconstitution of a healthy donor-derived immune system after HSCT involves the coordinated regeneration of innate and adaptive immune cell subsets in the recipient. Mass cytometry presents an opportunity to investigate immune reconstitution post-HSCT from a systems-level perspective, by allowing the phenotypic and functional features of multiple cell populations to be assessed simultaneously. This review explores the current knowledge of immune reconstitution in HSCT recipients and highlights recent mass cytometry studies contributing to the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Stern
- University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Helen McGuire
- University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Ramaciotti Facility for Human Systems Biology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Discipline of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Selmir Avdic
- University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Barbara Fazekas de St Groth
- University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Ramaciotti Facility for Human Systems Biology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Discipline of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Fabio Luciani
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Barry Slobedman
- University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Emily Blyth
- University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Blood and Marrow Transplant Unit, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Cellular Therapies Laboratory, Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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25
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Campbell TM, McSharry BP, Steain M, Ashhurst TM, Slobedman B, Abendroth A. Varicella zoster virus productively infects human natural killer cells and manipulates phenotype. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006999. [PMID: 29709039 PMCID: PMC5953475 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Varicella zoster virus (VZV) is a ubiquitous human alphaherpesvirus, responsible for varicella upon primary infection and herpes zoster following reactivation from latency. To establish lifelong infection, VZV employs strategies to evade and manipulate the immune system to its advantage in disseminating virus. As innate lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells are part of the early immune response to infection, and have been implicated in controlling VZV infection in patients. Understanding of how VZV directly interacts with NK cells, however, has not been investigated in detail. In this study, we provide the first evidence that VZV is capable of infecting human NK cells from peripheral blood in vitro. VZV infection of NK cells is productive, supporting the full kinetic cascade of viral gene expression and producing new infectious virus which was transmitted to epithelial cells in culture. We determined by flow cytometry that NK cell infection with VZV was not only preferential for the mature CD56dim NK cell subset, but also drove acquisition of the terminally-differentiated maturity marker CD57. Interpretation of high dimensional flow cytometry data with tSNE analysis revealed that culture of NK cells with VZV also induced a potent loss of expression of the low-affinity IgG Fc receptor CD16 on the cell surface. Notably, VZV infection of NK cells upregulated surface expression of chemokine receptors associated with trafficking to the skin –a crucial site in VZV disease where highly infectious lesions develop. We demonstrate that VZV actively manipulates the NK cell phenotype through productive infection, and propose a potential role for NK cells in VZV pathogenesis. Varicella zoster virus (VZV) is a pervasive pathogen, causing chickenpox during primary infection and shingles when the virus reactivates from latency. VZV is therefore a lifelong infection for humans, warranting investigation of how this virus interacts with the immune system. One of the first immune cells to respond to viral infection are natural killer (NK) cells, yet little is known about how VZV interacts with NK cells. We demonstrate for the first time that VZV infects human blood NK cells and can use them to pass on infection to other cells in culture. Furthermore, VZV displays a predilection for infecting mature NK cells, and amplifies expression of receptors that would promote trafficking to the skin– the site of highly infectious lesions during chickenpox and shingles. Our findings suggest a role for NK cells in VZV disease and enhances our understanding of how lifelong infections interact with the human immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa Mollie Campbell
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Brian Patrick McSharry
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Megan Steain
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Thomas Myles Ashhurst
- Sydney Cytometry Facility, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Discipline of Pathology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Barry Slobedman
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Allison Abendroth
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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26
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Ashley CL, Glass MS, Abendroth A, McSharry BP, Slobedman B. Nuclear domain 10 components upregulated via interferon during human cytomegalovirus infection potently regulate viral infection. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:1795-1805. [PMID: 28745271 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a ubiquitous betaherpesvirus that causes life-threatening disease in immunocompromised and immunonaïve individuals. Type I interferons (IFNs) are crucial molecules in the innate immune response to HCMV and are also known to upregulate several components of the interchromosomal multiprotein aggregates collectively referred to as nuclear domain 10 (ND10). In the context of herpesvirus infection, ND10 components are known to restrict gene expression. This raises the question as to whether key ND10 components (PML, Sp100 and hDaxx) act as anti-viral IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) during HCMV infection. In this study, analysis of ND10 component transcription during HCMV infection demonstrated that PML and Sp100 were significantly upregulated whilst hDaxx expression remained unchanged. In cells engineered to block the production of, or response to, type I IFNs, upregulation of PML and Sp100 was not detected during HCMV infection. Furthermore, pre-treatment with an IFN-β neutralizing antibody inhibited upregulation of PML and Sp100 during both infection and treatment with HCMV-infected cell supernatant. The significance of ND10 components functioning as anti-viral ISGs during HCMV infection was determined through knockdown of PML, Sp100 and hDaxx. ND10 knockdown cells were significantly more permissive to HCMV infection, as previously described but, in contrast to control cells, could support HCMV plaque formation following IFN-β pre-treatment. This ability of HCMV to overcome the potently anti-viral effects of IFN-β in ND10 expression deficient cells provides evidence that ND10 component upregulation is a key mediator of the anti-viral activity of IFN-β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline L Ashley
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Sydney Medical School, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales 2050, Australia
| | - Mandy S Glass
- MRC University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Garscube Campus, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
- Institute of Biomedical and Environmental Health Research, University of the West of Scotland, High Street, Paisley, Scotland, UK
| | - Allison Abendroth
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Sydney Medical School, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales 2050, Australia
| | - Brian P McSharry
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Sydney Medical School, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales 2050, Australia
| | - Barry Slobedman
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Sydney Medical School, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales 2050, Australia
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27
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Young VP, Mariano MC, Tu CC, Allaire KM, Avdic S, Slobedman B, Spencer JV. Modulation of the Host Environment by Human Cytomegalovirus with Viral Interleukin 10 in Peripheral Blood. J Infect Dis 2017; 215:874-882. [PMID: 28453840 PMCID: PMC5853888 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a herpesvirus with both lytic and latent life cycles. Human cytomegalovirus encodes 2 viral cytokines that are orthologs of human cellular interleukin 10 (cIL-10). Both cytomegalovirus interleukin 10 (cmvIL-10) and Latency-associated cytomegalovirus interleukin 10 (LAcmvIL-10) (collectively vIL-10) are expressed during lytic infection and cause immunosuppressive effects that impede virus clearance. LAcmvIL-10 is also expressed during latent infection of myeloid progenitor cells and monocytes and facilitates persistence. Here, we investigated whether vIL-10 could be detected during natural infection. Methods Plasma from healthy blood donors was tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for anti-HCMV immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin M and for cIL-10 and vIL-10 levels using a novel vIL-10 assay that detects cmvIL-10 and LAcmvIL-10, with no cross-reactivity to cIL-10. Results vIL-10 was evident in HCMV+ donors (n = 19 of 26), at levels ranging 31-547 pg/mL. By comparison, cIL-10 was detected at lower levels ranging 3-69 pg/mL. There was a strong correlation between vIL-10 and cIL-10 levels (P = .01). Antibodies against vIL-10 were also detected and neutralized vIL-10 activity. Conclusions vIL-10 was detected in peripheral blood of healthy blood donors. These findings suggest that vIL-10 may play a key role in sensing or modifying the host environment during latency and, therefore, may be a potential target for intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian P Young
- Department of Biology, University of San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Carolyn C Tu
- Department of Biology, University of San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Selmir Avdic
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Barry Slobedman
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Juliet V Spencer
- Department of Biology, University of San Francisco, California, USA
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28
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Low H, Mukhamedova N, Cui HL, McSharry BP, Avdic S, Hoang A, Ditiatkovski M, Liu Y, Fu Y, Meikle PJ, Blomberg M, Polyzos KA, Miller WE, Religa P, Bukrinsky M, Soderberg-Naucler C, Slobedman B, Sviridov D. Cytomegalovirus Restructures Lipid Rafts via a US28/CDC42-Mediated Pathway, Enhancing Cholesterol Efflux from Host Cells. Cell Rep 2016; 16:186-200. [PMID: 27320924 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.05.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) contains cholesterol, but how HCMV interacts with host cholesterol metabolism is unknown. We found that, in human fibroblasts, HCMV infection increased the efflux of cellular cholesterol, despite reducing the abundance of ABCA1. Mechanistically, viral protein US28 was acting through CDC42, rearranging actin microfilaments, causing association of actin with lipid rafts, and leading to a dramatic change in the abundance and/or structure of lipid rafts. These changes displaced ABCA1 from the cell surface but created new binding sites for apolipoprotein A-I, resulting in enhanced cholesterol efflux. The changes also reduced the inflammatory response in macrophages. HCMV infection modified the host lipidome profile and expression of several genes and microRNAs involved in cholesterol metabolism. In mice, murine CMV infection elevated plasma triglycerides but did not affect the level and functionality of high-density lipoprotein. Thus, HCMV, through its protein US28, reorganizes lipid rafts and disturbs cell cholesterol metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hann Low
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | | | - Huanhuan L Cui
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 171 76, Sweden
| | - Brian P McSharry
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Selmir Avdic
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Anh Hoang
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | | | - Yingying Liu
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Ying Fu
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Peter J Meikle
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Martin Blomberg
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | | | - William E Miller
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Piotr Religa
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 171 76, Sweden
| | - Michael Bukrinsky
- GW School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | | | - Barry Slobedman
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Dmitri Sviridov
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia.
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29
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Sunarto A, McColl KA, Crane MSJ, Schat KA, Slobedman B, Barnes AC, Walker PJ. Characteristics of cyprinid herpesvirus 3 in different phases of infection: Implications for disease transmission and control. Virus Res 2014; 188:45-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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30
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Avdic S, McSharry BP, Slobedman B. Modulation of dendritic cell functions by viral IL-10 encoded by human cytomegalovirus. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:337. [PMID: 25071749 PMCID: PMC4081832 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), a clinically important β-herpesvirus, is a master of evasion and modulation of the host immune system, including inhibition of a number of dendritic cell (DC) functions. DCs play a central role in co-ordination of the immune response against pathogens and any disturbance of DCs functions can result in a cascade effect on a range of immune cells. Recently, the HCMV gene UL111A, which encodes viral homologs of human interleukin 10, has been identified as a strong suppressor of a number of DCs functions. In this mini review, we focus on HCMV-encoded viral IL-10-mediated inhibitory effects on DCs and implications for the development of an effective HCMV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selmir Avdic
- Human Cytomegalovirus Research Group, Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Sydney Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Brian P McSharry
- Human Cytomegalovirus Research Group, Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Sydney Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Barry Slobedman
- Human Cytomegalovirus Research Group, Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Sydney Camperdown, NSW, Australia ; Centre for Virus Research, Westmead Millennium Institute Westmead, NSW, Australia
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31
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Steain M, Sutherland JP, Rodriguez M, Cunningham AL, Slobedman B, Abendroth A. Analysis of T cell responses during active varicella-zoster virus reactivation in human ganglia. J Virol 2014; 88:2704-16. [PMID: 24352459 PMCID: PMC3958057 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03445-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is responsible for both varicella (chickenpox) and herpes zoster (shingles). During varicella, the virus establishes latency within the sensory ganglia and can reactivate to cause herpes zoster, but the immune responses that occur in ganglia during herpes zoster have not previously been defined. We examined ganglia obtained from individuals who, at the time of death, had active herpes zoster. Ganglia innervating the site of the cutaneous herpes zoster rash showed evidence of necrosis, secondary to vasculitis, or localized hemorrhage. Despite this, there was limited evidence of VZV antigen expression, although a large inflammatory infiltrate was observed. Characterization of the infiltrating T cells showed a large number of infiltrating CD4(+) T cells and cytolytic CD8(+) T cells. Many of the infiltrating T cells were closely associated with neurons within the reactivated ganglia, yet there was little evidence of T cell-induced neuronal apoptosis. Notably, an upregulation in the expression of major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) and MHC-II molecules was observed on satellite glial cells, implying these cells play an active role in directing the immune response during herpes zoster. This is the first detailed characterization of the interaction between T cells and neuronal cells within ganglia obtained from patients suffering herpes zoster at the time of death and provides evidence that CD4(+) and cytolytic CD8(+) T cell responses play an important role in controlling VZV replication in ganglia during active herpes zoster. IMPORTANCE VZV is responsible for both varicella (chickenpox) and herpes zoster (shingles). During varicella, the virus establishes a life-long dormant infection within the sensory ganglia and can reawaken to cause herpes zoster, but the immune responses that occur in ganglia during herpes zoster have not previously been defined. We examined ganglia obtained from individuals who, at the time of death, had active herpes zoster. We found that specific T cell subsets are likely to play an important role in controlling VZV replication in ganglia during active herpes zoster.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Antigens, Viral/metabolism
- Caspase 3/metabolism
- Child
- Female
- Ganglia, Sensory/immunology
- Ganglia, Sensory/metabolism
- Ganglia, Sensory/pathology
- Ganglia, Sensory/virology
- Herpes Zoster/immunology
- Herpesvirus 3, Human/physiology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/metabolism
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/metabolism
- Humans
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Neurons/immunology
- Neurons/pathology
- Neurons/virology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
- Virus Activation/immunology
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Steain
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Virus Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jeremy P. Sutherland
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Virus Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael Rodriguez
- Department of Forensic Medicine, NSW Health Pathology, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anthony L. Cunningham
- Centre for Virus Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Barry Slobedman
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Virus Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Allison Abendroth
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Virus Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, New South Wales, Australia
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32
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Abstract
Varicella zoster virus (VZV) is a highly successful human pathogen, which is never completely eliminated from the host. VZV causes two clinically distinct diseases, varicella (chickenpox) during primary infection and herpes zoster (shingles) following virus reactivation from latency. Throughout its lifecycle the virus encounters the innate and adaptive immune response, and in order to prevent eradication it has developed many mechanisms to evade and overcome these responses. This review will provide a comprehensive overview of the host immune response to VZV infection, during the multiple stages of the virus lifecycle and at key sites of VZV infection. We will also briefly describe some of the strategies employed by the virus to overcome the host immune response and the ongoing challenges in further elucidating the interplay between VZV and the host immune response in an attempt to lead to better therapies and a ‘second generation’ vaccine for VZV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Steain
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Centre for Virus Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, NSW, Australia
| | - Barry Slobedman
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Centre for Virus Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, NSW, Australia
| | - Allison Abendroth
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
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33
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Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), the largest human herpesvirus, infects a majority of the world’s population. Like all herpesviruses, following primary productive infection, HCMV establishes a life-long latent infection, from which it can reactivate years later to produce new, infectious virus. Despite the presence of a massive and sustained anti-HCMV immune response, productively infected individuals can shed virus for extended periods of time, and once latent infection is established, it is never cleared from the host. It has been proposed that HCMV must therefore encode functions which help to evade immune mediated clearance during productive virus replication and latency. Molecular mimicry is a strategy used by many viruses to subvert and regulate anti-viral immunity and HCMV has hijacked/developed a range of functions that imitate host encoded immunomodulatory proteins. This review will focus on the HCMV encoded homologs of cellular cytokines/chemokines and their receptors, with an emphasis on how these virus encoded homologs may facilitate viral evasion of immune clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian P. McSharry
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Sydney, Australia; (B.P.McS); (S.A.); (B.S.)
- Centre for Virus Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, Sydney, Australia
| | - Selmir Avdic
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Sydney, Australia; (B.P.McS); (S.A.); (B.S.)
- Centre for Virus Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, Sydney, Australia
| | - Barry Slobedman
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Sydney, Australia; (B.P.McS); (S.A.); (B.S.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +1-61-93514334
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Abstract
Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) causes chickenpox and shingles. VZV is released from infected cells during natural infection, but remains highly cell-associated during experimental infection, and so most studies have utilized cell-associated infection models. We examined the impact of cell-free VZV infection of primary human foreskin fibroblasts (HFFs) on the receptor integrin α6 (ITGA6). qPCR and flow cytometry demonstrated that both cell-free VZV and cell-free UV-inactivated VZV downregulated transcription and cell-surface protein expression of ITGA6. To establish whether ITGA6 altered VZV infection, VZV transcripts and nuclear DNA levels were measured in HFFs treated with ITGA6 blocking antibody before infection. ITGA6 blocking did not impair virus entry but did negatively impact VZV transcription, and this effect was virus specific as transcription of the related herpes simplex virus type 1 was not similarly inhibited. This study identifies modulation of ITGA6 during cell-free VZV infection, and provides the first evidence linking ITGA6 with post-entry productive VZV gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua B Bowles
- Centre for Virus Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, NSW, Australia
| | - Megan Steain
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Centre for Virus Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, NSW, Australia
| | - Barry Slobedman
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Centre for Virus Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, NSW, Australia
| | - Allison Abendroth
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Centre for Virus Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, NSW, Australia
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Slobedman B, Cao JZ, Avdic S, Webster B, McAllery S, Cheung AK, Tan JC, Abendroth A. Human cytomegalovirus latent infection and associated viral gene expression. Future Microbiol 2010; 5:883-900. [PMID: 20521934 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.10.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a clinically important and ubiquitous herpesvirus. Following primary productive infection the virus is not completely eliminated from the host, but instead establishes a lifelong latent infection without detectable virus production, from where it can reactivate at a later stage to generate new infectious virus. Reactivated HCMV often results in life-threatening disease in immunocompromised individuals, particularly allogeneic stem cell and solid organ transplant recipients, where it remains one of the most difficult opportunistic pathogens that complicate the care of these patients. The ability of HCMV to establish and reactivate from latency is central to its success as a human pathogen, yet latency remains very poorly understood. This article will cover several aspects of HCMV latency, with a focus on current understanding of viral gene expression and functions during this phase of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry Slobedman
- Centre For Virus Research, Westmead Millennium Institute & University of Sydney, Westmead Millennium Institute, PO Box 412, New South Wales 2145, Australia.
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Gowrishankar K, Steain M, Cunningham AL, Rodriguez M, Blumbergs P, Slobedman B, Abendroth A. Characterization of the host immune response in human Ganglia after herpes zoster. J Virol 2010; 84:8861-70. [PMID: 20573825 PMCID: PMC2919016 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01020-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Accepted: 06/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) causes varicella (chicken pox) and establishes latency in ganglia, from where it reactivates to cause herpes zoster (shingles), which is often followed by postherpetic neuralgia (PHN), causing severe neuropathic pain that can last for years after the rash. Despite the major impact of herpes zoster and PHN on quality of life, the nature and kinetics of the virus-immune cell interactions that result in ganglion damage have not been defined. We obtained rare material consisting of seven sensory ganglia from three donors who had suffered from herpes zoster between 1 and 4.5 months before death but who had not died from herpes zoster. We performed immunostaining to investigate the site of VZV infection and to phenotype immune cells in these ganglia. VZV antigen was localized almost exclusively to neurons, and in at least one case it persisted long after resolution of the rash. The large immune infiltrate consisted of noncytolytic CD8(+) T cells, with lesser numbers of CD4(+) T cells, B cells, NK cells, and macrophages and no dendritic cells. VZV antigen-positive neurons did not express detectable major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I, nor did CD8(+) T cells surround infected neurons, suggesting that mechanisms of immune control may not be dependent on direct contact. This is the first report defining the nature of the immune response in ganglia following herpes zoster and provides evidence for persistence of non-latency-associated viral antigen and inflammation beyond rash resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavitha Gowrishankar
- Centre for Virus Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia, Department of Forensic Medicine, Sydney South West Area Health Service, Sydney, Australia, Department of Pathology, Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Megan Steain
- Centre for Virus Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia, Department of Forensic Medicine, Sydney South West Area Health Service, Sydney, Australia, Department of Pathology, Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Anthony L. Cunningham
- Centre for Virus Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia, Department of Forensic Medicine, Sydney South West Area Health Service, Sydney, Australia, Department of Pathology, Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Michael Rodriguez
- Centre for Virus Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia, Department of Forensic Medicine, Sydney South West Area Health Service, Sydney, Australia, Department of Pathology, Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Peter Blumbergs
- Centre for Virus Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia, Department of Forensic Medicine, Sydney South West Area Health Service, Sydney, Australia, Department of Pathology, Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Barry Slobedman
- Centre for Virus Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia, Department of Forensic Medicine, Sydney South West Area Health Service, Sydney, Australia, Department of Pathology, Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Allison Abendroth
- Centre for Virus Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia, Department of Forensic Medicine, Sydney South West Area Health Service, Sydney, Australia, Department of Pathology, Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science, Adelaide, Australia
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Gibson JH, Slobedman B, K N H, Williamson SL, Minchenko D, El-Osta A, Stern JL, Christodoulou J. Downstream targets of methyl CpG binding protein 2 and their abnormal expression in the frontal cortex of the human Rett syndrome brain. BMC Neurosci 2010; 11:53. [PMID: 20420693 PMCID: PMC2881102 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-11-53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2009] [Accepted: 04/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Rett Syndrome (RTT) brain displays regional histopathology and volumetric reduction, with frontal cortex showing such abnormalities, whereas the occipital cortex is relatively less affected. Results Using microarrays and quantitative PCR, the mRNA expression profiles of these two neuroanatomical regions were compared in postmortem brain tissue from RTT patients and normal controls. A subset of genes was differentially expressed in the frontal cortex of RTT brains, some of which are known to be associated with neurological disorders (clusterin and cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1) or are involved in synaptic vesicle cycling (dynamin 1). RNAi-mediated knockdown of MeCP2 in vitro, followed by further expression analysis demonstrated that the same direction of abnormal expression was recapitulated with MeCP2 knockdown, which for cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 was associated with a functional respiratory chain defect. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analysis showed that MeCP2 associated with the promoter regions of some of these genes suggesting that loss of MeCP2 function may be responsible for their overexpression. Conclusions This study has shed more light on the subset of aberrantly expressed genes that result from MECP2 mutations. The mitochondrion has long been implicated in the pathogenesis of RTT, however it has not been at the forefront of RTT research interest since the discovery of MECP2 mutations. The functional consequence of the underexpression of cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 indicates that this is an area that should be revisited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne H Gibson
- Western Sydney Genetics Program, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia.
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Huch JH, Cunningham AL, Arvin AM, Nasr N, Santegoets SJAM, Slobedman E, Slobedman B, Abendroth A. Impact of varicella-zoster virus on dendritic cell subsets in human skin during natural infection. J Virol 2010; 84:4060-72. [PMID: 20130046 PMCID: PMC2849518 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01450-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2009] [Accepted: 01/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) causes varicella and herpes zoster, diseases characterized by distinct cutaneous rashes. Dendritic cells (DC) are essential for inducing antiviral immune responses; however, the contribution of DC subsets to immune control during natural cutaneous VZV infection has not been investigated. Immunostaining showed that compared to normal skin, the proportion of cells expressing DC-SIGN (a dermal DC marker) or DC-LAMP and CD83 (mature DC markers) were not significantly altered in infected skin. In contrast, the frequency of Langerhans cells was significantly decreased in VZV-infected skin, whereas there was an influx of plasmacytoid DC, a potent secretor of type I interferon (IFN). Langerhans cells and plasmacytoid DC in infected skin were closely associated with VZV antigen-positive cells, and some Langerhans cells and plasmacytoid DC were VZV antigen positive. To extend these in vivo observations, both plasmacytoid DC (PDC) isolated from human blood and Langerhans cells derived from MUTZ-3 cells were shown to be permissive to VZV infection. In VZV-infected PDC cultures, significant induction of alpha IFN (IFN-alpha) did not occur, indicating the VZV inhibits the capacity of PDC to induce expression of this host defense cytokine. This study defines changes in the response of DC which occur during cutaneous VZV infection and implicates infection of DC subtypes in VZV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer H. Huch
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia, Centre For Virus Research, Westmead Millennium Institute and University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia, Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam 1081HV, Netherlands, Laverty Pathology, North Ryde, New South Wales, 2113, Australia
| | - Anthony L. Cunningham
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia, Centre For Virus Research, Westmead Millennium Institute and University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia, Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam 1081HV, Netherlands, Laverty Pathology, North Ryde, New South Wales, 2113, Australia
| | - Ann M. Arvin
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia, Centre For Virus Research, Westmead Millennium Institute and University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia, Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam 1081HV, Netherlands, Laverty Pathology, North Ryde, New South Wales, 2113, Australia
| | - Najla Nasr
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia, Centre For Virus Research, Westmead Millennium Institute and University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia, Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam 1081HV, Netherlands, Laverty Pathology, North Ryde, New South Wales, 2113, Australia
| | - Saskia J. A. M. Santegoets
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia, Centre For Virus Research, Westmead Millennium Institute and University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia, Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam 1081HV, Netherlands, Laverty Pathology, North Ryde, New South Wales, 2113, Australia
| | - Eric Slobedman
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia, Centre For Virus Research, Westmead Millennium Institute and University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia, Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam 1081HV, Netherlands, Laverty Pathology, North Ryde, New South Wales, 2113, Australia
| | - Barry Slobedman
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia, Centre For Virus Research, Westmead Millennium Institute and University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia, Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam 1081HV, Netherlands, Laverty Pathology, North Ryde, New South Wales, 2113, Australia
| | - Allison Abendroth
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia, Centre For Virus Research, Westmead Millennium Institute and University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia, Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam 1081HV, Netherlands, Laverty Pathology, North Ryde, New South Wales, 2113, Australia
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Jaworowski A, Cheng WJ, Westhorpe CL, Abendroth A, Crowe SM, Slobedman B. Enhanced monocyte Fc phagocytosis by a homologue of interleukin-10 encoded by human cytomegalovirus. Virology 2009; 391:20-4. [PMID: 19564031 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2009] [Revised: 03/05/2009] [Accepted: 06/01/2009] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) expresses several homologues of human interleukin 10 (hIL-10) possessing immunomodulatory properties which may promote viral infection by modulating the function of myeloid cells. We examined the phenotype and phagocytic capability of human monocytes exposed to hIL-10, an HCMV-encoded hIL-10 homologue expressed during the productive phase of infection (cmvIL-10), and a differentially spliced form of cmvIL-10 expressed during latent and productive phases of infection, (LAcmvIL-10). hIL-10 and cmvIL-10 upregulated expression of Fcgamma receptors, stimulated phagocytosis of IgG-opsonised erythrocytes and decreased MHC class II (HLA-DR) expression on purified monocytes within 24 h. In contrast, LAcmvIL-10 decreased HLA-DR expression at later times (48 h and 72 h) but did not increase Fcgamma receptor expression. We conclude that cmvIL-10 promotes differentiation of monocytes towards a pro-phagocytic phenotype and that LAcmvIL-10 does not affect monocytes by the same mechanism as cmvIL-10. The significance of these properties to cytomegalovirus pathogenesis is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Jaworowski
- Centre for Virology, Macfarlane Burnet Institute for Public Health and Medical Research, Melbourne 3004, Australia.
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Maddocks S, Scandurra GM, Nourse C, Bye C, Williams RB, Slobedman B, Cunningham AL, Britton WJ. Gene expression in HIV-1/Mycobacterium tuberculosis co-infected macrophages is dominated by M. tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2009; 89:285-93. [PMID: 19520608 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2009.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2009] [Revised: 04/06/2009] [Accepted: 05/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The resurgence of tuberculosis worldwide has closely mirrored the HIV pandemic. In regions like sub-Saharan Africa, a large proportion of individuals are co-infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and HIV. Macrophages are the reservoir host cells for both pathogens, however the interactions between both pathogens in co-infected cells remain poorly understood. Thus, the global gene responses of primary human macrophages following productive co-infection with highly purified HIV and M. tuberculosis were analyzed using cDNA microarrays. A broad range of genes was up-regulated in response to co-infection or M. tuberculosis infection of primary macrophages, including those encoding pro-inflammatory chemokines and cytokines, their receptors, signalling associated genes, type I IFN signalling genes and genes of the tryptophan degradation pathway. Real-time RT-PCR analysis confirmed up-regulation of a wide variety of genes including indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase and Sp110 in M. tuberculosis and co-infected samples. Downstream analysis confirmed significant elevation of the chemokines CCL3, CCL4 and CCL8 in M. tuberculosis and co-infected culture supernatants. In contrast, the changes seen in gene expression following HIV infection alone were fewer in number and significantly less in magnitude. Thus, the effects of M. tuberculosis infection on global gene expression dominated the effects of HIV-1 in co-infected primary human macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Maddocks
- HIV Molecular Pathogenesis Group, Centre for Virus Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead NSW 2145, Australia.
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Stern JL, Cao JZ, Xu J, Mocarski ES, Slobedman B. Repression of human cytomegalovirus major immediate early gene expression by the cellular transcription factor CCAAT displacement protein. Virology 2008; 378:214-25. [PMID: 18614194 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2008.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2007] [Revised: 05/13/2008] [Accepted: 05/22/2008] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Initiation of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) productive infection is dependent on the major immediate early (MIE) genes ie1 and ie2. Several putative binding sites for CCAAT displacement protein (CDP or CUX1) were identified within the MIE promoter/regulatory region. Binding assays demonstrated binding of CUX1 to MIE-region oligonucleotides containing the CUX1 core binding sequence ATCGAT and mutagenesis of this sequence abrogated CUX1 binding. Furthermore, CUX1 repressed expression of a luciferase reporter construct controlled by the MIE promoter, and mutation of CUX1 binding sites within the promoter diminished this repressive function of CUX1. In the context of virus infection of HEK293 cells transfected with the CUX1 expression vector, CUX1 showed evidence of association with the HCMV MIE regulatory region and inhibited the capacity of the virus to express ie1 and ie2 transcripts, suggesting that this cellular factor regulates MIE gene expression following virus entry. These data identify a role for CUX1 in repressing HCMV gene expression essential for initiation of the replicative cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lewis Stern
- Centre for Virus Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, PO Box 412, Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia
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Stern JL, Slobedman B. Human cytomegalovirus latent infection of myeloid cells directs monocyte migration by up-regulating monocyte chemotactic protein-1. J Immunol 2008; 180:6577-85. [PMID: 18453576 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.10.6577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Following primary infection, human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) establishes a latent infection in hematopoietic cells from which it reactivates to cause serious disease in immunosuppressed patients such as allograft recipients. HCMV is a common cause of disease in newborns and transplant patients and has also been linked with vascular diseases such as primary and post-transplant arteriosclerosis. A major factor in the pathogenesis of vascular disease is the CC chemokine MCP-1. In this study, we demonstrate that granulocyte macrophage progenitors (GMPs) latently infected with HCMV significantly increased expression of MCP-1 and that this phenotype was dependent on infection with viable virus. Inhibitors of a subset of G(alpha) proteins and PI3K inhibited the up-regulation of MCP-1 in latently infected cultures, suggesting that the mechanism underlying this phenotype involves signaling through a G-protein coupled receptor. In GMPs infected with the low passage viral strain Toledo, up-regulated MCP-1 was restricted to a subset of myeloid progenitor cells expressing CD33, HLA-DR, and CD14 but not CD1a, CD15, or CD16, and the increase in MCP-1 was sufficient to enhance migration of CD14(+) monocytes to latently infected cells. Latent HCMV-mediated up-regulation of MCP-1 provides a mechanism by which HCMV may contribute to vascular disease during the latent phase of infection or facilitate dissemination of virus upon reactivation from latency.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lewis Stern
- Centre for Virus Research, Westmead Millennium Institute and the University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
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Spencer JV, Cadaoas J, Castillo PR, Saini V, Slobedman B. Stimulation of B lymphocytes by cmvIL-10 but not LAcmvIL-10. Virology 2008; 374:164-9. [PMID: 18222515 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2007] [Revised: 10/18/2007] [Accepted: 11/27/2007] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a widespread pathogen that establishes lifelong latent infection facilitated by numerous mechanisms for modulating the host immune system. The UL111A region of the HCMV genome encodes a homolog of human cellular IL-10 (hIL-10). The viral cytokine, cmvIL-10, exhibits many of the immunosuppressive properties of hIL-10. However, hIL-10 is also known to have stimulatory effects on B lymphocytes. We found that cmvIL-10 has the ability to enhance B cell proliferation, despite having only 27% sequence identity to hIL-10. Treatment with cmvIL-10 stimulated autocrine production of hIL-10 by B lymphocytes and led to activation of the latent transcription factor Stat3. In contrast, LAcmvIL-10, a truncated protein resulting from an alternatively spliced transcript in latently infected cells, did not stimulate B cell proliferation, Stat3 activation, or hIL-10 production. These results provide insights into the biological activity of the full-length and latency-associated viral cytokines and suggest different roles for each in HCMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliet V Spencer
- Department of Biology, University of San Francisco, 2130 Fulton St., Harney Science Center Room 342, San Francisco, CA 94117, USA.
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Slobedman B, Cheung AKL. Microarrays for the study of viral gene expression during human cytomegalovirus latent infection. Methods Mol Med 2008; 141:153-75. [PMID: 18453089 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60327-148-6_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is one of the largest known DNA viruses. It is ubiquitous, and following resolution of primary productive infection, it persists in the human host by establishing a lifelong latent infection in myeloid lineage cells such as monocytes and their progenitors. Most adults with HCMV infection are healthy but it can cause neurologic deficits in infants, and remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality in the immunosuppressed patient. Microarray-based studies of HCMV have provided useful information about genes that are transcriptionally active during both productive and latent phases of infection. This chapter describes how to study genes in HCMV using microarrays and two cell types (productively infected human foreskin fibroblasts, and latently infected primary human myeloid progenitor cells).
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry Slobedman
- Centre for Virus Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
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Jenkins C, Garcia W, Abendroth A, Slobedman B. Expression of a human cytomegalovirus latency-associated homolog of interleukin-10 during the productive phase of infection. Virology 2007; 370:285-94. [PMID: 17942134 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2007] [Revised: 06/26/2007] [Accepted: 09/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The human cytomegalovirus UL111A region is active during both productive and latent phases of infection. During productive infection, the virus expresses ORF79, a protein with oncogenic properties, and cmvIL-10, a functional homolog of human IL-10. During latent infection of myeloid progenitor cells, an alternately spliced variant of cmvIL-10, termed latency-associated (LA) cmvIL-10 has previously been identified. To determine whether LAcmvIL-10 transcription occurs during productive infection, we performed 5' and 3' RACE to map UL111A-region transcripts in productively infected human foreskin fibroblasts (HFFs). This analysis revealed the presence of a singly spliced UL111A-region transcript predicted to encode LAcmvIL-10. This transcript was expressed in HFFs with early (beta) kinetics, a temporal class that differs from that of ORF79 (alpha kinetics) and cmvIL-10 (gamma kinetics). These data identify and map a transcript encoding a latency-associated homolog of IL-10 which is expressed by the virus during the productive phase of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Jenkins
- Centre for Virus Research, Westmead Millennium Institute and University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Gowrishankar K, Slobedman B, Cunningham AL, Miranda-Saksena M, Boadle RA, Abendroth A. Productive varicella-zoster virus infection of cultured intact human ganglia. J Virol 2007; 81:6752-6. [PMID: 17409155 PMCID: PMC1900131 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02793-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is a species-specific herpesvirus which infects sensory ganglia. We have developed a model of infection of human intact explant dorsal root ganglia (DRG). Following exposure of DRG to VZV, viral antigens were detected in neurons and nonneuronal cells. Enveloped virions were visualized by transmission electron microscopy in neurons and nonneuronal cells and within the extracellular space. Moreover, rather than remaining highly cell associated during infection of cultured cells, such as fibroblasts, cell-free VZV was released from infected DRG. This model enables VZV infection of ganglionic cells to be studied in the context of intact DRG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavitha Gowrishankar
- Center for Virus Research, Westmead Millenium Institute, and Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Sydney, Blackburn Building, 2006 NSW, Australia
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Scandurra GM, Williams RBH, Triccas JA, Pinto R, Gicquel B, Slobedman B, Cunningham A, Britton WJ. Effect of phthiocerol dimycocerosate deficiency on the transcriptional response of human macrophages to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Microbes Infect 2006; 9:87-95. [PMID: 17194612 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2006.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2006] [Revised: 09/29/2006] [Accepted: 10/20/2006] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The control of mycobacterial infections is dependent on the finely tuned synergism between the innate and adaptive immune responses. The macrophage is the major host cell for Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the degree of virulence of mycobacteria may influence the initial macrophage response to infection. The cell wall molecule, phthiocerol dimycocerosate (DIM), is an important virulence factor that influences the early growth of M. tuberculosis in the lungs. To explore the basis for this effect we have compared the early gene response of human THP-1 macrophages to infection with virulent M. tuberculosis and the DIM-deficient DeltafadD26 M. tuberculosis strain using microarrays. Detailed analysis revealed a common core of macrophage genes, which were rapidly induced following infection with both strains, and deficiency of DIM had no significant effect on this initial macrophage transcriptional responses. In addition to chemokines and pro-inflammatory cytokines, the early response genes included components of the Toll-like receptor signalling, antigen presentation and apoptotic pathways, interferon response genes, cell surface receptors and their ligands, including TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) and CD40, and other novel genes. Therefore, although fadD26 deficiency is responsible for the early attenuation of the growth of M. tuberculosis in vivo, this effect is not associated with differences in the initial macrophage transcriptional response.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Scandurra
- Mycobacterial Research Group, Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Locked Bag No. 6, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia
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Cheung AKL, Abendroth A, Cunningham AL, Slobedman B. Viral gene expression during the establishment of human cytomegalovirus latent infection in myeloid progenitor cells. Blood 2006; 108:3691-9. [PMID: 16931631 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-12-026682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) establishes and maintains a latent infection in myeloid cells and can reactivate to cause serious disease in allograft recipients. To better understand the molecular events associated with the establishment of latency, we tracked the virus following infection of primary human myeloid progenitor cells at days 1, 2, 3, 5, and 11. At all time points, the viral genome was maintained in most cells at approximately 10 copies. Infectious virus was not detected, but virus could be reactivated by extended fibroblast coculture. In contrast to wild-type HCMV, the viral genome was rapidly lost from myeloid progenitors infected with ultraviolet (UV)-inactivated virus, suggesting viral gene expression was required for efficient establishment of latency. To identify viral genes associated with the establishment phase, RNA from each time point was interrogated using custom-made HCMV gene microarrays. Using this approach, we detected expression of viral RNAs at all time points. The pattern of expression differed from that which occurs during productive infection, and decreased over time. This study provides evidence that a molecular pathway into latency is associated with expression of a unique subset of viral transcripts. Viral genes expressed during the establishment phase may serve as targets for therapies to interrupt this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen K L Cheung
- Centre for Virus Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, PO Box 412, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
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Slobedman B. In situ PCR for the detection of human cytomegalovirus in suspension cells during the latent phase of infection. Methods Mol Biol 2006; 334:199-209. [PMID: 16861765 DOI: 10.1385/1-59745-068-5:199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus latency depends on an interaction with hematopoietic cells in bone marrow and peripheral blood. The distribution of latent viral DNA and transcripts in these cells was investigated using methods based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-driven in situ hybridization (ISH) and reverse transcription (RT)-PCR-driven ISH. Using a conventional thermal cycler, latent viral DNA or transcripts were amplified within suspension cells. Amplified products were then detected by nonisotopic ISH on cells cytospun on glass microscope slides. During experimental latent infection of cultured granulocyte-macrophage progenitors, the viral genome was detected in more than 90% of cells. During natural infection, viral genomes were detected in 0.004 to 0.01% of mono-nuclear cells from granulocyte colony-stimulating factor mobilized peripheral blood or bone marrow from healthy seropositive donors. When evaluated by RT-PCR-ISH, only a small proportion of experimentally infected cells (approx 2%) had detectable latent transcripts. The application of PCR-ISH and RT-PCR-ISH has enabled the identification of the small percentage of bone marrow-derived mononuclear cells that become latently infected during natural infection and suggests that latency may proceed in some cells that fail to encode latent transcripts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry Slobedman
- Centre for Virus Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
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Hood C, Cunningham AL, Slobedman B, Arvin AM, Sommer MH, Kinchington PR, Abendroth A. Varicella-zoster virus ORF63 inhibits apoptosis of primary human neurons. J Virol 2006; 80:1025-31. [PMID: 16379003 PMCID: PMC1346839 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.80.2.1025-1031.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus-encoded modulation of apoptosis may serve as a mechanism to enhance cell survival and virus persistence. The impact of productive varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infection on apoptosis appears to be cell type specific, as infected human sensory neurons are resistant to apoptosis, yet human fibroblasts readily become apoptotic. We sought to identify the viral gene product(s) responsible for this antiapoptotic phenotype in primary human sensory neurons. Treatment with phosphonoacetic acid to inhibit viral DNA replication and late-phase gene expression did not alter the antiapoptotic phenotype, implicating immediate-early (IE) or early genes or a virion component. Compared to the parental VZV strain (rOKA), a recombinant virus unable to express one copy of the diploid IE gene ORF63 (rOka deltaORF63) demonstrated a significant induction of apoptosis in infected neurons, as determined by three methods: annexin V staining, deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end label staining, and transmission electron microscopy. Furthermore, neurons transfected with a plasmid expressing ORF63 resisted apoptosis induced by nerve growth factor withdrawal. These results show that ORF63 can suppress apoptosis of neurons and provide the first identification of a VZV gene encoding an antiapoptotic function. As ORF63 is expressed in neurons during both productive and latent infection, it may play a significant role in viral pathogenesis by promoting neuron survival during primary and reactivated infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantelle Hood
- Centre for Virus Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, and University of Sydney, P.O. Box 412, Westmead, 2145 NSW, Australia
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