1
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Nguyen T, Lau A, Bier J, Cooke KC, Lenthall H, Ruiz-Diaz S, Avery DT, Brigden H, Zahra D, Sewell WA, Droney L, Okada S, Asano T, Abolhassani H, Chavoshzadeh Z, Abraham RS, Rajapakse N, Klee EW, Church JA, Williams A, Wong M, Burkhart C, Uzel G, Croucher DR, James DE, Ma CS, Brink R, Tangye SG, Deenick EK. Human PIK3R1 mutations disrupt lymphocyte differentiation to cause activated PI3Kδ syndrome 2. J Exp Med 2023; 220:e20221020. [PMID: 36943234 PMCID: PMC10037341 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20221020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterozygous loss-of-function (LOF) mutations in PIK3R1 (encoding phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase [PI3K] regulatory subunits) cause activated PI3Kδ syndrome 2 (APDS2), which has a similar clinical profile to APDS1, caused by heterozygous gain-of-function (GOF) mutations in PIK3CD (encoding the PI3K p110δ catalytic subunit). While several studies have established how PIK3CD GOF leads to immune dysregulation, less is known about how PIK3R1 LOF mutations alter cellular function. By studying a novel CRISPR/Cas9 mouse model and patients' immune cells, we determined how PIK3R1 LOF alters cellular function. We observed some overlap in cellular defects in APDS1 and APDS2, including decreased intrinsic B cell class switching and defective Tfh cell function. However, we also identified unique APDS2 phenotypes including defective expansion and affinity maturation of Pik3r1 LOF B cells following immunization, and decreased survival of Pik3r1 LOF pups. Further, we observed clear differences in the way Pik3r1 LOF and Pik3cd GOF altered signaling. Together these results demonstrate crucial differences between these two genetic etiologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Nguyen
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales Sydney, Kensington, Australia
| | - Anthony Lau
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales Sydney, Kensington, Australia
| | - Julia Bier
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales Sydney, Kensington, Australia
| | - Kristen C. Cooke
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Helen Lenthall
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | | | | | - Henry Brigden
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - David Zahra
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - William A Sewell
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales Sydney, Kensington, Australia
| | - Luke Droney
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Satoshi Okada
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takaki Asano
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hassan Abolhassani
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Division of Clinical Immunology, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children’s Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Chavoshzadeh
- Pediatric Infections Research Center, Mofid Children’s Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roshini S. Abraham
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Nipunie Rajapakse
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Eric W. Klee
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Joseph A. Church
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Children’s Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Andrew Williams
- Clinical Immunogenomics Research Consortium Australasia, Sydney, Australia
- Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, Australia
- Central Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Melanie Wong
- Clinical Immunogenomics Research Consortium Australasia, Sydney, Australia
- Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Christoph Burkhart
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gulbu Uzel
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David R. Croucher
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales Sydney, Kensington, Australia
| | - David E. James
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Cindy S. Ma
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales Sydney, Kensington, Australia
- Clinical Immunogenomics Research Consortium Australasia, Sydney, Australia
| | - Robert Brink
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales Sydney, Kensington, Australia
| | - Stuart G. Tangye
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales Sydney, Kensington, Australia
- Clinical Immunogenomics Research Consortium Australasia, Sydney, Australia
| | - Elissa K. Deenick
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales Sydney, Kensington, Australia
- Clinical Immunogenomics Research Consortium Australasia, Sydney, Australia
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2
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Bellaire D, Thielen S, Burkhart C, Münnemann K, Hasse H, Sauer B. Investigation of Radial Shaft Seal Swelling Using a Special Tribometer and Magnetic Resonance Imaging. ACS Omega 2022; 7:11671-11677. [PMID: 35449965 PMCID: PMC9017097 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c06521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Compatibility between the rubber material of radial shaft seals and the lubricants to be sealed is an important requirement that customers demand of their lubricant suppliers. Among other effects that may result from incompatibility, the penetration of lubricant components into the rubber (swelling) can impair the seal's functionality due to changes in its geometry and mechanical behavior. Typically, the penetration of a lubricant into an elastomer is evaluated after an immersion test using volumetric, gravimetric, and extraction measurements. Due to the small changes that need to be detected, such methods may not be sufficient to obtain meaningful results. In this contribution, we use magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to investigate swelling on special tribometer samples as well as a radial shaft seal that were previously used in component tests. Several combinations of rubbers and lubricants that have proven to be compatible were tested in addition to combinations with expected incompatibilities in real applications. The results indicate that MRI measurements can be used to quantify the penetration depth and potentially also the velocity with which the lubricant diffuses into the rubber, thereby yielding detailed insights into the swelling process of the seal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bellaire
- Laboratory
of Engineering Thermodynamics (LTD), TU
Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Rhineland-Palatinate 67663, Germany
| | - Stefan Thielen
- Institute
of machine elements, gears & transmissions (MEGT), TU Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Rhineland-Palatinate 67663, Germany
| | - Christoph Burkhart
- Institute
of machine elements, gears & transmissions (MEGT), TU Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Rhineland-Palatinate 67663, Germany
| | - Kerstin Münnemann
- Laboratory
of Engineering Thermodynamics (LTD), TU
Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Rhineland-Palatinate 67663, Germany
| | - Hans Hasse
- Laboratory
of Engineering Thermodynamics (LTD), TU
Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Rhineland-Palatinate 67663, Germany
| | - Bernd Sauer
- Institute
of machine elements, gears & transmissions (MEGT), TU Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Rhineland-Palatinate 67663, Germany
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3
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Weske S, Vaidya M, von Wnuck Lipinski K, Keul P, Manthe K, Burkhart C, Haberhauer G, Heusch G, Levkau B. Agonist-induced activation of the S1P receptor 2 constitutes a novel osteoanabolic therapy for the treatment of osteoporosis in mice. Bone 2019; 125:1-7. [PMID: 31028959 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Osteoporosis is a worldwide epidemic but pharmacological agents to stimulate new bone formation are scarce. We have shown that increasing tissue levels of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) by blocking its degradation by the S1P lyase has pronounced osteoanabolic effect in mouse osteoporosis models by stimulating osteoblast differentiation through the S1P receptor 2 (S1P2). However, S1P lyase inhibitors have side effects complicating potential clinical use. Here, we tested whether direct S1P2 engagement by the S1P2 agonist CYM5520 exerted osteoanabolic potential in estrogen deficiency-induced osteopenia in mice. We compared its efficacy to LX2931, a novel S1P lyase inhibitor currently tested in rheumatoid arthritis. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH CYM5520, LX2931 or vehicle were administered to ovariectomized mice for 6 weeks beginning 5 weeks after ovariectomy, Bone mass, cellular composition and mechanical strength were assessed by microCT, histomorphometry and three point bending tests. Plasma markers of bone metabolism were analyzed by ELISA. KEY RESULTS Therapeutic treatment with CYM5520 and LX2931 clearly increased long bone and vertebral bone mass to impressive 3-5 fold over vehicle in osteopenic ovariectomized mice. As expected, lymphopenia was a side effect of LX2931, whereas none occurred with CYM5520. Consistent with an osteoanabolic effect, CYM5520 increased osteoblast number, osteoid surface and alkaline phosphatase area 2-3 fold over vehicle. Plasma concentrations of the osteoanabolic marker procollagen I C-terminal propeptide were also elevated by CYM5520 and LX2931. LX2931 but not yet CYM5520 increased cortical thickness and mechanical strength without affecting mineral density. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Treatment with a pharmacological S1P2 agonist corrected ovariectomy-induced osteopenia in mice by inducing new bone formation thus constituting a novel osteoanabolic approach to osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Weske
- Institute for Pathophysiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Mithila Vaidya
- Institute for Pathophysiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | | | - Petra Keul
- Institute for Pathophysiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Kristina Manthe
- Institute for Pathophysiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | | | | | - Gerd Heusch
- Institute for Pathophysiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Bodo Levkau
- Institute for Pathophysiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany.
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4
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Avery DT, Kane A, Nguyen T, Lau A, Nguyen A, Lenthall H, Payne K, Shi W, Brigden H, French E, Bier J, Hermes JR, Zahra D, Sewell WA, Butt D, Elliott M, Boztug K, Meyts I, Choo S, Hsu P, Wong M, Berglund LJ, Gray P, O'Sullivan M, Cole T, Holland SM, Ma CS, Burkhart C, Corcoran LM, Phan TG, Brink R, Uzel G, Deenick EK, Tangye SG. Germline-activating mutations in PIK3CD compromise B cell development and function. J Exp Med 2018; 215:2073-2095. [PMID: 30018075 PMCID: PMC6080914 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20180010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Gain-of-function (GOF) mutations in PIK3CD, encoding the p110δ subunit of phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), cause a primary immunodeficiency. Affected individuals display impaired humoral immune responses following infection or immunization. To establish mechanisms underlying these immune defects, we studied a large cohort of patients with PIK3CD GOF mutations and established a novel mouse model using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing to introduce a common pathogenic mutation in Pik3cd In both species, hyperactive PI3K severely affected B cell development and differentiation in the bone marrow and the periphery. Furthermore, PI3K GOF B cells exhibited intrinsic defects in class-switch recombination (CSR) due to impaired induction of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) and failure to acquire a plasmablast gene signature and phenotype. Importantly, defects in CSR, AID expression, and Ig secretion were restored by leniolisib, a specific p110δ inhibitor. Our findings reveal key roles for balanced PI3K signaling in B cell development and long-lived humoral immunity and memory and establish the validity of treating affected individuals with p110δ inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle T Avery
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alisa Kane
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales (UNSW), New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Immunology and Allergy, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia.,South Western Sydney Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia.,Clinical Immunogenomics Research Consortia Australia (CIRCA), Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tina Nguyen
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales (UNSW), New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anthony Lau
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales (UNSW), New South Wales, Australia
| | - Akira Nguyen
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales (UNSW), New South Wales, Australia
| | - Helen Lenthall
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kathryn Payne
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Wei Shi
- Molecular Immunology and Bioinformatics Divisions, Walter & Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Henry Brigden
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Elise French
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Julia Bier
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales (UNSW), New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jana R Hermes
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David Zahra
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - William A Sewell
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales (UNSW), New South Wales, Australia.,Immunology Department, SydPath, St. Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Danyal Butt
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales (UNSW), New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael Elliott
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Chris O'Brien Lifehouse Cancer Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kaan Boztug
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, Vienna, Austria.,CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria.,St. Anna Children's Hospital and Children's Cancer Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Isabelle Meyts
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Childhood Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven and KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sharon Choo
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter Hsu
- Clinical Immunogenomics Research Consortia Australia (CIRCA), Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Children's Hospital at Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Melanie Wong
- Clinical Immunogenomics Research Consortia Australia (CIRCA), Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Children's Hospital at Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lucinda J Berglund
- Clinical Immunogenomics Research Consortia Australia (CIRCA), Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Immunopathology Department, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Paul Gray
- Clinical Immunogenomics Research Consortia Australia (CIRCA), Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,University of New South Wales School of Women's and Children's Health, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael O'Sullivan
- Department of Immunology and Allergy, Princess Margaret Hospital, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Theresa Cole
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Steven M Holland
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Cindy S Ma
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales (UNSW), New South Wales, Australia.,Clinical Immunogenomics Research Consortia Australia (CIRCA), Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Christoph Burkhart
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lynn M Corcoran
- Molecular Immunology and Bioinformatics Divisions, Walter & Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tri Giang Phan
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales (UNSW), New South Wales, Australia.,Clinical Immunogenomics Research Consortia Australia (CIRCA), Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Robert Brink
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales (UNSW), New South Wales, Australia.,Clinical Immunogenomics Research Consortia Australia (CIRCA), Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gulbu Uzel
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Elissa K Deenick
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia .,St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales (UNSW), New South Wales, Australia.,Clinical Immunogenomics Research Consortia Australia (CIRCA), Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stuart G Tangye
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia .,St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales (UNSW), New South Wales, Australia.,Clinical Immunogenomics Research Consortia Australia (CIRCA), Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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5
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Bauer C, Luu T, Eggimann F, Bross P, Gertsch W, Hu C, Ramstein P, Bourgailh J, Glänzel A, Dix I, Guenat C, Soldermann N, Litherland K, Desrayaud S, Hengy JC, Pearson D, Blanz J, Burkhart C. Design of A Metabolically Stable Tritium-Tracer of the PI3Kδ-Inhibitor CDZ173 (Leniolisib) as a Tool to Study Liver Metabolites. Helv Chim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201800044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Bauer
- Isotope Laboratory, PK Sciences; Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research (NIBR); Basel
| | - Tong Luu
- Isotope Laboratory, PK Sciences; Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research (NIBR); Basel
| | | | - Patrick Bross
- Isotope Laboratory, PK Sciences; Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research (NIBR); Basel
| | | | - Cheng Hu
- Global Discovery Chemistry; NIBR; Basel
| | | | | | - Albrecht Glänzel
- Isotope Laboratory, PK Sciences; Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research (NIBR); Basel
| | - Ina Dix
- Global Discovery Chemistry; NIBR; Basel
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6
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Hoegenauer K, Soldermann N, Zécri F, Strang RS, Graveleau N, Wolf RM, Cooke NG, Smith AB, Hollingworth GJ, Blanz J, Gutmann S, Rummel G, Littlewood-Evans A, Burkhart C. Discovery of CDZ173 (Leniolisib), Representing a Structurally Novel Class of PI3K Delta-Selective Inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2017; 8:975-980. [PMID: 28947947 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.7b00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The predominant expression of phosphoinositide 3-kinase δ (PI3Kδ) in leukocytes and its critical role in B and T cell functions led to the hypothesis that selective inhibitors of this isoform would have potential as therapeutics for the treatment of allergic and inflammatory disease. Targeting specifically PI3Kδ should avoid potential side effects associated with the ubiquitously expressed PI3Kα and β isoforms. We disclose how morphing the heterocyclic core of previously discovered 4,6-diaryl quinazolines to a significantly less lipophilic 5,6,7,8-tetrahydropyrido[4,3-d]pyrimidine, followed by replacement of one of the phenyl groups with a pyrrolidine-3-amine, led to a compound series with an optimal on-target profile and good ADME properties. A final lipophilicity adjustment led to the discovery of CDZ173 (leniolisib), a potent PI3Kδ selective inhibitor with suitable properties and efficacy for clinical development as an anti-inflammatory therapeutic. In vitro, CDZ173 inhibits a large spectrum of immune cell functions, as demonstrated in B and T cells, neutrophils, monocytes, basophils, plasmocytoid dendritic cells, and mast cells. In vivo, CDZ173 inhibits B cell activation in rats and monkeys in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. After prophylactic or therapeutic dosing, CDZ173 potently inhibited antigen-specific antibody production and reduced disease symptoms in a rat collagen-induced arthritis model. Structurally, CDZ173 differs significantly from the first generation of PI3Kδ and PI3Kγδ-selective clinical compounds. Therefore, CDZ173 could differentiate by a more favorable safety profile. CDZ173 is currently in clinical studies in patients suffering from primary Sjögren's syndrome and in APDS/PASLI, a disease caused by gain-of-function mutations of PI3Kδ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klemens Hoegenauer
- Global
Discovery Chemistry, ‡PK Sciences, §Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, and ∥Autoimmunity,
Transplantation and Inflammation, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Soldermann
- Global
Discovery Chemistry, ‡PK Sciences, §Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, and ∥Autoimmunity,
Transplantation and Inflammation, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Frédéric Zécri
- Global
Discovery Chemistry, ‡PK Sciences, §Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, and ∥Autoimmunity,
Transplantation and Inflammation, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ross S. Strang
- Global
Discovery Chemistry, ‡PK Sciences, §Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, and ∥Autoimmunity,
Transplantation and Inflammation, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nadege Graveleau
- Global
Discovery Chemistry, ‡PK Sciences, §Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, and ∥Autoimmunity,
Transplantation and Inflammation, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Romain M. Wolf
- Global
Discovery Chemistry, ‡PK Sciences, §Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, and ∥Autoimmunity,
Transplantation and Inflammation, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nigel G. Cooke
- Global
Discovery Chemistry, ‡PK Sciences, §Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, and ∥Autoimmunity,
Transplantation and Inflammation, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alexander B. Smith
- Global
Discovery Chemistry, ‡PK Sciences, §Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, and ∥Autoimmunity,
Transplantation and Inflammation, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gregory J. Hollingworth
- Global
Discovery Chemistry, ‡PK Sciences, §Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, and ∥Autoimmunity,
Transplantation and Inflammation, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Joachim Blanz
- Global
Discovery Chemistry, ‡PK Sciences, §Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, and ∥Autoimmunity,
Transplantation and Inflammation, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sascha Gutmann
- Global
Discovery Chemistry, ‡PK Sciences, §Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, and ∥Autoimmunity,
Transplantation and Inflammation, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gabriele Rummel
- Global
Discovery Chemistry, ‡PK Sciences, §Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, and ∥Autoimmunity,
Transplantation and Inflammation, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Amanda Littlewood-Evans
- Global
Discovery Chemistry, ‡PK Sciences, §Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, and ∥Autoimmunity,
Transplantation and Inflammation, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Burkhart
- Global
Discovery Chemistry, ‡PK Sciences, §Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, and ∥Autoimmunity,
Transplantation and Inflammation, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
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7
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Burkhart
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Fakultät für Chemie; Universität Duisburg-Essen; Universitätsstraße 7 45117 Essen Germany
| | - Gebhard Haberhauer
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Fakultät für Chemie; Universität Duisburg-Essen; Universitätsstraße 7 45117 Essen Germany
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8
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Burkhart
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Fakultät für Chemie; Universität Duisburg-Essen; Universitätsstraße 7 45117 Essen Germany
| | - Gebhard Haberhauer
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Fakultät für Chemie; Universität Duisburg-Essen; Universitätsstraße 7 45117 Essen Germany
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9
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Hoegenauer K, Soldermann N, Stauffer F, Furet P, Graveleau N, Smith AB, Hebach C, Hollingworth GJ, Lewis I, Gutmann S, Rummel G, Knapp M, Wolf RM, Blanz J, Feifel R, Burkhart C, Zécri F. Discovery and Pharmacological Characterization of Novel Quinazoline-Based PI3K Delta-Selective Inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2016; 7:762-7. [PMID: 27563400 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.6b00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of the lipid kinase PI3Kδ is a promising principle to treat B and T cell driven inflammatory diseases. Using a scaffold deconstruction-reconstruction strategy, we identified 4-aryl quinazolines that were optimized into potent PI3Kδ isoform selective analogues with good pharmacokinetic properties. With compound 11, we illustrate that biochemical PI3Kδ inhibition translates into modulation of isoform-dependent immune cell function (human, rat, and mouse). After oral administration of compound 11 to rats, proximal PD markers are inhibited, and dose-dependent efficacy in a mechanistic plaque forming cell assay could be demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mark Knapp
- Global
Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 5300 Chiron Way, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
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10
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Haberhauer G, Gleiter R, Burkhart C. Planarized Intramolecular Charge Transfer: A Concept for Fluorophores with both Large Stokes Shifts and High Fluorescence Quantum Yields. Chemistry 2015; 22:971-8. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201503927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gebhard Haberhauer
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Fakultät für Chemie; Universität Duisburg-Essen; Universitätsstrasse 7 45117 Essen Germany), Fax: (+49) 201-183-4252
| | - Rolf Gleiter
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Universität Heidelberg; Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany), Fax: (+49) 6221-54-4205
| | - Christoph Burkhart
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Fakultät für Chemie; Universität Duisburg-Essen; Universitätsstrasse 7 45117 Essen Germany), Fax: (+49) 201-183-4252
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11
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Bornancin F, Renner F, Touil R, Sic H, Kolb Y, Touil-Allaoui I, Rush JS, Smith PA, Bigaud M, Junker-Walker U, Burkhart C, Dawson J, Niwa S, Katopodis A, Nuesslein-Hildesheim B, Weckbecker G, Zenke G, Kinzel B, Traggiai E, Brenner D, Brüstle A, St. Paul M, Zamurovic N, McCoy KD, Rolink A, Régnier CH, Mak TW, Ohashi PS, Patel DD, Calzascia T. Deficiency of MALT1 Paracaspase Activity Results in Unbalanced Regulatory and Effector T and B Cell Responses Leading to Multiorgan Inflammation. J I 2015; 194:3723-34. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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12
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Haberhauer G, Burkhart C, Woitschetzki S, Wölper C. Light and Chemically Driven Molecular Machines Showing a Unidirectional Four-State Switching Cycle. J Org Chem 2015; 80:1887-95. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gebhard Haberhauer
- Institut für Organische Chemie, ‡Institut für
Anorganische
Chemie, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 7, D-45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Christoph Burkhart
- Institut für Organische Chemie, ‡Institut für
Anorganische
Chemie, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 7, D-45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Sascha Woitschetzki
- Institut für Organische Chemie, ‡Institut für
Anorganische
Chemie, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 7, D-45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Christoph Wölper
- Institut für Organische Chemie, ‡Institut für
Anorganische
Chemie, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 7, D-45117 Essen, Germany
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13
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Haber M, Murray J, Gamble L, Carnegie-Clark A, Webber H, Ruhle M, Carter D, Oberthur A, Fischer M, Ziegler D, Marshall G, Gurova K, Burkhart C, Purmal A, Gudkov A, Norris M. 422 CBL0137, a novel NFkB suppressor and p53 activator, is highly effective in pre-clinical models of neuroblastoma. Eur J Cancer 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(14)70548-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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14
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Rossi A, Burkhart C, Dell-Kuster S, Pollock BG, Strebel SP, Monsch AU, Kern C, Steiner LA. Serum Anticholinergic Activity and Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction in Elderly Patients. Anesth Analg 2014; 119:947-955. [DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000000390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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15
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Aaberg-Jessen C, Fogh L, Halle B, Jensen V, Brunner N, Kristensen BW, Abe T, Momii Y, Watanabe J, Morisaki I, Natsume A, Wakabayashi T, Fujiki M, Aldaz B, Fabius AWM, Silber J, Harinath G, Chan TA, Huse JT, Anai S, Hide T, Nakamura H, Makino K, Yano S, Kuratsu JI, Balyasnikova IV, Prasol MS, Kanoija DK, Aboody KS, Lesniak MS, Barone T, Burkhart C, Purmal A, Gudkov A, Gurova K, Plunkett R, Barton K, Misuraca K, Cordero F, Dobrikova E, Min H, Gromeier M, Kirsch D, Becher O, Pont LB, Kloezeman J, van den Bent M, Kanaar R, Kremer A, Swagemakers S, French P, Dirven C, Lamfers M, Leenstra S, Pont LB, Balvers R, Kloezeman J, Kleijn A, Lawler S, Leenstra S, Dirven C, Lamfers M, Gong X, Andres A, Hanson J, Delashaw J, Bota D, Chen CC, Yao NW, Chuang WJ, Chang C, Chen PY, Huang CY, Wei KC, Cheng Y, Dai Q, Morshed R, Han Y, Auffinger B, Wainwright D, Zhang L, Tobias A, Rincon E, Thaci B, Ahmed A, He C, Lesniak M, Choi YA, Pandya H, Gibo DM, Fokt I, Priebe W, Debinski W, Chornenkyy Y, Agnihotri S, Buczkowicz P, Rakopoulos P, Morrison A, Barszczyk M, Becher O, Hawkins C, Chung S, Decollogne S, Luk P, Shen H, Ha W, Day B, Stringer B, Hogg P, Dilda P, McDonald K, Moore S, Hayden-Gephart M, Bergen J, Su Y, Rayburn H, Edwards M, Scott M, Cochran J, Das A, Varma AK, Wallace GC, Dixon-Mah YN, Vandergrift WA, Giglio P, Ray SK, Patel SJ, Banik NL, Dasgupta T, Olow A, Yang X, Mueller S, Prados M, James CD, Haas-Kogan D, Dave ND, Desai PB, Gudelsky GA, Chow LML, LaSance K, Qi X, Driscoll J, Driscoll J, Ebsworth K, Walters MJ, Ertl LS, Wang Y, Berahovic RD, McMahon J, Powers JP, Jaen JC, Schall TJ, Eroglu Z, Portnow J, Sacramento A, Garcia E, Raubitschek A, Synold T, Esaki S, Rabkin S, Martuza R, Wakimoto H, Ferluga S, Tome CL, Debinski W, Forde HE, Netland IA, Sleire L, Skeie B, Enger PO, Goplen D, Giladi M, Tichon A, Schneiderman R, Porat Y, Munster M, Dishon M, Weinberg U, Kirson E, Wasserman Y, Palti Y, Giladi M, Porat Y, Schneiderman R, Munster M, Weinberg U, Kirson E, Palti Y, Gramatzki D, Staudinger M, Frei K, Peipp M, Weller M, Grasso C, Liu L, Becher O, Berlow N, Davis L, Fouladi M, Gajjar A, Hawkins C, Huang E, Hulleman E, Hutt M, Keller C, Li XN, Meltzer P, Quezado M, Quist M, Raabe E, Spellman P, Truffaux N, van Vurden D, Wang N, Warren K, Pal R, Grill J, Monje M, Green AL, Ramkissoon S, McCauley D, Jones K, Perry JA, Ramkissoon L, Maire C, Shacham S, Ligon KL, Kung AL, Zielinska-Chomej K, Grozman V, Tu J, Viktorsson K, Lewensohn R, Gupta S, Mladek A, Bakken K, Carlson B, Boakye-Agyeman F, Kizilbash S, Schroeder M, Reid J, Sarkaria J, Hadaczek P, Ozawa T, Soroceanu L, Yoshida Y, Matlaf L, Singer E, Fiallos E, James CD, Cobbs CS, Hashizume R, Tom M, Ihara Y, Ozawa T, Santos R, Torre JDL, Lepe E, Waldman T, Prados M, James D, Hashizume R, Ihara Y, Huang X, Yu-Jen L, Tom M, Mueller S, Gupta N, Solomon D, Waldman T, Zhang Z, James D, Hayashi T, Adachi K, Nagahisa S, Hasegawa M, Hirose Y, Gephart MH, Moore S, Bergen J, Su YS, Rayburn H, Scott M, Cochran J, Hingtgen S, Kasmieh R, Nesterenko I, Figueiredo JL, Dash R, Sarkar D, Fisher P, Shah K, Horne E, Diaz P, Stella N, Huang C, Yang H, Wei K, Huang T, Hlavaty J, Ostertag D, Espinoza FL, Martin B, Petznek H, Rodriguez-Aguirre M, Ibanez C, Kasahara N, Gunzburg W, Gruber H, Pertschuk D, Jolly D, Robbins J, Hurwitz B, Yoo JY, Bolyard C, Yu JG, Wojton J, Zhang J, Bailey Z, Eaves D, Cripe T, Old M, Kaur B, Serwer L, Yoshida Y, Le Moan N, Santos R, Ng S, Butowski N, Krtolica A, Ozawa T, Cary SPL, James CD, Johns T, Greenall S, Donoghue J, Adams T, Karpel-Massler G, Westhoff MA, Kast RE, Dwucet A, Wirtz CR, Debatin KM, Halatsch ME, Karpel-Massler G, Kast RE, Westhoff MA, Merkur N, Dwucet A, Wirtz CR, Debatin KM, Halatsch ME, Kievit F, Stephen Z, Wang K, Kolstoe D, Silber J, Ellenbogen R, Zhang M, Kitange G, Schroeder M, Sarkaria J, Kleijn A, Haefner E, Leenstra S, Dirven C, Lamfers M, Knubel K, Pernu BM, Sufit A, Pierce AM, Nelson SK, Keating AK, Jensen SS, Kristensen BW, Lachowicz J, Demeule M, Regina A, Tripathy S, Curry JC, Nguyen T, Castaigne JP, Le Moan N, Serwer L, Yoshida Y, Ng S, Davis T, Santos R, Davis A, Tanaka K, Keating T, Getz J, Kapp GT, Romero JM, Ozawa T, James CD, Krtolica A, Cary SPL, Lee S, Ramisetti S, Slagle-Webb B, Sharma A, Connor J, Lee WS, Maire C, Kluk M, Aster JC, Ligon K, Sun S, Lee D, Ho ASW, Pu JKS, Zhang ZQ, Lee NP, Day PJR, Leung GKK, Liu Z, Liu X, Madhankumar AB, Miller P, Webb B, Connor JR, Yang QX, Lobo M, Green S, Schabel M, Gillespie Y, Woltjer R, Pike M, Lu YJ, Torre JDL, Waldman T, Prados M, Ozawa T, James D, Luchman HA, Stechishin O, Nguyen S, Cairncross JG, Weiss S, Lun X, Wells JC, Hao X, Zhang J, Grinshtein N, Kaplan D, Luchman A, Weiss S, Cairncross JG, Senger D, Robbins S, Madhankumar A, Slagle-Webb B, Rizk E, Payne R, Park A, Pang M, Harbaugh K, Connor J, Wilisch-Neumann A, Pachow D, Kirches E, Mawrin C, McDonell S, Liang J, Piao Y, Nguyen N, Yung A, Verhaak R, Sulman E, Stephan C, Lang F, de Groot J, Mizobuchi Y, Okazaki T, Kageji T, Kuwayama K, Kitazato KT, Mure H, Hara K, Morigaki R, Matsuzaki K, Nakajima K, Nagahiro S, Kumala S, Heravi M, Devic S, Muanza T, Nelson SK, Knubel KH, Pernu BM, Pierce AM, Keating AK, Neuwelt A, Nguyen T, Wu YJ, Donson A, Vibhakar R, Venkatamaran S, Amani V, Neuwelt E, Rapkin L, Foreman N, Ibrahim F, New P, Cui K, Zhao H, Chow D, Stephen W, Nozue-Okada K, Nagane M, McDonald KL, Ogawa D, Chiocca E, Godlewski J, Ozawa T, Yoshida Y, Santos R, James D, Pang M, Liu X, Madhankumar AB, Slagle-Webb B, Patel A, Miller P, Connor J, Pasupuleti N, Gorin F, Valenzuela A, Leon L, Carraway K, Ramachandran C, Nair S, Quirrin KW, Khatib Z, Escalon E, Melnick S, Phillips A, Boghaert E, Vaidya K, Ansell P, Shalinsky D, Zhang Y, Voorbach M, Mudd S, Holen K, Humerickhouse R, Reilly E, Huang T, Parab S, Diago O, Espinoza FL, Martin B, Ibanez C, Kasahara N, Gruber H, Pertschuk D, Jolly D, Robbins J, Ryken T, Agarwal S, Al-Keilani M, Alqudah M, Sibenaller Z, Assemolt M, Sai K, Li WY, Li WP, Chen ZP, Saito R, Sonoda Y, Kanamori M, Yamashita Y, Kumabe T, Tominaga T, Sarkar G, Curran G, Jenkins R, Scharnweber R, Kato Y, Lin J, Everson R, Soto H, Kruse C, Kasahara N, Liau L, Prins R, Semenkow S, Chu Q, Eberhart C, Sengupta R, Marassa J, Piwnica-Worms D, Rubin J, Serwer L, Kapp GT, Le Moan N, Yoshida Y, Romero JM, Ng S, Davis A, Ozawa T, Krtolica A, James CD, Cary SPL, Shai R, Pismenyuk T, Moshe I, Fisher T, Freedman S, Simon A, Amariglio N, Rechavi G, Toren A, Yalon M, Shen H, Decollogne S, Dilda P, Chung S, Luk P, Hogg P, McDonald K, Shimazu Y, Kurozumi K, Ichikawa T, Fujii K, Onishi M, Ishida J, Oka T, Watanabe M, Nasu Y, Kumon H, Date I, Sirianni RW, McCall RL, Spoor J, van der Kaaij M, Kloezeman J, Geurtjens M, Dirven C, Lamfers M, Leenstra S, Stephen Z, Veiseh O, Kievit F, Fang C, Leung M, Ellenbogen R, Silber J, Zhang M, Strohbehn G, Atsina KK, Patel T, Piepmeier J, Zhou J, Saltzman WM, Takahashi M, Valdes G, Inagaki A, Kamijima S, Hiraoka K, Micewicz E, McBride WH, Iwamoto KS, Gruber HE, Robbins JM, Jolly DJ, Kasahara N, Warren K, McCully C, Bacher J, Thomas T, Murphy R, Steffen-Smith E, McAllister R, Pastakia D, Widemann B, Wei K, Yang H, Huang C, Chen P, Hua M, Liu H, Woolf EC, Abdelwahab MG, Fenton KE, Liu Q, Turner G, Preul MC, Scheck AC, Yoshida Y, Ozawa T, Butowski N, Shen W, Brown D, Pedersen H, James D, Zhang J, Hariono S, Yao TW, Sidhu A, Hashizume R, James CD, Weiss WA, Nicolaides TP, Olusanya T. EXPERIMENTAL THERAPEUTICS AND PHARMACOLOGY. Neuro Oncol 2013; 15:iii37-iii61. [PMCID: PMC3823891 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/not176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
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Jiang Z, Chen W, Burkhart C. Efficient 3D porous microstructure reconstruction via Gaussian random field and hybrid optimization. J Microsc 2013; 252:135-48. [PMID: 23961976 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Obtaining an accurate three-dimensional (3D) structure of a porous microstructure is important for assessing the material properties based on finite element analysis. Whereas directly obtaining 3D images of the microstructure is impractical under many circumstances, two sets of methods have been developed in literature to generate (reconstruct) 3D microstructure from its 2D images: one characterizes the microstructure based on certain statistical descriptors, typically two-point correlation function and cluster correlation function, and then performs an optimization process to build a 3D structure that matches those statistical descriptors; the other method models the microstructure using stochastic models like a Gaussian random field and generates a 3D structure directly from the function. The former obtains a relatively accurate 3D microstructure, but computationally the optimization process can be very intensive, especially for problems with large image size; the latter generates a 3D microstructure quickly but sacrifices the accuracy due to issues in numerical implementations. A hybrid optimization approach of modelling the 3D porous microstructure of random isotropic two-phase materials is proposed in this paper, which combines the two sets of methods and hence maintains the accuracy of the correlation-based method with improved efficiency. The proposed technique is verified for 3D reconstructions based on silica polymer composite images with different volume fractions. A comparison of the reconstructed microstructures and the optimization histories for both the original correlation-based method and our hybrid approach demonstrates the improved efficiency of the approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Jiang
- Northwestern University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Evanston, Illinois, U.S.A
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17
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Collmann E, Bohnacker T, Marone R, Dawson J, Rehberg M, Stringer R, Krombach F, Burkhart C, Hirsch E, Hollingworth GJ, Thomas M, Wymann MP. Transient targeting of phosphoinositide 3-kinase acts as a roadblock in mast cells' route to allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 132:959-68. [PMID: 23683463 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tissue mast cell numbers are dynamically regulated by recruitment of progenitors from the vasculature. It is unclear whether progenitors are recruited during allergic sensitization and whether recruitment promotes allergic responses. OBJECTIVE We sought to (1) determine the effect of mast cell recruitment on acute allergic responses and (2) to define the role of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) isoforms in sequential steps to allergic responses. METHODS Gene-targeted mice for PI3Kγ or PI3Kδ or mice treated with isoform-specific PI3K inhibitors (a novel PI3Kγ-specific inhibitor [NVS-PI3-4] and the PI3Kδ inhibitor IC87114) were used to monitor IgE-mediated mast cell recruitment, migration, adhesion by means of intravital microscopy, degranulation, TNF-α release, and subsequent endothelial cell activation in vivo or in bone marrow-derived mast cells. RESULTS Functional PI3Kγ, but not PI3Kδ, was crucial for mast cell accumulation in IgE-challenged skin, TNF-α release from IgE/antigen-stimulated mast cells, and mast cell/endothelial interactions and chemotaxis. PI3Kγ-deficient bone marrow-derived mast cells did not adhere to the endothelium in TNF-α-treated cremaster muscle, whereas PI3Kδ was not required. Depletion of TNF-α blocked IgE-induced mast cell recruitment, which links tissue mast cell-derived cytokine release to endothelial activation and mast cell recruitment. Interference with mast cell recruitment protected against anaphylaxis and was superior to blockage of tissue mast cell degranulation. CONCLUSIONS Interference with mast cell recruitment to exacerbated tissues provides a novel strategy to alleviate allergic reactions and surpassed attenuation of tissue mast cell degranulation. This results in prolonged drug action and allows for reduction of drug doses required to block anaphylaxis, an important feature for drugs targeting inflammatory disease in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Collmann
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Biccard BM, Lurati Buse GA, Burkhart C, Cuthbertson BH, Filipovic M, Gibson SC, Mahla E, Leibowitz DW, Rodseth RN. The influence of clinical risk factors on pre-operative B-type natriuretic peptide risk stratification of vascular surgical patients. Anaesthesia 2011; 67:55-59. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.2011.06958.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Lurati Buse GA, Koller MT, Burkhart C, Seeberger MD, Filipovic M. The Predictive Value of Preoperative Natriuretic Peptide Concentrations in Adults Undergoing Surgery. Anesth Analg 2011; 112:1019-33. [DOI: 10.1213/ane.0b013e31820f286f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Weckbecker G, Pally C, Beerli C, Burkhart C, Wieczorek G, Metzler B, Morris RE, Wagner J, Bruns C. Effects of the novel protein kinase C inhibitor AEB071 (Sotrastaurin) on rat cardiac allograft survival using single agent treatment or combination therapy with cyclosporine, everolimus or FTY720. Transpl Int 2009; 23:543-52. [PMID: 20003043 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-2277.2009.01015.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
NVP-AEB071 (AEB, sotrastaurin), an oral inhibitor of protein kinase C (PKC), effectively blocks T-cell activation. The immunosuppressive effects of oral AEB were demonstrated in a rat local graft versus host (GvH) reaction and rat cardiac transplantation models. T-cell activation was suppressed by 95% in blood from AEB-treated rats, with a positive correlation between T-cell inhibition and AEB blood concentration. In GvH studies, AEB inhibited lymph node swelling dose-dependently (3-30 mg/kg). BN and DA cardiac allografts were acutely rejected within 6-10 days post-transplantation in untreated LEW rats. AEB at 10 and 30 mg/kg b.i.d. prolonged BN graft survival to a mean survival time of 15 and >28 days, and DA grafts to 6.5 and 17.5 days, respectively. In the DA to LEW model, combining a nonefficacious dose of AEB (10 mg/kg b.i.d.) with a nonefficacious dose of cyclosporine, everolimus or FTY720 led to prolonged median survival times (26 days, >68 days and >68 days, respectively). Pharmacokinetic monitoring excluded drug-drug interactions, suggesting synergy. In conclusion, these studies are the first to demonstrate that AEB prolongs rat heart allograft survival safely as monotherapy and in combination with nonefficacious doses of cyclosporine, everolimus or FTY720. Thus, AEB may have the potential to offer an alternative to calcineurin inhibitor-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisbert Weckbecker
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Autoimmunity and Transplantation Disease Area, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland.
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Koziczak-Holbro M, Littlewood-Evans A, Pöllinger B, Kovarik J, Dawson J, Zenke G, Burkhart C, Müller M, Gram H. The critical role of kinase activity of interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 in animal models of joint inflammation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 60:1661-71. [DOI: 10.1002/art.24552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Skvara H, Dawid M, Kleyn E, Wolff B, Meingassner JG, Knight H, Dumortier T, Kopp T, Fallahi N, Stary G, Burkhart C, Grenet O, Wagner J, Hijazi Y, Morris RE, McGeown C, Rordorf C, Griffiths CEM, Stingl G, Jung T. The PKC inhibitor AEB071 may be a therapeutic option for psoriasis. J Clin Invest 2008; 118:3151-9. [PMID: 18688284 DOI: 10.1172/jci35636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2008] [Accepted: 06/25/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
PKC isoforms tau, alpha, and beta play fundamental roles in the activation of T cells and other immune cell functions. Here we show that the PKC inhibitor AEB071 both abolishes the production of several cytokines by activated human T cells, keratinocytes, and macrophages in vitro and inhibits an acute allergic contact dermatitis response in rats. To translate these findings into humans, single and multiple ascending oral doses of AEB071 were administered to healthy volunteers and patients with psoriasis, respectively. AEB071 was well tolerated with no clinically relevant laboratory abnormalities. Ex vivo stimulation of lymphocytes from subjects exposed to single doses of AEB071 resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of both lymphocyte proliferation and IL2 mRNA expression. Clinical severity of psoriasis was reduced up to 69% compared with baseline after 2 weeks of treatment, as measured by the Psoriasis Area Severity Index (PASI) score. The improvement in psoriasis patients was accompanied by histological improvement of skin lesions and may be partially explained by a substantial reduction of p40+ dermal cells, which are known to mediate psoriasis. These data suggest that AEB071 could be an effective novel treatment regimen for psoriasis and other autoimmune diseases, and that AEB071 warrants long-term studies to establish safety and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Skvara
- Department of Dermatology, Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Burkhart C, Heusser C, Morris RE, Raulf F, Weckbecker G, Weitz-Schmidt G, Welzenbach K. Pharmacodynamics in the development of new immunosuppressive drugs. Ther Drug Monit 2005; 26:588-92. [PMID: 15570181 DOI: 10.1097/00007691-200412000-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Over the past 10-20 years a number of immunosuppressive drugs, such as cyclosporine A, tacrolimus, sirolimus, or mycophenolate mofetil have been approved for clinical use and have been highly successful in preventing or delaying graft rejection. Nevertheless, there is an incessant need for better and safer drugs to improve short-term and long-term outcomes following transplantation. A number of low-molecular-weight molecules that interfere with immune cell functions are in development. These include molecules that inhibit the janus protein tyrosine kinase JAK3, compounds that alter lymphocyte trafficking (the sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor antagonist FTY720), and new malononitrilamides (FK778). All seem to show promising therapeutic potential. Among the biologic agents, there are high expectations for antibodies or recombinant chimeric molecules targeting costimulatory surface molecules or pathways involved in the migration of immune cells. The list of such targets includes the ligand pairs CD28:B7, CD154:CD40, LFA-1:ICAM-1, ICOS:B7RP-1, and VLA-4:VCAM-1. However, the clinical development of drugs for transplantation has proved to be difficult, complex, and time consuming. Therefore, newly emerging drug candidates will also demand better methods for monitoring their efficacy as well as their side effects in vivo. Pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) are complementary approaches used to select drugs on the basis of their in vivo efficacy as well as safety. Whereas PK monitors the handling of the drug by the body, PD focuses on the biologic effect of the drug on its target. Therefore, PD studies of in vivo efficacy are useful for clinical decisions to determine the optimal dose and type of immunosuppressant. At the preclinical stage, PD is aimed at accelerating the selection of lead compounds via PD-controlled trials in animals. Moreover, PD can help to discover new mechanisms of action for a drug or a drug candidate. However, its full potential has not been used, mainly because of laborious and time-consuming methodology. This review focuses on established and novel PD/PK approaches to assess immunosuppressive compounds in the context of new evolving drugs or drug combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Burkhart
- Department of Transplantation & Immunology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland.
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Depta JPH, Altznauer F, Gamerdinger K, Burkhart C, Weltzien HU, Pichler WJ. Drug interaction with T-cell receptors: T-cell receptor density determines degree of cross-reactivity. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2004; 113:519-27. [PMID: 15007356 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2003.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune-mediated adverse reactions to drugs are often due to T-cell reactivity, and cross-reactivity is an important problem in pharmacotherapy. OBJECTIVE We investigated whether chemical inert drugs can stimulate T cells through their T-cell receptor (TCR) and analyzed the cross-reactivities to related compounds. METHODS We transfected human TCRs isolated from two drug-reactive T-cell clones (TCCs) by PCR into a TCR-negative mouse T-cell hybridoma. The TCCs were isolated from a patient with drug hypersensitivity to the antibacterial sulfonamide sulfamethoxazole (SMX). RESULTS The transfectants reacted to SMX only in the presence of antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Glutaraldehyde-fixed APCs, however, were sufficient to elicit T-cell stimulation, indicating a processing-independent direct interaction of the drug with the TCR and MHC molecule. The transfected hybridomas secreted IL-2 in a drug dose-dependent manner, whereas the degree of reactivity was dependent on the level of TCR expression. One transfectant reacted not only to SMX but also to related sulfonamide compounds. Interestingly, high TCR expression increased cross-reactivity to other structurally related compounds. In addition, SMX-specific TCR cross-reacted only with sulfonamides bearing a sulfanilamide core structure but not with sulfonamides such as celecoxib, furosemide, or glibenclamide. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that the T-cell reactivity to drugs is solely determined by the TCR. Moreover, these results show that cross-reactivity of structurally similar compounds correlates with the density of the TCR. Stably transfected T-cell hybridomas may represent a powerful screening tool for cross-reactivity of newly generated sulfonamide-containing compounds such as celecoxib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Paul Heribert Depta
- Division of Allergology, Clinic of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology/Allergology, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Abstract
Adverse reactions to drugs are a major problem in pharmacotherapy. About 1/6 of all side-effects are thought to be drug-induced immune-mediated reactions. It is well established that T and B cells recognize a drug if it is bound as hapten to carrier molecules. However, the model does not explain many T cell-mediated reactions with chemically inert compounds. This review will first discuss the hapten-carrier concept of drug-presentation to T cells and the currently used methods to predict an allergenic potential of a drug. It then introduces our new model of drug-uptake- and processing-free HLA class II-restricted T-cell response termed "direct metabolism-independent T-cell stimulation". This led us to an other new concept: the pharmacological interaction of drugs with immunological receptors, namely the MHC and T-cell receptors. Additionally, we focus on certain conditions of non-covalent drug presentation by antigen presenting cells and on the molecular recognition of MHC/peptide/drug complexes by specific T-cell receptors. Finally, we discuss the clinical relevance of drug-specific T cells, namely that T cells seem to exert a certain pathology (e.g. drug-induced exanthema or pustular eruptions) depending on their function. These findings, which are based on the analysis of clinical drug allergy, have major implications for our understanding of T-cell biology and on the concept how to test and predict the allergenic potential of a drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Britschgi
- Division of Allergology, Clinic of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology/Allergology, PKT2 D572, Inselspital, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland
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Burkhart C, Britschgi M, Strasser I, Depta JPH, von Greyerz S, Barnaba V, Pichler WJ. Non-covalent presentation of sulfamethoxazole to human CD4+ T cells is independent of distinct human leucocyte antigen-bound peptides. Clin Exp Allergy 2002; 32:1635-43. [PMID: 12569986 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2222.2002.01513.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been shown that drugs comprise a group of non-peptide antigens that can be recognized by human T cells in the context of HLA class II and that this recognition is involved in allergic reactions. Recent studies have demonstrated a MHC-restricted but processing- and metabolism-independent pathway for the presentation of allergenic drugs such as lidocaine and sulfamethoxazole (SMX) to drug-specific T cells. However, there is little information so far on the precise molecular mechanisms of this non-covalent drug presentation. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the requirements for a specific peptide occupying the groove of the MHC class II molecule for the efficient presentation of non-covalently bound drugs to CD4+ T cells. METHODS We analysed the effect of coincubation or prepulse of antigen presenting cells (APC) with different peptides on the proliferative responses of SMX-specific CD4+ T cell clones. In a second series of experiments, we eluted HLA-bound peptides from the surface of antigen presenting cells by mild acid treatment. Successful removal of peptides was tested directly using labelled peptides and functionally by monitoring activation and proliferation of peptide-specific T cell clones. Finally, the presentation of SMX to SMX-specific T cell clones before and after elution of MHC class II bound peptides was tested. RESULTS We found that neither peptide coincubation nor peptide prepulse of APC altered the proliferative response of SMX-specific T cells. APC treated with the acid for a short time retained cell viability, MHC class II expression and antigen presenting cell function. However, defined peptides could be eluted from surface MHC class II molecules nearly quantitatively. Nevertheless, the chemically non-reactive drug SMX could still be presented to specific T cells independent of the presence of distinct self-peptides. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that small molecules like drugs can bind to a multitude of HLA-bound peptides or that, similar to superantigens, they might bind directly to HLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Burkhart
- Clinic of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology/Allergology, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
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Naisbitt DJ, Farrell J, Gordon SF, Maggs JL, Burkhart C, Pichler WJ, Pirmohamed M, Park BK. Covalent binding of the nitroso metabolite of sulfamethoxazole leads to toxicity and major histocompatibility complex-restricted antigen presentation. Mol Pharmacol 2002; 62:628-37. [PMID: 12181439 DOI: 10.1124/mol.62.3.628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment with sulfamethoxazole (SMX) can lead to hypersensitivity reactions. T cells from hypersensitive patients recognize either the parent drug and/or the reactive nitroso (SMX-NO) metabolite. In this study, using a novel in vitro rat splenocyte assay, we have investigated the toxicological and immunological consequences of cell surface haptenation by SMX-NO. SMX-NO was found to be unstable in solution; spontaneous transformation yielded appreciable amounts of SMX-hydroxylamine, nitro-SMX, and the previously unknown azoxy and azo dimers within 15 min. Irreversible binding of SMX-NO to cellular protein was demonstrated by flow cytometry, with haptenation being greater on the surface of antigen-presenting cells than on T cells. The consequences of irreversible binding of SMX-NO were examined in two ways. First, haptenation above a threshold level led to a proportionate increase in cell death (both apoptosis and necrosis). Indeed, the cells that became haptenated were the same as those that underwent necrotic cell death. Second, sensitized splenocytes proliferated in the presence of major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted antigen derived from both viable and dead cells haptenated with low and high levels of SMX-NO, respectively. However, direct modification of MHC by SMX-NO was not the mechanism of antigen presentation. The antigenic threshold of SMX-NO for T-cell proliferation and toxicity was estimated to be between 0.5 and 1 microM and 5 to 10 microM, respectively. The potential of SMX-NO to generate a potent antigen and cause cytotoxicity may in combination provide the signals necessary to induce a hypersensitivity reaction to SMX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean J Naisbitt
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
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Naisbitt DJ, Gordon SF, Pirmohamed M, Burkhart C, Cribb AE, Pichler WJ, Park BK. Antigenicity and immunogenicity of sulphamethoxazole: demonstration of metabolism-dependent haptenation and T-cell proliferation in vivo. Br J Pharmacol 2001; 133:295-305. [PMID: 11350866 PMCID: PMC1572782 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0704074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulphamethoxazole has been associated with the occurrence of hypersensitivity reactions. There is controversy as to whether the immune response is metabolism-dependent or -independent. We have therefore investigated the site of antigen formation and the nature of the drug signal presented to the immune system in vivo. Male Wistar rats were dosed with sulphamethoxazole, sulphamethoxazole hydroxylamine or nitroso sulphamethoxazole. Antigen formation on cell surfaces was determined by flow cytometry using a specific anti-sulphamethoxazole antibody. Immunogenicity was determined by assessment of ex vivo T-cell proliferation. Administration of nitroso sulphamethoxazole, but not sulphamethoxazole or sulphamethoxazole hydroxylamine, resulted in antigen formation on the surface of lymphocytes, splenocytes and epidermal keratinocytes, and a strong proliferative response of splenocytes on re-stimulation with nitroso sulphamethoxazole. Rats dosed with sulphamethoxazole or sulphamethoxazole hydroxylamine did not respond to any of the test compounds. CD4+ or CD8+ depleted cells responded equally to nitroso sulphamethoxazole. The proliferative response to nitroso sulphamethoxazole was seen even after pulsing for only 5 min, and was not inhibited by glutathione. Responding cells produced IFN-gamma, but not IL-4. Haptenation of cells by sulphamethoxazole hydroxylamine was seen after depletion of glutathione by pre-treating the rats with diethyl maleate. Splenocytes from the glutathione-depleted sulphamethoxazole hydroxylamine-treated rats responded weakly to nitroso sulphamethoxazole, but not to sulphamethoxazole or sulphamethoxazole hydroxylamine. Dosing of rats with sulphamethoxazole produced a cellular response to nitroso sulphamethoxazole (but not to sulphamethoxazole or its hydroxylamine) when the animals were primed with complete Freund's adjuvant. These studies demonstrate the antigenicity of nitroso sulphamethoxazole in vivo and provide evidence for the role of drug metabolism and cell surface haptenation in the induction of a cellular immune response in the rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean J Naisbitt
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Liverpool, P.O. Box 147, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
| | - S Fraser Gordon
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Liverpool, P.O. Box 147, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
| | - Munir Pirmohamed
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Liverpool, P.O. Box 147, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
| | - Christoph Burkhart
- Klinik fur Rheumatologie und Klinische Immunologie/Allergologie, Inselspital, Universitat Bern, Sahlihaus 1, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alistair E Cribb
- Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, Canada, C1A 4P3
| | - Werner J Pichler
- Klinik fur Rheumatologie und Klinische Immunologie/Allergologie, Inselspital, Universitat Bern, Sahlihaus 1, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - B Kevin Park
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Liverpool, P.O. Box 147, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
- Author for correspondence:
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von Greyerz S, Bültemann G, Schnyder K, Burkhart C, Lotti B, Hari Y, Pichler WJ. Degeneracy and additional alloreactivity of drug-specific human alpha beta(+) T cell clones. Int Immunol 2001; 13:877-85. [PMID: 11431418 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/13.7.877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been well established that T cells can recognize small mol. wt compounds such as drugs. Results from previous studies revealing a high heterogeneity and cross-reactivity of drug-specific T cell clones (TCC) in individual patients prompted us to analyze the degeneracy of drug-reactive TCR in detail. Hence, we analyzed the MHC restriction pattern of a panel of 100 drug-specific TCC isolated from different drug-allergic donors. We found that 28 of the tested clones showed an MHC allele-unrestricted drug recognition. Most of these clones were at the same time highly drug specific, i.e. they could only be stimulated by the original drug and not by any drug derivatives. In contrast, TCC with the ability to interact with different drug derivatives displayed a clearly MHC allele-restricted drug recognition. Therefore, we concluded that the TCR of these clones is mainly interacting with side chains of the appropriate drug molecules and hence able to tolerate alterations in the MHC molecule. Moreover, we tested all clones for additional alloreactivity and found that 27 clones could be stimulated by a self-MHC--peptide--drug complex as well as by a non-self-MHC--peptide complex. This cross-reactivity with allogeneic MHC molecules was substantially higher in drug-specific TCC compared to tetanus toxoid-specific clones from the same donors. This suggests that from the point of view of drug-specific TCR, non-self-MHC--peptide complexes have a higher incidence to mimic the 'original' self-MHC--peptide-drug complex and this may occur for TCR recognizing self-MHC--pathogen-derived peptide complexes. Finally, the biological functions of bispecific TCC were not influenced by the nature of the stimulating ligand. Both drug as well as allogeneic stimulation led to similar reaction patterns in the analyzed TCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- S von Greyerz
- Allergology, Clinic for Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology/Allergology, Inselspital, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
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30
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Britschgi M, Steiner UC, Schmid S, Depta JP, Senti G, Bircher A, Burkhart C, Yawalkar N, Pichler WJ. T-cell involvement in drug-induced acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis. J Clin Invest 2001; 107:1433-41. [PMID: 11390425 PMCID: PMC209321 DOI: 10.1172/jci12118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP) is an uncommon eruption most often provoked by drugs, by acute infections with enteroviruses, or by mercury. It is characterized by acute, extensive formation of nonfollicular sterile pustules on erythematous background, fever, and peripheral blood leukocytosis. We present clinical and immunological data on four patients with this disease, which is caused by different drugs. An involvement of T cells could be implied by positive skin patch tests and lymphocyte transformation tests. Immunohistochemistry revealed a massive cell infiltrate consisting of neutrophils in pustules and T cells in the dermis and epidermis. Expression of the potent neutrophil-attracting chemokine IL-8 was elevated in keratinocytes and infiltrating mononuclear cells. Drug-specific T cells were generated from the blood and skin of three patients, and phenotypic characterization showed a heterogeneous distribution of CD4/CD8 phenotype and of T-cell receptor Vbeta-expression. Analysis of cytokine/chemokine profiles revealed that IL-8 is produced significantly more by drug-specific T cells from patients with AGEP compared with drug-specific T cells from patients that had non-AGEP exanthemas. In conclusion, our data demonstrate the involvement of drug-specific T cells in the pathomechanism of this rather rare and peculiar form of drug allergy. In addition, they indicate that even in some neutrophil-rich inflammatory responses specific T cells are engaged and might orchestrate the immune reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Britschgi
- Clinic of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology/Allergology, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
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31
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Burkhart C, von Greyerz S, Depta JP, Naisbitt DJ, Britschgi M, Park KB, Pichler WJ. Influence of reduced glutathione on the proliferative response of sulfamethoxazole-specific and sulfamethoxazole-metabolite-specific human CD4+ T-cells. Br J Pharmacol 2001; 132:623-30. [PMID: 11159714 PMCID: PMC1572594 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0703845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2000] [Revised: 10/30/2000] [Accepted: 11/14/2000] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
1. Hypersensitivity to the drug sulfamethoxazole (SMX) is thought to be a consequence of bioactivation to the hydroxylamine metabolite (SMX-NHOH) and further oxidation to the ultimate reactive metabolite, nitroso-sulfamethoxazole (SMX-NO). SMX-NO covalently modifies self proteins which in turn might be recognized as neo-antigens by T-cells. The antioxidant glutathione (GSH) is known to protect cells from reactive metabolites by conjugation and subsequent dissociation to SMX-NHOH and/or SMX. 2. To study the reactivity of T-cells to SMX metabolites and their respective role in the generation of drug-specific T-cells, we analysed the effect of GSH on the response of PBMC to SMX and its metabolites SMX-NHOH and SMX-NO. Furthermore, we monitored the proliferative response of drug-specific T-cell clones in the presence or absence of GSH. 3. We found that addition of GSH to peripheral blood mononuclear cells had no effect on the SMX-specific response but enhanced the proliferation to SMX-metabolites. The response of SMX-NO-specific T-cell clones was abrogated when GSH was present during the covalent haptenation of antigen presenting cells (APC). Conversely, SMX-specific T-cell clones gained reactivity through the conversion of SMX-NO to the parent drug by GSH. While GSH had no effect on the initial activation of T-cell clones, it prevented covalent binding to APCs, reduced toxicity and thereby led to proliferation of drug-specific T-cells to non-reactive drug metabolites. 4. Our data support the concept that in allergic individuals T-cells recognize the non-covalently bound parent drug rather than APC covalently modified by SMX-NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Burkhart
- Clinic of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology/Allergology, Inselspital, 3010 Bern, Switzerland.
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Spyak PR, Smith DS, Thiry J, Burkhart C. Short-wave infrared transfer radiometer for the calibration of the moderate-resolution imaging spectrometer and the advanced spaceborne thermal emission and reflection radiometer. Appl Opt 2000; 39:5694-5706. [PMID: 18354566 DOI: 10.1364/ao.39.005694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A short-wave infrared (700-2500-nm) radiometer has been designed and built to calibrate and cross calibrate spherical-integrating sources used in the calibration of satellite sensors residing on NASA's Earth Observing System platforms. We describe the design, predicted and measured performance, and calibration of the transfer radiometer.
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Naisbitt D, Gordon S, Burkhart C, Pichler W, Pirmohamed M, Park B. The immunogenicity of nitroso sulphamethoxazole in the rat: Metabolism-dependent T-cell reactivity. Toxicology 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0300-483x(00)90282-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Maloy KJ, Burkhart C, Junt TM, Odermatt B, Oxenius A, Piali L, Zinkernagel RM, Hengartner H. CD4(+) T cell subsets during virus infection. Protective capacity depends on effector cytokine secretion and on migratory capability. J Exp Med 2000; 191:2159-70. [PMID: 10859340 PMCID: PMC2193195 DOI: 10.1084/jem.191.12.2159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
To analyze the antiviral protective capacities of CD4(+) T helper (Th) cell subsets, we used transgenic T cells expressing an I-A(b)-restricted T cell receptor specific for an epitope of vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (VSV-G). After polarization into Th1 or Th2 effectors and adoptive transfer into T cell-deficient recipients, protective capacities were assessed after infection with different types of viruses expressing the VSV-G. Both Th1 and Th2 CD4(+) T cells could transfer protection against systemic VSV infection, by stimulating the production of neutralizing immunoglobulin G antibodies. However, only Th1 CD4(+) T cells were able to mediate protection against infection with recombinant vaccinia virus expressing the VSV-G (Vacc-IND-G). Similarly, only Th1 CD4(+) T cells were able to rapidly eradicate Vacc-IND-G from peripheral organs, to mediate delayed-type hypersensitivity responses against VSV-G and to protect against lethal intranasal infection with VSV. Protective capacity correlated with the ability of Th1 CD4(+) T cells to rapidly migrate to peripheral inflammatory sites in vivo and to respond to inflammatory chemokines that were induced after virus infection of peripheral tissues. Therefore, the antiviral protective capacity of a given CD4(+) T cell is governed by the effector cytokines it produces and by its migratory capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Maloy
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, CH-8091 Zürich, Switzerland.
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35
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Schnyder B, Burkhart C, Schnyder-Frutig K, von Greyerz S, Naisbitt DJ, Pirmohamed M, Park BK, Pichler WJ. Recognition of sulfamethoxazole and its reactive metabolites by drug-specific CD4+ T cells from allergic individuals. J Immunol 2000; 164:6647-54. [PMID: 10843725 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.164.12.6647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The recognition of the antibiotic sulfamethoxazole (SMX) by T cells is usually explained with the hapten-carrier model. However, recent investigations have revealed a MHC-restricted but processing- and metabolism-independent pathway of drug presentation. This suggested a labile, low-affinity binding of SMX to MHC-peptide complexes on APC. To study the role of covalent vs noncovalent drug presentation in SMX allergy, we analyzed the proliferative response of PBMC and T cell clones from patients with SMX allergy to SMX and its reactive oxidative metabolites SMX-hydroxylamine and nitroso-SMX. Although the great majority of T cell clones were specific for noncovalently bound SMX, PBMC and a small fraction of clones responded to nitroso-SMX-modified cells or were cross-reactive. Rapid down-regulation of TCR expression in T cell clones upon stimulation indicated a processing-independent activation irrespective of specificity for covalently or noncovalently presented Ag. In conclusion, our data show that recognition of SMX presented in covalent and noncovalent bound form is possible by the same TCR but that the former is the exception rather than the rule. The scarcity of cross-reactivity between covalently and noncovalently bound SMX suggests that the primary stimulation may be directed to the noncovalently bound SMX.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Schnyder
- Clinic of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology/Allergology, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
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36
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Burkhart C, Liu GY, Anderton SM, Metzler B, Wraith DC. Peptide-induced T cell regulation of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: a role for IL-10. Int Immunol 1999; 11:1625-34. [PMID: 10508180 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/11.10.1625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a CD4(+) T cell-mediated, inflammatory disease with similarities to multiple sclerosis in humans. Intranasal (i.n.) administration of a myelin basic protein (MBP)-derived peptide can protect susceptible mice from EAE. The mechanisms underlying this phenomenon, however, remain unclear. To analyze the phenotypic and functional changes taking place during the induction of tolerance by peptide inhalation, we have studied the fate of CD4(+) T cells after i.n. peptide application using transgenic mice expressing a TCR specific for the N-terminal peptide (Ac1-9) of MBP. Peripheral T cell death was variably observed in TCR transgenic mice after a single i.n. administration of antigenic peptide but was transient and incomplete. Transgenic spleen cells and cervical lymph node cells responded with a cytokine burst to peptide inhalation and hyperproliferation when re-stimulated in vitro. Transfer experiments demonstrated that the duration of peptide administration required to induce tolerance depended on the precursor frequency of T cells in recipient animals. The stringency of i.n. peptide treatment was increased so as to test the efficacy of tolerance induction both in vitro and in vivo in the presence of high precursor frequencies of antigen-specific T cells. Multiple i.n. doses of peptide completely protected TCR transgenic mice from EAE induced with myelin. Such repeated peptide administration resulted in down-regulation of the capacity of antigen-specific CD4(+) T cells to proliferate or to produce IL-2, IFN-gamma and IL-4 but increased the production of IL-10. The role of IL-10 in suppression of EAE in vivo was demonstrated by neutralization of IL-10. This completely restored susceptibility to EAE in mice previously protected by i.n. peptide. Considering the immunosuppressive properties of IL-10, T cells which are resistant to apoptosis might act as regulatory cells and mediate bystander suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Burkhart
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
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Abstract
In recent years the involvement of T cells in allergic reactions to drugs has been well established. However, several molecular aspects of drug recognition by specific T cells remain still unclear. This review will discuss the known pathways of drug presentations by antigen presenting cells, the recognition of MHC/peptide/drug complexes by specific T-cell receptors, and the activation mechanism of drug-specific T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S von Greyerz
- Institute of Immunology and Allergy, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
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38
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Abstract
Studies of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in conventional and transgenic mouse models have clarified mechanisms of central and peripheral tolerance to myelin antigens. It is now clear that myelin antigens are expressed in the thymus and their expression can influence generation of the potential autoimmune T-cell repertoire. How autoreactive T cells escape tolerance in the thymus is largely unclear. One mechanism has been revealed through the use of a transgenic mouse expressing a T-cell receptor specific for a myelin antigen. T cells specific for the N-terminal epitope of myelin basic protein escape tolerance through low avidity interaction. The affinity of antigen binding to MHC also proves to be important for induction of peripheral tolerance. Peptides may be administered in solution to adults in order to reinstate peripheral tolerance and suppress disease. Induction of antigen-specific suppression with synthetic peptides can result in either linked or bystander suppression and this appears to involve the generation of T cells secreting suppressive cytokines. The use of altered peptide ligands for induction of peripheral tolerance has been investigated. This can be achieved but the complexity of the approach argues against its use for treatment of human autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Anderton
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Bristol, UK
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39
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Metzler B, Burkhart C, Wraith DC. Phenotypic analysis of CTLA-4 and CD28 expression during transient peptide-induced T cell activation in vivo. Int Immunol 1999; 11:667-75. [PMID: 10330272 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/11.5.667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The T cell co-stimulatory receptors CD28 and CTLA-4 appear to have opposite effects on T cell activation, mediating augmentation and inhibition of T cell responses respectively. Since these two receptors use the same ligands, CD80 (B7-1) and CD86 (B7-2), the co-ordinate timing of CD28 and CTLA-4 expression has a major impact on the regulation of immune responses. While the kinetics of co-stimulatory molecules have been established for T cell stimulation in vitro, little is known about CD28 and CTLA-4 expression in response to T cell activation in vivo. In this study we have investigated the kinetics of CD28 and CTLA-4 expression upon CD4(+) T cell activation in response to soluble peptide in vivo. Using mice transgenic for a T cell receptor specific for the I-Au-restricted N-terminal peptide of myelin basic protein MBP Ac1-9, we show maximal up-regulation of both CD28 and CTLA-4 2 days after peptide administration. CTLA-4 expression correlated positively with early activation markers on the same cells and was high on blast cells. Administration of peptide analogs with higher affinity for I-Au MHC class II revealed a higher increase in CTLA-4 than in CD28 expression in response to improved TCR ligation. Further, a small population of CD4(+) T cells expressing CTLA-4, CD25 and CD45RBlow was identified in mice that had not been treated with specific peptide. The implications of these observations for immune regulation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Metzler
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Bristol School of Medical Sciences, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
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40
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Maloy KJ, Burkhart C, Freer G, Rülicke T, Pircher H, Kono DH, Theofilopoulos AN, Ludewig B, Hoffmann-Rohrer U, Zinkernagel RM, Hengartner H. Qualitative and Quantitative Requirements for CD4+ T Cell-Mediated Antiviral Protection. The Journal of Immunology 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.162.5.2867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
CD4+ Th cells deliver the cognate and cytokine signals that promote the production of protective virus-neutralizing IgG by specific B cells and are also able to mediate direct antiviral effector functions. To quantitatively and qualitatively analyze the antiviral functions of CD4+ Th cells, we generated transgenic mice (tg7) expressing an MHC class II (I-Ab)-restricted TCR specific for a peptide derived from the glycoprotein (G) of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). The elevated precursor frequency of naive VSV-specific Th cells in tg7 mice led to a markedly accelerated and enhanced class switching to virus-neutralizing IgG after immunization with inactivated VSV. Furthermore, in contrast to nontransgenic controls, tg7 mice rapidly cleared a recombinant vaccinia virus expressing the VSV-G (Vacc-IND-G) from peripheral organs. By adoptive transfer of naive tg7 CD4+ T cells into T cell-deficient recipients, we found that 105 transferred CD4+ T cells were sufficient to induce isotype switching after challenge with a suboptimal dose of inactivated VSV. In contrast, naive transgenic CD4+ T cells were unable to adoptively confer protection against peripheral infection with Vacc-IND-G. However, tg7 CD4+ T cells that had been primed in vitro with VSV-G peptide were able to adoptively transfer protection against Vacc-IND-G. These results demonstrate that the antiviral properties of CD4+ T cells are governed by the differentiation status of the CD4+ T cell and by the type of effector response required for virus elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J. Maloy
- *Department of Pathology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, Zurich, Switzerland; and
| | - Christoph Burkhart
- *Department of Pathology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, Zurich, Switzerland; and
| | - Giulia Freer
- *Department of Pathology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, Zurich, Switzerland; and
| | - Thomas Rülicke
- *Department of Pathology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, Zurich, Switzerland; and
| | - Hanspeter Pircher
- *Department of Pathology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, Zurich, Switzerland; and
| | | | | | - Burkhard Ludewig
- *Department of Pathology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, Zurich, Switzerland; and
| | - Urs Hoffmann-Rohrer
- *Department of Pathology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, Zurich, Switzerland; and
| | - Rolf M. Zinkernagel
- *Department of Pathology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, Zurich, Switzerland; and
| | - Hans Hengartner
- *Department of Pathology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, Zurich, Switzerland; and
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41
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Maloy KJ, Burkhart C, Freer G, Rülicke T, Pircher H, Kono DH, Theofilopoulos AN, Ludewig B, Hoffmann-Rohrer U, Zinkernagel RM, Hengartner H. Qualitative and quantitative requirements for CD4+ T cell-mediated antiviral protection. J Immunol 1999; 162:2867-74. [PMID: 10072535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
CD4+ Th cells deliver the cognate and cytokine signals that promote the production of protective virus-neutralizing IgG by specific B cells and are also able to mediate direct antiviral effector functions. To quantitatively and qualitatively analyze the antiviral functions of CD4+ Th cells, we generated transgenic mice (tg7) expressing an MHC class II (I-Ab)-restricted TCR specific for a peptide derived from the glycoprotein (G) of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). The elevated precursor frequency of naive VSV-specific Th cells in tg7 mice led to a markedly accelerated and enhanced class switching to virus-neutralizing IgG after immunization with inactivated VSV. Furthermore, in contrast to nontransgenic controls, tg7 mice rapidly cleared a recombinant vaccinia virus expressing the VSV-G (Vacc-IND-G) from peripheral organs. By adoptive transfer of naive tg7 CD4+ T cells into T cell-deficient recipients, we found that 105 transferred CD4+ T cells were sufficient to induce isotype switching after challenge with a suboptimal dose of inactivated VSV. In contrast, naive transgenic CD4+ T cells were unable to adoptively confer protection against peripheral infection with Vacc-IND-G. However, tg7 CD4+ T cells that had been primed in vitro with VSV-G peptide were able to adoptively transfer protection against Vacc-IND-G. These results demonstrate that the antiviral properties of CD4+ T cells are governed by the differentiation status of the CD4+ T cell and by the type of effector response required for virus elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Maloy
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, Zurich, Switzerland.
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42
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Steinhoff U, Maloy KJ, Burkhart C, Clark AJ, Rülicke T, Hengartner H, Zinkernagel RM. Variable immune response against a developmentally regulated self-antigen. J Autoimmun 1999; 12:27-34. [PMID: 10028019 DOI: 10.1006/jaut.1998.0254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We studied the reactivity of T and B cells against a soluble form of the glycoprotein of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV-G) which was expressed in a transgenic mouse (line 23) under the control of the hormone regulated beta-lactoglobulin promoter. Transgenic mice expressed VSV-G in the thymus, spleen, mammary gland and lung. VSV-G transcripts in the thymus varied with age, i.e., expression was high early in life and decreased with age. VSV-G transgenic mice immunized with recombinant vaccinia virus expressing VSV-G exhibited normal VSV-G-specific IgM levels, but a 30-fold reduction in IgG response, indicating functional VSV-G-specific B cell activity but impaired T helper cell responses. Interestingly, VSV-G-specific T helper cell activity was reduced only early (4-10 weeks) and late in life (>40 weeks) but was normal in between. Double transgenic mice expressing VSV-G and a VSV-G-specific TCR (line 23x7) demonstrated that TCR transgenic CD4(+) T cells were partially deleted in early life, but then gradually repopulated the periphery and remained constant. These findings suggest that in line 23 two different mechanisms regulated levels of the immune response: clonal reduction/deletion of VSV-G-specific T cells during early life followed by peripheral anergy at a later stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Steinhoff
- Department of Immunology, Max-Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Monbijoustrasse 2, Berlin, D-10117, Germany.
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43
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von Greyerz S, Zanni MP, Frutig K, Schnyder B, Burkhart C, Pichler WJ. Interaction of Sulfonamide Derivatives with the TCR of Sulfamethoxazole-Specific Human αβ+ T Cell Clones. The Journal of Immunology 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.162.1.595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Drugs like sulfamethoxazole (SMX) or lidocaine can be presented to specific human αβ+ T cell clones (TCC) by undergoing a noncovalent association with MHC-peptide complexes on HLA-matched APCs. For a better understanding of the molecular basis of the recognition of such drugs by specific TCC, we investigated 1) the fine specificity of the recognizing TCR, 2) the dose-response relationship for the induction of proliferation or cytokine production, and 3) the mechanism of TCR triggering. For that purpose, we tested the reactivity of 11 SMX-specific CD4+ TCC and 2 SMX-specific CD8+ TCC to a panel of 13 different sulfonamide derivatives bearing the same core structure. Five of 13 clones recognized only SMX, while all other clones were responding to as many as 6 different compounds. Some of the compounds needed up to two orders of magnitude higher concentrations than SMX to stimulate TCC, thereby displaying features of weak agonists. Different clones showed clear differences in the minimal drug concentration required for the induction of a proliferative response. Therefore, weaker or stronger agonistic properties were not a characteristic of a given sulfonamide derivative but rather an intrinsic property of the reacting TCR. Finally, the number of down-regulated TCRs was a logarithmic function of the ligand concentration, implicating that specific T cells were activated by serial TCR engagement. Our data demonstrate that, despite the special way of presentation, nonpeptide Ag like drugs appear to interact with the TCR of specific T cells in a similar way as peptide Ags.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin P. Zanni
- Institute of Immunology and Allergology, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Karin Frutig
- Institute of Immunology and Allergology, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Benno Schnyder
- Institute of Immunology and Allergology, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Werner J. Pichler
- Institute of Immunology and Allergology, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
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44
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von Greyerz S, Zanni MP, Frutig K, Schnyder B, Burkhart C, Pichler WJ. Interaction of sulfonamide derivatives with the TCR of sulfamethoxazole-specific human alpha beta+ T cell clones. J Immunol 1999; 162:595-602. [PMID: 9886437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Drugs like sulfamethoxazole (SMX) or lidocaine can be presented to specific human alphabeta+ T cell clones (TCC) by undergoing a noncovalent association with MHC-peptide complexes on HLA-matched APCs. For a better understanding of the molecular basis of the recognition of such drugs by specific TCC, we investigated 1) the fine specificity of the recognizing TCR, 2) the dose-response relationship for the induction of proliferation or cytokine production, and 3) the mechanism of TCR triggering. For that purpose, we tested the reactivity of 11 SMX-specific CD4+ TCC and 2 SMX-specific CD8+ TCC to a panel of 13 different sulfonamide derivatives bearing the same core structure. Five of 13 clones recognized only SMX, while all other clones were responding to as many as 6 different compounds. Some of the compounds needed up to two orders of magnitude higher concentrations than SMX to stimulate TCC, thereby displaying features of weak agonists. Different clones showed clear differences in the minimal drug concentration required for the induction of a proliferative response. Therefore, weaker or stronger agonistic properties were not a characteristic of a given sulfonamide derivative but rather an intrinsic property of the reacting TCR. Finally, the number of down-regulated TCRs was a logarithmic function of the ligand concentration, implicating that specific T cells were activated by serial TCR engagement. Our data demonstrate that, despite the special way of presentation, nonpeptide Ag like drugs appear to interact with the TCR of specific T cells in a similar way as peptide Ags.
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Affiliation(s)
- S von Greyerz
- Institute of Immunology and Allergology, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
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45
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Affiliation(s)
- C Burkhart
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, UK
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46
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Manickasingham SP, Anderton SM, Burkhart C, Wraith DC. Qualitative and Quantitative Effects of CD28/B7-Mediated Costimulation on Naive T Cells In Vitro. The Journal of Immunology 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.161.8.3827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The CD28/B7 system provides costimulatory signals necessary for optimal T cell activation. We have examined the effects of blocking B7.1 and/or B7.2 in an in vitro system using TCR transgenic T cells specific for myelin basic protein. Activation of naive T cells was found to be B7.2 dependent and not dependent on the presence of B7.1 molecules. However, increasing the strength of signal through the TCR using peptide analogues with higher affinity for MHC compensated for blockade of B7.2 molecules, suggesting that signal 1 alone can be sufficient for the activation of naive T cells. The role of B7 molecules in the differentiation of T cells was further investigated by restimulating T cells with fresh APC and peptide in B7-sufficient conditions. A down-regulation of IL-2 and IFN-γ production by T cells primed in the presence of anti-B7.2 mAb was partially overcome when high affinity peptide analogues were used to restimulate T cells. In contrast, a significant down-regulation of the differentiation of cells producing Th-2 cytokines was observed in the presence of anti-B7 Abs. Differentiation of IL-4-secreting cells was influenced by both B7.1 and B7.2, while IL-5 secretion was totally dependent on B7.2. These results suggest that B7-mediated costimulation is essential for the development of Th-2-associated cytokines, the absence of which cannot be overcome by increasing the strength of the signal through the TCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivanthi P. Manickasingham
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Bristol School of Medical Sciences, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen M. Anderton
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Bristol School of Medical Sciences, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Christoph Burkhart
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Bristol School of Medical Sciences, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - David C. Wraith
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Bristol School of Medical Sciences, Bristol, United Kingdom
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47
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Manickasingham SP, Anderton SM, Burkhart C, Wraith DC. Qualitative and quantitative effects of CD28/B7-mediated costimulation on naive T cells in vitro. J Immunol 1998; 161:3827-35. [PMID: 9780147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The CD28/B7 system provides costimulatory signals necessary for optimal T cell activation. We have examined the effects of blocking B7.1 and/or B7.2 in an in vitro system using TCR transgenic T cells specific for myelin basic protein. Activation of naive T cells was found to be B7.2 dependent and not dependent on the presence of B7.1 molecules. However, increasing the strength of signal through the TCR using peptide analogues with higher affinity for MHC compensated for blockade of B7.2 molecules, suggesting that signal 1 alone can be sufficient for the activation of naive T cells. The role of B7 molecules in the differentiation of T cells was further investigated by restimulating T cells with fresh APC and peptide in B7-sufficient conditions. A down-regulation of IL-2 and IFN-gamma production by T cells primed in the presence of anti-B7.2 mAb was partially overcome when high affinity peptide analogues were used to restimulate T cells. In contrast, a significant down-regulation of the differentiation of cells producing Th-2 cytokines was observed in the presence of anti-B7 Abs. Differentiation of IL-4-secreting cells was influenced by both B7.1 and B7.2, while IL-5 secretion was totally dependent on B7.2. These results suggest that B7-mediated costimulation is essential for the development of Th-2-associated cytokines, the absence of which cannot be overcome by increasing the strength of the signal through the TCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Manickasingham
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Bristol School of Medical Sciences, United Kingdom
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48
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Anderton SM, Burkhart C, Liu GY, Metzler B, Wraith DC. Antigen-specific tolerance induction and the immunotherapy of experimental autoimmune disease. Novartis Found Symp 1998; 215:120-31; discussion 131-6, 186-90. [PMID: 9760575 DOI: 10.1002/9780470515525.ch9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Antigen-specific tolerance induction is the ultimate goal for specific immunotherapy of autoimmune diseases. Here we will discuss recent experiments designed to induce tolerance following mucosal administration of antigens in a mouse model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). We were unable to induce oral tolerance either with whole myelin, myelin basic protein (MBP) or the immunodominant peptide antigen. Oral tolerance was possible, however, with an analogue of the immunodominant peptide modified to increase its affinity for the restricting major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigen. By contrast, intranasal deposition of peptide antigen proved highly effective for both prevention and treatment of EAE. Prevention of disease was directly related to the antigenic property of the peptide which, in itself, was related to affinity for MHC. Notably, administration of a single peptide was shown to inhibit disease involving multiple epitopes. We investigated the resulting bystander regulation by studying the cellular basis of peripheral tolerance in a transgenic model. These studies indicate that bystander regulation may be the consequence of selective cytokine secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Anderton
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Bristol, School of Medical Sciences, UK
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49
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Anderton SM, Manickasingham SP, Burkhart C, Luckcuck TA, Holland SJ, Lamont AG, Wraith DC. Fine specificity of the myelin-reactive T cell repertoire: implications for TCR antagonism in autoimmunity. J Immunol 1998; 161:3357-64. [PMID: 9759852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The use of altered peptide ligands (APL) to modulate T cell responses has been suggested as a means of treating T cell-mediated autoimmune disorders. We have assessed the therapeutic potential of TCR antagonist peptides in autoimmunity using murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) as a model. The Tg4 transgenic mouse expresses an MHC class II-restricted TCR specific for the immunodominant encephalitogenic epitope of myelin basic protein, Ac1-9 (acetylated N-terminal nonamer). We have used T cell lines derived from Tg4 mice to define the TCR contact residues within Ac1-9. APL with appropriate substitutions at the primary TCR contact residue were effective antagonists of Tg4 T cells. These antagonist APL, however, were found to induce EAE in susceptible, nontransgenic strains of mice. Underlying this, the Ac1-9-specific T cell repertoire of normal mice, rather than reflecting the Tg4 phenotype, showed considerable diversity in fine specificity and was able to respond to the Tg4 antagonist APL. Defining antagonist APL in vitro using T cell clones, therefore, was not a reliable approach for the identification of APL with EAE-suppressing potential in vivo. Our findings highlight the complexities of the autoreactive T cell repertoire and have major implications for the use of APL in autoimmune diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Amino Acid Substitution
- Animals
- Cell Line
- Clone Cells
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/etiology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Ligands
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Mice, Transgenic
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Myelin Basic Protein/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/metabolism
- Peptide Fragments/pharmacology
- Phenotype
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Transgenes/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Anderton
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
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50
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Anderton SM, Manickasingham SP, Burkhart C, Luckcuck TA, Holland SJ, Lamont AG, Wraith DC. Fine Specificity of the Myelin-Reactive T Cell Repertoire: Implications for TCR Antagonism in Autoimmunity. The Journal of Immunology 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.161.7.3357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The use of altered peptide ligands (APL) to modulate T cell responses has been suggested as a means of treating T cell-mediated autoimmune disorders. We have assessed the therapeutic potential of TCR antagonist peptides in autoimmunity using murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) as a model. The Tg4 transgenic mouse expresses an MHC class II-restricted TCR specific for the immunodominant encephalitogenic epitope of myelin basic protein, Ac1–9 (acetylated N-terminal nonamer). We have used T cell lines derived from Tg4 mice to define the TCR contact residues within Ac1–9. APL with appropriate substitutions at the primary TCR contact residue were effective antagonists of Tg4 T cells. These antagonist APL, however, were found to induce EAE in susceptible, nontransgenic strains of mice. Underlying this, the Ac1–9-specific T cell repertoire of normal mice, rather than reflecting the Tg4 phenotype, showed considerable diversity in fine specificity and was able to respond to the Tg4 antagonist APL. Defining antagonist APL in vitro using T cell clones, therefore, was not a reliable approach for the identification of APL with EAE-suppressing potential in vivo. Our findings highlight the complexities of the autoreactive T cell repertoire and have major implications for the use of APL in autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M. Anderton
- *Department of Pathology and Microbiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; and
| | - Shivanthi P. Manickasingham
- *Department of Pathology and Microbiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; and
| | - Christoph Burkhart
- *Department of Pathology and Microbiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; and
| | | | | | | | - David C. Wraith
- *Department of Pathology and Microbiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; and
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