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Watler S, Toka FN, Lardé H, Johnson A, Butaye P. Epidemiology of Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serotypes, isolated from imported, farmed and feral poultry in the Cayman Islands. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1331916. [PMID: 38406633 PMCID: PMC10884249 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1331916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-typhoidal Salmonellae (NTS) are common foodborne pathogens throughout the world causing acute gastroenteritis. Compared to North America and Europe, there is little information on NTS in the Caribbean. Here we investigated the prevalence and characteristics of NTS present in the local poultry of the Cayman Islands to determine the public health risk. In total, we collected 156 samples. These were made up of boot swabs of 31 broiler farms and 31 layer farms (62 samples), paper bedding from 45 imported chick boxes, and 49 pooled cecum samples from feral chickens, each sample representing 10 individual chickens. Salmonella was isolated using the ISO 6579 protocol and isolates were characterized using Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) analysis. Eighteen Salmonella isolates were obtained and comprised six S. enterica subspecies enterica serotypes and one subspecies houtenae serotype. Serotypes were: S. Kentucky (n = 9), S. Saintpaul (n = 5), S. Javiana (n = 1), S. Senftenberg (n = 1), S. Poona (n = 1) and S. Agona (n = 1). S. Kentucky strains were all ST152 and clonally related to poultry strains from the United states. S. Saintpaul ST50 strains showed clonality to North American strains. Over half of the strains (n = 11) contained resistance genes to at least two antibiotic groups and five strains were MDR, mainly those from imported day-old chicks. The blaCMY-2 gene was found in S. Kentucky from day-old chicks. Strains from feral poultry had no acquired AMR genes. While serotypes from feral poultry have been identified in human infections, they pose minimal risk due to their low virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Watler
- Department of Environmental Health, Ministry of Health and Wellness, Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Felix N. Toka
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Hélène Lardé
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Antoinette Johnson
- Department of Environmental Health, Ministry of Health and Wellness, Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands
| | - Patrick Butaye
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Hasib FMY, Magouras I, St-Hilaire S, Paudel S, Kamali M, Lugsomya K, Lam HK, Elsohaby I, Butaye P, Nekouei O. Prevalence and characterization of antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli in chicken meat from wet markets in Hong Kong. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1340548. [PMID: 38288141 PMCID: PMC10822974 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1340548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Given the close contact between animals, animal products, and consumers in wet markets, fresh meat products are considered a potential source and disseminator of antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacteria near the end of the food chain. This cross-sectional study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of select AMR-E. coli in fresh chicken meat collected from wet markets in Hong Kong and to determine target genes associated with the observed resistance phenotypes. Following a stratified random sampling design, 180 fresh half-chickens were purchased from 29 wet markets across Hong Kong in 2022 and immediately processed. After incubation, selective isolation was performed for extended-spectrum β-lactamase producing (ESBL), carbapenem-resistant (CRE), and colistin-resistant (CSR) E. coli. The bacterial isolates were identified using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Disc Diffusion was used to determine the susceptibility of ESBL- and CRE-E. coli isolates. The broth microdilution method was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration of CSR-E. coli. Targeted resistance genes were then detected by PCR. The prevalence of ESBL-E. coli and CSR-E. coli were estimated at 88.8% (95% CI: 83.4-93.1%) and 6.7% (95% CI: 3.5-11.4%), respectively. No CRE-E. coli isolate was detected. The blaCTX-M-1 gene was the most common β-lactamase group in isolated E. coli (80%), followed by blaTEM (63.7%); no blaSHV gene was detected. Forty-five percent of the isolates had blaTEM and blaCTX-M-1 simultaneously. The mcr-1 gene was detected in all 12 CSR isolates. Of 180 meat samples, 59 were from Mainland China, and 121 were locally sourced. There was no statistically significant difference in the prevalence of ESBL- and CSR-E. coli between the two sources. Our findings can be used to inform food safety risk assessments and set the stage for adopting targeted control and mitigation measures tailored to the local wet markets.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. M. Yasir Hasib
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Ioannis Magouras
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Veterinary Public Health Institute, Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sophie St-Hilaire
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Surya Paudel
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Maedeh Kamali
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kittitat Lugsomya
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hoi Kiu Lam
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ibrahim Elsohaby
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Patrick Butaye
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Omid Nekouei
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Sepulveda P, Stegger M, Monti G, Canales N, Mella A, Butaye P, Müller A. Draft genomes of 16 Bartonella henselae strains from cats in Valdivia, Chile. Microbiol Resour Announc 2023; 12:e0064823. [PMID: 37847065 PMCID: PMC10652885 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00648-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Bartonella henselae is a primary zoonotic agent, having cats as asymptomatic reservoirs. In humans, it causes cat scratch disease. Here, we report the whole genome sequences of 16 strains isolated from cats in Valdivia city, Southern Chile. Strains showed little variability in the multilocus sequence typing profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Sepulveda
- Escuela de Graduados, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Instituto de Medicina Preventiva Veterinaria, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Marc Stegger
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Gustavo Monti
- Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Nivia Canales
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Armin Mella
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Patrick Butaye
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Ananda Müller
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Instituto de Ciencias Clínicas Veterinaria, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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Suepaul S, Stegger M, Boyen F, Georges K, Butaye P. The Diversity and Zoonotic Potential of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius in Humans and Pet Dogs in Trinidad and Tobago. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1266. [PMID: 37627686 PMCID: PMC10451167 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12081266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is an opportunistic pathogen that is frequently isolated from canines. It is of escalating interest because of its increasing antimicrobial resistance and zoonotic potential. Although many published articles are available that describe isolates obtained from diseased dogs and humans, this study focused on isolates obtained from healthy dogs and their owners who presented at clinics for routine veterinary care and utilized whole genome sequencing-based analyses for strain comparisons. A total of 25 humans and 27 canines were sampled at multiple sites, yielding 47 and 45 isolates, respectively. Whole genome sequence analysis was performed. We detected mostly new sequence types (STs) and a high diversity. Strains carried few antimicrobial resistance genes and plasmids, albeit three MRSP strains were found that belonged to two internationally distributed STs. The virulence content did not provide insights toward a tendency to colonization of humans but supported that there may be differences in the surface proteins between carrier strains and those causing pyoderma. We identified 13 cases in which humans were infected with strains from the dog they owned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharianne Suepaul
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George’s University, True Blue, St. George’s FZ818, Grenada
- Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine 685509, Trinidad and Tobago;
| | - Marc Stegger
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites, and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark;
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Filip Boyen
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Wildlife Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (F.B.); or (P.B.)
| | - Karla Georges
- Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine 685509, Trinidad and Tobago;
| | - Patrick Butaye
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Wildlife Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (F.B.); or (P.B.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Ross University, Basseterre P.O. Box 334, Saint Kitts and Nevis
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Rhouma M, Archambault M, Butaye P. Antimicrobial Use and Resistance in Animals from a One Health Perspective. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10050319. [PMID: 37235402 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10050319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the many global health issues, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one that exemplifies the One Health approach, defined as a joint effort in which multiple disciplines collaborate to provide solutions for human, animal, and environmental health [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Rhouma
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, 3200 Rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
- Groupe de Recherche et d'Enseignement en Salubrité Alimentaire (GRESA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Marie Archambault
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, 3200 Rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Patrick Butaye
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Ndlovu L, Butaye P, Maliehe TS, Magwedere K, Mankonkwana BB, Basson AK, Ngema SS, Madoroba E. Virulence and Antimicrobial Resistance Profiling of Salmonella Serovars Recovered from Retail Poultry Offal in KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12050641. [PMID: 37242311 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12050641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
As poultry organ meat is widely consumed, especially in low- and middle-income countries, there is reason to investigate it as a source of Salmonella infections in humans. Consequently, the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, serotypes, virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella isolated from chicken offal from retail outlets in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Samples (n = 446) were cultured for the detection of Salmonella using ISO 6579-1:2017. Presumptive Salmonella were confirmed using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Salmonella isolates were serotyped using the Kauffmann-White-Le Minor scheme and antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion technique. A conventional PCR was used for the detection of Salmonella invA, agfA, lpfA and sivH virulence genes. Of the 446 offal samples, 13 tested positive for Salmonella (2.91%; CI = 1.6-5). The serovars included S. Enteritidis (n = 3/13), S. Mbandaka (n = 1/13), S. Infantis (n = 3/13), S. Heidelberg (n = 5/13) and S. Typhimurium (n = 1/13). Antimicrobial resistance against amoxicillin, kanamycin, chloramphenicol and oxytetracycline was found only in S. Typhimurium and S. Mbandaka. All 13 Salmonella isolates harboured invA, agfA, lpfA and sivH virulence genes. The results show low Salmonella prevalence from chicken offal. However, most serovars are known zoonotic pathogens, and multi-drug resistance was observed in some isolates. Consequently, chicken offal products need to be treated with caution to avoid zoonotic Salmonella infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindokuhle Ndlovu
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa
| | - Patrick Butaye
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Tsolanku S Maliehe
- Department of Water and Sanitation, University of Limpopo, Polokwane 0727, South Africa
| | - Kudakwashe Magwedere
- Directorate of Veterinary Public Health, Department of Agriculture, Land Reform and Rural Development, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Bongi B Mankonkwana
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa
| | - Albertus K Basson
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa
| | - Siyanda S Ngema
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa
| | - Evelyn Madoroba
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa
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Belhout C, Boyen F, Vereecke N, Theuns S, Taibi N, Stegger M, de la Fé-Rodríguez PY, Bouayad L, Elgroud R, Butaye P. Prevalence and Molecular Characterization of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococci (MRS) and Mammaliicocci (MRM) in Dromedary Camels from Algeria: First Detection of SCC mec- mecC Hybrid in Methicillin-Resistant Mammaliicoccus lentus. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:674. [PMID: 37107036 PMCID: PMC10134997 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12040674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Dromedary camels are an important source of food and income in many countries. However, it has been largely overlooked that they can also transmit antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The aim of this study was to identify the Staphylococcaceae bacteria composition of the nasal flora in dromedary camels and evaluate the presence of methicillin-resistant Mammaliicoccus (MRM) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus (MRS) in dromedary camels in Algeria. Nasal swabs were collected from 46 camels from seven farms located in two different regions of Algeria (M'sila and Ouargla). We used non-selective media to determine the nasal flora, and antibiotic-supplemented media to isolate MRS and MRM. The staphylococcal isolates were identified using an Autoflex Biotyper Mass Spectrometer (MALDI-TOF MS). The mecA and mecC genes were detected by PCR. Methicillin-resistant strains were further analysed by long-read whole genome sequencing (WGS). Thirteen known Staphylococcus and Mammaliicoccus species were identified in the nasal flora, of which half (49.2%) were coagulase-positive staphylococci. The results showed that four out of seven farms were positive for MRS and/or MRM, with a total of 16 isolates from 13 dromedary camels. The predominant species were M. lentus, S. epidermidis, and S. aureus. Three methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) were found to be ST6 and spa type t304. Among methicillin-resistant S. epidermidis (MRSE), ST61 was the predominant ST identified. Phylogenetic analysis showed clonal relatedness among M. lentus strains, while S. epidermidis strains were not closely related. Resistance genes were detected, including mecA, mecC, ermB, tet(K), and blaZ. An SCCmec type VIII element was found in a methicillin-resistant S. hominis (MRSH) belonging to the ST1 strain. An SCCmec-mecC hybrid element was detected in M. lentus, similar to what was previously detected in M. sciuri. This study highlights that dromedary camels may be a reservoir for MRS and MRM, and that they contain a specific set of SCCmec elements. This emphasizes the need for further research in this ecological niche from a One Health perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chahrazed Belhout
- HASAQ Laboratory, High National Veterinary School, Issad Abbes Avenue, Oued Smar, El Harrach, Algiers 16270, Algeria
| | - Filip Boyen
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Nick Vereecke
- PathoSense, Pastoriestraat 10, 2500 Lier, Belgium
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sebastiaan Theuns
- PathoSense, Pastoriestraat 10, 2500 Lier, Belgium
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Nadia Taibi
- Centre de Recherche Scientifique et Technique en Analyses Physico-Chimiques (CRAPC), Bou-Ismail, Tipaza 42415, Algeria
| | - Marc Stegger
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites & Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pedro Yoelvys de la Fé-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Central “Marta Abreu” de Las Villas, Carretera a Camajuaní km 5½, Santa Clara 54 830, Cuba
| | - Leila Bouayad
- HASAQ Laboratory, High National Veterinary School, Issad Abbes Avenue, Oued Smar, El Harrach, Algiers 16270, Algeria
| | - Rachid Elgroud
- Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University Frères Mentouri Constantine 1, Constantine 25017, Algeria
| | - Patrick Butaye
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Becker AAMJ, Munden S, McCabe E, Hurley D, Fanning S, Chapwanya A, Butaye P. The Endometrial Microbiota—16S rRNA Gene Sequence Signatures in Healthy, Pregnant and Endometritis Dairy Cows. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10030215. [PMID: 36977254 PMCID: PMC10058826 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10030215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Endometritis is one of the most important causes of infertility in dairy cows, resulting in high economic losses in the dairy industry. Though the presence of a commensal uterine microbiota is now well established, the complex role of these bacteria in genital health, fertility, and susceptibility to uterine diseases remains unclear. In this study, we explore the endometrial microbiota through 16S rRNA gene profiling from cytobrush samples taken ex vivo from healthy, pregnant, and endometritis cows. There were no significant differences between healthy and pregnant cows, whose uterine microbiota were dominated by Streptococcus, Pseudomonas, Fusobacterium, Lactococcus and Bacteroides. Compared to pregnant and clinically healthy cows, the uterine bacterial community of endometritis cows was significantly decreased in species diversity (p < 0.05), reflecting uneven community composition in different patterns with either dominance of Escherichia-Shigella, Histophilus, Bacteroides and Porphyromonas or Actinobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne A. M. J. Becker
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Stacie Munden
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Evonne McCabe
- Science Center South, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy & Sports Science, University College Dublin Belfield, D04 N2E5 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Daniel Hurley
- Science Center South, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy & Sports Science, University College Dublin Belfield, D04 N2E5 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Séamus Fanning
- Science Center South, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy & Sports Science, University College Dublin Belfield, D04 N2E5 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Aspinas Chapwanya
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Patrick Butaye
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
- Correspondence:
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Darria MS, Zhao X, Butaye P. Editorial: Antimicrobial use, antimicrobial resistance, and the microbiome in animals, volume II. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1149010. [PMID: 36896287 PMCID: PMC9990898 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1149010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Moussa S Darria
- Guelph Research and Development Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Patrick Butaye
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Belhout C, Elgroud R, Butaye P. Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Other Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococci and Mammaliicoccus (MRNaS) Associated with Animals and Food Products in Arab Countries: A Review. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9070317. [PMID: 35878334 PMCID: PMC9320237 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9070317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Staphylococci are present in the microbiota of both humans and animal species, being recognized as the most important opportunistic pathogens. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become a global public health issue presenting a significant risk because it severely limits treatment options. Methicillin resistance in staphylococci (MRS) poses a specific problem as it may cause serious human and animal infections, eventually resulting in death. The increasing observation of MRS in different animal species has raised the concern of their impact on animal health and the potential of zoonotic transmission. The availability of comprehensive data on the ecology and distribution of MRS in animals and food products worldwide is necessary to understand their relevance in the “One Health” domain. However, there is a gap in information in terms of MRS and the Arab countries. Therefore, our study aimed to provide an overview of the situation of MRS in these countries by reviewing the available data on livestock and animal products and making recommendations for the future. Abstract The prevalence of methicillin resistance in staphylococci has been increasing globally and is currently one of the major public health concerns. In particular, treating infections caused by staphylococci with acquired antimicrobial resistance is problematic, as their treatment is more difficult. The resistance is found both in human and animal staphylococcal strains. Methicillin-resistant staphylococci (MRS) have also been increasingly reported in wildlife. In Arab countries, MRS has been detected in food producing animals and food products; however, the risk this poses is somewhat unclear, and still a significant lack of information on the trend and distribution of these pathogens in these countries, which have a specific ecosystem (desert) and traditions (Muslim culture). In this manuscript, we aim to provide an overview of the prevalence and the major MRS clonal lineages circulating in these specific countries and compare to them other situations with different ecosystems and cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chahrazed Belhout
- HASAQ Laboratory, High National Veterinary School, Issad Abbes Avenue, Oued Smar, El Harrach, Algiers 16270, Algeria
- Correspondence:
| | - Rachid Elgroud
- Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University Frères Mentouri Constantine 1, Constantine 25017, Algeria;
| | - Patrick Butaye
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B9820 Merelbeke, Belgium;
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Thwala T, Madoroba E, Maliehe TS, Magwedere K, Basson AK, Butaye P. Antimicrobial Resistance, Enterotoxin and mec Gene Profiles of Staphylococcus aureus Associated with Beef-Based Protein Sources from KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10061211. [PMID: 35744729 PMCID: PMC9228960 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10061211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Annually, approximately 23,000 cases of food poisoning by Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins are reported worldwide. The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence and characterize S. aureus on beef and beef products in South Africa. Organ meats (n = 169), raw processed meat (n = 110), raw intact (n = 53), and ready-to-eat meats (n = 68) were obtained from 25 retail outlets. S. aureus was isolated and enumerated according to the ISO 6888-1 method. Identification of the strains was performed by MALDI-TOF MS. The antimicrobial resistance was determined using the disc diffusion test. The presence of methicillin-resistance genes and the staphylococcal enterotoxin genes was determined by PCR. Prevalence was low (13/400; CI 1.7–5) and all but one positive sample were from organ meats. Eight isolates were resistant to at least one antibiotic. Two isolates carried the mecC gene. All the isolates tested positive for seg, seh, sei, and sep, whilst 53.8% were positive for sea. None of the isolates was positive for ser, sej, seb, sec, or sed. The prevalence of S. aureus was low, with organ meats being the most contaminated. The presence of mecC-positive MRSA and of enterotoxins warrants further investigation and risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thembeka Thwala
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, Private Bag X1001, KwaDlangezwa, Empangeni 3886, South Africa; (T.T.); (E.M.); (T.S.M.); (A.K.B.)
| | - Evelyn Madoroba
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, Private Bag X1001, KwaDlangezwa, Empangeni 3886, South Africa; (T.T.); (E.M.); (T.S.M.); (A.K.B.)
| | - Tsolanku S. Maliehe
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, Private Bag X1001, KwaDlangezwa, Empangeni 3886, South Africa; (T.T.); (E.M.); (T.S.M.); (A.K.B.)
| | - Kudakwashe Magwedere
- Directorate of Veterinary Public Health, Department of Agriculture, Land Reform and Rural Development, Pretoria 0001, South Africa;
| | - Albert K. Basson
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, Private Bag X1001, KwaDlangezwa, Empangeni 3886, South Africa; (T.T.); (E.M.); (T.S.M.); (A.K.B.)
| | - Patrick Butaye
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre P.O. Box 334, Saint Kitts and Nevis
- Correspondence:
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Sørensen PE, Baig S, Stegger M, Ingmer H, Garmyn A, Butaye P. Spontaneous Phage Resistance in Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:782757. [PMID: 34966369 PMCID: PMC8711792 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.782757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) is one of the most important bacterial pathogens affecting poultry worldwide. The emergence of multidrug-resistant pathogens has renewed the interest in the therapeutic use of bacteriophages (phages). However, a major concern for the successful implementation of phage therapy is the emergence of phage-resistant mutants. The understanding of the phage-host interactions, as well as underlying mechanisms of resistance, have shown to be essential for the development of a successful phage therapy. Here, we demonstrate that the strictly lytic Escherichia phage vB_EcoM-P10 rapidly selected for resistance in the APEC ST95 O1 strain AM621. Whole-genome sequence analysis of 109 spontaneous phage-resistant mutant strains revealed 41 mutants with single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in their core genome. In 32 of these, a single SNP was detected while two SNPs were identified in a total of nine strains. In total, 34 unique SNPs were detected. In 42 strains, including 18 strains with SNP(s), gene losses spanning 17 different genes were detected. Affected by genetic changes were genes known to be involved in phage resistance (outer membrane protein A, lipopolysaccharide-, O- antigen-, or cell wall-related genes) as well as genes not previously linked to phage resistance, including two hypothetical genes. In several strains, we did not detect any genetic changes. Infecting phages were not able to overcome the phage resistance in host strains. However, interestingly the initial infection was shown to have a great fitness cost for several mutant strains, with up to ∼65% decrease in overall growth. In conclusion, this study provides valuable insights into the phage-host interaction and phage resistance in APEC. Although acquired resistance to phages is frequently observed in pathogenic E. coli, it may be associated with loss of fitness, which could be exploited in phage therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia E. Sørensen
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Sharmin Baig
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marc Stegger
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hanne Ingmer
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - An Garmyn
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Patrick Butaye
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
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Butaye P, Halliday-Simmonds I, Van Sauers A. Salmonella in Pig Farms and on Pig Meat in Suriname. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10121495. [PMID: 34943707 PMCID: PMC8698551 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10121495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is one of the most important food borne zoonotic pathogens. While mainly associated with poultry, it has also been associated with pigs. Compared to the high-income countries, there is much less known on the prevalence of Salmonella in low- and middle-income countries, especially in the Caribbean area. Therefore, we investigated the prevalence of Salmonella in pigs and pig meat in Suriname. A total of 53 farms and 53 meat samples were included, and Salmonella was isolated using standard protocols. Strains were subjected to whole genome sequencing. No Salmonella was found on pig meat. Five farms were found to be positive for Salmonella, and a total of eight different strains were obtained. Serotypes were S. Anatum (n = 1), S. Ohio (n = 2), a monophasic variant of S. Typhimurium (n = 3), one S. Brandenburg, and one S. Javaniana. The monophasic variant of S. Typhimurium belonged to the ST34 pandemic clone, and the three strains were very similar. A few resistance genes, located on mobile genetic elements, were found. Several plasmids were detected, though only one was carrying resistance genes. This is the first study on the prevalence of Salmonella in pigs in the Caribbean and that used whole genome sequencing for characterization. The strains were rather susceptible. Local comparison of similar serotypes showed a mainly clonal spread of certain serotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Butaye
- Department of Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Ross University, Basseterre 00334, Saint Kitts and Nevis;
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
- Correspondence:
| | - Iona Halliday-Simmonds
- Department of Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Ross University, Basseterre 00334, Saint Kitts and Nevis;
| | - Astrid Van Sauers
- The Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Paramaribo, Suriname;
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Sørensen PE, Ng DYK, Duchateau L, Ingmer H, Garmyn A, Butaye P. Classification of In Vitro Phage-Host Population Growth Dynamics. Microorganisms 2021; 9:2470. [PMID: 34946072 PMCID: PMC8708399 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9122470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic use of bacteriophages (phage therapy) represents a promising alternative to antibiotics to control bacterial pathogens. However, the understanding of the phage-bacterium interactions and population dynamics seems essential for successful phage therapy implementation. Here, we investigated the effect of three factors: phage species (18 lytic E. coli-infecting phages); bacterial strain (10 APEC strains); and multiplicity of infection (MOI) (MOI 10, 1, and 0.1) on the bacterial growth dynamics. All factors had a significant effect, but the phage appeared to be the most important. The results showed seven distinct growth patterns. The first pattern corresponded to the normal bacterial growth pattern in the absence of a phage. The second pattern was complete bacterial killing. The remaining patterns were in-between, characterised by delayed growth and/or variable killing of the bacterial cells. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that the phage-host dynamics is an important factor in the capacity of a phage to eliminate bacteria. The classified patterns show that this is an essential factor to consider when developing a phage therapy. This methodology can be used to rapidly screen for novel phage candidates for phage therapy. Accordingly, the most promising candidates were phages found in Group 2, characterised by growth dynamics with high bacterial killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia E. Sørensen
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (A.G.); (P.B.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre 42123, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Duncan Y. K. Ng
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Luc Duchateau
- Biometrics Research Center, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium;
| | - Hanne Ingmer
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark;
| | - An Garmyn
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (A.G.); (P.B.)
| | - Patrick Butaye
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (A.G.); (P.B.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre 42123, Saint Kitts and Nevis
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Ngbede EO, Adekanmbi F, Poudel A, Kalalah A, Kelly P, Yang Y, Adamu AM, Daniel ST, Adikwu AA, Akwuobu CA, Abba PO, Mamfe LM, Maurice NA, Adah MI, Lockyear O, Butaye P, Wang C. Concurrent Resistance to Carbapenem and Colistin Among Enterobacteriaceae Recovered From Human and Animal Sources in Nigeria Is Associated With Multiple Genetic Mechanisms. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:740348. [PMID: 34690985 PMCID: PMC8528161 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.740348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance to last resort drugs such as carbapenem and colistin is a serious global health threat. This study investigated carbapenem and colistin resistance in 583 non-duplicate Enterobacteriaceae isolates utilizing phenotypic methods and whole genome sequencing (WGS). Of the 583 isolates recovered from humans, animals and the environment in Nigeria, 18.9% (110/583) were resistant to at least one carbapenem (meropenem, ertapenem, and imipenem) and 9.1% (53/583) exhibited concurrent carbapenem-colistin resistance. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of carbapenem and colistin were 2–32 μg/mL and 8 to >64 μg/mL, respectively. No carbapenem resistant isolates produced carbapenemase nor harbored any known carbapenemase producing genes. WGS supported that concurrent carbapenem-colistin resistance was mediated by novel and previously described alterations in chromosomal efflux regulatory genes, particularly mgrB (M1V) ompC (M1_V24del) ompK37 (I70M, I128M) ramR (M1V), and marR (M1V). In addition, alterations/mutations were detected in the etpA, arnT, ccrB, pmrB in colistin resistant bacteria and ompK36 in carbapenem resistant bacteria. The bacterial isolates were distributed into 37 sequence types and characterized by the presence of internationally recognized high-risk clones. The results indicate that humans and animals in Nigeria may serve as reservoirs and vehicles for the global spread of the isolates. Further studies on antimicrobial resistance in African countries are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel O Ngbede
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture Makurdi, Makurdi, Nigeria
| | - Folasade Adekanmbi
- Department of Pathobiology, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Anil Poudel
- Department of Pathobiology, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Anwar Kalalah
- Department of Pathobiology, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Patrick Kelly
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Yi Yang
- Yangzhou University College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou, China
| | - Andrew M Adamu
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Salem T Daniel
- Department of Microbiology, College of Sciences, Federal University of Agriculture Makurdi, Makurdi, Nigeria
| | - Alex A Adikwu
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture Makurdi, Makurdi, Nigeria
| | - Chinedu A Akwuobu
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture Makurdi, Makurdi, Nigeria
| | - Paul O Abba
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Benue State University Teaching Hospital, Makurdi, Nigeria
| | - Levi M Mamfe
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture Makurdi, Makurdi, Nigeria
| | - Nanven A Maurice
- Department of Diagnostics and Extension, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria
| | - Mohammed I Adah
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture Makurdi, Makurdi, Nigeria
| | - Olivia Lockyear
- Department of Pathobiology, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Patrick Butaye
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis.,Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Chengming Wang
- Department of Pathobiology, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL, United States
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Thwala T, Madoroba E, Basson A, Butaye P. Prevalence and Characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus Associated with Meat and Meat Products in African Countries: A Review. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10091108. [PMID: 34572690 PMCID: PMC8465003 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10091108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance has been increasing globally, which negatively affects food safety, veterinary, and human medicine. Ineffective antibiotics may cause treatment failure, which results in prolonged hospitalisation, increased mortality, and consequently, increased health care costs. Staphylococcus aureus causes a diverse range of infections including septicaemia and endocarditis. However, in food, it mainly causes food poisoning by the production of enterotoxins. With the discovery of methicillin-resistant S. aureus strains that have a separate reservoir in livestock animals, which were termed as livestock-associated methicillin-resistant S. aureus (LA-MRSA) in 2005, it became clear that animals may pose another health risk. Though LA-MRSA is mainly transferred by direct contact, food transmission cannot be excluded. While the current strains are not very pathogenic, mitigation is advisable, as they may acquire new virulence genes, becoming more pathogenic, and may transfer their resistance genes. Control of LA-MRSA poses significant problems, and only Norway has an active mitigation strategy. There is limited information about LA-MRSA, MRSA in general, and other S. aureus infections from African countries. In this review, we discuss the prevalence and characteristics of antimicrobial susceptible and resistant S. aureus (with a focus on MRSA) from meat and meat products in African countries and compare it to the situation in the rest of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thembeka Thwala
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, Private Bag X1001, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa; (T.T.); (E.M.); (A.B.)
| | - Evelyn Madoroba
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, Private Bag X1001, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa; (T.T.); (E.M.); (A.B.)
| | - Albert Basson
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, Private Bag X1001, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa; (T.T.); (E.M.); (A.B.)
| | - Patrick Butaye
- Department of Biosciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, West Farm, Saint Kitts and Nevis
- Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
- Correspondence:
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Branford I, Boyen F, Johnson S, Zayas S, Chapwanya A, Butaye P, Toka FN. Identification and Antimicrobial Resistance of Dermatophilus congolensis from Cattle in Saint Kitts and Nevis. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8070135. [PMID: 34357926 PMCID: PMC8310134 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8070135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Dermatophilosis is a form of dermatitis caused by the bacterium Dermatophilus congolensis. The disease usually presents as localized purulent dermatitis, crusty hair masses or widespread matting of the hair. This condition is most common in domestic ruminants; but it can also affect other wild animals and humans. Antimicrobial therapy is used in many regions to treat clinical dermatophilosis with varying results. In this study, we aimed to assess the antimicrobial susceptibility of D. congolensis isolates. Fifty-two isolates were obtained from animals showing clinical signs of the disease at farms in St. Kitts. The isolates were then confirmed as D. congolensis by phenotypic tests, PCR and MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry. Furthermore, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 16 antimicrobial agents were determined, using the broth microdilution method. Although most antimicrobials showed MICs in line with published values, the tetracycline results displayed a clear bimodal distribution over the tested range, with most isolates showing low MICs and 6 isolates much higher values (+/− 100-fold increase). These results indicate the presence of acquired tetracycline resistance in D. congolensis on the island of St. Kitts. Whether the current observation has implications for efficacy of treating the disease must be confirmed in further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Branford
- Department of Biosciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre 00334, Saint Kitts and Nevis; (I.B.); (S.J.); (S.Z.); (P.B.)
| | - Filip Boyen
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium;
| | - Shevaun Johnson
- Department of Biosciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre 00334, Saint Kitts and Nevis; (I.B.); (S.J.); (S.Z.); (P.B.)
| | - Samantha Zayas
- Department of Biosciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre 00334, Saint Kitts and Nevis; (I.B.); (S.J.); (S.Z.); (P.B.)
| | - Aspinas Chapwanya
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre 00334, Saint Kitts and Nevis;
| | - Patrick Butaye
- Department of Biosciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre 00334, Saint Kitts and Nevis; (I.B.); (S.J.); (S.Z.); (P.B.)
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium;
| | - Felix N. Toka
- Department of Biosciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre 00334, Saint Kitts and Nevis; (I.B.); (S.J.); (S.Z.); (P.B.)
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence:
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Suepaul S, Georges K, Unakal C, Boyen F, Sookhoo J, Ashraph K, Yusuf A, Butaye P. Determination of the frequency, species distribution and antimicrobial resistance of staphylococci isolated from dogs and their owners in Trinidad. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254048. [PMID: 34214140 PMCID: PMC8253405 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The close contact between humans and their dogs can lead to the commingling of staphylococci and the exchange of mobile genetic elements encoding antimicrobial resistance. The objectives of this study were to determine the species distribution and antimicrobial resistance patterns of staphylococci colonizing canine pets and their owners in Trinidad. Staphylococci were isolated from canine pets and their owners and identified using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Antimicrobial susceptibilities were determined using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method against seven classes of antimicrobial agents. A total of 440 staphylococci were isolated from 112 canine pets and their owners, 53.4% were from canine pets and 46.6% were from owners. Twenty-four species were detected, of which, most isolates (32.5%) belonged to the Staphylococcus intermedius group (SIG). S. sciuri was the most common species of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) comprising 22.3% of all isolates. Antimicrobial resistance was highest against commonly used antimicrobials, such as penicillin (51.4%), tetracycline (26.1%) and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (18.6%). These antimicrobials also comprised the most common multidrug resistance (MDR) combination. Overall, 19.1% of isolates displayed multidrug resistance. No methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates were detected. However, methicillin resistance was detected in 13.3% and 15.1% of coagulase-positive staphylococci (CoPS) and the CoNS+CoVS (combined CoNS and coagulase-variable staphylococci) group respectively. The presence of methicillin-resistant staphylococci is worrisome because there is the potential for the transfer of these strains between dogs and humans. These strains may act as a reservoir of resistance genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharianne Suepaul
- Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
- * E-mail:
| | - Karla Georges
- Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Chandrashekhar Unakal
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Filip Boyen
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jamie Sookhoo
- Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Khalil Ashraph
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Anisah Yusuf
- Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Patrick Butaye
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Ross University, Basseterre, St. Kitts and Nevis
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Becker AAMJ, Hill KC, Butaye P. Unraveling the Gut Microbiome of the Invasive Small Indian Mongoose ( Urva auropunctata) in the Caribbean. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9030465. [PMID: 33668312 PMCID: PMC7996244 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9030465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Small Indian mongooses (Urva auropunctata) are among the most pervasive predators to disrupt the native ecology on Caribbean islands and are strongly entrenched in their areas of introduction. Few studies, however, have considered the microbial ecology of such biological invasions. In this study, we investigated the gut microbiota of invasive small Indian mongooses in terms of taxonomic diversity and functional potential. To this end, we collected fecal samples from 60 free-roaming mongooses trapped in different vegetation zones on the island Saint Kitts. The core gut microbiome, assessed by 16S rRNA amplicon gene sequencing on the Ion S5TM XL platform, reflects a carnivore-like signature with a dominant abundance of Firmicutes (54.96%), followed by Proteobacteria (13.98%) and Fusobacteria (12.39%), and a relatively minor contribution of Actinobacteria (10.4%) and Bacteroidetes (6.40%). Mongooses trapped at coastal sites exhibited a higher relative abundance of Fusobacterium spp. whereas those trapped in scrubland areas were enriched in Bacteroidetes, but there was no site-specific difference in predicted metabolic properties. Between males and females, beta-diversity was not significantly different and no sex-specific strategies for energy production were observed. However, the relative abundance of Gammaproteobacteria, and more specifically, Enterobacteriaceae, was significantly higher in males. This first description of the microbial profile of small Indian mongooses provides new insights into their bioecology and can serve as a springboard to further elucidating this invasive predator’s impact throughout the Caribbean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne A. M. J. Becker
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis; (K.H.); (P.B.)
- One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
- Correspondence:
| | - KC Hill
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis; (K.H.); (P.B.)
| | - Patrick Butaye
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis; (K.H.); (P.B.)
- One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology, and Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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20
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Diarra MS, Zhao X, Butaye P. Editorial: Antimicrobial Use, Antimicrobial Resistance, and the Microbiome in Food Animals. Front Vet Sci 2021; 7:638781. [PMID: 33537359 PMCID: PMC7848081 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.638781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Moussa S Diarra
- Guelph Research and Development Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Patrick Butaye
- Ross University, School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St Kitts and Nevis.,Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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21
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Poudel A, Kang Y, Mandal RK, Kalalah A, Butaye P, Hathcock T, Kelly P, Walz P, Macklin K, Cattley R, Price S, Adekanmbi F, Zhang L, Kitchens S, Kaltenboeck B, Wang C. Comparison of microbiota, antimicrobial resistance genes and mobile genetic elements in flies and the feces of sympatric animals. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2020; 96:5762668. [PMID: 32105329 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiaa027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Flies are well-known vectors of bacterial pathogens, but there are little data on their role in spreading microbial community and antimicrobial resistance. In this study, we compared the bacterial community, antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) in flies with those in the feces of sympatric animals. A 16S rRNA-based microbial analysis identified 23 bacterial phyla in fecal samples and 25 phyla in flies; all the phyla identified in the fecal samples were also found in the flies. Bray-Curtis dissimilarity analysis showed that the microbiota of the flies were more similar to the microbiota of the feces of their sympatric animals than those of the feces from the three other animal species studied. The qPCR array amplified 276 ARGs/MGEs in fecal samples, and 216 ARGs/MGEs in the flies, while 198 of these genes were identified in both flies and feces. Long-term studies with larger sample numbers from more geospatially distinct populations and infection trials are indicated to further evaluate the possibility of flies as sentinels for antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Poudel
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL36849, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Yuan Kang
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL36849, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Rabindra K Mandal
- Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Anwar Kalalah
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL36849, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Patrick Butaye
- Department of Biosciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine; 00265, Basseterre, St Kitts, West Indies.,Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University; B-9000 Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Terri Hathcock
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL36849, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Patrick Kelly
- Department of Biosciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine; 00265, Basseterre, St Kitts, West Indies
| | - Paul Walz
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL36849, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Kenneth Macklin
- Department of Poultry Science, College of Agriculture, Auburn University; AL, 36830, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Russell Cattley
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL36849, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Stuart Price
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL36849, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Folasade Adekanmbi
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL36849, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Lixin Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Steven Kitchens
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL36849, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Bernhard Kaltenboeck
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL36849, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Chengming Wang
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL36849, Auburn, AL, USA
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22
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Sørensen PE, Van Den Broeck W, Kiil K, Jasinskyte D, Moodley A, Garmyn A, Ingmer H, Butaye P. New insights into the biodiversity of coliphages in the intestine of poultry. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15220. [PMID: 32939020 PMCID: PMC7494930 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72177-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite phages' ubiquitous presence and great importance in shaping microbial communities, little is known about the diversity of specific phages in different ecological niches. Here, we isolated, sequenced, and characterized 38 Escherichia coli-infecting phages (coliphages) from poultry faeces to gain a better understanding of the coliphage diversity in the poultry intestine. All phages belonged to either the Siphoviridae or Myoviridae family and their genomes ranged between 44,324 and 173,384 bp, with a G+C content between 35.5 and 46.4%. Phylogenetic analysis was performed based on single "marker" genes; the terminase large subunit, portal protein, and exonucleases, as well as the full draft genomes. Single gene analysis resulted in six distinct clusters. Only minor differences were observed between the different phylogenetic analyses, including branch lengths and additional duplicate or triplicate subclustering. Cluster formation was according to genome size, G+C content and phage subfamily. Phylogenetic analysis based on the full genomes supported these clusters. Moreover, several of our Siphoviridae phages might represent a novel unclassified phage genus. This study allowed for identification of several novel coliphages and provides new insights to the coliphage diversity in the intestine of poultry. Great diversity was observed amongst the phages, while they were isolated from an otherwise similar ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia E Sørensen
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis.
| | | | - Kristoffer Kiil
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dziuginta Jasinskyte
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Arshnee Moodley
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- CGIAR Antimicrobial Resistance Hub, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - An Garmyn
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Hanne Ingmer
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Patrick Butaye
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
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23
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Ngbede EO, Poudel A, Kalalah A, Yang Y, Adekanmbi F, Adikwu AA, Adamu AM, Mamfe LM, Daniel ST, Useh NM, Kwaga JK, Adah MI, Kelly P, Butaye P, Wang C. Identification of mobile colistin resistance genes (mcr-1.1, mcr-5 and mcr-8.1) in Enterobacteriaceae and Alcaligenes faecalis of human and animal origin, Nigeria. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2020; 56:106108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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24
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Guardabassi L, Butaye P, Dockrell DH, Fitzgerald JR, Kuijper EJ. One Health: a multifaceted concept combining diverse approaches to prevent and control antimicrobial resistance. Clin Microbiol Infect 2020; 26:1604-1605. [PMID: 32702500 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L Guardabassi
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, London, UK.
| | - P Butaye
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, St Kitts and Nevis; Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - D H Dockrell
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - E J Kuijper
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands; Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
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- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands; Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
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25
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Qiu H, Gong J, Butaye P, Lu G, Huang K, Zhu G, Zhang J, Hathcock T, Cheng D, Wang C. CRISPR/Cas9/sgRNA-mediated targeted gene modification confirms the cause-effect relationship between gyrA mutation and quinolone resistance in Escherichia coli. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2019; 365:4995911. [PMID: 29767711 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fny127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Quinolones are broad-spectrum antibiotics that have been used for decades in treating bacterial infections in humans and animals, and subsequently bacterial resistance to these agents has increased. While studies indicated the relationship between gyrA mutations and bacterial resistance to quinolones, CRISPR/Cas9 was used in this study to investigate causal role of gyrA mutation in the quinolone resistance. In this study, 818 clinical Escherichia coli isolates were analyzed for gyrA mutations and their resistance to quinolones. The CRISPR/Cas9 system was used to generate gyrA mutations in quinolone-susceptible E. coli ATCC 25922, and quinolone-resistant clinical E. coli. The antimicrobial resistance prevalence rate in E. coli against nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin was 77.1% (631/818), 51.1% (418/818) and 49.8% (407/818), respectively. The gyrA mutations were identified in nucleotide positions 248, 255, 259, 260, 261, 273 and 300, and mutations at positions 248 and 259 resulting in amino acid changes at positions 83 and 87 were associated with quinolone resistance. Double-site amino acid mutations increase resistance to quinolones. The gyrA mutations causing changes at amino acids 83 and 87 reversed the features of quinolone resistance in ATCC and clinical strains, verifying the causal role of gyrA mutation in the quinolone resistance of E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixiang Qiu
- Department of Basic Sciences, Yangzhou University College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China
| | - Jiansen Gong
- Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 221003, PR China
| | - Patrick Butaye
- Department of Biosciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 334, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies.,Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Guangwu Lu
- Department of Basic Sciences, Yangzhou University College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China
| | - Ke Huang
- Department of Basic Sciences, Yangzhou University College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China
| | - Guoqiang Zhu
- Department of Basic Sciences, Yangzhou University College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China
| | - Jilei Zhang
- Department of Basic Sciences, Yangzhou University College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China
| | - Terri Hathcock
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Darong Cheng
- Department of Basic Sciences, Yangzhou University College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China
| | - Chengming Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
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26
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Guardabassi L, Moodley A, Williams A, Stegger M, Damborg P, Halliday-Simmonds I, Butaye P. High Prevalence of USA300 Among Clinical Isolates of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus on St. Kitts and Nevis, West Indies. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1123. [PMID: 31231318 PMCID: PMC6560147 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Limited information is available on antimicrobial susceptibility and clonal distribution of Staphylococcus aureus in the Caribbean region. The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among S. aureus isolates and to reveal the frequency and population structure of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) in St. Kitts and Nevis, a small island country in the West Indies. A total of 152 S. aureus isolates were collected from consecutive samples submitted to the clinical microbiology laboratory of the main referral hospital from March 2017 to January 2018. Samples came from all units in the hospital and a small number came from external submissions, and comprised a total of 119 clinical specimens and 33 nasal swabs collected from staff and patients. All S. aureus isolates were confirmed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) of clinically relevant antimicrobials were determined by broth microdilution, and diversity of MRSA isolates was assessed by whole genome sequencing (WGS) analysis. MRSA accounted for 45% (69/152) of the isolates. The highest rates of resistance to non-β-lactam agents were observed for erythromycin (55%), moxifloxacin (41%), and levofloxacin (40%), whereas resistance to the other drugs tested was ≤6%. All isolates were susceptible to ceftaroline, linezolid, teicoplanin, telavancin, and vancomycin. WGS-based multilocus sequence typing (MLST) showed that approximately 88% of the MRSA isolates belonged to ST8. Phylogenetic analysis on 801 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) identified among the MRSA ST8 isolates indicates a large degree of genetic diversity. However, all ST8 strains clustered within the distinct clade that defines the USA300 North American Epidemic lineage (Panton-Valentine Leukocidin (PVL) +, arginine catabolic mobile element (ACME) +, Staphylococcal cassettes chromosome mec IVa (SCCmec IVa)). Our data show high levels of methicillin, macrolide, and fluoroquinolone resistance among S. aureus on St. Kitts and Nevis. The USA300 North American epidemic lineage is responsible for the vast majority of MRSA infections on this Caribbean island.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Guardabassi
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis.,Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Arshnee Moodley
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andrea Williams
- Department of Microbiology, Joseph N France General Hospital, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Marc Stegger
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites, and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Damborg
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Iona Halliday-Simmonds
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Patrick Butaye
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis.,Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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27
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Mebkhout F, Mezali L, Hamdi TM, Cantekin Z, Ergun Y, Ramdani-Bouguessa N, Butaye P. Prevalence and distribuion of staphylococcal enterotoxin genes among Staphylococcus aureus isolates from chicken and turkey carcasses in Algeria. J HELL VET MED SOC 2019. [DOI: 10.12681/jhvms.19621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
This study is aimed to determine the prevalence of staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus) by biochemical tests in poultry carcasses. It is also intend to detect the distribution of genes for classical staphylococcal enterotoxins A, B, C, D and E (sea, seb, sec, sed and see) and for gene femA, specific for S.aureus species, using multiplex PCR. A total of 385 samples of neck skins from fresh poultry carcasses were collected during the period 2012-2013 from 16 different slaughterhouses located in the region of Algiers, Algeria. The overall prevalence of S.aureus in freshly slaughtered poultry carcasses was 41.56%, with an individual prevalence of 40.63% and 45.71% for chicken and turkey respectively. From the 95 strains of S.aureus identified by biochemical tests, 82 (86.32%) isolates were femA positive using multiplex PCR. The investigation has also revealed the presence of both enterotoxins B and D, with a predominance of seb (13.33%) followed by sed (1.67%), in the chicken carcasses while in turkey only sed was detected (4.55%) It has been found that strains of S.aureus of poultry origin can be enterotoxigenic with the predominance of genes encoding for enterotoxins seb in chicken and sed in turkey. As enterotoxins can be produced in adequate amounts to induce foodborne illnesses, these potential dangers must be considered in terms of a real risk to public health.
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28
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Argudín MA, Hoefer A, Butaye P. Heavy metal resistance in bacteria from animals. Res Vet Sci 2018; 122:132-147. [PMID: 30502728 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to metals and antimicrobials is a natural phenomenon that existed long before humans started to use these products for veterinary and human medicine. Bacteria carry diverse metal resistance genes, often harboured alongside antimicrobial resistance genes on plasmids or other mobile genetic elements. In this review we summarize the current knowledge about metal resistance genes in bacteria and we discuss their current use in the animal husbandry.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Argudín
- National Reference Centre - Staphylococcus aureus, Department of Microbiology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - A Hoefer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University, School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, PO Box 334, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - P Butaye
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University, School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, PO Box 334, Saint Kitts and Nevis; Department of Pathology, Bacteriology, and Avian Diseases, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium..
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29
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Butaye
- Ross University, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, St Kitts and Nevis; Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary medicine, Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Chengming Wang
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, USA
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30
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Yassin AK, Zhang J, Wang J, Chen L, Kelly P, Butaye P, Lu G, Gong J, Li M, Wei L, Wang Y, Qi K, Han X, Price S, Hathcock T, Wang C. Identification and characterization of mcr mediated colistin resistance in extraintestinal Escherichia coli from poultry and livestock in China. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2018; 364:4604819. [PMID: 29126221 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnx242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance to colistin has emerged worldwide threatening the efficacy of one of the last-resort antimicrobials used for the treatment of multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae infection in humans. In this study, we investigated the presence of colistin resistance genes (mcr-1, mcr-2, mcr-3) in Escherichia coli strains isolated from poultry and livestock collected between 2004 and 2012 in China. Furthermore, we studied the maintenance and transfer of the mcr-1 gene in E. coli after serial passages. Overall, 2.7% (17/624) of the E. coli isolates were positive for the mcr-1 gene while none were positive for the mcr-2 and mcr-3 genes. The prevalences of mcr-1 were similar in E. coli isolates from chickens (3.2%; 13/404), pigs (0.9%; 1/113) and ducks (6.8%; 3/44) but were absent in isolates from cattle (0/63). The mcr-1 gene was maintained in the E. coli after six passages (equivalent to 60 generations). In vitro transfer of mcr-1 was evident even without colistin selection. Our data indicate the presence of mcr-1 in extraintestinal E. coli from food-producing animals in China, and suggest that high numbers of the mcr-1-positive bacteria in poultry and livestock do not appear to be readily lost after withdrawal of colistin as a food additive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afrah Kamal Yassin
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China.,Department of Food Hygiene and safety, Faculty of Public and Environmental Health, Khartoum University, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Jilei Zhang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China
| | - Jiawei Wang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China
| | - Li Chen
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China
| | - Patrick Kelly
- Department of Biosciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 334, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies
| | - Patrick Butaye
- Department of Biosciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 334, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies.,Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Guangwu Lu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China
| | - Jiansen Gong
- Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Min Li
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China
| | - Lanjing Wei
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-5600, USA
| | - Yaoyao Wang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China
| | - Kezong Qi
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Xiangan Han
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Stuart Price
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Terri Hathcock
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Chengming Wang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
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31
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Zhang J, Chen L, Wang J, Yassin AK, Butaye P, Kelly P, Gong J, Guo W, Li J, Li M, Yang F, Feng Z, Jiang P, Song C, Wang Y, You J, Yang Y, Price S, Qi K, Kang Y, Wang C. Molecular detection of colistin resistance genes (mcr-1, mcr-2 and mcr-3) in nasal/oropharyngeal and anal/cloacal swabs from pigs and poultry. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3705. [PMID: 29487327 PMCID: PMC5829079 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22084-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance against colistin has emerged worldwide and is threatening the efficacy of colistin treatment of multi-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. In this study, PCRs were used to detect mcr genes (mcr-1, mcr-2, mcr-3) in 213 anal and 1,339 nasal swabs from pigs (n = 1,454) in nine provinces of China, and 1,696 cloacal and 1,647 oropharyngeal samples from poultry (n = 1,836) at live-bird markets in 24 provinces. The mcr-1 prevalences in pigs (79.2%) and geese (71.7%) were significantly higher than in chickens (31.8%), ducks (34.6%) and pigeons (13.1%). The mcr-2 prevalence in pigs was 56.3%, significantly higher than in chickens (5.5%), ducks (2.3%), geese (5.5%) and pigeons (0%). The mcr-3 prevalences in pigs (18.7%), ducks (13.8%) and geese (11.9%) were significantly higher than in chickens (5.2%) and pigeons (5.1%). In total, 173 pigs and three chickens were positive for all three mcr genes. The prevalences of the mcr were significantly higher in nasal/oropharyngeal swabs than in the anal /cloacal swabs. Phylogenetic studies identified 33 new mcr-2 variants and 12 new mcr-3 variants. This study demonstrates high prevalences of mcr in pigs and poultry in China, and indicates there is need for more thorough surveillance and control programs to prevent further selection of colistin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jilei Zhang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, P.R. China
| | - Li Chen
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, P.R. China
| | - Jiawei Wang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, P.R. China
| | - Afrah Kamal Yassin
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, P.R. China
- Department of Food Hygiene and safety, Faculty of Public and Environmental Health, Khartoum University, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Patrick Butaye
- Department of Biosciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, PO Box 334, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Patrick Kelly
- Department of Biosciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, PO Box 334, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Jiansen Gong
- Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weina Guo
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Bengbu, 230001, China
| | - Jing Li
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, P.R. China
| | - Min Li
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, P.R. China
| | - Feng Yang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, P.R. China
| | - Zhixing Feng
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-Products, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Ping Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Chunlian Song
- Yunnan Agricultural University College of Animal Science & Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
| | - Yaoyao Wang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, P.R. China
| | - Jinfeng You
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, P.R. China
| | - Yi Yang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, P.R. China
| | - Stuart Price
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Kezong Qi
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Kang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Chengming Wang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, P.R. China.
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.
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32
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Zhang J, Chen L, Wang J, Butaye P, Huang K, Qiu H, Zhang X, Gong W, Wang C. Molecular detection of colistin resistance genes (mcr-1 to mcr-5) in human vaginal swabs. BMC Res Notes 2018; 11:143. [PMID: 29463301 PMCID: PMC5819219 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-018-3255-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Colistin resistance has emerged worldwide and has been threatening the efficacy of one of the last-resort antimicrobials used for treatment of multidrug resistant Gram-negative bacteria. While five colistin resistance genes (mcr-1, mcr-2, mcr-3, mcr-4 and mcr-5) have been described, few data are available on the prevalence of mcr-genes other than mcr-1 in human samples. RESULTS In this study, the presence of five currently described colistin resistance genes (mcr 1-5) in vaginal swabs of women undergoing infertility evaluation was reported. Most samples were found to be positive for the mcr-4 (12.7%), followed by two for the mcr-2 (1.5%), two for the mcr-3 (1.5%), one for the mcr-1 (0.7%), and one for the mcr-5 (0.7%). Phylogenetic comparison demonstrated identical (mcr-1, mcr-2, mcr-3, mcr-5) or similar (mcr-4) nucleotide sequences of human samples and those of animal origins from the same city, suggesting the potential transmission of mcr genes from animals to humans. This is the first detection of mcr-2, mcr-4 and mcr-5 genes in human samples, and warrants further research to determine the spread of the mcr genes and elucidate the full epidemiology of colistin resistance genes in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jilei Zhang
- Yangzhou University College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou, 225009 China
| | - Li Chen
- Yangzhou University College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou, 225009 China
| | - Jiawei Wang
- Yangzhou University College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou, 225009 China
| | - Patrick Butaye
- Department of Biosciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 334 Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ke Huang
- Yangzhou University College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou, 225009 China
| | - Haixiang Qiu
- Yangzhou University College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou, 225009 China
| | | | - Weijuan Gong
- Yangzhou University College of Medicine, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009 People’s Republic of China
| | - Chengming Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL USA
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33
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Peeters L, De Mulder T, Van Coillie E, Huygens J, Smet A, Daeseleire E, Dewulf J, Imberechts H, Butaye P, Haesebrouck F, Croubels S, Heyndrickx M, Rasschaert G. Selection and transfer of an IncI1-tet
(A) plasmid of Escherichia coli
in an ex vivo
model of the porcine caecum at doxycycline concentrations caused by crosscontaminated feed. J Appl Microbiol 2017; 123:1312-1320. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.13561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L.E.J. Peeters
- Department of General Bacteriology; Veterinary and Agrochemical Research centre; Brussels Belgium
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
| | - T. De Mulder
- Technology and Food Science Unit; Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research; Melle Belgium
| | - E. Van Coillie
- Technology and Food Science Unit; Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research; Melle Belgium
| | - J. Huygens
- Technology and Food Science Unit; Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research; Melle Belgium
| | - A. Smet
- Laboratory Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; University of Antwerp; Antwerp Belgium
| | - E. Daeseleire
- Technology and Food Science Unit; Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research; Melle Belgium
| | - J. Dewulf
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit; Department of Reproduction; Obstetrics and Herd health; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
| | - H. Imberechts
- Department of General Bacteriology; Veterinary and Agrochemical Research centre; Brussels Belgium
| | - P. Butaye
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
- Department of Biosciences; Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine; St Kitts and Nevis West Indies
| | - F. Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
| | - S. Croubels
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
| | - M. Heyndrickx
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
- Technology and Food Science Unit; Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research; Melle Belgium
| | - G. Rasschaert
- Technology and Food Science Unit; Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research; Melle Belgium
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34
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Xavier BB, Lammens C, Ruhal R, Kumar-Singh S, Butaye P, Goossens H, Malhotra-Kumar S. Identification of a novel plasmid-mediated colistin-resistance gene, mcr-2, in Escherichia coli, Belgium, June 2016. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 21:30280. [PMID: 27416987 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2016.21.27.30280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 551] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We identified a novel plasmid-mediated colistin-resistance gene in porcine and bovine colistin-resistant Escherichia coli that did not contain mcr-1. The gene, termed mcr-2, a 1,617 bp phosphoethanolamine transferase harboured on an IncX4 plasmid, has 76.7% nucleotide identity to mcr-1. Prevalence of mcr-2 in porcine colistin-resistant E. coli (11/53) in Belgium was higher than that of mcr-1 (7/53). These data call for an immediate introduction of mcr-2 screening in ongoing molecular epidemiological surveillance of colistin-resistant Gram-negative pathogens.
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35
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Pardon B, Smet A, Butaye P, Argudín MA, Valgaeren B, Catry B, Haesebrouck F, Deprez P. Nosocomial Intravascular Catheter Infections with Extended-spectrum Beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in Calves after Strain Introduction from a Commercial Herd. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 64:130-136. [PMID: 25903854 PMCID: PMC7169822 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
An outbreak of intravascular catheter-related infections by extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli in calves in an animal teaching hospital is reported. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis was used for strain typing to determine the origin and dissemination of these strains. All 19 strains harboured the blaCTX-M-14, and six strains also overexpressed their chromosomal AmpC gene. Evidence on the introduction of the strain from a beef herd, experiencing neonatal diarrhoea and increased mortality, to the clinic through admission of diarrhoeic calves was provided. Strains isolated from phlebitis cases from other herds up to 5 months later showed a high similarity with the initial strain, suggesting that the strain had become nosocomial. The catheter infections with ESBL/AmpC-producing E. coli resulted in a prolonged hospitalization, increased anti-microbial use and mortality. This report points towards the potential dangers of the emergence of ESBL/AmpC-producing bacteria in susceptible food animals and warns farmers and veterinarians for the facility by which they are introduced into another environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Pardon
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - A Smet
- Department of Bacteriology, Pathology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - P Butaye
- Department of Bacteriology, Pathology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, CODA-CERVA-VAR, Brussels, Belgium
| | - M A Argudín
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, CODA-CERVA-VAR, Brussels, Belgium
| | - B Valgaeren
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - B Catry
- Health Care Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), Brussels, Belgium
| | - F Haesebrouck
- Department of Bacteriology, Pathology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - P Deprez
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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36
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Larsen J, Stegger M, Andersen PS, Petersen A, Larsen AR, Westh H, Agersø Y, Fetsch A, Kraushaar B, Käsbohrer A, Feβler AT, Schwarz S, Cuny C, Witte W, Butaye P, Denis O, Haenni M, Madec JY, Jouy E, Laurent F, Battisti A, Franco A, Alba P, Mammina C, Pantosti A, Monaco M, Wagenaar JA, de Boer E, van Duijkeren E, Heck M, Domínguez L, Torres C, Zarazaga M, Price LB, Skov RL. Evidence for Human Adaptation and Foodborne Transmission of Livestock-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Clin Infect Dis 2016; 63:1349-1352. [PMID: 27655995 PMCID: PMC5091345 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciw532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the evolution and epidemiology of a novel livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strain, which colonizes and infects urban-dwelling Danes even without a Danish animal reservoir. Genetic evidence suggests both poultry and human adaptation, with poultry meat implicated as a probable source.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marc Stegger
- Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen.,Translational Genomics Research Institute, Flagstaff, Arizona
| | - Paal S Andersen
- Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen.,University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg
| | | | | | - Henrik Westh
- University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg.,Hvidovre Hospital
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Patrick Butaye
- Ghent University.,Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | | | - Marisa Haenni
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Lyon
| | - Jean-Yves Madec
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Lyon
| | - Eric Jouy
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Ploufragan, France
| | | | - Antonio Battisti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Regioni Lazio e Toscana
| | - Alessia Franco
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Regioni Lazio e Toscana
| | - Patricia Alba
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Regioni Lazio e Toscana
| | | | | | | | | | - Enne de Boer
- Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority, Utrecht
| | | | - Max Heck
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Lance B Price
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Flagstaff, Arizona.,George Washington University, Washington D.C
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37
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Peeters LEJ, Daeseleire E, Devreese M, Rasschaert G, Smet A, Dewulf J, Heyndrickx M, Imberechts H, Haesebrouck F, Butaye P, Croubels S. Residues of chlortetracycline, doxycycline and sulfadiazine-trimethoprim in intestinal content and feces of pigs due to cross-contamination of feed. BMC Vet Res 2016; 12:209. [PMID: 27645697 PMCID: PMC5028959 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0803-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cross-contamination of feed with low concentrations of antimicrobials can occur at production, transport and/or farm level. Concerns are rising about possible effects of this contaminated feed on resistance selection in the intestinal microbiota. Therefore, an experiment with pigs was set up, in which intestinal and fecal concentrations of chlortetracycline (CTC), doxycycline (DOX) and sulfadiazine-trimethoprim (SDZ-TRIM) were determined after administration of feed containing a 3 % carry-over level of these antimicrobials. Results The poor oral bioavailability of tetracyclines resulted in rather high concentrations in cecal and colonic content and feces at steady-state conditions. A mean concentration of 10 mg/kg CTC and 4 mg/kg DOX in the feces was reached, which is higher than concentrations that were shown to cause resistance selection. On the other hand, lower mean levels of SDZ (0.7 mg/kg) and TRIM (< limit of detection of 0.016 mg/kg) were found in the feces, corresponding with the high oral bioavailability of SDZ and TRIM in pigs. Conclusions The relation between the oral bioavailability and intestinal concentrations of the tested antimicrobials, may be of help in assessing the risks of cross-contaminated feed. However, future research is needed to confirm our results and to evaluate the effects of these detected concentrations on resistance selection in the intestinal microbiota of pigs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12917-016-0803-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E J Peeters
- Operational Directorate Bacterial Diseases, CODA-CERVA (Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre), 1180, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Els Daeseleire
- Technology and Food Science Unit, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research, 9090, Melle, Belgium
| | - Mathias Devreese
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Geertrui Rasschaert
- Technology and Food Science Unit, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research, 9090, Melle, Belgium
| | - Annemieke Smet
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Dewulf
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Marc Heyndrickx
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.,Technology and Food Science Unit, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research, 9090, Melle, Belgium
| | - Hein Imberechts
- Operational Directorate Bacterial Diseases, CODA-CERVA (Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre), 1180, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Freddy Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Patrick Butaye
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.,Department of Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Ross University, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Siska Croubels
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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38
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Oosterik LH, Tuntufye HN, Tsonos J, Luyten T, Noppen S, Liekens S, Lavigne R, Butaye P, Goddeeris BM. Bioluminescent avian pathogenic Escherichia coli for monitoring colibacillosis in experimentally infected chickens. Vet J 2016; 216:87-92. [PMID: 27687932 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) are responsible for significant economic losses in the poultry industry. In this study, a model for investigating the pathogenesis of APEC infections was established. APEC strain CH2 (O78) was marked with the luciferase operon (luxCDABE) using a Tn7 transposon and tissues of experimentally infected chickens were analysed for a correlation between the bioluminescent signal and the number of bacteria. Transposition of the lux operon into the chromosome of the APEC isolate did not affect sensitivity to lytic bacteriophages and there was no effect on virulence in an intratracheal infection model in 1-day-old chicks, although results with a subcutaneous infection model were inconclusive. A correlation between the number of bacteria and the luminescent signal was found in liquid medium, as well as in homogenised heart, liver, spleen and lung of 4-week-old experimentally infected chickens. This study showed that lux could be used for identification of the infecting strain after experimental infection with APEC in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon H Oosterik
- Department of Biosystems, Division of Gene Technology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Department of General Bacteriology, Centrum voor Onderzoek in Diergeneeskunde en Agrochemie-Centre d'Etude et de Recherches Vétérinaires et Agrochimiques (CODA-CERVA), Groeselenberg 99, Brussels 1180, Belgium.
| | - Huruma N Tuntufye
- Department of Biosystems, Division of Gene Technology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Jessica Tsonos
- Department of Biosystems, Division of Gene Technology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Structural and Molecular Microbiology, Structural Biology Research Center, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, Brussels 1050, Belgium; Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, Brussels 1050, Belgium
| | - Tom Luyten
- Department of Biosystems, Division of Gene Technology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Sam Noppen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Sandra Liekens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Rob Lavigne
- Department of Biosystems, Division of Gene Technology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Patrick Butaye
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium
| | - Bruno M Goddeeris
- Department of Biosystems, Division of Gene Technology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, Leuven 3000, Belgium
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39
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Argudín MA, Lauzat B, Kraushaar B, Alba P, Agerso Y, Cavaco L, Butaye P, Porrero MC, Battisti A, Tenhagen BA, Fetsch A, Guerra B. Heavy metal and disinfectant resistance genes among livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates. Vet Microbiol 2016; 191:88-95. [PMID: 27374912 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Livestock associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) has emerged in animal production worldwide. Most LA-MRSA in Europe belong to the clonal complex (CC) 398. The reason for the LA-MRSA emergence is not fully understood. Besides antimicrobial agents used for therapy, other substances with antimicrobial activity applied in animal feed, including metal-containing compounds might contribute to their selection. Some of these genes have been found in various novel SCCmec cassettes. The aim of this study was to assess the occurrence of metal-resistance genes among a LA-S. aureus collection [n=554, including 542 MRSA and 12 methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA)] isolated from livestock and food thereof. Most LA-MRSA isolates (76%) carried at least one metal-resistance gene. Among the LA-MRSA CC398 isolates (n=456), 4.8%, 0.2%, 24.3% and 71.5% were positive for arsA (arsenic compounds), cadD (cadmium), copB (copper) and czrC (zinc/cadmium) resistance genes, respectively. In contrast, among the LA-MRSA non-CC398 isolates (n=86), 1.2%, 18.6% and 16.3% were positive for the cadD, copB and czrC genes, respectively, and none were positive for arsA. Of the LA-MRSA CC398 isolates, 72% carried one metal-resistance gene, and the remaining harboured two or more in different combinations. Differences between LA-MRSA CC398 and non-CC398 were statistically significant for arsA and czrC. The czrC gene was almost exclusively found (98%) in the presence of SCCmec V in both CC398 and non-CC398 LA-MRSA isolates from different sources. Regarding the LA-MSSA isolates (n=12), some (n=4) were also positive for metal-resistance genes. This study shows that genes potentially conferring metal-resistance are frequently present in LA-MRSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Angeles Argudín
- Department of Biological Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, Berlin, Germany; Department of Bacterial Diseases, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA), Brussels, Groeselenbergstraat 99, B-1180 Ukkel, Belgium
| | - Birgit Lauzat
- Department of Biological Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, Berlin, Germany
| | - Britta Kraushaar
- Department of Biological Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, Berlin, Germany
| | - Patricia Alba
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana "M. Aleandri" (IZSLT), Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178, Rome, Italy
| | - Yvonne Agerso
- Technical University of Denmark (DTU), National Food Institute, Research group for Genomic Epidemiology, Søltofts Plads Building 221, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Lina Cavaco
- Technical University of Denmark (DTU), National Food Institute, Research group for Genomic Epidemiology, Søltofts Plads Building 221, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Patrick Butaye
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University, P.O. Box 334, Basseterre, St Kitts, West Indies; Department of Pathology, Bacteriology, and Avian Diseases, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - M Concepción Porrero
- Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Battisti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana "M. Aleandri" (IZSLT), Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178, Rome, Italy
| | - Bernd-Alois Tenhagen
- Department of Biological Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexandra Fetsch
- Department of Biological Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, Berlin, Germany
| | - Beatriz Guerra
- Department of Biological Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, Berlin, Germany.
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Xavier BB, Lammens C, Butaye P, Goossens H, Malhotra-Kumar S. Complete sequence of an IncFII plasmid harbouring the colistin resistance genemcr-1isolated from Belgian pig farms. J Antimicrob Chemother 2016; 71:2342-4. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkw191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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41
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Michiels T, Welby S, Vanrobaeys M, Quinet C, Rouffaer L, Lens L, Martel A, Butaye P. Prevalence ofMycoplasma gallisepticumandMycoplasma synoviaein commercial poultry, racing pigeons and wild birds in Belgium. Avian Pathol 2016; 45:244-52. [DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2016.1145354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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42
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Argudín MA, Butaye P. Dissemination of metal resistance genes among animal methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococci. Res Vet Sci 2016; 105:192-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2016.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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43
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Argudín MA, Vanderhaeghen W, Vandendriessche S, Vandecandelaere I, Denis O, Coenye T, Butaye P. Biofilm formation of ica operon-positive Staphylococcus epidermidis from different sources. APMIS 2016; 123:1081-9. [PMID: 26547374 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Information on the prevalence of biofilm-related factors (PIA, Bhp, Aap, Embp) in Staphylococcus epidermidis of animal origin is scarce. In this study, 263 S. epidermidis isolates of diverse origin (animal, farmers, patients, and laboratory staff) were investigated for the presence of the ica operon (icaRADBC). The icaRADBC-positive isolates were further characterized by means of biofilm formation, presence of other biofilm-related genes, antimicrobial resistance, and population structure. Of all isolates, 28.5% (n = 75) were icaRADBC-positive, including 16.5% of animal origin, 29.1% farmer isolates, and 44.6% hospital-associated isolates (including patients and laboratory staff isolates). Most icaRADBC-positive isolates carried embp (n = 73), aap (n = 57), bhp (n = 22), and IS256 (n = 29). Statistical differences were found between animal and patient isolates for the presence of icaRADBC, bhp, and aap. No statistically significant relation was found between the presence of one or more genes and the level of biofilm formation. Most icaRADBC-positive isolates belonged to the clonal complex 5 (formerly 2) and most sequence types corresponded to types previously observed in community and nosocomial S. epidermidis populations. Although the prevalence of S. epidermidis in the nasal cavity of bovines and poultry is low, some isolates belong to STs related to ica-positive clinical strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Angeles Argudín
- Department of Bacterial Diseases, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Wannes Vanderhaeghen
- Department of Obstetrics, Reproduction and Herd Health, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Stien Vandendriessche
- Department of Microbiology, National Reference Centre - Staphylococcus aureus, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ilse Vandecandelaere
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Department of Pharmaceutical analysis, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Olivier Denis
- Department of Microbiology, National Reference Centre - Staphylococcus aureus, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Tom Coenye
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Department of Pharmaceutical analysis, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Patrick Butaye
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology, and Avian Diseases, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Ross University, St Kitts and Nevis, West Indies
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Callens B, Haesebrouck F, Dewulf J, Boyen F, Butaye P, Catry B, Wattiau P, De Graef E. Risico op colistineresistentie neemt toe. VLAAMS DIERGEN TIJDS 2016. [DOI: 10.21825/vdt.v85i1.16406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In een recent artikel uit China werd overdraagbare resistentie tegen colistine beschreven die gevonden werd bij Escherichia (E. coli) bekomen uit voedselproducerende dieren, vlees en ziekenhuispatiënten (Liu et al., 2015). Heel recent werd deze resistentie onder meer ook gevonden in Denemarken, Frankrijk, het Verenigd Koninkrijk en België. Colistine wordt beschouwd als een van de laatste behandelopties tegen multiresistente bacteriën in de humane gezondheidszorg, voornamelijk bij patiënten met mucoviscidose. Alertheid voor colistineresistentie is geboden en het nieuwe resistentiemechanisme dient zorgvuldig te worden opgespoord bij dier- en mensgerelateerde bacteriën.
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Malhotra-Kumar S, Xavier BB, Das AJ, Lammens C, Butaye P, Goossens H. Colistin resistance gene mcr-1 harboured on a multidrug resistant plasmid. Lancet Infect Dis 2016; 16:283-4. [PMID: 26774247 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(16)00012-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Surbhi Malhotra-Kumar
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Basil Britto Xavier
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Anupam J Das
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Christine Lammens
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Patrick Butaye
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent, Belgium; CODA-CERVA, Brussels Belgium; Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, St Kitts and Nevis, West Indies, Cuba
| | - Herman Goossens
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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46
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Verhegghe M, Crombé F, Luyckx K, Haesebrouck F, Butaye P, Herman L, Heyndrickx M, Rasschaert G. Prevalence and Genetic Diversity of Livestock-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus on Belgian Pork. J Food Prot 2016; 79:82-9. [PMID: 26735033 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-15-266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Since the first description of livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA), a high prevalence was observed in pigs. At present, questions remain about the transmission of LA-MRSA to the general human population through pork. The objectives of the present study were to determine the prevalence of LA-MRSA in Belgian pork and to determine the role of the pork production chain and butcheries in transmission of LA-MRSA to the human population. Pig meat samples (chops, bacon, minced pork, ribs, forelimbs, and ears; n = 137) originating from four butcheries (A through D) were spread plated on ChromID MRSA plates both before and after overnight enrichment culture. Suspect colonies were confirmed using a MRSA-specific triplex PCR assay and a CC398-specific PCR assay. The isolates (n = 147) were further characterized by SCCmec typing, multiple-locus variable number tandem repeat analysis, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing, a selection of isolates were subjected to pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and spa typing. Direct plating revealed a MRSA prevalence of 8%. After enrichment, MRSA was isolated from 98 (72%) of 137 samples of which the majority were from rib, ear, and forelimb. The majority (97%) of obtained isolates belonged to CC398, the main LA-MRSA type. A high level of genetic diversity was noted among the isolates from one butchery. Thirty antimicrobial susceptibility profiles were found; 13 and 9% of the isolates had Cip-Tet-Tri and Gen-Kan-Tet-Tob-Tri profiles, respectively. These results indicate the importance of enrichment for MRSA detection of pork. The observed genetic diversity of the isolates indicated that the pork production chain can be considered a source of multiple MRSA types that could be transmitted to the human population through cross-contaminated meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijke Verhegghe
- Food Safety Research Group, Technology and Food Science Unit, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research, Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium; Department of Pathology, Bacteriology, and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium;
| | - Florence Crombé
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology, and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre, Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kaat Luyckx
- Food Safety Research Group, Technology and Food Science Unit, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research, Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium; Department of Obstetrics, Reproduction, and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Freddy Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology, and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Patrick Butaye
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology, and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre, Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lieve Herman
- Food Safety Research Group, Technology and Food Science Unit, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research, Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - Marc Heyndrickx
- Food Safety Research Group, Technology and Food Science Unit, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research, Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium, Department of Pathology, Bacteriology, and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Geertrui Rasschaert
- Food Safety Research Group, Technology and Food Science Unit, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research, Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium
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47
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Hanon JB, Jaspers S, Butaye P, Wattiau P, Méroc E, Aerts M, Imberechts H, Vermeersch K, Van der Stede Y. A trend analysis of antimicrobial resistance in commensal Escherichia coli from several livestock species in Belgium (2011-2014). Prev Vet Med 2015; 122:443-52. [PMID: 26423778 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A temporal trend analysis was performed on antimicrobial resistance data collected over 4 consecutive years (2011-2014) in the official Belgian antimicrobial resistance monitoring programme. Commensal Escherichia coli strains were isolated from faecal samples of four livestock categories (veal calves, young beef cattle, broiler chickens and slaughter pigs) and the trends of resistance profiles were analysed. The resistance prevalence remained high (>50%) during the study period for ampicillin in veal calves and chickens, for ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid in chickens, for sulfamethoxazole in veal calves, chickens and pigs and for tetracycline in veal calves. Using logistic regression and Generalized Estimating Equation and after p value adjustment for multiple testing (Linear step-up method), statistically significant decreasing temporal trends were observed for several of the 11 tested antimicrobials in several livestock categories: in veal calves (10/11), in chickens (6/11) and in pigs (5/11). A significant increasing trend was observed for the prevalence of resistance to ciprofloxacin in chickens. Multi-resistance, considered as the resistance to at least three antimicrobials of different antibiotic classes, was observed in the four livestock categories but was significantly decreasing in veal calves, chickens and pigs. Overall, the prevalence of resistance and of multi-resistance was lowest in the beef cattle livestock category and highest in broiler chickens. These decreasing temporal trends of antimicrobial resistance might be due to a decrease of the total antimicrobial consumption for veterinary use in Belgium which was reported for the period between 2010 and 2013. The methodology and statistical tools developed in this study provide outputs which can detect shifts in resistance levels or resistance trends associated with particular antimicrobial classes and livestock categories. Such outputs can be used as objective evidence to evaluate the possible efficacy of measures taken by animal health authorities and stakeholders in the livestock sector to limit antimicrobial resistance occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Baptiste Hanon
- Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA), Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Stijn Jaspers
- Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and statistical Bioinformatics (I-BioStat), Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Patrick Butaye
- Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA), Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Brussels, Belgium; Ghent University, Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; Ross University, Department of Biosciences, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Pierre Wattiau
- Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA), Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Estelle Méroc
- Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA), Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marc Aerts
- Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and statistical Bioinformatics (I-BioStat), Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Hein Imberechts
- Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA), Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Katie Vermeersch
- Federal Agency for the Safety of the Food Chain (FASFC), Food Safety Centre, Boulevard du Jardin Botanique 55, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yves Van der Stede
- Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA), Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Brussels, Belgium; Ghent University, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Alba P, Feltrin F, Cordaro G, Porrero MC, Kraushaar B, Argudín MA, Nykäsenoja S, Monaco M, Stegger M, Aarestrup FM, Butaye P, Franco A, Battisti A. Livestock-Associated Methicillin Resistant and Methicillin Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Sequence Type (CC)1 in European Farmed Animals: High Genetic Relatedness of Isolates from Italian Cattle Herds and Humans. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137143. [PMID: 26322785 PMCID: PMC4556339 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Sequence Type (ST)1, Clonal Complex(CC)1, SCCmec V is one of the major Livestock-Associated (LA-) lineages in pig farming industry in Italy and is associated with pigs in other European countries. Recently, it has been increasingly detected in Italian dairy cattle herds. The aim of this study was to analyse the differences between ST1 MRSA and methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) from cattle and pig herds in Italy and Europe and human isolates. Sixty-tree animal isolates from different holdings and 20 human isolates were characterized by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), spa-typing, SCCmec typing, and by micro-array analysis for several virulence, antimicrobial resistance, and strain/host-specific marker genes. Three major PFGE clusters were detected. The bovine isolates shared a high (≥90% to 100%) similarity with human isolates and carried the same SCCmec type IVa. They often showed genetic features typical of human adaptation or present in human-associated CC1: Immune evasion cluster (IEC) genes sak and scn, or sea; sat and aphA3-mediated aminoglycoside resistance. Contrary, typical markers of porcine origin in Italy and Spain, like erm(A) mediated macrolide-lincosamide-streptograminB, and of vga(A)-mediated pleuromutilin resistance were always absent in human and bovine isolates. Most of ST(CC)1 MRSA from dairy cattle were multidrug-resistant and contained virulence and immunomodulatory genes associated with full capability of colonizing humans. As such, these strains may represent a greater human hazard than the porcine strains. The zoonotic capacity of CC1 LA-MRSA from livestock must be taken seriously and measures should be implemented at farm-level to prevent spill-over.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Alba
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, Diagnostic Department, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabiola Feltrin
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, Diagnostic Department, Rome, Italy
| | - Gessica Cordaro
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, Diagnostic Department, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - María Angeles Argudín
- Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (VAR-CODA-CERVA), Groeselenberg, Belgium
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Department of Microbiology, Hôpital Erasme Laboratoire de Référence MRSA—Staphylocoques, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Monica Monaco
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immuno-mediated Diseases, Rome, Italy
| | - Marc Stegger
- Statens Serum Institut, Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Frank M. Aarestrup
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Patrick Butaye
- Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (VAR-CODA-CERVA), Groeselenberg, Belgium
- Ross University, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biosciences, Basseterre, St. Kitts and Nevis, West Indies
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and poultry diseases, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Alessia Franco
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, Diagnostic Department, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Battisti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, Diagnostic Department, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Oosterik LH, Tuntufye HN, Janssens S, Butaye P, Goddeeris BM. Disinfection by hydrogen peroxide nebulization increases susceptibility to avian pathogenic Escherichia coli. BMC Res Notes 2015; 8:378. [PMID: 26307441 PMCID: PMC4549891 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-015-1329-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) are the major cause of economic losses in the poultry industry worldwide. Traditionally, antibiotics are used to treat and prevent colibacillosis in broilers. Due to resistance development other ways of preventing/treating the disease have to be found. Therefore during this study the nebulization of low concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was tested in the presence of chickens to lower pathogenicity of APEC. Results Significantly higher total lesion scores and higher E. coli concentrations were found in the spleen of chickens exposed to 2 % H2O2 compared to those exposed to 1 % H2O2 and control chickens which had been exposed to nebulization with distilled water. Higher total lesions scores and E. coli concentrations in the spleen were found in chickens exposed to 1 % H2O2 in comparison to control chickens (not significant). Conclusion H2O2 is rendering animals more prone to APEC infection contraindicating H2O2 nebulization in the presence of chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon H Oosterik
- Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, 3001, Louvain, Belgium. .,Department of General Bacteriology, CODA-CERVA, Groeselenberg 99, 1180, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Huruma N Tuntufye
- Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, 3001, Louvain, Belgium. .,Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. 16 Box 3019, Chuo Kikuu, 67125, Morogoro, Tanzania.
| | - Steven Janssens
- Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, 3001, Louvain, Belgium.
| | - Patrick Butaye
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium. .,Department of Biosciences, Ross University, P.O. Box 335, Basseterre, St Kitts, West Indies.
| | - Bruno M Goddeeris
- Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, 3001, Louvain, Belgium. .,Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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50
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Verhegghe M, Herman L, Haesebrouck F, Butaye P, Heyndrickx M, Rasschaert G. Erratum to: Preliminary evaluation of good sampling locations on a pig carcass for livestock-associated MRSA isolation. FoodContamination 2015. [DOI: 10.1186/s40550-015-0016-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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