1
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Li X, Eastham J, Giltnane JM, Zou W, Zijlstra A, Tabatsky E, Banchereau R, Chang CW, Nabet BY, Patil NS, Molinero L, Chui S, Harryman M, Lau S, Rangell L, Waumans Y, Kockx M, Orlova D, Koeppen H. Automated tumor immunophenotyping predicts clinical benefit from anti-PD-L1 immunotherapy. J Pathol 2024; 263:190-202. [PMID: 38525811 DOI: 10.1002/path.6274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has transformed the clinical approach to patients with malignancies, as profound benefits can be seen in a subset of patients. To identify this subset, biomarker analyses increasingly focus on phenotypic and functional evaluation of the tumor microenvironment to determine if density, spatial distribution, and cellular composition of immune cell infiltrates can provide prognostic and/or predictive information. Attempts have been made to develop standardized methods to evaluate immune infiltrates in the routine assessment of certain tumor types; however, broad adoption of this approach in clinical decision-making is still missing. We developed approaches to categorize solid tumors into 'desert', 'excluded', and 'inflamed' types according to the spatial distribution of CD8+ immune effector cells to determine the prognostic and/or predictive implications of such labels. To overcome the limitations of this subjective approach, we incrementally developed four automated analysis pipelines of increasing granularity and complexity for density and pattern assessment of immune effector cells. We show that categorization based on 'manual' observation is predictive for clinical benefit from anti-programmed death ligand 1 therapy in two large cohorts of patients with non-small cell lung cancer or triple-negative breast cancer. For the automated analysis we demonstrate that a combined approach outperforms individual pipelines and successfully relates spatial features to pathologist-based readouts and the patient's response to therapy. Our findings suggest that tumor immunophenotype generated by automated analysis pipelines should be evaluated further as potential predictive biomarkers for cancer immunotherapy. © 2024 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Li
- Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Wei Zou
- Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Shari Lau
- Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
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2
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Segal NH, Melero I, Moreno V, Steeghs N, Marabelle A, Rohrberg K, Rodriguez-Ruiz ME, Eder JP, Eng C, Manji GA, Waterkamp D, Leutgeb B, Bouseida S, Flinn N, Das Thakur M, Elze MC, Koeppen H, Jamois C, Martin-Facklam M, Lieu CH, Calvo E, Paz-Ares L, Tabernero J, Argilés G. CEA-CD3 bispecific antibody cibisatamab with or without atezolizumab in patients with CEA-positive solid tumours: results of two multi-institutional Phase 1 trials. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4091. [PMID: 38750034 PMCID: PMC11096172 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48479-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Cibisatamab is a bispecific antibody-based construct targeting carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) on tumour cells and CD3 epsilon chain as a T-cell engager. Here we evaluated cibisatamab for advanced CEA-positive solid tumours in two open-label Phase 1 dose-escalation and -expansion studies: as a single agent with or without obinutuzumab in S1 (NCT02324257) and with atezolizumab in S2 (NCT02650713). Primary endpoints were safety, dose finding, and pharmacokinetics in S1; safety and dose finding in S2. Secondary endpoints were anti-tumour activity (including overall response rate, ORR) and pharmacodynamics in S1; anti-tumour activity, pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics in S2. S1 and S2 enrolled a total of 149 and 228 patients, respectively. Grade ≥3 cibisatamab-related adverse events occurred in 36% of S1 and 49% of S2 patients. The ORR was 4% in S1 and 7% in S2. In S2, patients with microsatellite stable colorectal carcinoma (MSS-CRC) given flat doses of cibisatamab and atezolizumab demonstrated an ORR of 14%. In S1 and S2, 40% and 52% of patients, respectively, developed persistent anti-drug antibodies (ADAs). ADA appearance could be mitigated by obinutuzumab-pretreatment, with 8% of patients having persistent ADAs. Overall, cibisatamab warrants further exploration in immunotherapy combination strategies for MSS-CRC.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Antibodies, Bispecific/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Bispecific/pharmacokinetics
- Antibodies, Bispecific/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Bispecific/adverse effects
- Antibodies, Bispecific/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/pharmacokinetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/adverse effects
- Female
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Aged
- CD3 Complex/immunology
- Adult
- Carcinoembryonic Antigen/immunology
- Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Neoplasms/immunology
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/pharmacokinetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil H Segal
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States; Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Ignacio Melero
- Clínica Universidad de Navarra and CIMA University of Navarra, Navarra, Spain
- CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlso III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Cathy Eng
- Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Nick Flinn
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Emiliano Calvo
- START Madrid-CIOCC, Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Josep Tabernero
- Vall d'Hebron Hospital Campus and Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Guillem Argilés
- Vall d'Hebron Hospital Campus and Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Cirurgia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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3
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Nabet BY, Hamidi H, Lee MC, Banchereau R, Morris S, Adler L, Gayevskiy V, Elhossiny AM, Srivastava MK, Patil NS, Smith KA, Jesudason R, Chan C, Chang PS, Fernandez M, Rost S, McGinnis LM, Koeppen H, Gay CM, Minna JD, Heymach JV, Chan JM, Rudin CM, Byers LA, Liu SV, Reck M, Shames DS. Immune heterogeneity in small-cell lung cancer and vulnerability to immune checkpoint blockade. Cancer Cell 2024; 42:429-443.e4. [PMID: 38366589 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2024.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Atezolizumab (anti-PD-L1), combined with carboplatin and etoposide (CE), is now a standard of care for extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer (ES-SCLC). A clearer understanding of therapeutically relevant SCLC subsets could identify rational combination strategies and improve outcomes. We conduct transcriptomic analyses and non-negative matrix factorization on 271 pre-treatment patient tumor samples from IMpower133 and identify four subsets with general concordance to previously reported SCLC subtypes (SCLC-A, -N, -P, and -I). Deeper investigation into the immune heterogeneity uncovers two subsets with differing neuroendocrine (NE) versus non-neuroendocrine (non-NE) phenotypes, demonstrating immune cell infiltration hallmarks. The NE tumors with low tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) but high T-effector signals demonstrate longer overall survival with PD-L1 blockade and CE versus CE alone than non-NE tumors with high TAM and high T-effector signal. Our study offers a clinically relevant approach to discriminate SCLC patients likely benefitting most from immunotherapies and highlights the complex mechanisms underlying immunotherapy responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Leah Adler
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Velimir Gayevskiy
- Genentech Inc., South San Francisco CA, USA; Rancho Biosciences, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Caleb Chan
- Genentech Inc., South San Francisco CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Carl M Gay
- Department of Thoracic/Head & Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - John D Minna
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-8593, USA; Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Departments of Internal Medicine and Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - John V Heymach
- Department of Thoracic/Head & Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Joseph M Chan
- Department of Medicine, Thoracic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Program for Computational and Systems Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Charles M Rudin
- Department of Medicine, Thoracic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Program for Computational and Systems Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10016, USA; Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Lauren A Byers
- Department of Thoracic/Head & Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Stephen V Liu
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Martin Reck
- Lung Clinic Grosshansdorf, Airway Research Center North, German Center of Lung Research, Grosshansdorf, Germany
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4
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Schuster SJ, Huw LY, Bolen CR, Maximov V, Polson AG, Hatzi K, Lasater EA, Assouline SE, Bartlett NL, Budde LE, Matasar MJ, Koeppen H, Piccione EC, Wilson D, Wei MC, Yin S, Penuel E. Loss of CD20 expression as a mechanism of resistance to mosunetuzumab in relapsed/refractory B-cell lymphomas. Blood 2024; 143:822-832. [PMID: 38048694 PMCID: PMC10934296 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2023022348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT CD20 is an established therapeutic target in B-cell malignancies. The CD20 × CD3 bispecific antibody mosunetuzumab has significant efficacy in B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHLs). Because target antigen loss is a recognized mechanism of resistance, we evaluated CD20 expression relative to clinical response in patients with relapsed and/or refractory NHL in the phase 1/2 GO29781 trial investigating mosunetuzumab monotherapy. CD20 was studied using immunohistochemistry (IHC), RNA sequencing, and whole-exome sequencing performed centrally in biopsy specimens collected before treatment at predose, during treatment, or upon progression. Before treatment, most patients exhibited a high proportion of tumor cells expressing CD20; however, in 16 of 293 patients (5.5%) the proportion was <10%. Analyses of paired biopsy specimens from patients on treatment revealed that CD20 levels were maintained in 29 of 30 patients (97%) vs at progression, where CD20 loss was observed in 11 of 32 patients (34%). Reduced transcription or acquisition of truncating mutations explained most but not all cases of CD20 loss. In vitro modeling confirmed the effects of CD20 variants identified in clinical samples on reduction of CD20 expression and missense mutations in the extracellular domain that could block mosunetuzumab binding. This study expands the knowledge about the occurrence of target antigen loss after anti-CD20 therapeutics to include CD20-targeting bispecific antibodies and elucidates mechanisms of reduced CD20 expression at disease progression that may be generalizable to other anti-CD20 targeting agents. These results also confirm the utility of readily available IHC staining for CD20 as a tool to inform clinical decisions. This trial was registered at www.ClinicalTrials.gov as #NCT02500407.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J. Schuster
- Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Nancy L. Bartlett
- Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Shen Yin
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
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5
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Baca M, Chalouni C, Koeppen H, Rangell L, Sagolla M, Reichelt M. Development of a Cryo-Pre-Embedding Immunogold Labeling Protocol for the Ultrastructural Localization of PDL1 in Human Tonsils. Microsc Microanal 2023; 29:1123-1124. [PMID: 37613252 DOI: 10.1093/micmic/ozad067.575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Baca
- Genentech, Research Pathology, Center for Advanced Light and Electron Microscopy, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Cecile Chalouni
- Genentech, Research Pathology, Center for Advanced Light and Electron Microscopy, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hartmut Koeppen
- Genentech, Research Pathology, Center for Advanced Light and Electron Microscopy, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Linda Rangell
- Genentech, Research Pathology, Center for Advanced Light and Electron Microscopy, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Meredith Sagolla
- Genentech, Research Pathology, Center for Advanced Light and Electron Microscopy, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mike Reichelt
- Genentech, Research Pathology, Center for Advanced Light and Electron Microscopy, South San Francisco, CA, USA
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6
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Qamra A, Srivastava MK, Fuentes E, Trotter B, Biju R, Chhor G, Cowan J, Gendreau S, Lincoln W, McGinnis L, Molinero L, Patil NS, Schedlbauer A, Schulze K, Stanford-Moore A, Chambre L, Wapinski I, Shames DS, Koeppen H, Hennek S, Fridlyand J, Giltnane JM, Amitai A. Abstract 5705: Digital pathology based prognostic & predictive biomarkers in metastatic non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2023-5705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: In recent years, a relationship between the tumor microenvironment (TME) and patient response to targeted cancer immunotherapy has been suggested. We applied machine-learning algorithms on H&E stained tissue to study the TME in metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Our goal was to identify digital pathology (DP) features associated with outcome under combination treatment or monotherapy with atezolizumab (atezo), an anti-PD-L1 therapy, and relate those features to other data modalities. We analyzed patient data from two phase 3 clinical trials, OAK (docetaxel versus atezo in 2L+ NSCLC) and IMpower150 (bevacizumab, carboplatin, and paclitaxel (BCP) versus BCP+atezo (ABCP) in advanced 1L non-squamous NSCLC).
Methods: As part of our effort to build a DP-based tumor-immune microenvironment atlas, digitized H&E images were registered onto the PathAI research platform. Over 200K annotations from 90 pathologists were used to train convolutional neural networks (CNNs) that classify slide-level human-interpretable features (HIFs) of cells and tissue structures from images and deployed on images from OAK and IMpower150. HIFs and PD-L1 status were associated with outcome in all samples in each arm in OAK and results were validated in IMpower150, using Cox proportional hazard models. Bulk RNAseq was run using samples extracted from the same area as the H&E slide.
Results: We identified a composite feature capturing the ratio of immune cells to fibroblasts in the stroma predictive of both overall survival (OS) (HR=0.74 p=0.0046) and progression-free survival (PFS) (HR=0.87 p=0.14). While patients primarily benefit from atezo if they are PD-L1 high, we found that even PD-L1 negative patients benefited from atezo when enriched for this feature (22C3 PD-L1 assay: OS HR=0.59 p=0.015, PFS HR=0.8 p=0.25; SP142 PD-L1 assay: OS HR=0.74 p=0.12, PFS HR=0.88 p=0.45). We thus recognized a DP feature that was predictive for positive outcome with atezo treatment, independent of PD-L1 levels. This association was then validated in IMpower150 comparing ABCP to BCP, both overall (OS HR=0.69 p=0.012) and in PD-L1 negative patients (SP263 assay OS HR=0.56 p=0.034). Integrating with RNAseq, patients enriched for this DP feature showed similar enrichment for B and T gene signatures and depletion in CAF-related gene signatures, thus showing the harmonization of TME between different data modalities.
Conclusions: Using a deep learning-based assay for quantifying pathology features of the TME from H&E images in two NSCLC trials, we identified a novel biomarker predictive of outcome to PD-L1 targeting therapy, even in PD-L1 low & negative patients. Importantly, our work shows how different data modalities (DP, gene expression) can be integrated to further our understanding of the TME.
Citation Format: Aditi Qamra, Minu K. Srivastava, Eloisa Fuentes, Ben Trotter, Raymond Biju, Guillaume Chhor, James Cowan, Steven Gendreau, Webster Lincoln, Lisa McGinnis, Luciana Molinero, Namrata S. Patil, Amber Schedlbauer, Katja Schulze, Adam Stanford-Moore, Laura Chambre, Ilan Wapinski, David S. Shames, Hartmut Koeppen, Stephanie Hennek, Jane Fridlyand, Jennifer M. Giltnane, Assaf Amitai. Digital pathology based prognostic & predictive biomarkers in metastatic non-small cell lung cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 5705.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Qamra
- 1Hoffmann-La Roche Limited, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
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7
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Huseni MA, Wang L, Klementowicz JE, Yuen K, Breart B, Orr C, Liu LF, Li Y, Gupta V, Li C, Rishipathak D, Peng J, Şenbabaoǧlu Y, Modrusan Z, Keerthivasan S, Madireddi S, Chen YJ, Fraser EJ, Leng N, Hamidi H, Koeppen H, Ziai J, Hashimoto K, Fassò M, Williams P, McDermott DF, Rosenberg JE, Powles T, Emens LA, Hegde PS, Mellman I, Turley SJ, Wilson MS, Mariathasan S, Molinero L, Merchant M, West NR. CD8 + T cell-intrinsic IL-6 signaling promotes resistance to anti-PD-L1 immunotherapy. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:100878. [PMID: 36599350 PMCID: PMC9873827 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Although immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are established as effective cancer therapies, overcoming therapeutic resistance remains a critical challenge. Here we identify interleukin 6 (IL-6) as a correlate of poor response to atezolizumab (anti-PD-L1) in large clinical trials of advanced kidney, breast, and bladder cancers. In pre-clinical models, combined blockade of PD-L1 and the IL-6 receptor (IL6R) causes synergistic regression of large established tumors and substantially improves anti-tumor CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses compared with anti-PD-L1 alone. Circulating CTLs from cancer patients with high plasma IL-6 display a repressed functional profile based on single-cell RNA sequencing, and IL-6-STAT3 signaling inhibits classical cytotoxic differentiation of CTLs in vitro. In tumor-bearing mice, CTL-specific IL6R deficiency is sufficient to improve anti-PD-L1 activity. Thus, based on both clinical and experimental evidence, agents targeting IL-6 signaling are plausible partners for combination with ICIs in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lifen Wang
- Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | - Kobe Yuen
- Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | | | - Li-Fen Liu
- Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Yijin Li
- Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | - Congfen Li
- Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | - Jing Peng
- Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ning Leng
- Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | | | - James Ziai
- Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Jonathan E Rosenberg
- Genitourinary Oncology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Thomas Powles
- Barts Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Leisha A Emens
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | | | - Ira Mellman
- Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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8
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Cantley J, Ye X, Rousseau E, Januario T, Hamman BD, Rose CM, Cheung TK, Hinkle T, Soto L, Quinn C, Harbin A, Bortolon E, Chen X, Haskell R, Lin E, Yu SF, Del Rosario G, Chan E, Dunlap D, Koeppen H, Martin S, Merchant M, Grimmer M, Broccatelli F, Wang J, Pizzano J, Dragovich PS, Berlin M, Yauch RL. Selective PROTAC-mediated degradation of SMARCA2 is efficacious in SMARCA4 mutant cancers. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6814. [PMID: 36357397 PMCID: PMC9649729 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34562-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian SWItch/Sucrose Non-Fermentable (SWI/SNF) helicase SMARCA4 is frequently mutated in cancer and inactivation results in a cellular dependence on its paralog, SMARCA2, thus making SMARCA2 an attractive synthetic lethal target. However, published data indicates that achieving a high degree of selective SMARCA2 inhibition is likely essential to afford an acceptable therapeutic index, and realizing this objective is challenging due to the homology with the SMARCA4 paralog. Herein we report the discovery of a potent and selective SMARCA2 proteolysis-targeting chimera molecule (PROTAC), A947. Selective SMARCA2 degradation is achieved in the absence of selective SMARCA2/4 PROTAC binding and translates to potent in vitro growth inhibition and in vivo efficacy in SMARCA4 mutant models, compared to wild type models. Global ubiquitin mapping and proteome profiling reveal no unexpected off-target degradation related to A947 treatment. Our study thus highlights the ability to transform a non-selective SMARCA2/4-binding ligand into a selective and efficacious in vivo SMARCA2-targeting PROTAC, and thereby provides a potential new therapeutic opportunity for patients whose tumors contain SMARCA4 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Cantley
- grid.504169.f0000 0004 7667 0983Arvinas, LLC, 5 Science Park, New Haven, CT 06511 USA
| | - Xiaofen Ye
- grid.418158.10000 0004 0534 4718Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, 94080 USA
| | - Emma Rousseau
- grid.504169.f0000 0004 7667 0983Arvinas, LLC, 5 Science Park, New Haven, CT 06511 USA
| | - Tom Januario
- grid.418158.10000 0004 0534 4718Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, 94080 USA
| | - Brian D. Hamman
- HotSpot Therapeutics, Inc. 1 Deerpark Dr., Ste C, Monmouth Junction, NJ 08852 USA
| | - Christopher M. Rose
- grid.418158.10000 0004 0534 4718Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, 94080 USA
| | - Tommy K. Cheung
- grid.418158.10000 0004 0534 4718Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, 94080 USA
| | - Trent Hinkle
- grid.418158.10000 0004 0534 4718Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, 94080 USA
| | - Leofal Soto
- grid.504169.f0000 0004 7667 0983Arvinas, LLC, 5 Science Park, New Haven, CT 06511 USA
| | - Connor Quinn
- grid.504169.f0000 0004 7667 0983Arvinas, LLC, 5 Science Park, New Haven, CT 06511 USA
| | - Alicia Harbin
- grid.504169.f0000 0004 7667 0983Arvinas, LLC, 5 Science Park, New Haven, CT 06511 USA
| | - Elizabeth Bortolon
- grid.504169.f0000 0004 7667 0983Arvinas, LLC, 5 Science Park, New Haven, CT 06511 USA
| | - Xin Chen
- grid.504169.f0000 0004 7667 0983Arvinas, LLC, 5 Science Park, New Haven, CT 06511 USA
| | - Roy Haskell
- grid.504169.f0000 0004 7667 0983Arvinas, LLC, 5 Science Park, New Haven, CT 06511 USA
| | - Eva Lin
- grid.418158.10000 0004 0534 4718Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, 94080 USA
| | - Shang-Fan Yu
- grid.418158.10000 0004 0534 4718Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, 94080 USA
| | - Geoff Del Rosario
- grid.418158.10000 0004 0534 4718Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, 94080 USA
| | - Emily Chan
- grid.418158.10000 0004 0534 4718Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, 94080 USA
| | - Debra Dunlap
- grid.418158.10000 0004 0534 4718Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, 94080 USA
| | - Hartmut Koeppen
- grid.418158.10000 0004 0534 4718Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, 94080 USA
| | - Scott Martin
- grid.418158.10000 0004 0534 4718Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, 94080 USA
| | - Mark Merchant
- grid.418158.10000 0004 0534 4718Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, 94080 USA
| | - Matt Grimmer
- grid.418158.10000 0004 0534 4718Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, 94080 USA
| | - Fabio Broccatelli
- grid.418158.10000 0004 0534 4718Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, 94080 USA
| | - Jing Wang
- grid.504169.f0000 0004 7667 0983Arvinas, LLC, 5 Science Park, New Haven, CT 06511 USA
| | - Jennifer Pizzano
- grid.504169.f0000 0004 7667 0983Arvinas, LLC, 5 Science Park, New Haven, CT 06511 USA
| | - Peter S. Dragovich
- grid.418158.10000 0004 0534 4718Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, 94080 USA
| | - Michael Berlin
- grid.504169.f0000 0004 7667 0983Arvinas, LLC, 5 Science Park, New Haven, CT 06511 USA
| | - Robert L. Yauch
- grid.418158.10000 0004 0534 4718Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, 94080 USA
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9
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Thakur MD, Franz CJ, Brennan L, Brouwer-Visser J, Tam R, Korski K, Koeppen H, Ziai J, Babitzki G, Ranchere-Vince D, Vasiljevic A, Dijoud F, Marec-Bérard P, Rochet I, Cannarile MA, Marabelle A. Immune contexture of paediatric cancers. Eur J Cancer 2022; 170:179-193. [PMID: 35660252 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2022.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The clinical development of immune checkpoint-targeted immunotherapies has been disappointing so far in paediatric solid tumours. However, as opposed to adults, very little is known about the immune contexture of paediatric malignancies. METHODS We investigated by gene expression and immunohistochemistry (IHC) the immune microenvironment of five major paediatric cancers: Ewing sarcoma (ES), osteosarcoma (OS), rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS), medulloblastoma (MB) and neuroblastoma (NB; 20 cases each; n = 100 samples total), and correlated them with overall survival. RESULTS NB and RMS tumours had high immune cell gene expression values and high T-cell counts but were low for antigen processing cell (APC) genes. OS and ES tumours showed low levels of T-cells but the highest levels of APC genes. OS had the highest levels of macrophages (CSF1R, CD163 and CD68), whereas ES had the lowest. MB appeared as immune deserts. Tregs (FOXP3 staining) were higher in both RMS and OS. Most tumours scored negative for PD-L1 in tumour and immune cells, with only 11 of 100 samples positive for PD-L1 staining. PD-L1 and OX40 levels were generally low across all five indications. Interestingly, NB had comparable levels of CD8 by IHC and by gene expression to adult tumours. However, by gene expression, these tumours were low for T-cell cytotoxic molecules GZMB, GZMA and PRF1. Surprisingly, the lower the level of tumour infiltrative CD8 T-cells, the better the prognosis was in NB, RMS and ES. Gene expression analyses showed that MYCN-amplified NB have higher amounts of immune suppressive cells such as macrophages, myeloid-derived suppressor cells and Tregs, whereas the non-MYCN-amplified tumours were more infiltrated and had higher expression levels of Teff. CONCLUSIONS Our results describe the quality and quantity of immune cells across five major paediatric cancers and provide some key features differentiating these tumours from adult tumour types. These findings explain why anti-PD(L)1 might not have had single agent success in paediatric cancers. These results provides the rationale for the development of biologically stratified and personalised immunotherapy strategies in children with relapsing/refractory cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carl J Franz
- Lake Tahoe Community College, South Lake Tahoe, CA, USA
| | - Laura Brennan
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Early Biomarker Development Oncology, Roche Innovation Center New York, Little Falls, NJ, USA
| | - Jurriaan Brouwer-Visser
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Early Biomarker Development Oncology, Roche Innovation Center New York, Little Falls, NJ, USA
| | | | - Konstanty Korski
- Roche Innovation Center Munich, Pharma Research and Early Development, Penzberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Alexandre Vasiljevic
- Team Fluid, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Lyon Neurosciences Recherche Center, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Frédérique Dijoud
- Centre de Pathologie Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Perrine Marec-Bérard
- Institut d'Hématologie et d'Oncologie Pédiatrique (iHOPe), Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Isabelle Rochet
- Institut d'Hématologie et d'Oncologie Pédiatrique (iHOPe), Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Michael A Cannarile
- Roche Innovation Center Munich, Pharma Research and Early Development, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Aurélien Marabelle
- Institut d'Hématologie et d'Oncologie Pédiatrique (iHOPe), Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France; Département d'Innovation Thérapeutique et d'Essais Précoces (DITEP), Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; Laboratoire de Recherche Translationelle en Immunothérapies, INSERM U1015, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; Centre d'Investigation Clinique BIOTHERIS, INSERM CIC1428, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicetre, France.
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10
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Molinero L, Emens LA, Goldstein LD, Abbas AR, Koeppen H, Rugo HS, Adams S, Chui SY, Schmid P, Loi S. Mechanisms of action and acquired resistance to atezolizumab plus nab-paclitaxel in metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (mTNBC). J Clin Oncol 2022. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2022.40.16_suppl.1078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
1078 Background: In the IMpassion130 study (NCT02425891) first-line atezolizumab plus nab-paclitaxel (A+nP) provided clinical benefit compared with placebo plus nP (P+nP) in patients with mTNBC whose tumors were PD-L1+ (Schmid NEJM 2018). However, in many patients, disease that was initially controlled eventually progressed. The mechanism of action of A+nP and nP in the mTNBC tumor microenvironment (TME) and the biological changes associated with tumor progression with these therapies remain largely unknown. The goal of the current study was to evaluate biological changes in the TME induced by atezolizumab and nP early on treatment (OT) and at the time of progressive disease (PD) in IMpassion130. Methods: Paired tumor biopsies from IMpassion130 collected pre-treatment at baseline (BL), after 4 weeks OT, and at clinical PD were evaluated histologically for PD-L1 expression, CD8 content, stromal tumor infiltrating lymphocytes and immune phenotypes. RNA sequencing was also used to evaluate TNBC molecular subtypes and gene expression (hallmark gene sets, and immune cell and stromal gene signatures). Matched tumor pair samples from BL and PD were further analyzed by next-generation sequencing for genomic changes using the FoundationOne gene panel. Wilcoxon, Fisher, and McNemar’s tests were used for statistical analysis. Results: OT A+nP (n = 24 pairs), but not P+nP (n = 18 pairs) increased PD-L1 in both tumor-infiltrating immune cells and tumor cells, and increased frequency of immune-inflamed tumors. RNA-based signatures for A+nP showed an increase in lymphocytes (T-, B-, and NK cell), as well as IFN-α and IFN-γ responses, driven mainly by responders. While P+nP increased RNA-based stromal signatures (cancer-associated fibroblasts, pericytes, and angiogenesis) and epithelial mesenchymal transition, these changes were not observed with A+nP. OT A+nP and P+nP both reduced cell proliferation but only A+nP reduced metabolic pathways. At PD there was a significant reduction of RNA-based immune and stromal signatures in both A+nP (n = 59) and P+nP (n = 55) arms. Cell proliferation and DNA repair signatures were increased with A+nP but not P+nP. Evaluation of genomic changes suggested that both A+nP and P+nP increased tumor mutational burden (TMB), but only A+nP increased genomic scarring. At PD, the tumor immune phenotypes changed at PD with no directionality, while TNBC subtypes remained stable. Conclusions: A+nP boosted tumor immune inflammation and decreased tumor cell proliferation and metabolism in mTNBC patients, particularly in responders. Addition of atezolizumab prevented early stromal recruitment induced by nP. While decreased immune and stromal components and increased TMB were observed with both nP and A+nP, A+nP tumor escape was characterized by increased cell proliferation and DNA scarring. Clinical trial information: NCT02425891.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leisha A. Emens
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Hillman Cancer Center/Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | | | | | | | - Hope S. Rugo
- University ofSan Francisco Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA
| | - Sylvia Adams
- NYU Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY
| | | | - Peter Schmid
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sherene Loi
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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11
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Schuster SJ, Huw LY, Bolen CR, Assouline SE, Bartlett NL, Budde LE, Matasar MJ, Koeppen H, Piccione EC, Wilson D, Wei MC, Yin S, Penuel EM. Characterization of CD20 expression loss as a mechanism of resistance to mosunetuzumab in patients with relapsed/refractory B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas. J Clin Oncol 2022. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2022.40.16_suppl.7526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
7526 Background: Mosunetuzumab (M) is a bispecific antibody targeting CD20 and CD3 that redirects T cells to engage and eliminate malignant B cells being developed for relapsed or refractory (R/R) B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas (B-NHL). CD20 is an optimal target, with uniform expression across B-NHL histologies and minimal receptor turnover. We characterized CD20 loss as a potential mechanism of resistance to M in patients (pts) on a Phase I/II trial (NCT02500407) receiving M monotherapy for the treatment (tx) of R/R B-NHL. Methods: Pts with R/R B-NHL received M intravenously in 3-week cycles, for eight to 17 cycles depending on tumor response. At baseline (BL), biomarker-evaluable (archival or fresh) biopsies were collected from 293 pts. Biopsies from 62 pts were collected at additional time points during tx with M and/or at disease progression (PD). The proportion of CD20+ and PAX5+ tumor cells was determined by immunohistochemistry (IHC) using dual-staining with anti-CD20 (clone L26, VENTANA) and anti-PAX5 (clone DAK-PAX5, DAKO) antibodies. Expression of MS4A1, the gene encoding CD20 , was measured by RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq); MS4A1 mutation profiling was performed by whole exome sequencing (WES). Levels of CD20 expression were assessed relative to response rates. Correlative analyses were performed and assessed centrally (IHC, RNA-seq, and WES) and locally (IHC). Results: CD20 levels were consistently high ( > 75% CD20+PAX5+ cells) in the majority of BL biopsies and generally comparable across histologies (FL, DLBCL, tFL, MCL, and RT). BL CD20 loss (≤5% CD20+PAX5+ cells) was seen in 16/293 pts (5.5%), more commonly in aggressive NHL, and responses to M were not seen in these pts. Among 62 pts with BL and on-tx/at-PD biopsies, BL CD20 levels were ≤5% in 7/62 pts (11%) (6/7 pts [86%] progressed before completing Cycle 2). CD20 levels were maintained in on-tx biopsies from 23/24 pts (96%). At PD, biopsies showed CD20 loss in 7/26 pts (27%). For five pts with BL, on-tx and at-PD biopsies, all pts maintained CD20 while on-tx and 1/5 pts (20%) had CD20 loss at PD. There was no clear association between CD20 reduction and histology. Data from 185 BL biopsies showed generally concordant levels of CD20 gene and protein expression (r = 0.72). In 10/185 pts (5%), MS4A1 was expressed without detectable CD20 protein expression; DNA sequencing revealed novel mutations in MS4A1, including mutations leading to truncation of the protein. CD20 transmembrane and extra-cellular domain mutations were also observed but do not block CD20 expression. Conclusions: In pts with R/R B-NHL treated with M, low BL CD20 expression is associated with lack of response to M. During M tx, loss of tumor cell expression of CD20 is one mechanism of acquired resistance; however, CD20 expression is maintained in most pts with PD, implying alternative mechanisms for acquired M resistance. Clinical trial information: NCT02500407.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J. Schuster
- Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | | | | | - Nancy L. Bartlett
- Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Shen Yin
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
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12
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Orlova D, Li X, Eastham-Anderson J, Zou W, Tabatsky E, Giltnane JM, Patil NS, Peterson M, Zijlstra A, Koeppen H. Automated tumor immunophenotyping and response to immunotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer using a spatial statistics approach. J Clin Oncol 2022. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2022.40.16_suppl.2626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
2626 Background: Based on the clinical success of immuno-oncology therapeutics, tissue-based, biomarker analyses have shifted from a focus on tumor cell phenotypes to spatial and functional analyses of the tumor immune environment. Distribution and composition of immune infiltrates have shown prognostic or predictive value in various studies; however, standardized approaches to categorize tumors into “Desert”, “Excluded” or “Inflamed” immunophenotypes based on the density and pattern of immune infiltrates are missing. This categorization is typically based on visual inspection of a stained tissue section; it is labor-intensive and associated with poor inter-observer concordance. To eliminate these barriers we developed an automated approach that relies on a set of derived spatial features and named this analysis pipeline LATIS (metric Learning based Automated Tumor Immunophenotyping with Spatial statistics). Methods: We used two clinical trials, POPLAR (phase II; n=258) and OAK (phase III; n=623) that compared anti-PD-L1 treatment vs chemotherapy in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer to develop and validate this approach. LATIS utilizes scans of slides stained immunohistochemically for CD8 and cytokeratin (CK); images were tiled and classified according to CK status (positive/negative). First, CD8 positive and CK density was calculated for each tile. Twenty six spatial features were then extracted for each tiled image scan. We used a labeled (manual immunophenotype calls) POPLAR dataset to learn a metric that separates classes of labeled data best with respect of spatial features provided for each data point. Then, to co-embed OAK dataset with POPLAR dataset into the same space, we used that learned metric as a measure of distance between new unlabeled points (OAK data set). K-means clustering in the embedded space was used to identify clusters of data points followed by QFMatch to assign class labels (“Inflamed”, “Excluded”, “Desert”) to each data point. Results: LATIS successfully relates spatial features to both, manual reads and patient response to therapy. In OAK, anti-PD-L1 treated patients experienced longer median overall survival (OS) when tumors showed intra-epithelial CD8+ cells (Inflamed) compared to tumors with a stromal pattern of CD8+ cells (Excluded) or a low density of CD8+ cells (Desert): 17.6 months vs 10.3 (Excluded) vs 12.1 (Desert) [p=0.0061]. Median progression-free survival (PFS) was 3.2 months (Inflamed) vs 2.6 (Excluded) vs 1.4 (Desert) [p=0.00058]. OS and PFS were not significantly different for the three categories in chemotherapy only arm. Conclusions: We suggest that tumor immunophenotype categories generated in an automated fashion by LATIS can serve as predictive biomarker for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiao Li
- Genentech, Inc., South SAN Francisco, CA
| | | | - Wei Zou
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
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13
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Patil NS, Nabet BY, Müller S, Koeppen H, Zou W, Giltnane J, Au-Yeung A, Srivats S, Cheng JH, Takahashi C, de Almeida PE, Chitre AS, Grogan JL, Rangell L, Jayakar S, Peterson M, Hsia AW, O'Gorman WE, Ballinger M, Banchereau R, Shames DS. Intratumoral plasma cells predict outcomes to PD-L1 blockade in non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Cell 2022; 40:289-300.e4. [PMID: 35216676 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2022.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors of the programmed cell death-1 (PD-1/PD-L1) signaling axis are approved to treat non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients, based on their significant overall survival (OS) benefit. Using transcriptomic analysis of 891 NSCLC tumors from patients treated with either the PD-L1 inhibitor atezolizumab or chemotherapy from two large randomized clinical trials, we find a significant B cell association with extended OS with PD-L1 blockade, independent of CD8+ T cell signals. We then derive gene signatures corresponding to the dominant B cell subsets present in NSCLC from single-cell RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data. Importantly, we find increased plasma cell signatures to be predictive of OS in patients treated with atezolizumab, but not chemotherapy. B and plasma cells are also associated with the presence of tertiary lymphoid structures and organized lymphoid aggregates. Our results suggest an important contribution of B and plasma cells to the efficacy of PD-L1 blockade in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namrata S Patil
- Oncology Biomarker Development, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Barzin Y Nabet
- Oncology Biomarker Development, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Sören Müller
- Oncology Bioinformatics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hartmut Koeppen
- Research Pathology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Wei Zou
- Oncology Biomarker Development, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Amelia Au-Yeung
- OMNI Biomarker Development, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Shyam Srivats
- Oncology Biomarker Development, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jason H Cheng
- Oncology Biomarker Development, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Chikara Takahashi
- OMNI Biomarker Development, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Avantika S Chitre
- Cancer Immunology Research, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jane L Grogan
- Cancer Immunology Research, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Linda Rangell
- Research Pathology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sangeeta Jayakar
- Research Pathology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Maureen Peterson
- Oncology Biomarker Development, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Allison W Hsia
- Oncology Biomarker Development, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - William E O'Gorman
- OMNI Biomarker Development, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Romain Banchereau
- Oncology Biomarker Development, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - David S Shames
- Oncology Biomarker Development, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
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14
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Havnar C, Lau S, Hung J, Eastham-Anderson J, Espiritu C, Rangell L, Koeppen H, Ziai J, Foreman O. Characterization of Tumor-immune Microenvironment by High-throughput Image Analysis of CD8 Immunohistochemistry Combined With Modified Masson's Trichrome. J Histochem Cytochem 2021; 69:611-615. [PMID: 34353148 DOI: 10.1369/00221554211034935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
With the advent of checkpoint inhibitors, there is increasing need to study the dynamics of CD8+ T-cells in the tumor microenviroment. In this article, we describe a semi-automated method to quantify and interrogate spatial relationships between T-cells and collagenous stroma in human and mouse tissue samples. The assay combines CD8 immunohistochemistry with modified Masson's trichrome. Slides are scanned and digital images are analyzed using an adjustable MATLAB algorithm, allowing for high-throughput quantification of cytotoxic T-cells and collagen. This method provides a flexible tool for unbiased quantification of T-cells and their interactions with tumor cells and tumor microenvironment in tissue samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Havnar
- Department of Research Pathology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Shari Lau
- Department of Research Pathology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Jeffrey Hung
- Department of Research Pathology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | | | - Carmina Espiritu
- Department of Research Pathology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Linda Rangell
- Department of Research Pathology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Hartmut Koeppen
- Department of Research Pathology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - James Ziai
- Department of Research Pathology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Oded Foreman
- Department of Research Pathology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
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15
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de Ruijter LK, van de Donk PP, Hooiveld-Noeken JS, Giesen D, Ungewickell A, Fine BM, Williams SP, Bohorquez SMS, Yadav M, Koeppen H, Jing J, Guelman S, Lin MT, Mamounas MJ, Eastham J, Kimes PK, Glaudemans AW, Brouwers AH, Lub-de Hooge MN, Gietema JA, Schröder CP, Timens W, Jalving M, Elias S, Oosting SF, de Groot DJ, de Vries EG. Abstract LB037: 89ZED88082A PET imaging to visualize CD8+ T cells in patients with cancer treated with immune checkpoint inhibitor. Cancer Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2021-lb037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
T cell enhancing immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) are effective across several tumor types in a subset of patients. Insights into systemic localization of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells might support early treatment decisions. To address this, we performed a PET imaging study with a zirconium-89 (89Zr) labeled one-armed CD8-specific antibody 89ZED88082A to assess tracer performance, safety, and pharmacokinetics (PK) before and during treatment. Here we report preliminary data on uptake in tumor lesions before ICI. Methods: Patients with locally advanced or metastatic solid tumors that may benefit from ICI are eligible. In part A (imaging before treatment) and part B (imaging before and during treatment), 37 MBq (1 mCi) 89ZED88082A is administered with unlabeled one-armed antibody CED88004S to vary total protein dose. PET images are acquired at up to 4 time points: 1 h, and days (d) 2, 4, 7 post-injection followed by a tumor biopsy for CD8 immunohistochemistry and autoradiography (NCT04029181). Subsequently, patients receive atezolizumab (NCT02478099) or standard of care nivolumab ± ipilimumab. Tumor and lymph node 89ZED88082A uptake are assessed as (geometric mean) maximum standard uptake value (SUVmax), in other organs as SUVmean. Serum 89ZED88082A/CED88004S levels are measured for PK. Tumor response is according to (i)RECIST1.1. Results: For pretreatment imaging results, 32 patients (9 part A, 23 part B) were evaluable; 3 received 4 mg total tracer protein dose, 29 received 10 mg. No tracer infusion-related reactions occurred. Here we show results on d2 PET imaging with 10 mg protein dose, which was considered optimal based on superior 89Zr blood pool activity, clinical feasibility and serum antibody PK with a half-life of 28.6 h. 89ZED88082A uptake was observed within 1 h in spleen, and strong d2 imaging signal was seen across lymphoid organs including spleen (\bar{x}$ SUVmean 47.2), lymph nodes (SUVmax 4.2), bone marrow (\bar{x}$ SUVmean 5.0), small bowel and Waldeyer's ring. 89ZED88082A tumor uptake was seen at all main metastatic organ sites (overall lesion SUVmax 5.5, range 0.6-30.9) and varied across patients (\bar{x}$ per patient SUVmax 5.4, IQR 3.8-7.4). Higher tumor uptake showed a trend with better response (p=0.059) and longer PFS (p=0.033). Tumor uptake was higher in patients with mismatch-repair deficient (dMMR) than MMR proficient tumors (SUVmax 9.3 vs 4.9, p<0.001). Tumors with immune desert vs CD8+ cell stromal/inflamed profile had a \bar{x}$ SUVmax of 4.7 vs 8.3 (p=0.042). In tumor biopsies, autoradiography signal and CD8 staining were linearly associated (p<0.001). Conclusion: 89ZED88082A PET imaging is safe and shows high uptake in normal lymphoid organs. Uptake in tumor lesions is heterogeneous within and between patients. Tumor uptake is higher pretreatment in dMMR tumors and correlated with patient outcome. 89ZED88082A uptake on PET and by autoradiography reflects CD8 expression in tumor biopsies.
Citation Format: Laura Kist de Ruijter, Pim P. van de Donk, Jahlisa S. Hooiveld-Noeken, Danique Giesen, Alexander Ungewickell, Bernard M. Fine, Simon P. Williams, Sandra M. Sanabria Bohorquez, Mahesh Yadav, Hartmut Koeppen, Jing Jing, Sebastian Guelman, Mark T. Lin, Michael J. Mamounas, Jeffrey Eastham, Patrick K. Kimes, Andor W. Glaudemans, Adrienne H. Brouwers, Marjolijn N. Lub-de Hooge, Jourik A. Gietema, Carolina P. Schröder, Wim Timens, Mathilde Jalving, Sjoerd Elias, Sjoukje F. Oosting, Derk J. de Groot, Elisabeth G. de Vries. 89ZED88082A PET imaging to visualize CD8+ T cells in patients with cancer treated with immune checkpoint inhibitor [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr LB037.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Danique Giesen
- 1University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Wim Timens
- 1University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Sjoerd Elias
- 3University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
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16
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Herrington CS, Poulsom R, Koeppen H, Coates PJ. Recent Advances in Pathology: the 2021 Annual Review Issue of The Journal of Pathology. J Pathol 2021; 254:303-306. [PMID: 34097314 DOI: 10.1002/path.5687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The 2021 Annual Review Issue of The Journal of Pathology contains 14 invited reviews on current research areas of particular importance in pathology. The subjects included here reflect the broad range of interests covered by the journal, including both basic and applied research fields but always with the aim of improving our understanding of human disease. This year, our reviews encompass the huge impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, the development and application of biomarkers for immune checkpoint inhibitors, recent advances in multiplexing antigen/nucleic acid detection in situ, the use of genomics to aid drug discovery, organoid methodologies in research, the microbiome in cancer, the role of macrophage-stroma interactions in fibrosis, and TGF-β as a driver of fibrosis in multiple pathologies. Other reviews revisit the p53 field and its lack of clinical impact to date, dissect the genetics of mitochondrial diseases, summarise the cells of origin and genetics of sarcomagenesis, provide new data on the role of TRIM28 in tumour predisposition, review our current understanding of cancer stem cell niches, and the function and regulation of p63. The reviews are authored by experts in their field from academia and industry, and provide comprehensive updates of the chosen areas, in which there has been considerable recent progress. © 2021 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Simon Herrington
- Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Richard Poulsom
- The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland, London, UK
| | | | - Philip J Coates
- RECAMO, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
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Gadgeel S, Hirsch FR, Kerr K, Barlesi F, Park K, Rittmeyer A, Zou W, Bhatia N, Koeppen H, Paul SM, Shames D, Yi J, Matheny C, Ballinger M, McCleland M, Gandara DR. Comparison of SP142 and 22C3 Immunohistochemistry PD-L1 Assays for Clinical Efficacy of Atezolizumab in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Results From the Randomized OAK Trial. Clin Lung Cancer 2021; 23:21-33. [PMID: 34226144 DOI: 10.1016/j.cllc.2021.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This phase III OAK trial (NCT02008227) subgroup analysis (data cutoff, January 9, 2019) evaluated the predictive value of 2 PD-L1 IHC tests (VENTANA SP142 and Dako 22C3) for benefit from atezolizumab versus docetaxel by programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) status in patients with previously treated metastatic non-small cell lung cancer. METHODS PD-L1 expression was assessed prospectively with SP142 on tumor cells (TC) and tumor-infiltrating immune cells (IC) and retrospectively with 22C3 using a tumor proportion score (TPS) based on TC membrane staining. Efficacy was assessed in the 22C3 biomarker-evaluable population (22C3-BEP) (n = 577; 47.1% of SP142-intention-to-treat population) and non-22C3-BEP (n = 648) in PD-L1 subgroups (high, low, and negative) and according to selection by 1 or both assays. RESULTS In the 22C3-BEP, overall survival benefits with atezolizumab versus docetaxel were observed across PD-L1 subgroups; benefits were greatest in SP142-defined PD-L1-high (TC3 or IC3: hazard ratio [HR], 0.39 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.25-0.63]) and 22C3-defined PD-L1-high (TPS ≥ 50%: HR, 0.56 [95% CI, 0.38-0.82]) and low (TPS, 1% to < 50%: HR, 0.55 [95% CI, 0.37-0.82]) groups. Progression-free survival improved with increasing PD-L1 expression for both assays. SP142 and 22C3 assays identified overlapping and unique patient populations in PD-L1-high, positive, and negative subgroups. Overall survival and progression-free survival benefits favored atezolizumab over docetaxel in double PD-L1-positive and negative groups; patients with both SP142- and 22C3-positive tumors derived the greatest benefit. CONCLUSIONS Despite different scoring algorithms and differing sensitivity levels, the SP142 and 22C3 assays similarly predicted atezolizumab benefit at validated PD-L1 thresholds in patients with non-small cell lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirish Gadgeel
- Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | | | - Keith Kerr
- Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen University Medical School, Aberdeen, Scotland
| | - Fabrice Barlesi
- Aix Marseille Universite, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Keunchil Park
- Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - Wei Zou
- Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Jing Yi
- Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
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18
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Emens LA, Goldstein LD, Schmid P, Rugo HS, Adams S, Barrios CH, Schneeweiss A, Dieras V, Iwata H, Chang CW, Koeppen H, Chui SY, Loi S, Molinero L. The tumor microenvironment (TME) and atezolizumab + nab-paclitaxel (A+nP) activity in metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (mTNBC): IMpassion130. J Clin Oncol 2021. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2021.39.15_suppl.1006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
1006 Background: IMpassion130 was the first randomized phase 3 study to show clinical benefit of cancer immunotherapy (CIT) in untreated PD-L1+ mTNBC. Enhanced A + nP efficacy vs placebo (P) + nP was seen in pts with a richer immune TME but was confined to PD-L1 IC+ pts (PD-L1–expressing immune cells on ≥1% of tumor area; Emens JNCI 2021). While TNBC molecular subtyping and CD8 localization are prognostic in early TNBC, it is unknown whether these features are associated with CIT benefit in mTNBC. This exploratory analysis aimed to identify TME components associated with A + nP efficacy in IMpassion130. Methods: IHC was used to assess PD-L1 status (VENTANA SP142) and immune phenotypes (inflamed/excluded/desert per CD8 stromal/intratumoral localization; Mariathasan Nature 2018). RNA-seq was used for molecular subtyping (Burstein CCR 2015) and pathway analyses (MSigDB Hallmark). Cox regression was used to compare PFS/OS between A + nP vs P + nP, adjusted for prior taxanes, liver mets. Results: Sample classification and PD-L1 distribution are shown (Table). Improved PFS with A + nP vs P + nP was seen in PD-L1 IC+ inflamed and excluded tumors, but improved OS was limited to PD-L1 IC+ inflamed tumors. PD-L1 IC+ basal-like immune activated (BLIA) and immune suppressed (BLIS) subgroups derived PFS benefit, but OS benefit was limited to PD-L1 IC+ BLIA subgroups. In PD-L1 IC+ pts, pathway analysis identified proliferation/DNA damage repair (basal-like tumor features) and angiogenesis/ER response (higher in luminal androgen receptor [LAR]/ mesenchymal [MES] tumors) were associated with improved and reduced PFS, respectively. Conclusions: PD-L1 IC+ immune-inflamed tumors and PD-L1 IC+ BLIA tumors show highest CIT sensitivity, and LAR tumors may be resistant to CIT. These data warrant further study and validation. Clinical trial information: NCT02425891 .[Table: see text]
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Affiliation(s)
- Leisha A. Emens
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | | | - Peter Schmid
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hope S. Rugo
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Sylvia Adams
- New York University Cancer Institute, New York, NY
| | | | - Andreas Schneeweiss
- University Hospital and German Cancer Research Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Veronique Dieras
- Department of Medical Oncology, Centre Eugene Marquis, Rennes, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Sherene Loi
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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19
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Kockx MM, McCleland M, Koeppen H. Microenvironmental regulation of tumour immunity and response to immunotherapy. J Pathol 2021; 254:374-383. [PMID: 33846997 PMCID: PMC8252752 DOI: 10.1002/path.5681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The confluence of immunology and oncology has led to a lot of uncertainty and questions about relevant biomarkers. Despite the complexity of the tumour microenvironment, most clinical studies have relied on a single‐parameter immunohistochemical assay to prospectively select patients for checkpoint inhibitor therapy; the results of this strategy have been highly variable and often less than optimal. While great efforts have been made to identify additional or alternative biomarkers, pathologists, drug developers, and clinicians alike have faced technical, logistical, and regulatory challenges on how to implement them successfully. In this review, we will discuss these challenges; we will also highlight recent advances in dissecting the functional diversity of immune cell populations within the tumour microenvironment and their potential for improved, biomarker‐driven therapeutic strategies. The dynamic nature and cellular diversity of the tumour microenvironment may challenge past models of a single biomarker predicting patient response and clinical outcome. © 2021 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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20
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Banchereau R, Chitre AS, Scherl A, Wu TD, Patil NS, de Almeida P, Kadel Iii EE, Madireddi S, Au-Yeung A, Takahashi C, Chen YJ, Modrusan Z, McBride J, Nersesian R, El-Gabry EA, Robida MD, Hung JC, Kowanetz M, Zou W, McCleland M, Caplazi P, Eshgi ST, Koeppen H, Hegde PS, Mellman I, Mathews WR, Powles T, Mariathasan S, Grogan J, O'Gorman WE. Intratumoral CD103+ CD8+ T cells predict response to PD-L1 blockade. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2020-002231. [PMID: 33827905 PMCID: PMC8032254 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-002231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD8+ tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells, marked by CD103 (ITGAE) expression, are thought to actively suppress cancer progression, leading to the hypothesis that their presence in tumors may predict response to immunotherapy. METHODS Here, we test this by combining high-dimensional single-cell modalities with bulk tumor transcriptomics from 1868 patients enrolled in lung and bladder cancer clinical trials of atezolizumab (anti-programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1)). RESULTS ITGAE was identified as the most significantly upregulated gene in inflamed tumors. Tumor CD103+ CD8+ TRM cells exhibited a complex phenotype defined by the expression of checkpoint regulators, cytotoxic proteins, and increased clonal expansion. CONCLUSIONS Our analyses indeed demonstrate that the presence of CD103+ CD8+ TRM cells, quantified by tracking intratumoral CD103 expression, can predict treatment outcome, suggesting that patients who respond to PD-1/PD-L1 blockade are those who exhibit an ongoing antitumor T-cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Banchereau
- Department of Oncology Biomarker Development, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Avantika S Chitre
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Alexis Scherl
- Department of Research Pathology, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Thomas D Wu
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Namrata S Patil
- Department of Oncology Biomarker Development, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Patricia de Almeida
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA.,Adaptive Biotechnologies Corp South San Francisco, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Edward E Kadel Iii
- Department of Oncology Biomarker Development, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Shravan Madireddi
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Amelia Au-Yeung
- Department of OMNI Biomarker Development, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Chikara Takahashi
- Department of OMNI Biomarker Development, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ying-Jiun Chen
- Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics, Lipidomics, and Next Generation Sequencing, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA.,Analytical Biosciences Limited, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Zora Modrusan
- Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics, Lipidomics, and Next Generation Sequencing, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jacqueline McBride
- Department of OMNI Biomarker Development, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Rhea Nersesian
- Department of Oncology Biomarker Development, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | - Jeffrey C Hung
- Department of Research Pathology, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Marcin Kowanetz
- Department of Oncology Biomarker Development, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA.,Bolt Biotherapeutics, Redwood City, California, USA
| | - Wei Zou
- Department of Biostatistics Oncology, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Mark McCleland
- Department of Oncology Biomarker Development, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Patrick Caplazi
- Department of Research Pathology, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Shadi Toghi Eshgi
- Department of OMNI Biomarker Development, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Hartmut Koeppen
- Department of Research Pathology, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Ira Mellman
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - W Rodney Mathews
- Department of OMNI Biomarker Development, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Thomas Powles
- Barts Cancer Center, Queen Mary University, London, UK
| | - Sanjeev Mariathasan
- Department of Oncology Biomarker Development, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jane Grogan
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - William E O'Gorman
- Department of OMNI Biomarker Development, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
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21
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Motzer RJ, Banchereau R, Hamidi H, Powles T, McDermott D, Atkins MB, Escudier B, Liu LF, Leng N, Abbas AR, Fan J, Koeppen H, Lin J, Carroll S, Hashimoto K, Mariathasan S, Green M, Tayama D, Hegde PS, Schiff C, Huseni MA, Rini B. Molecular Subsets in Renal Cancer Determine Outcome to Checkpoint and Angiogenesis Blockade. Cancer Cell 2020; 38:803-817.e4. [PMID: 33157048 PMCID: PMC8436590 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2020.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Integrated multi-omics evaluation of 823 tumors from advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) patients identifies molecular subsets associated with differential clinical outcomes to angiogenesis blockade alone or with a checkpoint inhibitor. Unsupervised transcriptomic analysis reveals seven molecular subsets with distinct angiogenesis, immune, cell-cycle, metabolism, and stromal programs. While sunitinib and atezolizumab + bevacizumab are effective in subsets with high angiogenesis, atezolizumab + bevacizumab improves clinical benefit in tumors with high T-effector and/or cell-cycle transcription. Somatic mutations in PBRM1 and KDM5C associate with high angiogenesis and AMPK/fatty acid oxidation gene expression, while CDKN2A/B and TP53 alterations associate with increased cell-cycle and anabolic metabolism. Sarcomatoid tumors exhibit lower prevalence of PBRM1 mutations and angiogenesis markers, frequent CDKN2A/B alterations, and increased PD-L1 expression. These findings can be applied to molecularly stratify patients, explain improved outcomes of sarcomatoid tumors to checkpoint blockade versus antiangiogenics alone, and develop personalized therapies in RCC and other indications.
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MESH Headings
- Angiogenesis Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Angiogenesis Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/therapeutic use
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Bevacizumab/pharmacology
- Bevacizumab/therapeutic use
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/genetics
- Clinical Trials, Phase III as Topic
- Computational Biology/methods
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Humans
- Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Kidney Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Kidney Neoplasms/genetics
- Prognosis
- Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
- Sequence Analysis, RNA
- Sunitinib/pharmacology
- Sunitinib/therapeutic use
- Treatment Outcome
- Unsupervised Machine Learning
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Motzer
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Romain Banchereau
- Oncology Biomarker Development, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Habib Hamidi
- Oncology Biomarker Development, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Thomas Powles
- Barts Cancer Institute and the Royal Free Hospital, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | | | - Michael B Atkins
- Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Li-Fen Liu
- Oncology Biomarker Development, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Ning Leng
- Oncology Biomarker Development, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Alexander R Abbas
- Oncology Biomarker Development, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jinzhen Fan
- Oncology Biomarker Development, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Hartmut Koeppen
- Oncology Biomarker Development, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jennifer Lin
- Oncology Biomarker Development, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | | | - Sanjeev Mariathasan
- Oncology Biomarker Development, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Marjorie Green
- Oncology Biomarker Development, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Darren Tayama
- Oncology Biomarker Development, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | - Christina Schiff
- Oncology Biomarker Development, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Mahrukh A Huseni
- Oncology Biomarker Development, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | - Brian Rini
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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22
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Zhu AX, Guan Y, Abbas AR, Koeppen H, Lu S, Hsu CH, Lee KH, Lee MS, He AR, Mahipal A, Ding B, Spahn J, Verret W, Ryoo BY, Wang Y. Abstract CT044: Genomic correlates of clinical benefits from atezolizumab combined with bevacizumab vs. atezolizumab alone in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Cancer Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2020-ct044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Atezolizumab (atezo) and bevacizumab (bev) combination therapy has demonstrated robust clinical activity in patients with unresectable HCC who have not received prior systemic therapy (Lee et al., APPLE 2019; Cheng et al., ESMO Asia 2019). In this exploratory analysis, we aimed to identify tumor-based molecular biomarkers that may be associated with clinical response or resistance to atezo + bev. We also investigated how VEGF blockade with bev could potentiate PD-L1 checkpoint inhibition with atezo in pts with advanced HCC. Methods: Archival tumor tissues or fresh biopsies taken prior to treatment were collected from HCC pts enrolled in the Phase 1b trial GO30140 (NCT02715531). Arm A (n = 104) was a single-arm evaluation of atezo + bev; Arm F (n = 119) was a randomized arm comparing atezo + bev with atezo. Whole-exome sequencing was carried out on these tumor tissues to determine tumor mutation burden (TMB). Gene expression in tumors was profiled by RNAseq analysis. The association between biomarker expression and clinical response (responders [R] vs. non-responders [NR]) or PFS was assessed by t-tests or Cox regression models, respectively. All p-values are descriptive. Results: In Arm A, 90/104 pts were biomarker evaluable. TMB was not associated with response to atezo + bev or PFS. In contrast, analysis of baseline tumor gene expression showed that pre-existing immunity appeared to be associated with clinical response and longer PFS, which included high expression of CD274 (PD-L1) (R vs. NR, p < 2.1 × 10−5; PFS: HR = 0.42 [0.25-0.72]), and T effector signature (GZMB, PRF1, CXCL9) (R vs. NR, p < 0.0004; PFS: HR = 0.46 [0.27-0.78]). Gene expression related to Notch pathway activation (i.e. high expression of HES1) appeared to be associated with lack of response to atezo + bev (p < 0.039) and shorter PFS (HR = 2.1 [1.3-3.6]). In Arm F, 91/119 pts were biomarker evaluable. High expression of VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2; HR = 0.36 [0.16-0.81]), Treg (HR = 0.35 [0.15-0.82]), myeloid inflammation (HR = 0.43 [0.19-0.95]), and TREM1/MDSC signatures (HR = 0.43 [0.19-0.94]) was associated with longer PFS in patients treated with atezo + bev than in those treated with atezo alone. Analysis of 12 serial biopsy pairs confirmed reduced levels of VEGFR2 and Treg signatures after atezo + bev treatment. Conclusion: We identified candidate biomarkers for predicting response to atezo + bev in HCC. Furthermore, the findings in Arm F are consistent with previous preclinical studies supporting a multi-faceted role of VEGF/VEGFR signaling in promoting immune suppression in addition to angiogenesis. Overall, the data presented here further support the mechanistic hypotheses on how anti-VEGF may combine with immune checkpoint blockade to increase its clinical benefit. As these results are exploratory, future study is needed to confirm these findings in a larger population.
Citation Format: Andrew X. Zhu, Yinghui Guan, Alexander R. Abbas, Hartmut Koeppen, Shan Lu, Chih-Hung Hsu, Kyung-Hun Lee, Michael S. Lee, Aiwu Ruth He, Amit Mahipal, Beiying Ding, Jessica Spahn, Wendy Verret, Baek-Yeol Ryoo, Yulei Wang. Genomic correlates of clinical benefits from atezolizumab combined with bevacizumab vs. atezolizumab alone in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr CT044.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew X. Zhu
- 1Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Jiahui International Cancer Center, Boston, MA
| | | | | | | | - Shan Lu
- 2Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Chih-Hung Hsu
- 3National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kyung-Hun Lee
- 4Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Michael S. Lee
- 5UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Aiwu Ruth He
- 6Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
| | | | | | | | | | - Baek-Yeol Ryoo
- 8Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yulei Wang
- 2Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
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23
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Yuen K, Liu L, Li C, Rishipathak D, Williams P, Kadel E, Koeppen H, Madireddi S, Keerthivasan S, Chen YJ, Modrusen Z, Banchereau R, Leng N, Hegde P, Huseni M, Mariathasan S. Abstract 2000: Systemic and tumor associated IL-8 correlates with resistance to PD-L1 blockade. Cancer Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2020-2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Elevated plasma interleukin-8 (IL-8) is a poor prognostic factor for many cancers. However, the association of IL-8 with clinical outcomes to checkpoint inhibition has not been comprehensively evaluated in randomized studies. Moreover, the source of IL-8 and the underlying biology that influences resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors remain unknown. Here we analyzed circulating IL-8 protein in plasma, and IL8 gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and tumors of patients treated with atezolizumab (anti-PD-L1 mAb), from multiple randomized trials in metastatic urothelial carcinoma (mUC) and metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). High levels of IL-8 in plasma, PBMCs and tumors, were associated with decreased efficacy in mUC and mRCC patients treated with atezolizumab, even in tumors that were classically CD8+ T cell inflamed. mUC patients treated with atezolizumab, but not with chemotherapy, who experienced an on-treatment decrease in plasma IL-8, exhibited improved overall survival. IL-8 is primarily expressed in circulating and intratumoral myeloid cells, and high IL8 expression was associated with the downregulation of the antigen presentation machinery in myeloid cells. A better understanding of IL-8-mediated myeloid inflammation in curtailing responses to checkpoint inhibitors is essential for developing new therapies for patients.
Citation Format: Kobe Yuen, Lifen Liu, Congfen Li, Deepali Rishipathak, Patrick Williams, Edward Kadel, Hartmut Koeppen, Shravan Madireddi, Shilpa Keerthivasan, Ying-Jun Chen, Zora Modrusen, Romain Banchereau, Ning Leng, Priti Hegde, Mahrukh Huseni, Sanjeev Mariathasan. Systemic and tumor associated IL-8 correlates with resistance to PD-L1 blockade [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 2000.
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24
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Galsky MD, Banchereau R, Hamidi HR, Leng N, Harris W, O'Donnell PH, Kadel EE, Yuen KCY, Jin D, Koeppen H, Tayama D, Grande E, Arranz J, De Santis M, Davis ID, Kikuchi E, Shen X, Bamias A, Mariathasan S. Tumor, immune, and stromal characteristics associated with clinical outcomes with atezolizumab (atezo) + platinum-based chemotherapy (PBC) or atezo monotherapy (mono) versus PBC in metastatic urothelial cancer (mUC) from the phase III IMvigor130 study. J Clin Oncol 2020. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2020.38.15_suppl.5011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
5011 Background: Tumor mutational burden (TMB), PD-L1 expression, T-effector gene expression (GE) and a fibroblast TGF-β–response signature (F-TBRS) are associated with clinical outcomes with atezo mono in mUC (Mariathasan, Nature, 2018). Here we explore the potential predictive role of these biomarkers and APOBEC mutagenesis in IMvigor130. Methods: Pts receiving first-line (1L) mUC treatment (tx) were randomized 1:1:1 to atezo + PBC, atezo mono, or placebo + PBC. Coprimary efficacy endpoints were PFS and OS. Planned exploratory biomarker analyses included PD-L1 expression, TMB (FoundationOne), and T-effector GE (RNA-seq). Results: The 851 biomarker-evaluable pts (BEP) were representative of the 1200 ITT pts. Biomarker results are shown in Table. PD-L1 IC2/3 was associated with significantly longer OS for atezo mono vs placebo + PBC and a combination of PD-L1 IC2/3, and high TMB (> 10 muts/Mb) identified a pt subset (≈ 14% of BEP) with particularly favorable outcomes with atezo mono vs placebo + PBC; similar results for PD-L1 and TMB were not seen with atezo + PBC vs placebo + PBC. APOBEC mutagenesis was associated with improved OS with atezo-containing regimens whereas high F-TBRS was associated with inferior OS with atezo mono. Conclusions: These results reinforce the potential predictive nature of biomarkers associated with response/resistance to atezo and highlight potentially distinct biology driving benefit with atezo and atezo + PBC. These findings suggest a possible biomarker-directed approach to 1L mUC tx that warrants mechanistic interrogation and prospective validation. Clinical trial information: NCT02807636 . [Table: see text]
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ning Leng
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jose Arranz
- Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañon, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria De Santis
- LBI-ACR Vienna, Kaiser Franz Josef Hospital, Center for Oncology and Hematology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ian D. Davis
- Monash University Eastern Health Clinical School, Victoria, Australia
| | - Eiji Kikuchi
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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25
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Yuen KC, Liu LF, Gupta V, Madireddi S, Keerthivasan S, Li C, Rishipathak D, Williams P, Kadel EE, Koeppen H, Chen YJ, Modrusan Z, Grogan JL, Banchereau R, Leng N, Thastrom A, Shen X, Hashimoto K, Tayama D, van der Heijden MS, Rosenberg JE, McDermott DF, Powles T, Hegde PS, Huseni MA, Mariathasan S. High systemic and tumor-associated IL-8 correlates with reduced clinical benefit of PD-L1 blockade. Nat Med 2020; 26:693-698. [PMID: 32405063 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-020-0860-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Although elevated plasma interleukin-8 (pIL-8) has been associated with poor outcome to immune checkpoint blockade 1, this has not been comprehensively evaluated in large randomized studies. Here we analyzed circulating pIL-8 and IL8 gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and tumors of patients treated with atezolizumab (anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibody) from multiple randomized trials representing 1,445 patients with metastatic urothelial carcinoma (mUC) and metastatic renal cell carcinoma. High levels of IL-8 in plasma, peripheral blood mononuclear cells and tumors were associated with decreased efficacy of atezolizumab in patients with mUC and metastatic renal cell carcinoma, even in tumors that were classically CD8+ T cell inflamed. Low baseline pIL-8 in patients with mUC was associated with increased response to atezolizumab and chemotherapy. Patients with mUC who experienced on-treatment decreases in pIL-8 exhibited improved overall survival when treated with atezolizumab but not with chemotherapy. Single-cell RNA sequencing of the immune compartment showed that IL8 is primarily expressed in circulating and intratumoral myeloid cells and that high IL8 expression is associated with downregulation of the antigen-presentation machinery. Therapies that can reverse the impacts of IL-8-mediated myeloid inflammation will be essential for improving outcomes of patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jonathan E Rosenberg
- Genitourinary Oncology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Thomas Powles
- Barts Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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26
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Harnoss JM, Le Thomas A, Reichelt M, Guttman O, Wu TD, Marsters SA, Shemorry A, Lawrence DA, Kan D, Segal E, Merchant M, Totpal K, Crocker LM, Mesh K, Dohse M, Solon M, Modrusan Z, Rudolph J, Koeppen H, Walter P, Ashkenazi A. IRE1α Disruption in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cooperates with Antiangiogenic Therapy by Reversing ER Stress Adaptation and Remodeling the Tumor Microenvironment. Cancer Res 2020; 80:2368-2379. [PMID: 32265225 PMCID: PMC7272310 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-3108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells exploit the unfolded protein response (UPR) to mitigate endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress caused by cellular oncogene activation and a hostile tumor microenvironment (TME). The key UPR sensor IRE1α resides in the ER and deploys a cytoplasmic kinase-endoribonuclease module to activate the transcription factor XBP1s, which facilitates ER-mediated protein folding. Studies of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC)-a highly aggressive malignancy with a dismal posttreatment prognosis-implicate XBP1s in promoting tumor vascularization and progression. However, it remains unknown whether IRE1α adapts the ER in TNBC cells and modulates their TME, and whether IRE1α inhibition can enhance antiangiogenic therapy-previously found to be ineffective in patients with TNBC. To gauge IRE1α function, we defined an XBP1s-dependent gene signature, which revealed significant IRE1α pathway activation in multiple solid cancers, including TNBC. IRE1α knockout in TNBC cells markedly reversed substantial ultrastructural expansion of their ER upon growth in vivo. IRE1α disruption also led to significant remodeling of the cellular TME, increasing pericyte numbers while decreasing cancer-associated fibroblasts and myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Pharmacologic IRE1α kinase inhibition strongly attenuated growth of cell line-based and patient-derived TNBC xenografts in mice and synergized with anti-VEGFA treatment to cause tumor stasis or regression. Thus, TNBC cells critically rely on IRE1α to adapt their ER to in vivo stress and to adjust the TME to facilitate malignant growth. TNBC reliance on IRE1α is an important vulnerability that can be uniquely exploited in combination with antiangiogenic therapy as a promising new biologic approach to combat this lethal disease. SIGNIFICANCE: Pharmacologic IRE1α kinase inhibition reverses ultrastructural distension of the ER, normalizes the tumor vasculature, and remodels the cellular TME, attenuating TNBC growth in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adrien Le Thomas
- Cancer Immunology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Mike Reichelt
- Pathology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Ofer Guttman
- Cancer Immunology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Thomas D Wu
- Bioinformatics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Scot A Marsters
- Cancer Immunology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Anna Shemorry
- Cancer Immunology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - David A Lawrence
- Cancer Immunology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - David Kan
- Translational Oncology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Ehud Segal
- Translational Oncology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Mark Merchant
- Translational Oncology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Klara Totpal
- Translational Oncology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Lisa M Crocker
- Translational Oncology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Kathryn Mesh
- Pathology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Monika Dohse
- Pathology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Margaret Solon
- Pathology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Zora Modrusan
- Molecular Biology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Joachim Rudolph
- Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | | | - Peter Walter
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Avi Ashkenazi
- Cancer Immunology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California.
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27
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Dominguez CX, Müller S, Keerthivasan S, Koeppen H, Hung J, Gierke S, Breart B, Foreman O, Bainbridge TW, Castiglioni A, Senbabaoglu Y, Modrusan Z, Liang Y, Junttila MR, Klijn C, Bourgon R, Turley SJ. Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Reveals Stromal Evolution into LRRC15 + Myofibroblasts as a Determinant of Patient Response to Cancer Immunotherapy. Cancer Discov 2019; 10:232-253. [PMID: 31699795 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-19-0644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 409] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
With only a fraction of patients responding to cancer immunotherapy, a better understanding of the entire tumor microenvironment is needed. Using single-cell transcriptomics, we chart the fibroblastic landscape during pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) progression in animal models. We identify a population of carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAF) that are programmed by TGFβ and express the leucine-rich repeat containing 15 (LRRC15) protein. These LRRC15+ CAFs surround tumor islets and are absent from normal pancreatic tissue. The presence of LRRC15+ CAFs in human patients was confirmed in >80,000 single cells from 22 patients with PDAC as well as by using IHC on samples from 70 patients. Furthermore, immunotherapy clinical trials comprising more than 600 patients across six cancer types revealed elevated levels of the LRRC15+ CAF signature correlated with poor response to anti-PD-L1 therapy. This work has important implications for targeting nonimmune elements of the tumor microenvironment to boost responses of patients with cancer to immune checkpoint blockade therapy. SIGNIFICANCE: This study describes the single-cell landscape of CAFs in pancreatic cancer during in vivo tumor evolution. A TGFβ-driven, LRRC15+ CAF lineage is associated with poor outcome in immunotherapy trial data comprising multiple solid-tumor entities and represents a target for combinatorial therapy.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 161.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sören Müller
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | | | - Hartmut Koeppen
- Department of Pathology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Jeffrey Hung
- Department of Pathology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Sarah Gierke
- Center for Advanced Light Microscopy, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Beatrice Breart
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Oded Foreman
- Department of Pathology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | | | | | - Yasin Senbabaoglu
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Zora Modrusan
- Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics & Lipidomics, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Yuxin Liang
- Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics & Lipidomics, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Melissa R Junttila
- Department of Translational Oncology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Christiaan Klijn
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Richard Bourgon
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Shannon J Turley
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California.
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28
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Wang Y, Desbois M, Udyavar A, Ryner L, Kozlowski C, Guan Y, Dürrbaum M, Lu S, Fortin JP, Koeppen H, Ziai J, Chang CW, Lo A, Keerthivasan S, Plante M, Bais C, Hegde P, Daemen A, Turley S. Targeting molecular mediators of T cell exclusion for effective immunotherapy in ovarian cancer. Ann Oncol 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdz268.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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29
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Desbois M, Udyavar A, Ryner L, Kozlowski C, Guan Y, Dürrbaum M, Lu S, Fortin JP, Koeppen H, Ziai J, Chang CW, Lo A, Keerthivasan S, Plante M, Bourgon R, Bais C, Hegde P, Daemen A, Turley S, Wang Y. Abstract 463: Integrated digital pathology and transcriptome analysis identifies molecular mediators of T cell exclusion in ovarian cancer. Cancer Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2019-463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background:
Close proximity between cytotoxic T lymphocytes and tumor cells is required for effective immunotherapy. Three tumor-immune (TI) phenotypes, infiltrated, excluded and desert, have been previously described based on the infiltration patterns of CD8+ T cells. However, no quantitative methods exist to define these phenotypes robustly in human solid tumors. Importantly, the molecular features and mechanisms determining these phenotypes are not well understood. Here we report a novel integrated approach to classify and functionally dissect TI phenotypes in human ovarian cancer.
Methods:
CD8 IHC and RNAseq analysis were performed on 370 ovarian tumors from the ICON7 phase III clinical trial, a front-line trial testing the addition of bevacizumab to chemotherapies. A digital image analysis algorithm was developed to quantify the quantity and spatial distribution of CD8+ T cells. Coupling digital pathology with transcriptome analysis, a random forest machine learning algorithm was applied to identify genes associated with these two metrics using a training set (n=155). A gene expression-based classifier was developed for classifying TI phenotypes and validated using testing sets from ICON7 trial and a vendor collection. Functional characterization of key mediators promoting T cell exclusion were carried out by integrating in situ, in vitro and ex vivo analyses on ovarian tumor tissues, cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and ovarian cancer cell lines. Anti-tumor activity of TGFβ blockade in combination with anti-PD-L1 was evaluated in the mouse BrKras ovarian cancer model in FVB background.
Results:
Integrating digital pathology and machine learning on large ovarian tumor cohorts, we developed and validated a 157-gene molecular classifier. We show the TI phenotypes are of biological and clinical importance in ovarian cancer. Two hallmarks of T cell exclusion were identified: 1) loss of MHC I on tumor cells and 2) upregulation of TGFβ/stromal activities. We show that MHC I in ovarian cancer cells is likely regulated by epigenetic mechanisms and TGFβ is a key mediator of T cell exclusion. TGFβ reduced MHC I expression in ovarian cancer cells and induced extracellular matrix and immunosuppressive molecules in human primary fibroblasts. Finally, we demonstrated that combining anti-TGFβ and anti-PD-L1 in the BrKras mouse model improved the anti-tumor efficacy and survival.
Conclusion:
This study provided the first systematic and in-depth characterization of the molecular features and mechanisms underlying the tumor-immune phenotypes in human ovarian cancer. We illuminated a multi-faceted role of TGFβ in mediating crosstalk between tumor cells and CAFs to shape the tumor-immune contexture. Our findings support that targeting the TGFβ pathway represents a promising therapeutic strategy to overcome T cell exclusion and optimize response to cancer immunotherapy.
Citation Format: Melanie Desbois, Akshata Udyavar, Lisa Ryner, Cleopatra Kozlowski, Yinghui Guan, Milena Dürrbaum, Shan Lu, Jean-Philippe Fortin, Hartmut Koeppen, James Ziai, Ching-Wei Chang, Amy Lo, Shilpa Keerthivasan, Marie Plante, Richard Bourgon, Carlos Bais, Priti Hegde, Anneleen Daemen, Shannon Turley, Yulei Wang. Integrated digital pathology and transcriptome analysis identifies molecular mediators of T cell exclusion in ovarian cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 463.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Shan Lu
- 1Genentech, South San Francisco, CA
| | | | | | | | | | - Amy Lo
- 1Genentech, South San Francisco, CA
| | | | - Marie Plante
- 3Laval University Cancer Research Center, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
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30
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Piskol R, Huw L, Sergin I, Kljin C, Modrusan Z, Kim D, Kljavin N, Tam R, Patel R, Burton J, Penuel E, Qu X, Koeppen H, Sumiyoshi T, de Sauvage F, Lackner MR, de Sousa e Melo F, Kabbarah O. A Clinically Applicable Gene-Expression Classifier Reveals Intrinsic and Extrinsic Contributions to Consensus Molecular Subtypes in Primary and Metastatic Colon Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 25:4431-4442. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-3032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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31
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Yan Y, Wongchenko MJ, Robert C, Larkin J, Ascierto PA, Dréno B, Maio M, Garbe C, Chapman PB, Sosman JA, Shi Z, Koeppen H, Hsu JJ, Chang I, Caro I, Rooney I, McArthur GA, Ribas A. Genomic Features of Exceptional Response in Vemurafenib ± Cobimetinib-treated Patients with BRAF V600-mutated Metastatic Melanoma. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 25:3239-3246. [PMID: 30824584 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-0720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Previous investigations identified transcriptional signatures associated with innate resistance to anti-programmed cell death protein 1 therapy in melanoma. This analysis aimed to increase understanding of the role of baseline genetic features in the variability of response to BRAF and MEK inhibitor therapy for BRAF V600-mutated metastatic melanoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS This exploratory analysis compared genomic features, using whole-exome and RNA sequencing, of baseline tumors from patients who had complete response versus rapid progression (disease progression at first postbaseline assessment) on treatment with cobimetinib combined with vemurafenib or vemurafenib alone. Associations of gene expression with progression-free survival or overall survival were assessed by Cox proportional hazards modeling. RESULTS Whole-exome sequencing showed that MITF and TP53 alterations were more frequent in tumors from patients with rapid progression, while NF1 alterations were more frequent in tumors from patients with complete response. However, the low frequency of alterations in any one gene precluded their characterization as drivers of response/resistance. Analysis of RNA profiles showed that expression of immune response-related genes was enriched in tumors from patients with complete response, while expression of keratinization-related genes was enriched in tumors from patients who experienced rapid progression. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that enriched immune infiltration might be a shared feature favoring response to both targeted and immune therapies, while features of innate resistance to targeted and immune therapies were distinct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibing Yan
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | | | | | - James Larkin
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, The Royal Marsden Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Michele Maio
- Center for Immuno-Oncology, University Hospital of Siena, Istituto Toscano Tumori, Siena, Italy
| | - Claus Garbe
- Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Paul B Chapman
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Jeffrey A Sosman
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Zhen Shi
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | | | - Jessie J Hsu
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Ilsung Chang
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Ivor Caro
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | | | - Grant A McArthur
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia and University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Antoni Ribas
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center at the University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California.
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32
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Okrah K, Tarighat S, Liu B, Koeppen H, Wagle MC, Cheng G, Sun C, Dey A, Chang MT, Sumiyoshi T, Mounir Z, Cummings C, Hampton G, Amler L, Fridlyand J, Hegde PS, Turley SJ, Lackner MR, Huang SM. Transcriptomic analysis of hepatocellular carcinoma reveals molecular features of disease progression and tumor immune biology. NPJ Precis Oncol 2018; 2:25. [PMID: 30456308 PMCID: PMC6237857 DOI: 10.1038/s41698-018-0068-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) develops in the context of chronic inflammatory liver disease and has an extremely poor prognosis. An immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment may contribute to therapeutic failure in metastatic HCC. Here, we identified unique molecular signatures pertaining to HCC disease progression and tumor immunity by analyzing genome-wide RNA-Seq data derived from HCC patient tumors and non-tumor cirrhotic tissues. Unsupervised clustering of gene expression data revealed a gradual suppression of local tumor immunity that coincided with disease progression, indicating an increasingly immunosuppressive tumor environment during HCC disease advancement. IHC examination of the spatial distribution of CD8+ T cells in tumors revealed distinct intra- and peri-tumoral subsets. Differential gene expression analysis revealed an 85-gene signature that was significantly upregulated in the peri-tumoral CD8+ T cell-excluded tumors. Notably, this signature was highly enriched with components of underlying extracellular matrix, fibrosis, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Further analysis condensed this signature to a core set of 23 genes that are associated with CD8+ T cell localization, and were prospectively validated in an independent cohort of HCC specimens. These findings suggest a potential association between elevated fibrosis, possibly modulated by TGF-β, PDGFR, SHH or Notch pathway, and the T cell-excluded immune phenotype. Indeed, targeting fibrosis using a TGF-β neutralizing antibody in the STAM™ model of murine HCC, we found that ameliorating the fibrotic environment could facilitate redistribution of CD8+ lymphocytes into tumors. Our results provide a strong rationale for utilizing immunotherapies in HCC earlier during treatment, potentially in combination with anti-fibrotic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Okrah
- Department of Biostatistics, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080 USA
| | - S. Tarighat
- Department of Oncology Biomarker Development, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080 USA
| | - B. Liu
- Department of Oncology Biomarker Development, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080 USA
| | - H. Koeppen
- Department of Research Pathology, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080 USA
| | - M. C. Wagle
- Department of Oncology Biomarker Development, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080 USA
| | - G. Cheng
- Department of Oncology Biomarker Development, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080 USA
| | - C. Sun
- Department of Oncology Biomarker Development, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080 USA
| | - A. Dey
- Department of Research, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080 USA
| | - M. T. Chang
- Department of Research, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080 USA
| | - T. Sumiyoshi
- Department of Oncology Biomarker Development, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080 USA
| | - Z. Mounir
- Department of Oncology Biomarker Development, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080 USA
| | - C. Cummings
- Department of Oncology Biomarker Development, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080 USA
| | - G. Hampton
- Department of Oncology Biomarker Development, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080 USA
| | - L. Amler
- Department of Oncology Biomarker Development, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080 USA
| | - J. Fridlyand
- Department of Biostatistics, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080 USA
| | - P. S. Hegde
- Department of Oncology Biomarker Development, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080 USA
| | - S. J. Turley
- Department of Research, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080 USA
| | - M. R. Lackner
- Department of Oncology Biomarker Development, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080 USA
| | - S. M. Huang
- Department of Oncology Biomarker Development, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080 USA
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33
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Wongchenko MJ, Ribas A, Ascierto PA, Dréno B, Maria di Giacomo A, Garbe C, Chang I, Hsu J, Rooney I, Lu W, Koeppen H, Larkin J, Yan Y, McArthur GA. Effects of Molecular Heterogeneity on Survival of Patients With BRAFV600-Mutated Melanoma Treated With Vemurafenib With or Without Cobimetinib in the coBRIM Study. JCO Precis Oncol 2018; 2:1-18. [DOI: 10.1200/po.17.00242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The treatment of advanced BRAFV600-mutated melanomas with BRAF inhibitors (BRAFi) has improved survival, but the efficacy of BRAFi varies among individuals and the development of acquired resistance to BRAFi through reactivation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling is common. We performed an exploratory, retrospective analysis to investigate the effects of BRAFV600 allelic balance, coexisting oncogene mutations, cell proliferation signaling levels, and loss of PTEN expression on progression-free survival (PFS) in patients in the phase III coBRIM study, which compared the combination of the MEK inhibitor cobimetinib with the BRAFi vemurafenib versus vemurafenib as monotherapy. Methods Baseline tumor samples from the intention-to-treat population were analyzed by targeted deep sequencing at a median coverage of 3,600× and by immunohistochemistry for cell proliferation markers, BRAFV600E, and PTEN. The association of these biomarkers with PFS was assessed by Cox proportional hazards modeling. Gene expression in relation to loss of PTEN was profiled by RNA sequencing in 205 patient samples and 42 BRAFV600-mutated melanoma cell lines. Results Neither BRAFV600 allelic balance nor coexisting mutations in the RAS/RAF/RTK pathway affected PFS in either treatment group. Increased baseline MAPK signaling and cell proliferation did not affect PFS in patients treated with cobimetinib combined with vemurafenib. PTEN loss was associated with reduced PFS in patients treated with vemurafenib alone but not in patients treated with cobimetinib combined with vemurafenib. Conclusion Deeper inhibition of the MAPK pathway through targeting of both MEK and BRAF may override the effects of tumor heterogeneity and improve PFS in all patients with advanced BRAFV600 melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Wongchenko
- Matthew J. Wongchenko, Ilsung Chang, Jessie Hsu, Isabelle Rooney, William Lu, Hartmut Koeppen, and Yibing Yan, Genentech, South San Francisco; Antoni Ribas, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; Paolo A. Ascierto, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples; Anna Maria di Giacomo, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy; Brigitte Dréno, Nantes University, Nantes, France; Claus Garbe, University of Tübingen, Tübingen,
| | - Antoni Ribas
- Matthew J. Wongchenko, Ilsung Chang, Jessie Hsu, Isabelle Rooney, William Lu, Hartmut Koeppen, and Yibing Yan, Genentech, South San Francisco; Antoni Ribas, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; Paolo A. Ascierto, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples; Anna Maria di Giacomo, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy; Brigitte Dréno, Nantes University, Nantes, France; Claus Garbe, University of Tübingen, Tübingen,
| | - Paolo A. Ascierto
- Matthew J. Wongchenko, Ilsung Chang, Jessie Hsu, Isabelle Rooney, William Lu, Hartmut Koeppen, and Yibing Yan, Genentech, South San Francisco; Antoni Ribas, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; Paolo A. Ascierto, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples; Anna Maria di Giacomo, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy; Brigitte Dréno, Nantes University, Nantes, France; Claus Garbe, University of Tübingen, Tübingen,
| | - Brigitte Dréno
- Matthew J. Wongchenko, Ilsung Chang, Jessie Hsu, Isabelle Rooney, William Lu, Hartmut Koeppen, and Yibing Yan, Genentech, South San Francisco; Antoni Ribas, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; Paolo A. Ascierto, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples; Anna Maria di Giacomo, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy; Brigitte Dréno, Nantes University, Nantes, France; Claus Garbe, University of Tübingen, Tübingen,
| | - Anna Maria di Giacomo
- Matthew J. Wongchenko, Ilsung Chang, Jessie Hsu, Isabelle Rooney, William Lu, Hartmut Koeppen, and Yibing Yan, Genentech, South San Francisco; Antoni Ribas, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; Paolo A. Ascierto, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples; Anna Maria di Giacomo, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy; Brigitte Dréno, Nantes University, Nantes, France; Claus Garbe, University of Tübingen, Tübingen,
| | - Claus Garbe
- Matthew J. Wongchenko, Ilsung Chang, Jessie Hsu, Isabelle Rooney, William Lu, Hartmut Koeppen, and Yibing Yan, Genentech, South San Francisco; Antoni Ribas, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; Paolo A. Ascierto, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples; Anna Maria di Giacomo, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy; Brigitte Dréno, Nantes University, Nantes, France; Claus Garbe, University of Tübingen, Tübingen,
| | - Ilsung Chang
- Matthew J. Wongchenko, Ilsung Chang, Jessie Hsu, Isabelle Rooney, William Lu, Hartmut Koeppen, and Yibing Yan, Genentech, South San Francisco; Antoni Ribas, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; Paolo A. Ascierto, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples; Anna Maria di Giacomo, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy; Brigitte Dréno, Nantes University, Nantes, France; Claus Garbe, University of Tübingen, Tübingen,
| | - Jessie Hsu
- Matthew J. Wongchenko, Ilsung Chang, Jessie Hsu, Isabelle Rooney, William Lu, Hartmut Koeppen, and Yibing Yan, Genentech, South San Francisco; Antoni Ribas, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; Paolo A. Ascierto, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples; Anna Maria di Giacomo, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy; Brigitte Dréno, Nantes University, Nantes, France; Claus Garbe, University of Tübingen, Tübingen,
| | - Isabelle Rooney
- Matthew J. Wongchenko, Ilsung Chang, Jessie Hsu, Isabelle Rooney, William Lu, Hartmut Koeppen, and Yibing Yan, Genentech, South San Francisco; Antoni Ribas, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; Paolo A. Ascierto, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples; Anna Maria di Giacomo, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy; Brigitte Dréno, Nantes University, Nantes, France; Claus Garbe, University of Tübingen, Tübingen,
| | - William Lu
- Matthew J. Wongchenko, Ilsung Chang, Jessie Hsu, Isabelle Rooney, William Lu, Hartmut Koeppen, and Yibing Yan, Genentech, South San Francisco; Antoni Ribas, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; Paolo A. Ascierto, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples; Anna Maria di Giacomo, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy; Brigitte Dréno, Nantes University, Nantes, France; Claus Garbe, University of Tübingen, Tübingen,
| | - Hartmut Koeppen
- Matthew J. Wongchenko, Ilsung Chang, Jessie Hsu, Isabelle Rooney, William Lu, Hartmut Koeppen, and Yibing Yan, Genentech, South San Francisco; Antoni Ribas, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; Paolo A. Ascierto, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples; Anna Maria di Giacomo, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy; Brigitte Dréno, Nantes University, Nantes, France; Claus Garbe, University of Tübingen, Tübingen,
| | - James Larkin
- Matthew J. Wongchenko, Ilsung Chang, Jessie Hsu, Isabelle Rooney, William Lu, Hartmut Koeppen, and Yibing Yan, Genentech, South San Francisco; Antoni Ribas, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; Paolo A. Ascierto, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples; Anna Maria di Giacomo, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy; Brigitte Dréno, Nantes University, Nantes, France; Claus Garbe, University of Tübingen, Tübingen,
| | - Yibing Yan
- Matthew J. Wongchenko, Ilsung Chang, Jessie Hsu, Isabelle Rooney, William Lu, Hartmut Koeppen, and Yibing Yan, Genentech, South San Francisco; Antoni Ribas, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; Paolo A. Ascierto, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples; Anna Maria di Giacomo, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy; Brigitte Dréno, Nantes University, Nantes, France; Claus Garbe, University of Tübingen, Tübingen,
| | - Grant A. McArthur
- Matthew J. Wongchenko, Ilsung Chang, Jessie Hsu, Isabelle Rooney, William Lu, Hartmut Koeppen, and Yibing Yan, Genentech, South San Francisco; Antoni Ribas, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; Paolo A. Ascierto, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples; Anna Maria di Giacomo, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy; Brigitte Dréno, Nantes University, Nantes, France; Claus Garbe, University of Tübingen, Tübingen,
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Mariathasan S, Turley SJ, Nickles D, Castiglioni A, Yuen K, Wang Y, Kadel EE, Koeppen H, Astarita JL, Cubas R, Jhunjhunwala S, Yang Y, Şenbabaoğlu Y, Mellman I, Chen DS, Hegde P, Bourgon R, Powles T. Abstract 2979: A balance of genomic instability, tumor-immune contexture and TGF-β signaling contributing to exclusion of T cells governs response to PD-L1 checkpoint blockade. Cancer Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2018-2979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Checkpoint inhibitor blockade can result in robust and durable anti-tumor responses in various cancers, including metastatic urothelial cancer (mUC). However, these responses only occur in a subset of patients. Identifying determinants of response and resistance to cancer immunotherapy is critical for extending therapeutic benefit to more patients. Atezolizumab (anti-PD-L1) was approved in the US for the treatment of mUC based on the single-arm Phase II study IMvigor210 (NCT02108652; n= 429 patients). Here, we examined the biology underlying primary immune escape and responsiveness to anti-PD-L1 in tumor samples of patients from IMvigor210.
Methods: PD-L1 expression on tumor-infiltrating immune cells was assessed with SP142 IHC. Exploratory analyses in evaluable pre-treatment tissues included: (i) CD8 IHC analysis to define immune deserts, excluded and inflamed subtypes (ii) whole-transcriptome RNA sequencing to identify pathways associated with response and to perform tumor molecular subtyping, (iii) targeted mutational profiling (FoundationOne) to estimate tumor mutation burden, and (iv) whole-exome sequencing to predict putative neoantigens. EMT6-grafted BALB/c mice treated with anti-TGF-β and/or anti-PD-L1 antibodies were evaluated for tumor growth inhibition.
Results: Response was associated with CD8+ T-effector gene expression and, to an even greater extent, high neoantigen or tumor mutation burden (TMB). Gene expression pathways significantly associated with high TMB were those involved in cell cycle, DNA replication, DNA damage response (DDR). Tumors with mutations in DDR gene sets also had significantly high TMB and response rates. Lack of response was associated with a signature of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signaling in fibroblasts, particularly in patients with CD8+ T cells that were excluded from the tumor parenchyma and instead found in the fibroblast- and collagen-rich peritumoral stroma. Using a mouse model that recapitulates this immune excluded phenotype, we found that therapeutic administration of a TGF-β blocking antibody together with anti-PD-L1 reduced TGF-β signaling in stromal cells, facilitated T cell penetration into the centre of the tumor, and provoked vigorous anti-tumor immunity and tumor regression.
Conclusion: Pre-existing T-cell immunity and TMB are associated with response to atezolizumab in mUC, whereas TGF-β signaling in the stroma is a negative indicator of response, especially in immune-excluded tumors, a common phenotype of mUC. Integration of these three independent biological features provides a best basis for understanding clinical outcomes in this setting. Furthermore, the data suggests that TGF-β shapes the tumor microenvironment to restrain anti-tumor activity by restricting T cell infiltration.
Citation Format: Sanjeev Mariathasan, Shannon J. Turley, Dorothee Nickles, Alessandra Castiglioni, Kobe Yuen, Yulei Wang, Edward E. Kadel, Hartmut Koeppen, Jillian L. Astarita, Rafael Cubas, Suchit Jhunjhunwala, Yagai Yang, Yasin Şenbabaoğlu, Ira Mellman, Daniel S. Chen, Priti Hegde, Richard Bourgon, Thomas Powles. A balance of genomic instability, tumor-immune contexture and TGF-β signaling contributing to exclusion of T cells governs response to PD-L1 checkpoint blockade [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 2979.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Thomas Powles
- 2Barts Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre, London, CA
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35
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Zhang XC, Cao X, Sun C, Xie Z, Guo JJ, Yang JJ, Yang XN, Dai HJ, Li SC, Xu XR, Zuo YX, Chen M, Koeppen H, He J, Kiermaier A, Shames D, Cheng G, Wu YL. Characterization of PD-L1 expression in Chinese non-small cell lung cancer patients with PTEN expression as a means for tissue quality screening. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2018; 67:471-481. [PMID: 29214427 PMCID: PMC11028378 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-017-2098-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study is to evaluate PD-L1 prevalence and its association with major clinical characteristics in Chinese non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients to inform the clinical development of anti-PD1/PD-L1 agents in this population. We used phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) expression through IHC as a surrogate tissue quality marker to screen surgical NSCLC samples in tissue microarray (TMA; 172 cases) or whole-section (268 cases) format. The samples were then analyzed with a clinically validated PD-L1 IHC assay. The results were correlated with baseline characteristics and clinical outcomes. PTEN IHC showed that 108 TMA samples and 105 whole-section samples qualified for PD-L1 IHC. With a clinically relevant cutoff, 41.7% of the TMA samples were PD-L1 positive. PD-L1 level was much lower in EGFR-mutant patients and seemed to be a favorable prognostic factor for both overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS). These findings were confirmed in the whole-section samples except that their survival data were not mature enough for correlation analysis. In summary, PD-L1 expression was detected in approximately 40% of PTEN-qualified Chinese NSCLC samples, negatively correlated with EGFR mutation and seemed to be a favorable prognostic factor for both OS and RFS. Notably, the different results from PTEN-qualified and PTEN-disqualified samples underscore the importance of tissue quality control prior to biomarker testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Chao Zhang
- Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 106 Zhong-shan Er Road, Guangzhou, 510030, China
- Medical Research Center, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xu Cao
- Oncology Biomarker Development, Genentech Inc., 1100 Long-dong Avenue, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Chun Sun
- Oncology Biomarker Development, Genentech Inc., 1100 Long-dong Avenue, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Zhi Xie
- Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 106 Zhong-shan Er Road, Guangzhou, 510030, China
- Medical Research Center, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Jun Guo
- Oncology Biomarker Development, Genentech Inc., 1100 Long-dong Avenue, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jin-Ji Yang
- Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 106 Zhong-shan Er Road, Guangzhou, 510030, China
| | - Xue-Ning Yang
- Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 106 Zhong-shan Er Road, Guangzhou, 510030, China
| | - Hang-Jun Dai
- Roche Product Development in Asia Pacific, Roche (China) Holding, Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Su-Chun Li
- Roche Product Development in Asia Pacific, Roche (China) Holding, Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Xin-Ran Xu
- Roche Product Development in Asia Pacific, Roche (China) Holding, Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Yun-Xia Zuo
- Roche Product Development in Asia Pacific, Roche (China) Holding, Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Meng Chen
- Roche Product Development in Asia Pacific, Roche (China) Holding, Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | | | - Jing He
- Roche Product Development in Asia Pacific, Roche (China) Holding, Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Astrid Kiermaier
- Oncology Biomarker Development, Genentech Inc., Basel, Switzerland
| | - David Shames
- Oncology Biomarker Development, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Gang Cheng
- Oncology Biomarker Development, Genentech Inc., 1100 Long-dong Avenue, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Yi-Long Wu
- Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 106 Zhong-shan Er Road, Guangzhou, 510030, China.
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Rittmeyer A, Gadgeel S, Kowanetz M, Zou W, Hirsch FR, Kerr KM, Gandara D, Barlesi F, Park K, McCleland M, Koeppen H, Ballinger M, Sandler A, Hegde PS. Clinical Efficacy of atezolizumab (atezo) in PD-L1 subgroups defined by SP142 and 22C3 IHC assays in 2L+ NSCLC: Results from the randomized OAK study. Pneumologie 2018. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1619252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - S Gadgeel
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | | | - W Zou
- Genentech Inc., South San Francisco
| | - FR Hirsch
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus
| | - KM Kerr
- Department of Pathology, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary/Aberdeen University Medical School
| | - D Gandara
- UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, CA,
| | - F Barlesi
- Aix Marseille University; Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille
| | - K Park
- Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | | | | | | | - PS Hegde
- Genentech Inc., South San Francisco
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37
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Mariathasan S, Turley SJ, Nickles D, Castiglioni A, Yuen K, Wang Y, Kadel EE, Koeppen H, Astarita JL, Cubas R, Jhunjhunwala S, Banchereau R, Yang Y, Guan Y, Chalouni C, Ziai J, Şenbabaoğlu Y, Santoro S, Sheinson D, Hung J, Giltnane JM, Pierce AK, Mesh K, Lianoglou S, Riegler J, Carano RAD, Eriksson P, Hoglund M, Somarriba L, Halligan DL, van der Heijden M, Loriot Y, Rosenberg JE, Fong L, Mellman I, Chen DS, Green M, Derleth C, Fine GD, Hegde PS, Bourgon R, Powles T. TGFβ attenuates tumour response to PD-L1 blockade by contributing to exclusion of T cells. Nature 2018; 554:544-548. [PMID: 29443960 PMCID: PMC6028240 DOI: 10.1038/nature25501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2948] [Impact Index Per Article: 491.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic antibodies that block the programmed death-1 (PD-1)-programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) pathway can induce robust and durable responses in patients with various cancers, including metastatic urothelial cancer. However, these responses only occur in a subset of patients. Elucidating the determinants of response and resistance is key to improving outcomes and developing new treatment strategies. Here we examined tumours from a large cohort of patients with metastatic urothelial cancer who were treated with an anti-PD-L1 agent (atezolizumab) and identified major determinants of clinical outcome. Response to treatment was associated with CD8+ T-effector cell phenotype and, to an even greater extent, high neoantigen or tumour mutation burden. Lack of response was associated with a signature of transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) signalling in fibroblasts. This occurred particularly in patients with tumours, which showed exclusion of CD8+ T cells from the tumour parenchyma that were instead found in the fibroblast- and collagen-rich peritumoural stroma; a common phenotype among patients with metastatic urothelial cancer. Using a mouse model that recapitulates this immune-excluded phenotype, we found that therapeutic co-administration of TGFβ-blocking and anti-PD-L1 antibodies reduced TGFβ signalling in stromal cells, facilitated T-cell penetration into the centre of tumours, and provoked vigorous anti-tumour immunity and tumour regression. Integration of these three independent biological features provides the best basis for understanding patient outcome in this setting and suggests that TGFβ shapes the tumour microenvironment to restrain anti-tumour immunity by restricting T-cell infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Kobe Yuen
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Yulei Wang
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | | | | | | | - Rafael Cubas
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | | | | | - Yagai Yang
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Yinghui Guan
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | | | - James Ziai
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jeffrey Hung
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | | | | | - Kathryn Mesh
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | | | | | | | - Pontus Eriksson
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Skåne, SE-223 81, Sweden
| | - Mattias Hoglund
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Skåne, SE-223 81, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Yohann Loriot
- Department of Cancer Medicine, Institut Gustave Roussy, University of Paris Sud, 94800 Villejuif, France
| | - Jonathan E. Rosenberg
- Genitourinary Oncology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Lawrence Fong
- University of California San Francisco, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Ira Mellman
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | | | | | | | - Gregg D. Fine
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | | | | | - Thomas Powles
- Barts Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
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Powles T, Loriot Y, Ravaud A, Vogelzang NJ, Duran I, Retz M, De Giorgi U, Oudard S, Bamias A, Koeppen H, Leng N, Kadel EE, Hegde PS, Cui N, Shen X, Derleth CL, Green MC, Banchereau R, Mariathasan S, Van Der Heijden MS. Atezolizumab (atezo) vs. chemotherapy (chemo) in platinum-treated locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma (mUC): Immune biomarkers, tumor mutational burden (TMB), and clinical outcomes from the phase III IMvigor211 study. J Clin Oncol 2018. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2018.36.6_suppl.409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
409 Background: IMvigor211 is a global study of atezo vs chemo in platinum-treated mUC. The study did not meet its primary endpoint of overall survival (OS) in programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1)–selected patients (pts),1 but exploratory analyses showed improved OS for atezo in the intent-to-treat (ITT) population. Here we compare clinical outcomes in ITT and prespecified PD-L1 subgroups with those in subgroups defined by immune transcriptional gene expression (tGE) signatures and TMB. Methods: Pts with ≤ 2 prior lines of therapy for mUC who progressed during or following platinum treatment were randomized 1:1 to atezo or chemo (vinflunine, paclitaxel or docetaxel, per physician). The primary endpoint was OS, hierarchically compared between treatment arms in PD-L1–selected and ITT pts. Planned exploratory biomarker analyses included tGE (RNA-seq) and TMB (FoundationOne). Results: The ITT population included 931 pts (atezo arm, 467; chemo arm, 464), and biomarker-evaluable subgroups were representative of the ITT population. PD-L1 expression positively correlated with tGE (R = 0.61) but not TMB (R = 0.13). OS and hazard ratios (HRs) are listed in the Table. Conclusions: In this randomized Phase III study, we show that high PD-L1 and high tGE are associated with improved outcomes with both chemo and atezo. In contrast, higher TMB predicted OS in favor of atezo; however, clinical benefit with atezo was also seen in the ITT population. Clinical trial information: NCT02302807. [Table: see text]
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Powles
- Barts Health NHS Trust – St Bartholomew’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Ignacio Duran
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Margitta Retz
- Rechts der Isar University Hospital, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ugo De Giorgi
- Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Ning Leng
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | | | | | - Na Cui
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
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Zhang L, Koeppen H, Maslyar DJ, Fillos D, Xu N, Chan WY, Font Pous A, Jinga V, Massard C, Bracarda S, Radavoi GD, De Giorgi U, Arranz Arija JA, Riisnaes R, Nava Rodrigues D, De Bono JS, Gendreau S. NGS, RNA-Seq, TIL, and PTEN analyses in prostate cancer specimens from patients enrolled in the study of the Akt inhibitor ipatasertib (Ipat) combined with abiraterone acetate (AA). J Clin Oncol 2018. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2018.36.6_suppl.310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
310 Background: In Phase III studies, ipilimumab did not extend OS in unselected populations with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) (Kwon, 2014; Beer, 2014), suggesting that successful cancer immunotherapy development strategies require the evaluation of treatment effects in biomarker-driven segments. In addition, PTEN loss has been identified as a potential mechanism of resistance to immunotherapy (Peng, 2016). Therefore, we explored possible associations between cancer immunity (CI)-related biomarkers and PTEN loss in mCRPC samples. Methods: Tumor samples obtained in the Phase II study of AA ± Ipat in patients with mCRPC (de Bono, ESMO 2016) were retrospectively profiled. DNA alterations and tumor mutational burden (TMB) were assessed by FoundationOne. RNA-seq analysis of multiple CI-related expression signatures was performed. Tumor-immune lymphocyte (TIL) scores were analyzed in 3 compartments (stromal, sTIL; intratumoral, iTIL; peritumoral, pTIL) based on H&E stained specimens. Up to 10 evenly distributed fields were examined; the average of these fields was used to estimate the %TILs for each compartment. Results: Strong associations were observed between multiple CI-related signatures (e.g., INFγ-induced, immune checkpoints, Treg, checkpoint inhibitors). Fewer than 10% of the samples had a high level (≥ 10% of the tumor area) of TIL infiltration in any compartment (Table). TIL scores, TMB values, PTEN status and Gleason score all appeared to be independently associated, and none were associated with CI-related gene signatures, except for a possible association between pTILs and the B-cell signature (ρ = 0.49, P < 0.0001). Conclusions: Comprehensive high-content profiling of prostate cancer samples suggests that PTEN status and CI-related biomarkers were independently associated, while TMB and TIL values were generally not associated with CI-related signatures. Clinical trial information: NCT01485861. [Table: see text]
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Na Xu
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | | | - Albert Font Pous
- Institut Català d’Oncologia, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Viorel Jinga
- Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | | | | | - Ugo De Giorgi
- Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | | | - Ruth Riisnaes
- Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Nava Rodrigues
- Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Johann S. De Bono
- Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
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Merchant M, Moffat J, Schaefer G, Chan J, Wang X, Orr C, Cheng J, Hunsaker T, Shao L, Wang SJ, Wagle MC, Lin E, Haverty PM, Shahidi-Latham S, Ngu H, Solon M, Eastham-Anderson J, Koeppen H, Huang SMA, Schwarz J, Belvin M, Kirouac D, Junttila MR. Correction: Combined MEK and ERK inhibition overcomes therapy-mediated pathway reactivation in RAS mutant tumors. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192059. [PMID: 29370292 PMCID: PMC5785022 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Du D, Katsuno Y, Meyer D, Budi EH, Chen SH, Koeppen H, Wang H, Akhurst RJ, Derynck R. Smad3-mediated recruitment of the methyltransferase SETDB1/ESET controls Snail1 expression and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. EMBO Rep 2017; 19:135-155. [PMID: 29233829 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201744250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
During epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), reprogramming of gene expression is accompanied by histone modifications. Whether EMT-promoting signaling directs functional changes in histone methylation has not been established. We show here that the histone lysine methyltransferase SETDB1 represses EMT and that, during TGF-β-induced EMT, cells attenuate SETDB1 expression to relieve this inhibition. SETDB1 also controls stem cell generation, cancer cell motility, invasion, metastatic dissemination, as well as sensitivity to certain cancer drugs. These functions may explain the correlation of breast cancer patient survival with SETDB1 expression. At the molecular level, TGF-β induces SETDB1 recruitment by Smad3, to repress Smad3/4-activated transcription of SNAI1, encoding the EMT "master" transcription factor SNAIL1. Suppression of SNAIL1-mediated gene reprogramming by SETDB1 occurs through H3K9 methylation at the SNAI1 gene that represses its H3K9 acetylation imposed by activated Smad3/4 complexes. SETDB1 therefore defines a TGF-β-regulated balance between histone methylation and acetylation that controls EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Du
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA .,Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yoko Katsuno
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dominique Meyer
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Erine H Budi
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Si-Han Chen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Biophysics Graduate Program University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hartmut Koeppen
- Department of Research Pathology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hongjun Wang
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rosemary J Akhurst
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Anatomy, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rik Derynck
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA .,Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Anatomy, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Viotti M, Wilson C, McCleland M, Koeppen H, Haley B, Jhunjhunwala S, Klijn C, Modrusan Z, Arnott D, Classon M, Stephan JP, Mellman I. SUV420H2 is an epigenetic regulator of epithelial/mesenchymal states in pancreatic cancer. J Cell Biol 2017; 217:763-777. [PMID: 29229751 PMCID: PMC5800801 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201705031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition is implicated in metastasis. Viotti et al. show that the histone methyltransferase SUV420H2 favors the mesenchymal identity in pancreatic tumor cells by silencing key drivers of the epithelial state. High levels of SUV420H2 also correlate with a loss of epithelial characteristics in invasive cancer. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition is implicated in metastasis, where carcinoma cells lose sessile epithelial traits and acquire mesenchymal migratory potential. The mesenchymal state is also associated with cancer stem cells and resistance to chemotherapy. It might therefore be therapeutically beneficial to promote epithelial identity in cancer. Because large-scale cell identity shifts are often orchestrated on an epigenetic level, we screened for candidate epigenetic factors and identified the histone methyltransferase SUV420H2 (KMT5C) as favoring the mesenchymal identity in pancreatic cancer cell lines. Through its repressive mark H4K20me3, SUV420H2 silences several key drivers of the epithelial state. Its knockdown elicited mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition on a molecular and functional level, and cells displayed decreased stemness and increased drug sensitivity. An analysis of human pancreatic cancer biopsies was concordant with these findings, because high levels of SUV420H2 correlated with a loss of epithelial characteristics in progressively invasive cancer. Together, these data indicate that SUV420H2 is an upstream epigenetic regulator of epithelial/mesenchymal state control.
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Wongchenko MJ, Ribas A, Dréno B, Ascierto PA, McArthur GA, Gallo JD, Rooney IA, Hsu J, Koeppen H, Yan Y, Larkin J. Association of programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) expression with treatment outcomes in patients with BRAF
mutation-positive melanoma treated with vemurafenib or cobimetinib combined with vemurafenib. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2017; 31:516-522. [DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Antoni Ribas
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center; University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles CA USA
| | | | | | - Grant A. McArthur
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre; East Melbourne VIC. Australia
- University of Melbourne; Parkville VIC. Australia
| | | | | | - Jessie Hsu
- Genentech, Inc.; South San Francisco CA USA
| | | | - Yibing Yan
- Genentech, Inc.; South San Francisco CA USA
| | - James Larkin
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust; London UK
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Mariathasan S, Turley S, Nickles D, Castiglioni A, Yuen K, Wang Y, Edward E K, Koeppen H, Astarita J, Cubas R, Jhunjhunwala S, Yang Y, Şenbabaoğlu Y, van der Heijden M, Loriot Y, Mellman I, Chen D, Hegde P, Bourgon R, Powles T. TGF-β signalling attenuates tumour response to PD-L1 checkpoint blockade by contributing to retention of T cells in the peritumoural stroma. Ann Oncol 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdx760.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Hendry S, Salgado R, Gevaert T, Russell PA, John T, Thapa B, Christie M, van de Vijver K, Estrada MV, Gonzalez-Ericsson PI, Sanders M, Solomon B, Solinas C, Van den Eynden GGGM, Allory Y, Preusser M, Hainfellner J, Pruneri G, Vingiani A, Demaria S, Symmans F, Nuciforo P, Comerma L, Thompson EA, Lakhani S, Kim SR, Schnitt S, Colpaert C, Sotiriou C, Scherer SJ, Ignatiadis M, Badve S, Pierce RH, Viale G, Sirtaine N, Penault-Llorca F, Sugie T, Fineberg S, Paik S, Srinivasan A, Richardson A, Wang Y, Chmielik E, Brock J, Johnson DB, Balko J, Wienert S, Bossuyt V, Michiels S, Ternes N, Burchardi N, Luen SJ, Savas P, Klauschen F, Watson PH, Nelson BH, Criscitiello C, O’Toole S, Larsimont D, de Wind R, Curigliano G, André F, Lacroix-Triki M, van de Vijver M, Rojo F, Floris G, Bedri S, Sparano J, Rimm D, Nielsen T, Kos Z, Hewitt S, Singh B, Farshid G, Loibl S, Allison KH, Tung N, Adams S, Willard-Gallo K, Horlings HM, Gandhi L, Moreira A, Hirsch F, Dieci MV, Urbanowicz M, Brcic I, Korski K, Gaire F, Koeppen H, Lo A, Giltnane J, Ziai J, Rebelatto MC, Steele KE, Zha J, Emancipator K, Juco JW, Denkert C, Reis-Filho J, Loi S, Fox SB. Assessing Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes in Solid Tumors: A Practical Review for Pathologists and Proposal for a Standardized Method from the International Immuno-Oncology Biomarkers Working Group: Part 2: TILs in Melanoma, Gastrointestinal Tract Carcinomas, Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma and Mesothelioma, Endometrial and Ovarian Carcinomas, Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck, Genitourinary Carcinomas, and Primary Brain Tumors. Adv Anat Pathol 2017; 24:311-335. [PMID: 28777143 PMCID: PMC5638696 DOI: 10.1097/pap.0000000000000161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 453] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Assessment of the immune response to tumors is growing in importance as the prognostic implications of this response are increasingly recognized, and as immunotherapies are evaluated and implemented in different tumor types. However, many different approaches can be used to assess and describe the immune response, which limits efforts at implementation as a routine clinical biomarker. In part 1 of this review, we have proposed a standardized methodology to assess tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in solid tumors, based on the International Immuno-Oncology Biomarkers Working Group guidelines for invasive breast carcinoma. In part 2 of this review, we discuss the available evidence for the prognostic and predictive value of TILs in common solid tumors, including carcinomas of the lung, gastrointestinal tract, genitourinary system, gynecologic system, and head and neck, as well as primary brain tumors, mesothelioma and melanoma. The particularities and different emphases in TIL assessment in different tumor types are discussed. The standardized methodology we propose can be adapted to different tumor types and may be used as a standard against which other approaches can be compared. Standardization of TIL assessment will help clinicians, researchers and pathologists to conclusively evaluate the utility of this simple biomarker in the current era of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shona Hendry
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Roberto Salgado
- Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory/Breast International Group, Institut Jules Bordet, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Pathology and TCRU, GZA, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Thomas Gevaert
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Laboratory of Experimental Urology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Pathology, AZ Klina, Brasschaat, Belgium
| | - Prudence A. Russell
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, St Vincent’s Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy, Australia
- Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Tom John
- Department of Medical Oncology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Australia
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Bibhusal Thapa
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Michael Christie
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia
| | - Koen van de Vijver
- Divisions of Diagnostic Oncology & Molecular Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M. Valeria Estrada
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, USA
| | | | - Melinda Sanders
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, USA
| | - Benjamin Solomon
- Department of Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Cinzia Solinas
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gert GGM Van den Eynden
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Pathology, GZA Ziekenhuizen, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Yves Allory
- Université Paris-Est, Créteil, France
- INSERM, UMR 955, Créteil, France
- Département de pathologie, APHP, Hôpital Henri-Mondor, Créteil, France
| | - Matthias Preusser
- Department of Medicine, Clinical Division of Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Centre Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Hainfellner
- Institute of Neurology, Comprehensive Cancer Centre Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Giancarlo Pruneri
- European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
- University of Milan, School of Medicine, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Vingiani
- European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
- University of Milan, School of Medicine, Milan, Italy
| | - Sandra Demaria
- New York University Medical School, New York, USA
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - Fraser Symmans
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Paolo Nuciforo
- Molecular Oncology Group, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Comerma
- Molecular Oncology Group, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Sunil Lakhani
- Centre for Clinical Research and School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Pathology Queensland, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Seong-Rim Kim
- National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Operations Center/NRG Oncology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Stuart Schnitt
- Cancer Research Institute and Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Boston, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Cecile Colpaert
- Department of Pathology, GZA Ziekenhuizen, Sint-Augustinus, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Christos Sotiriou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stefan J. Scherer
- Academic Medical Innovation, Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, USA
| | - Michail Ignatiadis
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sunil Badve
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, USA
| | - Robert H. Pierce
- Cancer Immunotherapy Trials Network, Central Laboratory and Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, USA
| | - Giuseppe Viale
- Department of Pathology, Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicolas Sirtaine
- Department of Pathology, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Frederique Penault-Llorca
- Department of Surgical Pathology and Biopathology, Jean Perrin Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- University of Auvergne UMR1240, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Tomohagu Sugie
- Department of Surgery, Kansai Medical School, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Susan Fineberg
- Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
- The Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Soonmyung Paik
- National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Operations Center/NRG Oncology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute and Department of Medical Oncology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ashok Srinivasan
- National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Operations Center/NRG Oncology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrea Richardson
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, USA
| | - Yihong Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Lifespan Medical Center, Providence, USA
- Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, USA
| | - Ewa Chmielik
- Tumor Pathology Department, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center, Gliwice, Poland
- Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Jane Brock
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, USA
| | - Douglas B. Johnson
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Centre, Nashville, USA
- Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, USA
| | - Justin Balko
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Centre, Nashville, USA
- Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, USA
| | - Stephan Wienert
- Institute of Pathology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- VMscope GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Veerle Bossuyt
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
| | - Stefan Michiels
- Service de Biostatistique et d’Epidémiologie, Gustave Roussy, CESP, Inserm U1018, Université-Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Nils Ternes
- Service de Biostatistique et d’Epidémiologie, Gustave Roussy, CESP, Inserm U1018, Université-Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | | | - Stephen J. Luen
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Peter Savas
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Peter H. Watson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Trev & Joyce Deeley Research Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Brad H. Nelson
- Trev & Joyce Deeley Research Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
- Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Sandra O’Toole
- The Cancer Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia
- Australian Clinical Labs, Bella Vista, Australia
| | - Denis Larsimont
- Department of Pathology, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Roland de Wind
- Department of Pathology, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Fabrice André
- INSERM Unit U981, and Department of Medical Oncology, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Sud, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Magali Lacroix-Triki
- INSERM Unit U981, and Department of Medical Oncology, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Mark van de Vijver
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Federico Rojo
- Pathology Department, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Giuseppe Floris
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Shahinaz Bedri
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Doha, Qatar
| | - Joseph Sparano
- Department of Oncology, Montefiore Medical Centre, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, USA
| | - David Rimm
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
| | - Torsten Nielsen
- Genetic Pathology Evaluation Centre, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Zuzana Kos
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Stephen Hewitt
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Baljit Singh
- Department of Pathology, New York University Langone Medical Centre, New York, USA
| | - Gelareh Farshid
- Directorate of Surgical Pathology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
- Discipline of Medicine, Adelaide University, Adelaide, Australia
| | | | | | - Nadine Tung
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, USA
| | - Sylvia Adams
- New York University Medical School, New York, USA
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - Karen Willard-Gallo
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hugo M. Horlings
- Department of Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Leena Gandhi
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York, USA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, USA
| | - Andre Moreira
- Pulmonary Pathology, New York University Center for Biospecimen Research and Development, New York University, New York, USA
| | - Fred Hirsch
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, USA
| | - Maria Vittoria Dieci
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
- Medical Oncology 2, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | - Maria Urbanowicz
- European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Headquarters, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Iva Brcic
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Konstanty Korski
- Pathology and Tissue Analytics, Roche Innovation Centre Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Fabien Gaire
- Pathology and Tissue Analytics, Roche Innovation Centre Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Hartmut Koeppen
- Research Pathology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, USA
| | - Amy Lo
- Research Pathology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, USA
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, USA
| | | | - James Ziai
- Research Pathology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, USA
| | | | | | - Jiping Zha
- Translational Sciences, MedImmune, Gaithersberg, USA
| | | | | | - Carsten Denkert
- Institute of Pathology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jorge Reis-Filho
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - Sherene Loi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Stephen B. Fox
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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Kowanetz M, Zou W, Mccleland M, Gandara D, Gadgeel S, Rittmeyer A, Barlesi F, Park K, Shames D, Koeppen H, Ballinger M, Sandler A, Hegde P. MA 05.09 Pre-Existing Immunity Measured by Teff Gene Expression in Tumor Tissue is Associated with Atezolizumad Efficacy in NSCLC. J Thorac Oncol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2017.09.485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Merchant M, Moffat J, Schaefer G, Chan J, Wang X, Orr C, Cheng J, Hunsaker T, Shao L, Wang SJ, Wagle MC, Lin E, Haverty PM, Shahidi-Latham S, Ngu H, Solon M, Eastham-Anderson J, Koeppen H, Huang SMA, Schwarz J, Belvin M, Kirouac D, Junttila MR. Combined MEK and ERK inhibition overcomes therapy-mediated pathway reactivation in RAS mutant tumors. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185862. [PMID: 28982154 PMCID: PMC5628883 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway dysregulation is implicated in >30% of all cancers, rationalizing the development of RAF, MEK and ERK inhibitors. While BRAF and MEK inhibitors improve BRAF mutant melanoma patient outcomes, these inhibitors had limited success in other MAPK dysregulated tumors, with insufficient pathway suppression and likely pathway reactivation. In this study we show that inhibition of either MEK or ERK alone only transiently inhibits the MAPK pathway due to feedback reactivation. Simultaneous targeting of both MEK and ERK nodes results in deeper and more durable suppression of MAPK signaling that is not achievable with any dose of single agent, in tumors where feedback reactivation occurs. Strikingly, combined MEK and ERK inhibition is synergistic in RAS mutant models but only additive in BRAF mutant models where the RAF complex is dissociated from RAS and thus feedback productivity is disabled. We discovered that pathway reactivation in RAS mutant models occurs at the level of CRAF with combination treatment resulting in a markedly more active pool of CRAF. However, distinct from single node targeting, combining MEK and ERK inhibitor treatment effectively blocks the downstream signaling as assessed by transcriptional signatures and phospho-p90RSK. Importantly, these data reveal that MAPK pathway inhibitors whose activity is attenuated due to feedback reactivation can be rescued with sufficient inhibition by using a combination of MEK and ERK inhibitors. The MEK and ERK combination significantly suppresses MAPK pathway output and tumor growth in vivo to a greater extent than the maximum tolerated doses of single agents, and results in improved anti-tumor activity in multiple xenografts as well as in two Kras mutant genetically engineered mouse (GEM) models. Collectively, these data demonstrate that combined MEK and ERK inhibition is functionally unique, yielding greater than additive anti-tumor effects and elucidates a highly effective combination strategy in MAPK-dependent cancer, such as KRAS mutant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Merchant
- Department of Translational Oncology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - John Moffat
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Gabriele Schaefer
- Department of Translational Oncology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jocelyn Chan
- Department of Translational Oncology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Xi Wang
- Department of Translational Oncology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Christine Orr
- Department of Translational Oncology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jason Cheng
- Department of Translational Oncology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Thomas Hunsaker
- Department of Translational Oncology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Lily Shao
- Department of Translational Oncology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Stephanie J. Wang
- Department of Biological Engineering, The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Marie-Claire Wagle
- Department of Oncology Biomarker Development, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Eva Lin
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Peter M. Haverty
- Department of Bioinformatics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Sheerin Shahidi-Latham
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Hai Ngu
- Department of Pathology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Margaret Solon
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey Eastham-Anderson
- Department of Pathology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Hartmut Koeppen
- Department of Pathology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Shih-Min A. Huang
- Department of Oncology Biomarker Development, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jacob Schwarz
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Marcia Belvin
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Daniel Kirouac
- Department of Pre-clinical & Translational Pharmacokinetics Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Melissa R. Junttila
- Department of Translational Oncology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
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Rost S, Giltnane J, Bordeaux JM, Hitzman C, Koeppen H, Liu SD. Multiplexed ion beam imaging analysis for quantitation of protein expresssion in cancer tissue sections. J Transl Med 2017; 97:1263. [PMID: 28961232 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2017.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
This corrects the article DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2017.50.
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Wang Y, Ryner L, Udyavar A, Desbois M, Kozlowski C, Chang CW, Guan Y, Lu S, Koeppen H, Ziai J, Bourgon R, Hegde P. Reactive stroma mediates CD8+ T cell spatial distribution and function in ovarian cancer. Ann Oncol 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdx372.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Molinero L, Albanell J, Koeppen H, Martinez de Dueñas E, Halligan D, Guerrero A, Chacón López-Muñiz J, Perez R, Antolin S, Blancas I, Muñoz M, Oltra A, LÓpez de Ceballos M, Sánchez-Aragó M, Caballero R, Carrasco E, González-Angulo A, Lluch A, Mittendorff E, Rojo F. Analysis of stroma and immune-related gene expression patterns during breast cancer (BC) progression. Ann Oncol 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdx391.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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