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Bielefeldt-Ohmann H, Barouch DH, Bakke AM, Bruce AG, Durning M, Grant R, Letvin NL, Ryan JT, Schmidt A, Thouless ME, Rose TM. Intestinal stromal tumors in a simian immunodeficiency virus-infected, simian retrovirus-2 negative rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta). Vet Pathol 2005; 42:391-6. [PMID: 15872392 DOI: 10.1354/vp.42-3-391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Multifocal submucosal stromal tumors were diagnosed in a 5.5-year-old rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) experimentally infected with simian immunodeficiency virus, strain SIVsmE660, and CD4+ T cell depleted. The animal was negative for simian retroviruses, SRV-1, -2, and -5. Polymerase chain reaction analysis of DNA from tumor and spleen tissue revealed abundant, preferential presence of retroperitoneal fibromatosis herpesvirus, the macaque homologue of the Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (human herpesvirus-8), in the tumors. This was corroborated by demonstration of viral latent nuclear antigen-1 in the nuclei of a majority of the spindeloid tumor cells. Low levels of an additional macaque herpesvirus, rhesus rhadinovirus, were also detected in the spleen and tumor tissues. The spindeloid cells labeled positively for vimentin and CD117 but were negative for CD31, CD68, desmin, and smooth muscle cell actin. Collectively, these findings suggest a relation to but not absolute identity with simian mesenchymoproliferative disorders (MPD) or typical gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs).
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Affiliation(s)
- H Bielefeldt-Ohmann
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Box 357331, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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2
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LaCroix S, Stewart JA, Thouless ME, Black JB. An immunoblot assay for detection of immunoglobulin M antibody to human herpesvirus 6. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2000; 7:823-7. [PMID: 10973462 PMCID: PMC95963 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.7.5.823-827.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2000] [Accepted: 07/12/2000] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We identified the human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6)-dominant immunoglobulin M (IgM)-reactive virion protein as being the same 101-kDa protein (101K) previously identified as the major IgG immunoreactive protein and a specific serologic marker of HHV-6 infection. An immunoblot assay (IB) to detect HHV-6-specific IgM antibodies against the 101K protein in human serum samples was developed. The assay was validated by using acute- and convalescent-phase serum collected from children under 2 years of age in which we previously detected IgG seroconversion to the HHV-6 101K protein. Of 32 serum pairs which previously demonstrated IgG seroconversion to the 101K protein, 29 had IgM reactivity to the same protein in the acute-phase sample and the remaining 3 had reactivity in the convalescent-phase sample. We also detected HHV-6 IgM activity in sera collected from individuals > or =4 years of age who were also IgM seropositive to measles or rubella. Results of cross-adsorption studies using measles virus-, rubella virus-, and HHV-6-infected cells as the adsorbing antigen indicated no cross-reactivity between measles or rubella IgM and HHV-6 IgM in human serum samples. The IgM IB detected HHV-6-specific IgM antibody to the 101K protein in 78% (63 of 81) of tested acute-phase serum collected from young children with an undifferentiated rash illness by using a single serum dilution.
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Affiliation(s)
- S LaCroix
- State of Washington Public Health Laboratory, Seattle, Washington, USA
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3
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Strand K, Harper E, Thormahlen S, Thouless ME, Tsai C, Rose T, Bosch ML. Two distinct lineages of macaque gamma herpesviruses related to the Kaposi's sarcoma associated herpesvirus. J Clin Virol 2000; 16:253-69. [PMID: 10738144 DOI: 10.1016/s1386-6532(99)00080-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND KSHV, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, is a necessary cofactor for the development of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS). We have previously reported KSHV-related DNA sequences in retroperitoneal fibromatosis (RF) tissue from two species of macaque. The putative herpesvirus was called RFHV for RF-associated herpesvirus. These data suggested that KSHV is a human representative of a larger family of primate herpesviruses. OBJECTIVE To identify and characterize other members of a putative family of KSHV-related herpesviruses in macaques in order to obtain information on the evolutionary history of KSHV infection in humans. STUDY DESIGN Lymphoid tissue cells and blood leukocytes from rhesus-, cynomolgus- and pigtailed-macaques were tested for the presence of unknown herpesviruses using degenerate primer-driven PCR amplification. The sequences obtained were compared against known herpesvirus sequences. RESULTS We have identified new herpesvirus DNA sequences in each of the three macaque species. Sequence comparisons indicate that these new viruses are most related to each other and form a separate phylogenetic lineage within the gamma herpesviruses. Screening of PBMC from Indonesian-origin quarantine animals suggests that these viruses (MGV, macaque gamma virus) are species-specific, and highly prevalent in the wild. They are readily cultured in vivo, and share a common tissue tropism with the previously identified RFHV. CONCLUSIONS MGV and RFHV represent two independent introductions of an ancestral gamma herpesvirus into macaque precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Strand
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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4
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Bosch ML, Harper E, Schmidt A, Strand KB, Thormahlen S, Thouless ME, Wang Y. Activation in vivo of retroperitoneal fibromatosis-associated herpesvirus, a simian homologue of human herpesvirus-8. J Gen Virol 1999; 80 ( Pt 2):467-475. [PMID: 10073709 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-80-2-467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Retroperitoneal fibromatosis-associated herpesvirus of rhesus macaques (RFHVMm) is a gammaherpesvirus closely related to human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8), which is thought to be a necessary cofactor for the development of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) in humans. Here, RFHVMm infection of rhesus macaques exposed to the D-type retrovirus simian retrovirus-2 (SRV-2) is described. Development of SRV-2 viraemia, infection with simian immunodeficiency virus or administration of cyclosporin A could result in persistent RFHVMm viraemia. From this, it is concluded that productive retrovirus infection or otherwise-induced immune suppression has the ability to activate this herpesvirus in vivo. Elevated levels of circulating interleukin-6, a cytokine that plays a central role in KS, were found in RFHVMm-viraemic animals. In viraemic animals, RFHVMm was found in tissues that are common sites for the development of AIDS-associated KS, especially the oral cavity. Together, these data suggest a common biology between RFHVMm infection of macaques and HHV-8 infection and pathogenesis in humans.
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Rose TM, Strand KB, Schultz ER, Schaefer G, Rankin GW, Thouless ME, Tsai CC, Bosch ML. Identification of two homologs of the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (human herpesvirus 8) in retroperitoneal fibromatosis of different macaque species. J Virol 1997; 71:4138-44. [PMID: 9094697 PMCID: PMC191572 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.71.5.4138-4144.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simian retroperitoneal fibromatosis (RF) is a vascular fibroproliferative neoplasm which has many morphological and histological similarities to human Kaposi's sarcoma (KS). Like epidemic KS in AIDS patients, RF is highly associated with an immunodeficiency syndrome (simian acquired immunodeficiency syndrome [SAIDS]) caused by a retrovirus infection. Recently, a new gammaherpesvirus, called Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) or human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8), has been identified in KS tumors, suggesting that KS has a viral etiology. Our previous experimental transmission studies and epidemiological data suggest that RF also has an infectious etiology. In order to determine whether a similar virus is also associated with RF, we have assayed for the presence of an unknown herpesvirus using degenerate PCR primers targeting the highly conserved DNA polymerase genes of the herpesvirus family. Here we provide DNA sequence evidence for two new herpesviruses closely related to KSHV from RF tissues of two macaque species, Macaca nemestrina and Macaca mulatta. Our data suggest that KSHV and the putative macaque herpesviruses define a new group within the subfamily Gammaherpesvirinae whose members are implicated in the pathogenesis of KS and KS-like neoplasms in different primate species.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Rose
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, USA.
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Thouless ME, Wang Y, Welch MJ. Increased enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay specificity with solubilized simian retrovirus 2-infected cell membranes. Lab Anim Sci 1996; 46:619-622. [PMID: 9001173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Simian type-D retrovirus (SRV) infection is a health problem in captive and wild-caught macaques; it interferes with acquired immune deficiency syndrome-related research. Because the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with gradient-purified SRV-2 virus yields a high percentage of false-positive results, the assay was modified with membrane antigens from SRV-2-infected and uninfected A549 cells. The SRV-2 membrane antigen contains the major proteins detected in positive sera by Western blotting: env proteins gp70 and gp20 and gag proteins p27, p14, p12, and p10. The original purified virus ELISA had a specificity of 74% compared with Western immunoblot. The modified ELISA using the difference in optical density between infected and control cell membrane antigens resulted in a specificity of 100% when the same samples were tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Thouless
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Washington, Seattle 98195-7238, USA
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Thouless ME, DiGiacomo RF, Deeb BJ. The effect of combined rotavirus and Escherichia coli infections in rabbits. Lab Anim Sci 1996; 46:381-5. [PMID: 8872987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In rabbits, experimentally induced rotavirus infection results in soft feces only; thus it is unlikely that it is the sole cause of the severe, often fatal diarrhea of weanling rabbits with which it is associated. To determine whether rotavirus acts synergistically with another pathogen, New Zealand White rabbits (10 to 38 weeks old) were inoculated with rotavirus (L:ALA:84) and/or Escherichia coli 015:H-(RDEC-1) via orogastric tube. A single dose of high-titer (10(6) fluorescent focus-forming units) rotavirus was used, whereas E. coli was administered in various doses (10(2) to 10(9) CFU) to determine the titer of E. coli that induced only mild diarrhea but, when combined with rotavirus, resulted in diarrheal disease. Doses of E. coli > 10(6) CFU resulted in infection in almost all rabbits 10 to 16 weeks old, as detected by fecal shedding, regardless of whether rotavirus was inoculated simultaneously. However, inoculation of > 10(6) CFU of E. coli, in conjunction with rotavirus, resulted in increased morbidity and mortality due to diarrheal disease compared with E. coli alone. Inoculation of rabbits 28 to 38 weeks old with similar doses of rotavirus and E. coli caused infection but failed to induce diarrhea, indicating that older rabbits were more resistant to the pathogenic effects of these two agents. A synergistic effect between rotavirus and E. coli occurred, causing more severe diarrheal disease in weanling rabbits than that resulting from either pathogen alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Thouless
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle 98195-7190, USA
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Wang Y, Thouless ME. Use of polymerase chain reaction for diagnosis of type D simian retrovirus infection in macaque blood. Lab Anim Sci 1996; 46:187-92. [PMID: 8723235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
We developed a simple and specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method for the detection of type D simian retrovirus (SRV) infection (SRV-1, SRV-2, and SRV-3) using whole blood samples from macaques. Each pair of primers for the three serotypes of SRV was highly specific for its respective envelope proviral DNA and was sensitive enough to easily detect about five copies of the SRV-2 proviral genome. The PCR products were confirmed by Southern blot hybridization with digoxigenin-labeled internal oligonucleotide probes. For diagnostic purposes the three sets of primers were mixed together. The molecular weight of the PCR product for each of the three serotypes differed. Serotypes were confirmed by hybridization with a mixture of SRV-2 and SRV-1 and -3 internal probes. The PCR analysis of 39 whole blood samples correctly identified five SRV-1 and nine SRV-2 culture-positive samples. It also detected SRV-2 in two culture-negative blood samples from monkeys from which SRV had been previously isolated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wang
- Regional Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle 98195-7238, USA
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Deeb BJ, DiGiacomo RF, Evermann JF, Thouless ME. Prevalence of coronavirus antibodies in rabbits. Lab Anim Sci 1993; 43:431-3. [PMID: 8277721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Antibodies to coronavirus were detected by an indirect fluorescent antibody test in rabbit sera from six rabbitries. The prevalence ranged from 3 to 40% in different rabbitries and most seropositive rabbits were more than 4 months old. A rabbitry with high prevalence of antibodies and high incidence of diarrhea could serve as a source of virus and aid in studying the natural history of coronavirus infection in rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Deeb
- Department of Comparative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle 98195
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10
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Moazed TC, Thouless ME. Viral persistence of simian type D retrovirus (SRV-2/W) in naturally infected pigtailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina). J Med Primatol 1993; 22:382-9. [PMID: 8169941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
To elucidate sites of SRV-2/W persistence, tissue DNA from three groups of naturally infected Macaca nemestrina was analyzed for provirus: vertically transmitted, viremic, seronegative macaques; horizontally transmitted, viremic, seronegative macaques, and nonviremic seropositive macaques. In viremic animals infected vertically, provirus was found in many tissues, whereas in those infected horizontally, proviral DNA was limited. In V-Ab+ macaques, provirus was detected in bone marrow and/or ileocecal junction, confirming the presence of provirus in V-Ab+ animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Moazed
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle 98195
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11
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Grossmann A, Astley SJ, Liggitt HD, Clarren SK, Shiota F, Kennedy B, Thouless ME, Maggio-Price L. Immune function in offspring of nonhuman primates (Macaca nemestrina) exposed weekly to 1.8 g/kg ethanol during pregnancy: preliminary observations. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1993; 17:822-7. [PMID: 8214421 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1993.tb00848.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A preliminary investigation of immune host response was conducted in a group of fetal alcohol-exposed nonhuman primates (Macaca nemestrina) who were part of a broader ongoing study of ethanol teratogenicity. The mothers of the offspring received weekly oral doses of ethanol (1.8 g/kg) for the first 3 or 6 or the entire 24 weeks of gestation. A control group received sucrose solution weekly throughout pregnancy. Four of the 18 ethanol-exposed animals (22%) died or were euthanized after infectious disease or failure to thrive during the first year of life; none of the seven control animals died. This imbalance in survival prompted the present review of immune function in the remaining offspring. Parameters assessed included: (1) white blood cell count (WBC), (2) peripheral blood leucocyte subsets (CD4+, CD8+, CD20+, and CD11c+), (3) T-cell proliferation after activation with phytohemagglutinin (PHA), staphylococcus enterotoxin B (SEB), and tetanus toxoid (TT), (4) phagocytic activity of monocytes, and (5) serum immunoglobulin levels and serum antibody titers after TT vaccination. Mean T-cell proliferation to TT was significantly decreased (p = 0.01) in all ethanol-exposed animals relative to controls, with near-significant decreases (p = 0.06) in response to SEB in the ethanol-exposed animals. Lymphocyte proliferation in response to PHA was not altered. Ethanol-exposed animals had significantly lower TT titers than controls after initial vaccination and booster. WBC, leukocyte subsets, serum immunoglobulins, and monocyte phagocytic activity were not significantly different from control values. These preliminary observations suggest that T-cell proliferation and antigen-specific memory responses may be altered in offspring exposed to weekly doses of ethanol in utero and warrant further evaluation for confirmation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Grossmann
- Department of Comparative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle 98195
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Welch MJ, Thouless ME. Method for detection of simian immunodeficiency virus neutralizing antibodies using a noncommercial antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. J Clin Microbiol 1992; 30:1424-7. [PMID: 1624558 PMCID: PMC265303 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.30.6.1424-1427.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A neutralization test (NT) using a noncommercial antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) growth in vitro was developed. The capture antibody was a mixture of purified macaque anti-SIV immunoglobulin G (IgG) and a monoclonal antibody to SIV p27. Captured antigens were detected by using purified macaque anti-SIV IgG conjugated to horseradish peroxidase. The NT reliably and sensitively detected differences when various amounts of SIV were used with positive and negative control macaque sera. Dilutions of sequential sera from a macaque (Macaca nemestrina) that had been experimentally infected with SIV were tested for neutralizing antibody with 300 50% tissue culture infective doses of SIV. In this macaque, neutralizing activity and anti-SIV IgG levels in serum (detected by ELISA) increased with time after SIV inoculation, and high IgG titers were required in serum before neutralization occurred in vitro. This simple NT, which detects the presence of SIV serum neutralizing antibodies at a low cost, will be useful for investigating the role of neutralizing antibodies in the SIV-infected macaque model for AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Welch
- University of Washington Regional Primate Research Center, Seattle
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13
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Ochs HD, Morton WR, Tsai CC, Thouless ME, Zhu Q, Kuller LD, Wu YP, Benveniste RE. Maternal-fetal transmission of SIV in macaques: disseminated adenovirus infection in an offspring with congenital SIV infection. J Med Primatol 1991; 20:193-200. [PMID: 1658326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
To develop a nonhuman primate model for maternal-fetal transmission of HIV infection, we have inoculated pregnant Macaca nemestrina with uncloned SIVMne. Three animals inoculated during the third trimester delivered healthy infants. One of the three infants, a male born 31 days after the mother was inoculated with SIV, became virus-positive but failed to produce SIV-specific antibody and died with overt simian immunodeficiency and disseminated adenovirus (SV20) infection at age six and one-half months. SIV and adenovirus antigen could be demonstrated by immunohistochemical methods in multiple organ systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- H D Ochs
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle 98195
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Abstract
An avian leukosis virus with a wide host range belonging to a new subgroup for chickens was isolated from meat-type chicken lines. The virus, of which HPRS-103 strain is the prototype, was of low oncogenicity in chickens but appeared to behave like an exogenous leukosis virus. Neutralizing antibodies to the virus were found in three of five meat-type chicken lines, but not in seven layer lines. The virus and its Rous sarcoma virus pseudotype did not replicate in, or transform, mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- L N Payne
- AFRC Institute for Animal Health, Houghton Laboratory, Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire, U.K
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Abstract
The role of rotavirus in diarrheal disease of rabbits was investigated, and a model for human rotavirus infection was established. Orogastric inoculation of 8- and 12-week-old New Zealand White rabbits with a rabbit strain of rotavirus (L:ALA:84) resulted in fecal shedding of virus for 6 to 8 days from 2 to 5 days after inoculation. Most rabbits exhibited diarrhea, coincident with the onset of viral shedding, which persisted for 2 to 4 days. Diarrhea was characterized by soft or fluid stools and fecal staining of the perineum. Inoculation of 3-week-old rabbits resulted in a briefer period of viral shedding and diarrhea of a milder nature. Histopathologic examination during the period of viral shedding revealed a mild, nonsuppurative enteritis. Inoculated rabbits exhibited antibodies in serum to rotavirus by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Sham-inoculated or uninoculated rabbits maintained in the same cage or the same room with inoculated rabbits acquired rotavirus infection. The mild diarrheal disease which resulted with a rotavirus isolate from severe field cases suggests that cofactors were involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Thouless
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle 98195
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Tupper GT, Evermann JF, Russell RG, Thouless ME. Antigenic and biological diversity of feline coronaviruses: feline infectious peritonitis and feline enteritis virus. Arch Virol 1987; 96:29-38. [PMID: 3619653 PMCID: PMC7087211 DOI: 10.1007/bf01310988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Antigenically related feline coronaviruses cause two distinct disease manifestations in infected cats. The diseases are feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), in which the virus is widely disseminated, and feline enteric coronavirus (FECV), a mild disease in which the virus is usually limited to the villi. These two viruses were found to differ in their growth in cell culture. FIPV grows to higher titer, forms larger plaques and switches off host cell protein synthesis more effectively than FECV. Cross neutralization studies showed antigenic differences between the strains. There also appeared to be a difference in the nucleoprotein molecular weight of the viruses causing these two different disease syndromes.
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DiGiacomo RF, Thouless ME. Epidemiology of naturally occurring rotavirus infection in rabbits. Lab Anim Sci 1986; 36:153-6. [PMID: 3702332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The epidemiology of naturally acquired rotavirus infection in commercial rabbitries was studied. Antibody titers to rotavirus were determined by an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Studies of antibody levels over time within individual rabbit litters and in a colony of rabbits of different ages showed that transplacentally derived maternal antibodies had declined to low levels by about one month of age. More than half of the 88 rabbits 1 to 2 months of age had antibody titers of less than 1/100. All 98 rabbits over 2 months old had titers above 1/100 and 83 had titers over 1/1000. Rotavirus was detected in 25% of diarrheic feces and in 10% of normal feces.
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Schoeb TR, Casebolt DB, Walker VE, Potgieter LN, Thouless ME, DiGiacomo RF. Rotavirus-associated diarrhea in a commercial rabbitry. Lab Anim Sci 1986; 36:149-52. [PMID: 2939288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
An epizootic of diarrheal disease occurred in a commercial specific-pathogen-free rabbitry, and was characterized by sudden onset, rapid spread, and high morbidity and mortality among sucklings. Affected rabbits rapidly became dehydrated and most died within two days of the onset of diarrhea. Eight of these rabbits were necropsied. Five had blunted and fused small intestinal villi with attenuated villous enterocytes. A rotavirus was isolated from four rabbits, and five survivors of affected litters had strong antibody responses to rotavirus.
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Thouless ME, DiGiacomo RF, Neuman DS. Isolation of two lapine rotaviruses: characterization of their subgroup, serotype and RNA electropherotypes. Arch Virol 1986; 89:161-70. [PMID: 3013127 DOI: 10.1007/bf01309886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Rotaviruses were detected by an ELISA test in stool specimens from diarrheic rabbits in two commercial rabbitries and cultured in MA 104 cells. Their identity was confirmed by electron microscopy and indirect immunofluorescence. They were found to belong to subgroup I by testing with monoclonal antibodies and to serotype 3 by neutralization with homologous and heterologous antisera. Although both viruses were neutralized by antiserum to human serotype 3 the ALA rabbit rotavirus was minimally neutralized by antiserum to the C11 rabbit rotavirus. Electrophoresis of viral RNA revealed 11 segments characteristic of rotavirus, however both rabbit rotaviruses had unusual electropherotypes. They differed from each other with greatly reduced mobility of the tenth segment in one virus and the eleventh segment in the other virus.
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Abstract
The prevalence of antibodies to rotavirus was determined in 199 New Zealand rabbits from a commercial rabbitry by an indirect immunofluorescent test. Virtually all rabbits less than 1 month old and greater than 2 months old had antibodies, whereas only 25% of rabbits 1 to 2 months old had antibodies.
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Abstract
A method is described for the serotyping and subgrouping of rotaviruses by enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assay (ELISA). For the isolates tested "blind" under code in parallel the serotyping results obtained by ELISA and serum neutralization of fluorescent focus formation were the same. After absorption of the typing antisera with purified heterotypic rotavirus, up to 128-fold differences in titres between isolates were observed in the ELISA test. The results of serotyping and subgrouping, by ELISA, of strains previously described and characterized by the authors' and other laboratories are also given. An attempt is made to correlate the serological findings with variations between virus strains based upon patterns of genome molecular weights as revealed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The application of this ELISA technique to epidemiological studies and vaccine research is discussed.
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Abstract
The influence of divalent cations on the stability of human rotavirus was investigated using the indirect immunofluorescence (FA) technique in LLC-MK2 cells to titrate infectivity. Rotavirus infectivity was stabilized by calcium and strontium ions in solution but not by magnesium ions. Rotavirus isolates were found to be much less stable at 37 degrees C than at + 4 degrees C or 20 degrees. A study of virus morphology at intervals during the course of the experiment and treatment with the chelating agents EDTA and EGTA suggests that loss of infectivity coincides with the removal of the outer capsid layer and that calcium may be required to maintain virus integrity.
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Abstract
A neutralisation test using cell culture and indirect immunofluorescence was applied to isolates of rotavirus from 55 patients with gastroenteritis, in order to determine serotypes. Frequent cross-reactions were observed, but subsequent statistical analysis confirmed the existence of at least three distinct serotypes. Some results, not sufficient for analysis, suggest that at least five serotypes probably exist. It is suggested that two or more viral polypeptides might be involved in neutralisation, one of which might be common to another serotype(s). This would explain the frequent cross-reactions detected by this neutralisation test. Evidence suggesting that some strains may be hybrids is also presented.
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Abstract
Rotavirus infected monkey kidney cells (LLC-MK2) have been labelled with 35S-methionine in the presence of actinomycin D. The cells have been lysed with SDS and the polypeptides separated by discontinuous polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Rotavirus polypeptides began to appear 4 to 5 h p.i.; incorporation was maximum at 8 h, but all the polypeptides were still being made 15 to 18 h p.i. Tissue culture adapted calf rotavirus particles were labelled with 35S-methionine and the polypeptides compared with cell associated rotavirus polypeptides. There were four inner coat, four outer coat and three non-structural polypeptides. Several of the outer coat polypeptides have altered mol. wt. on maturation. The polypeptides of rotavirus from seven species (human, pig, calf, lamb, mouse, foal and rabbit) have been compared and their mol. wt. calculated. The polypeptides fell into the same relative groupings for each virus, but there were variations in the mol. wt. of most comparable polypeptides. The polypeptides of tissue culture adapted and non-adapted calf rotavirus from the same original isolate varied only in one of the non-structural polypeptides.
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Thouless ME, Bryden AS, Flewett TH, Woode GN, Bridger JC, Snodgrass DR, Herring JA. Serological relationships between rotaviruses from different species as studied by complement fixation and neutralization. Arch Virol 1977; 53:287-94. [PMID: 68765 DOI: 10.1007/bf01315627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human, piglet, mouse, foal, lamb, calf and rabbit rotaviruses all infected, but could not readily be subcultured in LLC MK2 cells. Cells infected with mouse and calf rotaviruses reacted by indirect immunofluorescence (FA) with convalescent serum from children, piglets, mice, foals, lambs, calves or rabbits, taken after rotavirus infection. Human, calf, piglet, mouse and foal rotaviruses reacted with human, calf, mouse, foal and lamb convalescent serum by complement fixation (CF). It was not possible to distinguish between different rotaviruses by CF or FA. Neutralization tests, however, detected species-specific rotavirus antigens. Any virus was neutralized by a much higher dilution of homologous species convalescent serum than by any heterologous serum. With the exception of the mouse virus there was very little cross reaction. However, in sera with a very high neutralizing titre for the homologous virus the titre was proportionately raised against heterologous virus. It is, therefore, now possible to type to species an unknown rotavirus by a neutralization test in LLC MK2 cells using convalescent serum from each species.
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Abstract
Rotaviruses were detected by electronmicroscopy in 35 of 84 specimens of faeces from infants with diarrhoea, and in 31 by fluorescent staining of tissue cultures infected with help of centrifugation. LLC-MK2 cells were found to be the most sensitive, although primary and secondary human-embryo-kidney and primary calf-kidney cells could also be used. A micromodification of the tissue-culture method provides a relatively simple technique for the diagnosis of rotavirus infection, for the titration of virus infectivity and for estimating neutralising antibodies in serum.
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Skinner GR, Thouless ME, Trueman S, Edwards J, Gibbs AJ. Serological relatedness of herpes simplex viruses. Type-specificity of antibody response. Immunology 1976; 31:481-94. [PMID: 194831 PMCID: PMC1445242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The serological relatedness of forty-seven strains of type 1 and type 2 herpes simplex virus was investigated by reciprocal and non-reciprocal neutralization kinetics. Early rabbit antisera divided the virus strains into two distinct groups where confident indentification of virus type was possible. Hyperimmune mouse and rabbit antisera did not divide the two virus types into two distinct non-over-lapping groups. The extent of overlap varied with the particular attribute of the virus being studied. The virus types were best discriminated by their neutralizability by type 1 antisera and least well by their neutralizability by type 2 antisera. The results of reciprocal kinetic neutralization test with hyperimmune mouse antisera were analysed by multi-dimensional cluster analysis. Hyperimmune mouse or rabbit antisera could not be discriminated with respect to their immunogenic type by their absolute neutralization rate constants against either type 1 or type 2 virus, but could be distinguished on a group basis by their relative neutralizability against both virus types (antiserum specificity attribute); however, using this latter criterion, the type of immunogen could only be predicted in seven of the forty antisera under test. 'Early' mouse antisera could also be distinguished as groups by their absolute k-values against type 1 herpes virus. Thus, immunogenic identification, on other than a group basis, was unreliable. The specificity of a given serum was inversely related to its titre. There was a positive correlation between the specificity of a given virus strain and of its corresponding antiserum.
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Minson AC, Thouless ME, Eglin RP, Darby G. The detection of virus DNA sequences in a herpes type 2 transformed hamster cell line (333-8-9). Int J Cancer 1976; 17:493-500. [PMID: 179957 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910170412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 2 DNA labelled in vitro with 125I has been used as a probe to search for virus DNA sequences in the 333-8-9 line of transformed primary hamster cells and in clines derived from the line. Virus DNA sequences were present when the cells were examined initially but these sequences were lost on subsequent handling. No virus sequences were detected in clones derived from the line. It is suggested that the presence of virus DNA is an unstable characteristic of the cell line and that these sequences may be lost at cell division. The possibility that a small fragment of the genome remains cannot be excluded.
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Thouless ME, Wildy P. Deoxypyrimidine kinases of herpes simplex viruses types 1 and 2: comparison of serological and structural properties. J Gen Virol 1975; 26:159-70. [PMID: 163287 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-26-2-159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The kinetics of formation, the stability at 40 degrees C and the serological properties of thymidine kinase and deoxycytidine kinase activities induced by herpes simplex virus have been examined. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that both activities are carried on the same molecule-a deoxypyrimidine kinase. Mutants deficient in deoxypyrimidine kinase have been used to produce, by absorption of general antisera, deoxypyrimidine kinase-specific antisera. Using immunoprecipitation and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, only one size of polypeptide (mol. wt. 42400 plus or minus 200) has been found, constituting the type 2 enzyme. This is close to published values for the type i enzyme but co-electrophoresis demonstrated that the polypeptide of the type i enzyme was slightly bigger.
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Plummer G, Goodheart CR, Miyagi M, Skinner GR, Thouless ME, Wildy P. Herpes simplex viruses: discrimination of types and correlation between different characteristics. Virology 1974; 60:206-16. [PMID: 4366799 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(74)90378-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Skinner GR, Thouless ME, Jordan JA. Antibodies to type 1 and type 2 herpes virus in women with abnormal cervical cytology. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw 1971; 78:1031-8. [PMID: 5124558 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1971.tb00221.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Thouless ME, Skinner GR. Differences in the properties of thymidine kinase produced in cells infected with type 1 and type 2 herpes virus. J Gen Virol 1971; 12:195-7. [PMID: 4330792 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-12-2-195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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Cleobury JF, Skinner GR, Thouless ME, Wildy P. Association between psychopathic disorder and serum antibody to herpes simplex virus (type 1). Br Med J 1971; 1:438-9. [PMID: 5543996 PMCID: PMC1795074 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.1.5746.438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The sera of a small of patients has been examined for herpes simplex virus antibody. Three clinically-defined groups of patients were compared: (a) aggressive psychopaths, (b) psychiatric controls, and (c) general hospital patients. The first group had an unusually high average kinetic neutralization constant against type 1 herpes simplex virus.
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