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Dastgerdi NK, Gumus N, Bayraktutan H, Jackson D, Polra K, McKay PF, Atyabi F, Dinarvand R, Shattock RJ, Martinez-Pomares L, Gurnani P, Alexander C. Charge neutralized poly(β-amino ester) polyplex nanoparticles for delivery of self-amplifying RNA. Nanoscale Adv 2024; 6:1409-1422. [PMID: 38419881 PMCID: PMC10898429 DOI: 10.1039/d3na00794d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Therapeutic self-amplifying RNA (saRNA) is a promising approach for disease treatment, as it can be administered in lower doses than messenger RNA (mRNA) to achieve comparable protein production levels. However, saRNA requires an appropriate delivery vehicle to protect it during transit and facilitate its transfection. A widely-adopted approach has been to use polycations to condense these large anionic macromolecules into polyplex nanoparticles, however their high charge density often elicits cytotoxic effects. In this study we postulated that we could improve the potency and tolerability of such delivery vehicles by co-formulating poly(β-amino ester)s saRNA polyplexes with a non-toxic anionic polymer, γ-polyglutamic acid (γ-PGA) to neutralize partially this positive charge. Accordingly, we prepared a poly(β-amino ester) from 1,6-hexanedioldiacrylate (HDDA) and 4-aminobutanol (ABOL) and initially evaluated the physicochemical properties of the binary polyplexes (i.e. formed from polymer and saRNA only). Optimised binary polyplex formulations were then taken forward for preparation of ternary complexes containing pHDDA-ABOL, saRNA and γ-PGA. Our findings demonstrate that γ-PGA integration into polyplexes significantly enhanced transfection efficacy in HEK293T and A431 cells without affecting polyplex size. Notably, γ-PGA incorporation leads to a pronounced reduction in zeta potential, which reduced the toxicity of the ternary complexes in moDC, NIH3T3, and A431 cells. Furthermore, the presence of γ-PGA contributed to colloidal stability, reducing aggregation of the ternary complexes, as evidenced by insignificant changes in polydispersity index (PDI) after freeze-thaw cycles. Overall, these results suggest that incorporating the appropriate ratio of a polyanion such as γ-PGA with polycations in RNA delivery formulations is a promising way to improve the in vitro delivery of saRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazgol Karimi Dastgerdi
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics and Formulation, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Nurcan Gumus
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics and Formulation, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | - Hulya Bayraktutan
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics and Formulation, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | - Darryl Jackson
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, University of Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | - Krunal Polra
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Section of Immunology of Infection, Imperial College London Norfolk Place London W21PG UK
| | - Paul F McKay
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Section of Immunology of Infection, Imperial College London Norfolk Place London W21PG UK
| | - Fatemeh Atyabi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Rassoul Dinarvand
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
- Nanotechnology Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran 1417614315 Iran
| | - Robin J Shattock
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Section of Immunology of Infection, Imperial College London Norfolk Place London W21PG UK
| | - Luisa Martinez-Pomares
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, University of Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | - Pratik Gurnani
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London 29-39 Brunswick Square London WC1N 1AX UK
| | - Cameron Alexander
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics and Formulation, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
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Zhou J, Sukhova K, Peacock TP, McKay PF, Brown JC, Frise R, Baillon L, Moshe M, Kugathasan R, Shattock RJ, Barclay WS. Omicron breakthrough infections in vaccinated or previously infected hamsters. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2308655120. [PMID: 37903249 PMCID: PMC10636328 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2308655120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The ongoing SARS-CoV-2 epidemic was marked by the repeated emergence and replacement of "variants" with genetic and phenotypic distance from the ancestral strains, the most recent examples being viruses of the Omicron lineage. Here, we describe a hamster direct contact exposure challenge model to assess protection against reinfection conferred by either vaccination or prior infection. We found that two doses of self-amplifying RNA vaccine based on the ancestral Spike ameliorated weight loss following Delta infection and decreased viral loads but had minimal effect on Omicron BA.1 infection. Prior vaccination followed by Delta or BA.1 breakthrough infections led to a high degree of cross-reactivity to all tested variants, suggesting that repeated exposure to antigenically distinct Spikes, via infection and/or vaccination drives a cross-reactive immune response. Prior infection with ancestral or Alpha variant was partially protective against BA.1 infection, whereas all animals previously infected with Delta and exposed to BA.1 became reinfected, although they shed less virus than BA.1-infected naive hamsters. Hamsters reinfected with BA.1 after prior Delta infection emitted infectious virus into the air, indicating that they could be responsible for onwards airborne transmission. We further tested whether prior infection with BA.1 protected from reinfection with Delta or later Omicron sublineages BA.2, BA.4, or BA.5. BA.1 was protective against BA.2 but not against Delta, BA.4, or BA.5 reinfection. These findings suggest that cohorts whose only immune experience of COVID-19 is Omicron BA.1 infection may be vulnerable to future circulation of reemerged Delta-like derivatives, as well as emerging Omicron sublineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhou
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, LondonW2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Ksenia Sukhova
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, LondonW2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas P. Peacock
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, LondonW2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Paul F. McKay
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, LondonW2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan C. Brown
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, LondonW2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Frise
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, LondonW2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Laury Baillon
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, LondonW2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Maya Moshe
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, LondonW2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Ruthiran Kugathasan
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, LondonW2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Robin J. Shattock
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, LondonW2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Wendy S. Barclay
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, LondonW2 1PG, United Kingdom
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Shattock RJ, Andrianaivoarimanana V, McKay PF, Randriantseheno LN, Murugaiah V, Samnuan K, Rogers P, Tregoning JS, Rajerison M, Moore KM, Laws TR, Williamson ED. A self-amplifying RNA vaccine provides protection in a murine model of bubonic plague. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1247041. [PMID: 38029221 PMCID: PMC10652872 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1247041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mice were immunized with a combination of self-amplifying (sa) RNA constructs for the F1 and V antigens of Yersinia pestis at a dose level of 1 μg or 5 μg or with the respective protein sub-units as a reference vaccine. The immunization of outbred OF1 mice on day 0 and day 28 with the lowest dose used (1 μg) of each of the saRNA constructs in lipid nanoparticles protected 5/7 mice against subsequent sub-cutaneous challenge on day 56 with 180 cfu (2.8 MLD) of a 2021 clinical isolate of Y. pestis termed 10-21/S whilst 5/7 mice were protected against 1800cfu (28MLD) of the same bacteria on day 56. By comparison, only 1/8 or 1/7 negative control mice immunized with 10 μg of irrelevant haemagglutin RNA in lipid nanoparticles (LNP) survived the challenge with 2.8 MLD or 28 MLD Y. pestis 10-21/S, respectively. BALB/c mice were also immunized with the same saRNA constructs and responded with the secretion of specific IgG to F1 and V, neutralizing antibodies for the V antigen and developed a recall response to both F1 and V. These data represent the first report of an RNA vaccine approach using self-amplifying technology and encoding both of the essential virulence antigens, providing efficacy against Y. pestis. This saRNA vaccine for plague has the potential for further development, particularly since its amplifying nature can induce immunity with less boosting. It is also amenable to rapid manufacture with simpler downstream processing than protein sub-units, enabling rapid deployment and surge manufacture during disease outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin John Shattock
- Dept. of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Paul F. McKay
- Dept. of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - K. Samnuan
- Dept. of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Rogers
- Dept. of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - John S. Tregoning
- Dept. of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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4
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Siris S, Gladstone CA, Guo Y, Patel R, Pinder CL, Shattock RJ, McKay PF, Langford PR, Bidmos FA. Increasing human monoclonal antibody cloning efficiency with a whole-cell modified immunoglobulin-capture assay (mICA). Front Immunol 2023; 14:1184510. [PMID: 37334357 PMCID: PMC10272928 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1184510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Expression cloning of fully human monoclonal antibodies (hmAbs) is seeing powerful utility in the field of vaccinology, especially for elucidating vaccine-induced B-cell responses and novel vaccine candidate antigen discovery. Precision of the hmAb cloning process relies on efficient isolation of hmAb-producing plasmablasts of interest. Previously, a novel immunoglobulin-capture assay (ICA) was developed, using single protein vaccine antigens, to enhance the pathogen-specific hmAb cloning output. Here, we report a novel modification of this single-antigen ICA using formalin-treated, fluorescently stained whole cell suspensions of the human bacterial invasive pathogens, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Neisseria meningitidis. Sequestration of IgG secreted by individual vaccine antigen-specific plasmablasts was achieved by the formation of an anti-CD45-streptavidin and biotin anti-IgG scaffold. Suspensions containing heterologous pneumococcal and meningococcal strains were then used to enrich for polysaccharide- and protein antigen-specific plasmablasts, respectively, during single cell sorting. Following application of the modified whole-cell ICA (mICA), ~61% (19/31) of anti-pneumococcal polysaccharide hmAbs were cloned compared to 14% (8/59) obtained using standard (non-mICA) methods - representing a ~4.4-fold increase in hmAb cloning precision. A more modest ~1.7-fold difference was obtained for anti-meningococcal vaccine hmAb cloning; ~88% of hmAbs cloned via mICA versus ~53% cloned via the standard method were specific for a meningococcal surface protein. VDJ sequencing revealed that cloned hmAbs reflected an anamnestic response to both pneumococcal and meningococcal vaccines; diversification within hmAb clones occurred by positive selection for replacement mutations. Thus, we have shown successful utilization of whole bacterial cells in the ICA protocol enabling isolation of hmAbs targeting multiple disparate epitopes, thereby increasing the power of approaches such as reverse vaccinology 2.0 (RV 2.0) for bacterial vaccine antigen discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Siris
- Section of Paediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Camilla A. Gladstone
- Section of Paediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yanping Guo
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Radhika Patel
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher L. Pinder
- Section of Virology, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robin J. Shattock
- Section of Virology, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul F. McKay
- Section of Virology, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul R. Langford
- Section of Paediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fadil A. Bidmos
- Section of Paediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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5
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Tregoning JS, Stirling DC, Wang Z, Flight KE, Brown JC, Blakney AK, McKay PF, Cunliffe RF, Murugaiah V, Fox CB, Beattie M, Tam YK, Johansson C, Shattock RJ. Formulation, inflammation, and RNA sensing impact the immunogenicity of self-amplifying RNA vaccines. Mol Ther Nucleic Acids 2022; 31:29-42. [PMID: 36589712 PMCID: PMC9794906 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2022.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
To be effective, RNA vaccines require both in situ translation and the induction of an immune response to recruit cells to the site of immunization. These factors can pull in opposite directions with the inflammation reducing expression of the vaccine antigen. We investigated how formulation affects the acute systemic cytokine response to a self-amplifying RNA (saRNA) vaccine. We compared a cationic polymer (pABOL), a lipid emulsion (nanostructured lipid carrier, NLC), and three lipid nanoparticles (LNP). After immunization, we measured serum cytokines and compared the response to induced antibodies against influenza virus. Formulations that induced a greater cytokine response induced a greater antibody response, with a significant correlation between IP-10, MCP-1, KC, and antigen-specific antibody titers. We then investigated how innate immune sensing and signaling impacted the adaptive immune response to vaccination with LNP-formulated saRNA. Mice that lacked MAVS and are unable to signal through RIG-I-like receptors had an altered cytokine response to saRNA vaccination and had significantly greater antibody responses than wild-type mice. This indicates that the inflammation induced by formulated saRNA vaccines is not solely deleterious in the induction of antibody responses and that targeting specific aspects of RNA vaccine sensing might improve the quality of the response.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S. Tregoning
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, St. Mary’s Campus, London, UK,Corresponding author John S. Tregoning, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, St. Mary’s Campus, London, UK.
| | - David C. Stirling
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, St. Mary’s Campus, London, UK
| | - Ziyin Wang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, St. Mary’s Campus, London, UK
| | - Katie E. Flight
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, St. Mary’s Campus, London, UK
| | - Jonathan C. Brown
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, St. Mary’s Campus, London, UK
| | - Anna K. Blakney
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, St. Mary’s Campus, London, UK
| | - Paul F. McKay
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, St. Mary’s Campus, London, UK
| | - Robert F. Cunliffe
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, St. Mary’s Campus, London, UK
| | - Valarmathy Murugaiah
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, St. Mary’s Campus, London, UK
| | - Christopher B. Fox
- IDRI, Seattle, WA, USA,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mitchell Beattie
- Acuitas Therapeutics, 6190 Agronomy Road, Ste 405, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ying K. Tam
- Acuitas Therapeutics, 6190 Agronomy Road, Ste 405, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Cecilia Johansson
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, St. Mary’s Campus, London, UK
| | - Robin J. Shattock
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, St. Mary’s Campus, London, UK
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6
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Lorenzen E, Contreras V, Olsen AW, Andersen P, Desjardins D, Rosenkrands I, Juel HB, Delache B, Langlois S, Delaugerre C, Joubert C, Dereuddre-Bosquet N, Bébéar C, De Barbeyrac B, Touati A, McKay PF, Shattock RJ, Le Grand R, Follmann F, Dietrich J. Multi-component prime-boost Chlamydia trachomatis vaccination regimes induce antibody and T cell responses and accelerate clearance of infection in a non-human primate model. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1057375. [PMID: 36505459 PMCID: PMC9726737 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1057375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
It is of international priority to develop a vaccine against sexually transmitted Chlamydia trachomatis infections to combat the continued global spread of the infection. The optimal immunization strategy still remains to be fully elucidated. The aim of this study was to evaluate immunization strategies in a nonhuman primate (NHP) model. Cynomolgus macaques (Macaqua fascicularis) were immunized following different multi-component prime-boost immunization-schedules and subsequently challenged with C. trachomatis SvD in the lower genital tract. The immunization antigens included the recombinant protein antigen CTH522 adjuvanted with CAF01 or aluminium hydroxide, MOMP DNA antigen and MOMP vector antigens (HuAd5 MOMP and MVA MOMP). All antigen constructs were highly immunogenic raising significant systemic C. trachomatis-specific IgG responses. In particularly the CTH522 protein vaccinated groups raised a fast and strong pecificsIgG in serum. The mapping of specific B cell epitopes within the MOMP showed that all vaccinated groups, recognized epitopes near or within the variable domains (VD) of MOMP, with a consistent VD4 response in all animals. Furthermore, serum from all vaccinated groups were able to in vitro neutralize both SvD, SvE and SvF. Antibody responses were reflected on the vaginal and ocular mucosa, which showed detectable levels of IgG. Vaccines also induced C. trachomatis-specific cell mediated responses, as shown by in vitro stimulation and intracellular cytokine staining of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). In general, the protein (CTH522) vaccinated groups established a multifunctional CD4 T cell response, whereas the DNA and Vector vaccinated groups also established a CD8 T cells response. Following vaginal challenge with C. trachomatis SvD, several of the vaccinated groups showed accelerated clearance of the infection, but especially the DNA group, boosted with CAF01 adjuvanted CTH522 to achieve a balanced CD4/CD8 T cell response combined with an IgG response, showed accelerated clearance of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Lorenzen
- Chlamydia Vaccine Research, Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Vanessa Contreras
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Anja W. Olsen
- Chlamydia Vaccine Research, Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Andersen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation, Infectious Disease, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Delphine Desjardins
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Ida Rosenkrands
- Chlamydia Vaccine Research, Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Helene Bæk Juel
- Novo Nordisk Foundation, Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Benoit Delache
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Sebastien Langlois
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Constance Delaugerre
- Laboratory of Virology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Université de Paris, Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Joubert
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Nathalie Dereuddre-Bosquet
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Cécile Bébéar
- Bordeaux University Hopsital, Bacteriology Department, National Reference Centre for bacterial Sexually Transmitted Infections, Bordeaux, France
| | - Bertille De Barbeyrac
- Bordeaux University Hopsital, Bacteriology Department, National Reference Centre for bacterial Sexually Transmitted Infections, Bordeaux, France
| | - Arabella Touati
- Bordeaux University Hopsital, Bacteriology Department, National Reference Centre for bacterial Sexually Transmitted Infections, Bordeaux, France
| | - Paul F. McKay
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, St Mary’s Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robin J. Shattock
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, St Mary’s Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Roger Le Grand
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Frank Follmann
- Chlamydia Vaccine Research, Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jes Dietrich
- Chlamydia Vaccine Research, Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark,*Correspondence: Jes Dietrich,
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7
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Hu K, Palmieri E, Samnuan K, Ricchetti B, Oldrini D, McKay PF, Wu G, Thorne L, Fooks AR, McElhinney LM, Goharriz H, Golding M, Shattock RJ, Micoli F. Generalized Modules for Membrane Antigens (GMMA), an outer membrane vesicle-based vaccine platform, for efficient viral antigen delivery. J Extracell Vesicles 2022; 11:e12247. [PMID: 36377074 PMCID: PMC9663859 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccine platforms enable fast development, testing, and manufacture of more affordable vaccines. Here, we evaluated Generalized Modules for Membrane Antigens (GMMA), outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) generated by genetically modified Gram-negative bacteria, as a vaccine platform for viral pathogens. Influenza A virus hemagglutinin (HA), either physically mixed with GMMA (HA+STmGMMA mix), or covalently linked to GMMA surface (HA-STmGMMA conjugate), significantly increased antigen-specific humoral and cellular responses, with HA-STmGMMA conjugate inducing further enhancement than HA+STmGMMA mix. HA-STmGMMA conjugate protected mice from lethal challenge. The versatility for this platform was confirmed by conjugation of rabies glycoprotein (RABVG) onto GMMA through the same method. RABVG+STmGMMA mix and RABVG-STmGMMA conjugate exhibited similar humoral and cellular response patterns and protection efficacy as the HA formulations, indicating relatively consistent responses for different vaccines based on the GMMA platform. Comparing to soluble protein, GMMA was more efficiently taken up in vivo and exhibited a B-cell preferential uptake in the draining lymph nodes (LNs). Together, GMMA enhances immunity against viral antigens, and the platform works well with different antigens while retaining similar immunomodulatory patterns. The findings of our study imply the great potential of GMMA-based vaccine platform also against viral infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Hu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Elena Palmieri
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH) S.r.l., Siena, Italy
| | - Karnyart Samnuan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Davide Oldrini
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH) S.r.l., Siena, Italy
| | - Paul F McKay
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Guanghui Wu
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), OIE Rabies Reference Laboratory, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - Leigh Thorne
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), OIE Rabies Reference Laboratory, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - Anthony R Fooks
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), OIE Rabies Reference Laboratory, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - Lorraine M McElhinney
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), OIE Rabies Reference Laboratory, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - Hooman Goharriz
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), OIE Rabies Reference Laboratory, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - Megan Golding
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), OIE Rabies Reference Laboratory, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - Robin J Shattock
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Francesca Micoli
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH) S.r.l., Siena, Italy
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8
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Van Tilbeurgh M, Maisonnasse P, Palgen JL, Tolazzi M, Aldon Y, Dereuddre-Bosquet N, Cavarelli M, Beignon AS, Marcos-Lopez E, Gallouet AS, Gilson E, Ozorowski G, Ward AB, Bontjer I, McKay PF, Shattock RJ, Scarlatti G, Sanders RW, Le Grand R. Innate cell markers that predict anti-HIV neutralizing antibody titers in vaccinated macaques. Cell Rep Med 2022; 3:100751. [PMID: 36167072 PMCID: PMC9588994 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Given the time and resources invested in clinical trials, innovative prediction methods are needed to decrease late-stage failure in vaccine development. We identify combinations of early innate responses that predict neutralizing antibody (nAb) responses induced in HIV-Env SOSIP immunized cynomolgus macaques using various routes of vaccine injection and adjuvants. We analyze blood myeloid cells before and 24 h after each immunization by mass cytometry using a three-step clustering, and we discriminate unique vaccine signatures based on HLA-DR, CD39, CD86, CD11b, CD45, CD64, CD14, CD32, CD11c, CD123, CD4, CD16, and CADM1 surface expression. Various combinations of these markers characterize cell families positively associated with nAb production, whereas CADM1-expressing cells are negatively associated (p < 0.05). Our results demonstrate that monitoring immune signatures during early vaccine development could assist in identifying biomarkers that predict vaccine immunogenicity. HIV-Env SOSIP trimers induce neutralizing antibodies in cynomolgus macaques Vaccine-induced innate cells changes are characterized using mass cytometry Adjuvant and route of immunization influence early innate signatures in vaccinated NHP Early innate cell signatures predict neutralizing antibody levels
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Van Tilbeurgh
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Pauline Maisonnasse
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Jean-Louis Palgen
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Monica Tolazzi
- Viral Evolution and Transmission Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Yoann Aldon
- Imperial College London, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Infectious Disease, London, UK
| | - Nathalie Dereuddre-Bosquet
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Mariangela Cavarelli
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Beignon
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Ernesto Marcos-Lopez
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Gallouet
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Emmanuel Gilson
- Life & Soft, 28 rue de la Redoute, 92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Gabriel Ozorowski
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Andrew B Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ilja Bontjer
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Paul F McKay
- Imperial College London, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Infectious Disease, London, UK
| | - Robin J Shattock
- Imperial College London, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Infectious Disease, London, UK
| | - Gabriella Scarlatti
- Viral Evolution and Transmission Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Rogier W Sanders
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Roger Le Grand
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.
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9
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McKay PF, Zhou J, Frise R, Blakney AK, Bouton CR, Wang Z, Hu K, Samnuan K, Brown JC, Kugathasan R, Yeow J, Stevens MM, Barclay WS, Tregoning JS, Shattock RJ. Polymer formulated self-amplifying RNA vaccine is partially protective against influenza virus infection in ferrets. Oxford Open Immunology 2022; 3:iqac004. [PMID: 35996628 PMCID: PMC9384352 DOI: 10.1093/oxfimm/iqac004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 has demonstrated the power of RNA vaccines as part of a pandemic response toolkit. Another virus with pandemic potential is influenza. Further development of RNA vaccines in advance of a future influenza pandemic will save time and lives. As RNA vaccines require formulation to enter cells and induce antigen expression, the aim of this study was to investigate the impact of a recently developed bioreducible cationic polymer, pABOL for the delivery of a self-amplifying RNA (saRNA) vaccine for seasonal influenza virus in mice and ferrets. Mice and ferrets were immunized with pABOL formulated saRNA vaccines expressing either haemagglutinin (HA) from H1N1 or H3N2 influenza virus in a prime boost regime. Antibody responses, both binding and functional were measured in serum after immunization. Animals were then challenged with a matched influenza virus either directly by intranasal inoculation or in a contact transmission model. While highly immunogenic in mice, pABOL-formulated saRNA led to variable responses in ferrets. Animals that responded to the vaccine with higher levels of influenza virus-specific neutralizing antibodies were more protected against influenza virus infection. pABOL-formulated saRNA is immunogenic in ferrets, but further optimization of RNA vaccine formulation and constructs is required to increase the quality and quantity of the antibody response to the vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- P F McKay
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London , London W2 1PG, UK
| | - J Zhou
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London , London W2 1PG, UK
| | - R Frise
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London , London W2 1PG, UK
| | - A K Blakney
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London , London W2 1PG, UK
| | - C R Bouton
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London , London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Z Wang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London , London W2 1PG, UK
| | - K Hu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London , London W2 1PG, UK
| | - K Samnuan
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London , London W2 1PG, UK
| | - J C Brown
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London , London W2 1PG, UK
| | - R Kugathasan
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London , London W2 1PG, UK
| | - J Yeow
- Departments of Materials and Bioengineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - M M Stevens
- Departments of Materials and Bioengineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - W S Barclay
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London , London W2 1PG, UK
| | - J S Tregoning
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London , London W2 1PG, UK
| | - R J Shattock
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London , London W2 1PG, UK
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10
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Frise R, Baillon L, Zhou J, Kugathasan R, Peacock TP, Brown JC, Samnuan K, McKay PF, Shattock RJ, Barclay WS. A self-amplifying RNA vaccine protects against SARS-CoV-2 (D614G) and Alpha variant of concern (B.1.1.7) in a transmission-challenge hamster model. Vaccine 2022; 40:2848-2855. [PMID: 35396165 PMCID: PMC8971064 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.03.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines for SARS-CoV-2 have been hugely successful in alleviating hospitalization and deaths caused by the newly emerged coronavirus that is the cause of COVID. However, although the parentally administered vaccines are very effective at reducing severe disease, they do not induce sterilizing immunity. As the virus continues to circulate around the globe, it is still not clear how long protection will last, nor whether variants will emerge that escape vaccine immunity. Animal models can be useful to complement studies of antigenicity of novel variants and inform decision making about the need for vaccine updates. The Syrian golden hamster is the preferred small animal model for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Since virus is efficiently transmitted between hamsters, we developed a transmission challenge model that presents a more natural dose and route of infection than the intranasal challenge usually employed. Our studies demonstrate that an saRNA vaccine based on the earliest Wuhan-like virus spike sequence induced neutralizing antibodies in sera of immunized hamsters at similar titres to those in human convalescent sera or vaccine recipients. The saRNA vaccine was equally effective at abrogating clinical signs in animals who acquired through exposure to cagemates infected either with a virus isolated in summer 2020 or with a representative Alpha (B.1.1.7) variant isolated in December 2020. The vaccine also reduced shedding of infectious virus from the nose, further reinforcing its likely effectiveness at reducing onwards transmission. This model can be extended to test the effectiveness of vaccination in blocking infections with and transmission of novel variants as they emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Frise
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Laury Baillon
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ruthiran Kugathasan
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Thomas P Peacock
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jonathan C Brown
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Karnyart Samnuan
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Paul F McKay
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Robin J Shattock
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Wendy S Barclay
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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11
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Peter AS, Roth E, Schulz SR, Fraedrich K, Steinmetz T, Damm D, Hauke M, Richel E, Mueller‐Schmucker S, Habenicht K, Eberlein V, Issmail L, Uhlig N, Dolles S, Grüner E, Peterhoff D, Ciesek S, Hoffmann M, Pöhlmann S, McKay PF, Shattock RJ, Wölfel R, Socher E, Wagner R, Eichler J, Sticht H, Schuh W, Neipel F, Ensser A, Mielenz D, Tenbusch M, Winkler TH, Grunwald T, Überla K, Jäck H. A pair of noncompeting neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies protecting from disease in a SARS-CoV-2 infection model. Eur J Immunol 2022; 52:770-783. [PMID: 34355795 PMCID: PMC8420377 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202149374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
TRIANNI mice carry an entire set of human immunoglobulin V region gene segments and are a powerful tool to rapidly isolate human monoclonal antibodies. After immunizing these mice with DNA encoding the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 and boosting with spike protein, we identified 29 hybridoma antibodies that reacted with the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Nine antibodies neutralize SARS-CoV-2 infection at IC50 values in the subnanomolar range. ELISA-binding studies and DNA sequence analyses revealed one cluster of three clonally related neutralizing antibodies that target the receptor-binding domain and compete with the cellular receptor hACE2. A second cluster of six clonally related neutralizing antibodies bind to the N-terminal domain of the spike protein without competing with the binding of hACE2 or cluster 1 antibodies. SARS-CoV-2 mutants selected for resistance to an antibody from one cluster are still neutralized by an antibody from the other cluster. Antibodies from both clusters markedly reduced viral spread in mice transgenic for human ACE2 and protected the animals from SARS-CoV-2-induced weight loss. The two clusters of potent noncompeting SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies provide potential candidates for therapy and prophylaxis of COVID-19. The study further supports transgenic animals with a human immunoglobulin gene repertoire as a powerful platform in pandemic preparedness initiatives.
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12
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Gallinaro A, Pirillo MF, Aldon Y, Cecchetti S, Michelini Z, Tinari A, Borghi M, Canitano A, McKay PF, Bona R, Vescio MF, Grasso F, Blasi M, Baroncelli S, Scarlatti G, LaBranche C, Montefiori D, Klotman ME, Sanders RW, Shattock RJ, Negri D, Cara A. Persistent immunogenicity of integrase defective lentiviral vectors delivering membrane-tethered native-like HIV-1 envelope trimers. NPJ Vaccines 2022; 7:44. [PMID: 35449174 PMCID: PMC9023570 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-022-00465-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrase Defective Lentiviral Vectors (IDLVs) represent an attractive vaccine platform for delivering HIV-1 antigens, given their ability to induce specific and persistent immune responses in both mice and non-human primates (NHPs). Recent advances in HIV-1 immunogen design demonstrated that native-like HIV-1 Envelope (Env) trimers that mimic the structure of virion-associated Env induce neutralization breadth in rabbits and macaques. Here, we describe the development of an IDLV-based HIV-1 vaccine expressing either soluble ConSOSL.UFO.664 or membrane-tethered ConSOSL.UFO.750 native-like Env immunogens with enhanced bNAb epitopes exposure. We show that IDLV can be pseudotyped with properly folded membrane-tethered native-like UFO.750 trimers. After a single IDLV injection in BALB/c mice, IDLV-UFO.750 induced a faster humoral kinetic as well as higher levels of anti-Env IgG compared to IDLV-UFO.664. IDLV-UFO.750 vaccinated cynomolgus macaques developed unusually long-lasting anti-Env IgG antibodies, as underlined by their remarkable half-life both after priming and boost with IDLV. After boosting with recombinant ConM SOSIP.v7 protein, two animals developed neutralization activity against the autologous tier 1B ConS virus mediated by V1/V2 and V3 glycan sites responses. By combining the possibility to display stabilized trimeric Env on the vector particles with the ability to induce sustained humoral responses, IDLVs represent an appropriate strategy for delivering rationally designed antigens to progress towards an effective HIV-1 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yoann Aldon
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, UK
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Serena Cecchetti
- Confocal Microscopy Unit NMR, Confocal Microscopy Area Core Facilities, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Zuleika Michelini
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Tinari
- Center for Gender Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Martina Borghi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Canitano
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Paul F McKay
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, UK
| | - Roberta Bona
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Felicia Grasso
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Blasi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Silvia Baroncelli
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriella Scarlatti
- Viral Evolution and Transmission Unit, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Celia LaBranche
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - David Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Mary E Klotman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Rogier W Sanders
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue,, New York, NY, USA
| | - Robin J Shattock
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, UK
| | - Donatella Negri
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Cara
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
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13
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Hu K, McKay PF, Samnuan K, Najer A, Blakney AK, Che J, O'Driscoll G, Cihova M, Stevens MM, Shattock RJ. Presentation of antigen on extracellular vesicles using transmembrane domains from viral glycoproteins for enhanced immunogenicity. J Extracell Vesicles 2022; 11:e12199. [PMID: 35233930 PMCID: PMC8888812 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A vaccine antigen, when launched as DNA or RNA, can be presented in various forms, including intracellular, secreted, membrane-bound, or on extracellular vesicles (EVs). Whether an antigen in one or more of these forms is superior in immune induction remains unclear. In this study, we used GFP as a model antigen and first compared the EV-loading efficiency of transmembrane domains (TMs) from various viral glycoproteins, and then investigated whether EV-bound GFP (EV-GFP) would enhance immune induction. Our data showed that GFP fused to viral TMs was successfully loaded onto the surface of EVs. In addition, GFP-bound EVs were predominantly associated with the exosome marker CD81. Immunogenicity study with EV-GFP-producing plasmids in mice demonstrated that antigen-specific IgG and IgA were significantly increased in EV-GFP groups, compared to soluble and intracellular GFP groups. Similarly, GFP-specific T cell response-related cytokines produced by antigen-stimulated splenocytes were also enhanced in mice immunized with EV-GFP constructs. Immunogenicity study with purified soluble GFP and GFP EVs further confirmed the immune enhancement property of EV-GFP in mice. In vitro uptake assays indicated that EV-GFP was more efficiently taken up than soluble GFP by mouse splenocytes and such uptake was B cell preferential. Taken together, our data indicate that viral TMs can efficiently load antigens onto the EV surface, and that EV-bound antigen enhances both humoral and cell-mediated antigen-specific responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Hu
- Department of Infectious DiseasesImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Paul F. McKay
- Department of Infectious DiseasesImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Karnyart Samnuan
- Department of Infectious DiseasesImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Adrian Najer
- Department of MaterialsDepartment of Bioengineeringand Institute of Biomedical EngineeringImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Anna K. Blakney
- Department of Infectious DiseasesImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Junyi Che
- Department of MaterialsDepartment of Bioengineeringand Institute of Biomedical EngineeringImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Gwen O'Driscoll
- Department of MaterialsDepartment of Bioengineeringand Institute of Biomedical EngineeringImperial College LondonLondonUK,Division of Radiotherapy and ImagingThe Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUK
| | - Martina Cihova
- Department of MaterialsDepartment of Bioengineeringand Institute of Biomedical EngineeringImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Molly M. Stevens
- Department of MaterialsDepartment of Bioengineeringand Institute of Biomedical EngineeringImperial College LondonLondonUK
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14
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Zhou J, Peacock TP, Brown JC, Goldhill DH, Elrefaey AME, Penrice-Randal R, Cowton VM, De Lorenzo G, Furnon W, Harvey WT, Kugathasan R, Frise R, Baillon L, Lassaunière R, Thakur N, Gallo G, Goldswain H, Donovan-Banfield I, Dong X, Randle NP, Sweeney F, Glynn MC, Quantrill JL, McKay PF, Patel AH, Palmarini M, Hiscox JA, Bailey D, Barclay WS. Mutations that adapt SARS-CoV-2 to mink or ferret do not increase fitness in the human airway. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110344. [PMID: 35093235 PMCID: PMC8768428 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 has a broad mammalian species tropism infecting humans, cats, dogs, and farmed mink. Since the start of the 2019 pandemic, several reverse zoonotic outbreaks of SARS-CoV-2 have occurred in mink, one of which reinfected humans and caused a cluster of infections in Denmark. Here we investigate the molecular basis of mink and ferret adaptation and demonstrate the spike mutations Y453F, F486L, and N501T all specifically adapt SARS-CoV-2 to use mustelid ACE2. Furthermore, we risk assess these mutations and conclude mink-adapted viruses are unlikely to pose an increased threat to humans, as Y453F attenuates the virus replication in human cells and all three mink adaptations have minimal antigenic impact. Finally, we show that certain SARS-CoV-2 variants emerging from circulation in humans may naturally have a greater propensity to infect mustelid hosts and therefore these species should continue to be surveyed for reverse zoonotic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhou
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Thomas P Peacock
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jonathan C Brown
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Daniel H Goldhill
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Rebekah Penrice-Randal
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecology Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Vanessa M Cowton
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Wilhelm Furnon
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - William T Harvey
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Rebecca Frise
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Laury Baillon
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ria Lassaunière
- Virus & Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nazia Thakur
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey, UK; The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Hannah Goldswain
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecology Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - I'ah Donovan-Banfield
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecology Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Xiaofeng Dong
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecology Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Nadine P Randle
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecology Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Fiachra Sweeney
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Martha C Glynn
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Paul F McKay
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Arvind H Patel
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Julian A Hiscox
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecology Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK; Infectious Diseases Horizontal Technology Centre (ID HTC), A(∗)STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Wendy S Barclay
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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15
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Pollock KM, Cheeseman HM, Szubert AJ, Libri V, Boffito M, Owen D, Bern H, O'Hara J, McFarlane LR, Lemm NM, McKay PF, Rampling T, Yim YTN, Milinkovic A, Kingsley C, Cole T, Fagerbrink S, Aban M, Tanaka M, Mehdipour S, Robbins A, Budd W, Faust SN, Hassanin H, Cosgrove CA, Winston A, Fidler S, Dunn DT, McCormack S, Shattock RJ. Safety and immunogenicity of a self-amplifying RNA vaccine against COVID-19: COVAC1, a phase I, dose-ranging trial. EClinicalMedicine 2022; 44:101262. [PMID: 35043093 PMCID: PMC8759012 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipid nanoparticle (LNP) encapsulated self-amplifying RNA (saRNA) is a novel technology formulated as a low dose vaccine against COVID-19. METHODS A phase I first-in-human dose-ranging trial of a saRNA COVID-19 vaccine candidate LNP-nCoVsaRNA, was conducted at Imperial Clinical Research Facility, and participating centres in London, UK, between 19th June to 28th October 2020. Participants received two intramuscular (IM) injections of LNP-nCoVsaRNA at six different dose levels, 0.1-10.0μg, given four weeks apart. An open-label dose escalation was followed by a dose evaluation. Solicited adverse events (AEs) were collected for one week from enrolment, with follow-up at regular intervals (1-8 weeks). The binding and neutralisation capacity of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody raised in participant sera was measured by means of an anti-Spike (S) IgG ELISA, immunoblot, SARS-CoV-2 pseudoneutralisation and wild type neutralisation assays. (The trial is registered: ISRCTN17072692, EudraCT 2020-001646-20). FINDINGS 192 healthy individuals with no history or serological evidence of COVID-19, aged 18-45 years were enrolled. The vaccine was well tolerated with no serious adverse events related to vaccination. Seroconversion at week six whether measured by ELISA or immunoblot was related to dose (both p<0.001), ranging from 8% (3/39; 0.1μg) to 61% (14/23; 10.0μg) in ELISA and 46% (18/39; 0.3μg) to 87% (20/23; 5.0μg and 10.0μg) in a post-hoc immunoblot assay. Geometric mean (GM) anti-S IgG concentrations ranged from 74 (95% CI, 45-119) at 0.1μg to 1023 (468-2236) ng/mL at 5.0μg (p<0.001) and was not higher at 10.0μg. Neutralisation of SARS-CoV-2 by participant sera was measurable in 15% (6/39; 0.1μg) to 48% (11/23; 5.0μg) depending on dose level received. INTERPRETATION Encapsulated saRNA is safe for clinical development, is immunogenic at low dose levels but failed to induce 100% seroconversion. Modifications to optimise humoral responses are required to realise its potential as an effective vaccine against SARS-CoV-2. FUNDING This study was co-funded by grants and gifts from the Medical Research Council UKRI (MC_PC_19076), and the National Institute Health Research/Vaccine Task Force, Partners of Citadel and Citadel Securities, Sir Joseph Hotung Charitable Settlement, Jon Moulton Charity Trust, Pierre Andurand, Restore the Earth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina M. Pollock
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London
- NIHR Imperial Clinical Research Facility and NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | | | | | - Vincenzo Libri
- NIHR UCLH Clinical Research Facility and NIHR UCLH Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | - Marta Boffito
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London
- Chelsea & Westminster Hospital, London
| | - David Owen
- NIHR Imperial Clinical Research Facility and NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | - Henry Bern
- MRC Clinical Trials Unit at UCL, London, UK
| | - Jessica O'Hara
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London
| | | | | | - Paul F. McKay
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London
| | - Tommy Rampling
- NIHR UCLH Clinical Research Facility and NIHR UCLH Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | - Yee Ting N. Yim
- NIHR UCLH Clinical Research Facility and NIHR UCLH Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | | | | | - Tom Cole
- NIHR Imperial Clinical Research Facility and NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | - Susanne Fagerbrink
- NIHR Imperial Clinical Research Facility and NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | - Marites Aban
- NIHR Imperial Clinical Research Facility and NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | - Maniola Tanaka
- NIHR Imperial Clinical Research Facility and NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | - Savviz Mehdipour
- NIHR Imperial Clinical Research Facility and NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | - Alexander Robbins
- NIHR Imperial Clinical Research Facility and NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | - William Budd
- NIHR Imperial Clinical Research Facility and NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | - Saul N. Faust
- NIHR Southampton Clinical Research Facility and Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK; Faculty of Medicine and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Hana Hassanin
- Surrey Clinical Research Facility, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | | | - Alan Winston
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London
| | - Sarah Fidler
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London
| | | | | | - Robin J. Shattock
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London
- Corresponding author.
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16
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Mann JFS, McKay PF, Klein K, Pankrac J, Tregoning JS, Shattock RJ. Blocking T cell egress with FTY720 extends DNA vaccine expression but reduces immunogenicity. Immunology 2021; 165:301-311. [PMID: 34775601 PMCID: PMC9426614 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Optimal immunogenicity from nucleic acid vaccines requires a balance of antigen expression that effectively engages the host immune system without generating a cellular response that rapidly destroys cells producing the antigen and thereby limiting vaccine antigen expression. We investigated the role of the cellular response on the expression and antigenicity of DNA vaccines using a plasmid DNA construct expressing luciferase. Repeated intramuscular administration led to diminished luciferase expression, suggesting a role for immune‐mediated clearance of expression. To investigate the role of cell trafficking, we used the sphingosine 1‐phosphate receptor (S1PR) modulator, FTY720 (Fingolimod), which traps lymphocytes within the lymphoid tissues. When lymphocyte trafficking was blocked with FTY720, DNA transgene expression was maintained at a constant level for a significantly extended time period. Both continuous and staggered administration of FTY720 prolonged transgene expression. However, blocking lymphocyte egress during primary transgene administration did not result in an increase of transgene expression during secondary administration. Interestingly, there was a disconnect between transgene expression and immunogenicity, as increasing expression by this approach did not enhance the overall immune response. Furthermore, when FTY720 was administered alongside a DNA vaccine expressing the HIV gp140 envelope antigen, there was a significant reduction in both antigen‐specific antibody and T‐cell responses. This indicates that the developing antigen‐specific cellular response clears DNA vaccine expression but requires access to the site of expression in order to develop an effective immune response. DNA vaccine transgene expression in tissue can be extended through the co‐administration of the sphingosine 1‐phosphate receptor (S1PR) modulator, FTY720. Despite extending vaccine transgene expression, the administration of FTY720 can reduce vaccine elicited antibody and T‐cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie F S Mann
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, London, W2 1PG, United Kingdom.,Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, Bristol, BS40 5DU, United Kingdom
| | - Paul F McKay
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, London, W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Katja Klein
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, London, W2 1PG, United Kingdom.,School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - Joshua Pankrac
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - John S Tregoning
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, London, W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Robin J Shattock
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, London, W2 1PG, United Kingdom
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17
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Mariotti S, Capocefalo A, Chiantore MV, Iacobino A, Teloni R, De Angelis ML, Gallinaro A, Pirillo MF, Borghi M, Canitano A, Michelini Z, Baggieri M, Marchi A, Bucci P, McKay PF, Acchioni C, Sandini S, Sgarbanti M, Tosini F, Di Virgilio A, Venturi G, Marino F, Esposito V, Di Bonito P, Magurano F, Cara A, Negri D, Nisini R. Isolation and Characterization of Mouse Monoclonal Antibodies That Neutralize SARS-CoV-2 and Its Variants of Concern Alpha, Beta, Gamma and Delta by Binding Conformational Epitopes of Glycosylated RBD With High Potency. Front Immunol 2021; 12:750386. [PMID: 34764961 PMCID: PMC8576447 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.750386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibodies targeting Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 have been suggested to account for the majority of neutralizing activity in COVID-19 convalescent sera and several neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) have been isolated, characterized and proposed as emergency therapeutics in the form of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). However, SARS-CoV-2 variants are rapidly spreading worldwide from the sites of initial identification. The variants of concern (VOC) B.1.1.7 (Alpha), B.1.351 (Beta), P.1 (Gamma) and B.1.167.2 (Delta) showed mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein potentially able to cause escape from nAb responses with a consequent reduction of efficacy of vaccines and mAbs-based therapy. We produced the recombinant RBD (rRBD) of SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein from the Wuhan-Hu 1 reference sequence in a mammalian system, for mice immunization to isolate new mAbs with neutralizing activity. Here we describe four mAbs that were able to bind the rRBD in Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay and the transmembrane full-length spike protein expressed in HEK293T cells by flow cytometry assay. Moreover, the mAbs recognized the RBD in supernatants of SARS-CoV-2 infected VERO E6 cells by Western Blot under non-reducing condition or in supernatants of cells infected with lentivirus pseudotyped for spike protein, by immunoprecipitation assay. Three out of four mAbs lost their binding efficiency to completely N-deglycosylated rRBD and none was able to bind the same recombinant protein expressed in Escherichia coli, suggesting that the epitopes recognized by three mAbs are generated by the conformational structure of the glycosylated native protein. Of particular relevance, three mAbs were able to inhibit Wuhan SARS-CoV-2 infection of VERO E6 cells in a plaque-reduction neutralization test and the Wuhan SARS-CoV-2 as well as the Alpha, Beta, Gamma and Delta VOC in a pseudoviruses-based neutralization test. These mAbs represent important additional tools for diagnosis and therapy of COVID-19 and may contribute to the understanding of the functional structure of SARS-CoV-2 RBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Mariotti
- Dipartimento di Malattie infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | - Antonio Capocefalo
- Dipartimento Sicurezza alimentare, nutrizione e sanità pubblica veterinaria, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | | | - Angelo Iacobino
- Dipartimento di Malattie infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | - Raffaela Teloni
- Dipartimento di Malattie infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | - Maria Laura De Angelis
- Dipartimento di Oncologia e Medicina Molecolare, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | - Alessandra Gallinaro
- Centro nazionale per la salute globale, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | - Maria Franca Pirillo
- Centro nazionale per la salute globale, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | - Martina Borghi
- Dipartimento di Malattie infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | - Andrea Canitano
- Centro nazionale per la salute globale, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | - Zuleika Michelini
- Centro nazionale per la salute globale, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | - Melissa Baggieri
- Dipartimento di Malattie infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | - Antonella Marchi
- Dipartimento di Malattie infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | - Paola Bucci
- Dipartimento di Malattie infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | - Paul F. McKay
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chiara Acchioni
- Dipartimento di Malattie infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | - Silvia Sandini
- Dipartimento di Malattie infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | - Marco Sgarbanti
- Dipartimento di Malattie infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | - Fabio Tosini
- Dipartimento di Malattie infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | - Antonio Di Virgilio
- Centro per la sperimentazione ed il benessere animale, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | - Giulietta Venturi
- Dipartimento di Malattie infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | - Francesco Marino
- Centro nazionale per il controllo e la valutazione dei farmaci, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | - Valeria Esposito
- Centro nazionale per il controllo e la valutazione dei farmaci, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | - Paola Di Bonito
- Dipartimento di Malattie infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | - Fabio Magurano
- Dipartimento di Malattie infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | - Andrea Cara
- Centro nazionale per la salute globale, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | - Donatella Negri
- Dipartimento di Malattie infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | - Roberto Nisini
- Dipartimento di Malattie infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
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18
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Blakney AK, McKay PF, Hu K, Samnuan K, Jain N, Brown A, Thomas A, Rogers P, Polra K, Sallah H, Yeow J, Zhu Y, Stevens MM, Geall A, Shattock RJ. Polymeric and lipid nanoparticles for delivery of self-amplifying RNA vaccines. J Control Release 2021; 338:201-210. [PMID: 34418521 PMCID: PMC8412240 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Self-amplifying RNA (saRNA) is a next-generation vaccine platform, but like all nucleic acids, requires a delivery vehicle to promote cellular uptake and protect the saRNA from degradation. To date, delivery platforms for saRNA have included lipid nanoparticles (LNP), polyplexes and cationic nanoemulsions; of these LNP are the most clinically advanced with the recent FDA approval of COVID-19 based-modified mRNA vaccines. While the effect of RNA on vaccine immunogenicity is well studied, the role of biomaterials in saRNA vaccine effectiveness is under investigated. Here, we tested saRNA formulated with either pABOL, a bioreducible polymer, or LNP, and characterized the protein expression and vaccine immunogenicity of both platforms. We observed that pABOL-formulated saRNA resulted in a higher magnitude of protein expression, but that the LNP formulations were overall more immunogenic. Furthermore, we observed that both the helper phospholipid and route of administration (intramuscular versus intranasal) of LNP impacted the vaccine immunogenicity of two model antigens (influenza hemagglutinin and SARS-CoV-2 spike protein). We observed that LNP administered intramuscularly, but not pABOL or LNP administered intranasally, resulted in increased acute interleukin-6 expression after vaccination. Overall, these results indicate that delivery systems and routes of administration may fulfill different delivery niches within the field of saRNA genetic medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K. Blakney
- The University of British Columbia, Michael Smith Laboratories, School of Biomedical Engineering, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z4, Canada,Imperial College London, Department of Infectious Disease, London W21PG, United Kingdom,Corresponding authors at: Imperial College London, Department of Infectious Disease, London W21PG, United Kingdom
| | - Paul F. McKay
- Imperial College London, Department of Infectious Disease, London W21PG, United Kingdom
| | - Kai Hu
- Imperial College London, Department of Infectious Disease, London W21PG, United Kingdom
| | - Karnyart Samnuan
- Imperial College London, Department of Infectious Disease, London W21PG, United Kingdom
| | - Nikita Jain
- Precision NanoSystems Inc., Vancouver, BC V6P6T7, Canada
| | - Andrew Brown
- Precision NanoSystems Inc., Vancouver, BC V6P6T7, Canada
| | - Anitha Thomas
- Precision NanoSystems Inc., Vancouver, BC V6P6T7, Canada
| | - Paul Rogers
- Imperial College London, Department of Infectious Disease, London W21PG, United Kingdom
| | - Krunal Polra
- Imperial College London, Department of Infectious Disease, London W21PG, United Kingdom
| | - Hadijatou Sallah
- Imperial College London, Department of Infectious Disease, London W21PG, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Yeow
- Imperial College London, Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, London SW72BU, United Kingdom
| | - Yunqing Zhu
- Imperial College London, Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, London SW72BU, United Kingdom,School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Molly M. Stevens
- Imperial College London, Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, London SW72BU, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Geall
- Precision NanoSystems Inc., Vancouver, BC V6P6T7, Canada
| | - Robin J. Shattock
- Imperial College London, Department of Infectious Disease, London W21PG, United Kingdom,Corresponding authors at: Imperial College London, Department of Infectious Disease, London W21PG, United Kingdom
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19
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Spencer AJ, McKay PF, Belij-Rammerstorfer S, Ulaszewska M, Bissett CD, Hu K, Samnuan K, Blakney AK, Wright D, Sharpe HR, Gilbride C, Truby A, Allen ER, Gilbert SC, Shattock RJ, Lambe T. Heterologous vaccination regimens with self-amplifying RNA and adenoviral COVID vaccines induce robust immune responses in mice. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2893. [PMID: 34001897 PMCID: PMC8129084 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23173-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Several vaccines have demonstrated efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 mediated disease, yet there is limited data on the immune response induced by heterologous vaccination regimens using alternate vaccine modalities. Here, we present a detailed description of the immune response, in mice, following vaccination with a self-amplifying RNA (saRNA) vaccine and an adenoviral vectored vaccine (ChAdOx1 nCoV-19/AZD1222) against SARS-CoV-2. We demonstrate that antibody responses are higher in two-dose heterologous vaccination regimens than single-dose regimens. Neutralising titres after heterologous prime-boost were at least comparable or higher than the titres measured after homologous prime boost vaccination with viral vectors. Importantly, the cellular immune response after a heterologous regimen is dominated by cytotoxic T cells and Th1+ CD4 T cells, which is superior to the response induced in homologous vaccination regimens in mice. These results underpin the need for clinical trials to investigate the immunogenicity of heterologous regimens with alternate vaccine technologies.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- COVID-19/immunology
- COVID-19/prevention & control
- COVID-19 Vaccines/administration & dosage
- COVID-19 Vaccines/genetics
- COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology
- ChAdOx1 nCoV-19
- Immunization, Secondary
- Immunogenicity, Vaccine
- Mice
- RNA, Viral/administration & dosage
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- RNA, Viral/immunology
- SARS-CoV-2/immunology
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Vaccination/methods
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra J Spencer
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Paul F McKay
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Marta Ulaszewska
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Cameron D Bissett
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kai Hu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Karnyart Samnuan
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Anna K Blakney
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Daniel Wright
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Hannah R Sharpe
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ciaran Gilbride
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Adam Truby
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Elizabeth R Allen
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sarah C Gilbert
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Robin J Shattock
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Teresa Lambe
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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20
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Murray SM, McKay PF. Chlamydia trachomatis: Cell biology, immunology and vaccination. Vaccine 2021; 39:2965-2975. [PMID: 33771390 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis is the causative agent of a highly prevalent sexually transmitted bacterial disease and is associated with a number of severe disease complications. Current therapy options are successful at treating disease, but patients are left without protective immunity and do not benefit the majority asymptomatic patients who do not seek treatment. As such, there is a clear need for a broad acting, protective vaccine that can prevent transmission and protect against symptomatic disease presentation. There are three key elements that underlie successful vaccine development: 1) Chlamydia biology and immune-evasion adaptations, 2) the correlates of protection that prevent disease in natural and experimental infection, 3) reflection upon the evidence provided by previous vaccine attempts. In this review, we give an overview of the unique intra-cellular biology of C. trachomatis and give insight into the dynamic combination of adaptations that allow Chlamydia to subvert host immunity and survive within the cell. We explore the current understanding of chlamydial immunity in animal models and in humans and characterise the key immune correlates of protection against infection. We discuss in detail the specific immune interactions involved in protection, with relevance placed on the CD4+ T lymphocyte and B lymphocyte responses that are key to pathogen clearance. Finally, we provide a timeline of C. trachomatis vaccine research to date and evaluate the successes and failures in development so far. With insight from these three key elements of research, we suggest potential solutions for chlamydial vaccine development and promising avenues for further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam M Murray
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK.
| | - Paul F McKay
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK.
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21
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Blakney AK, McKay PF, Bouton CR, Hu K, Samnuan K, Shattock RJ. Innate Inhibiting Proteins Enhance Expression and Immunogenicity of Self-Amplifying RNA. Mol Ther 2021; 29:1174-1185. [PMID: 33352107 PMCID: PMC7935664 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2020.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-amplifying RNA (saRNA) is a cutting-edge platform for both nucleic acid vaccines and therapeutics. saRNA is self-adjuvanting, as it activates types I and III interferon (IFN), which enhances the immunogenicity of RNA vaccines but can also lead to inhibition of translation. In this study, we screened a library of saRNA constructs with cis-encoded innate inhibiting proteins (IIPs) and determined the effect on protein expression and immunogenicity. We observed that the PIV-5 V and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) ORF4a proteins enhance protein expression 100- to 500-fold in vitro in IFN-competent HeLa and MRC5 cells. We found that the MERS-CoV ORF4a protein partially abates dose nonlinearity in vivo, and that ruxolitinib, a potent Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) inhibitor, but not the IIPs, enhances protein expression of saRNA in vivo. Both the PIV-5 V and MERS-CoV ORF4a proteins were found to enhance the percentage of resident cells in human skin explants expressing saRNA and completely rescued dose nonlinearity of saRNA. Finally, we observed that the MERS-CoV ORF4a increased the rabies virus (RABV)-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) titer and neutralization half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) by ∼10-fold in rabbits, but not in mice or rats. These experiments provide a proof of concept that IIPs can be directly encoded into saRNA vectors and effectively abate the nonlinear dose dependency and enhance immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Blakney
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London W21PG, UK.
| | - Paul F McKay
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London W21PG, UK
| | - Clément R Bouton
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London W21PG, UK
| | - Kai Hu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London W21PG, UK
| | - Karnyart Samnuan
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London W21PG, UK
| | - Robin J Shattock
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London W21PG, UK.
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22
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Blakney
- University of British Columbia, Michael Smith Laboratories, Vancouver, BC V6S 0K3, Canada.
| | - Paul F McKay
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
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23
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Che J, Najer A, Blakney AK, McKay PF, Bellahcene M, Winter CW, Sintou A, Tang J, Keane TJ, Schneider MD, Shattock RJ, Sattler S, Stevens MM. Neutrophils Enable Local and Non-Invasive Liposome Delivery to Inflamed Skeletal Muscle and Ischemic Heart. Adv Mater 2020; 32:e2003598. [PMID: 33103807 PMCID: PMC7613371 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202003598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Uncontrolled inflammation is a major pathological factor underlying a range of diseases including autoimmune conditions, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Improving localized delivery of immunosuppressive drugs to inflamed tissue in a non-invasive manner offers significant promise to reduce severe side effects caused by systemic administration. Here, a neutrophil-mediated delivery system able to transport drug-loaded nanocarriers to inflamed tissue by exploiting the inherent ability of neutrophils to migrate to inflammatory tissue is reported. This hybrid system (neutrophils loaded with liposomes ex vivo) efficiently migrates in vitro following an inflammatory chemokine gradient. Furthermore, the triggered release of loaded liposomes and reuptake by target macrophages is studied. The migratory behavior of liposome-loaded neutrophils is confirmed in vivo by demonstrating the delivery of drug-loaded liposomes to an inflamed skeletal muscle in mice. A single low-dose injection of the hybrid system locally reduces inflammatory cytokine levels. Biodistribution of liposome-loaded neutrophils in a human-disease-relevant myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury mouse model after i.v. injection confirms the ability of injected neutrophils to carry loaded liposomes to inflammation sites. This strategy shows the potential of nanocarrier-loaded neutrophils as a universal platform to deliver anti-inflammatory drugs to promote tissue regeneration in inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyi Che
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Adrian Najer
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Anna K Blakney
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Paul F McKay
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Mohamed Bellahcene
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Charles W Winter
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Amalia Sintou
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Jiaqing Tang
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Timothy J Keane
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Michael D Schneider
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Robin J Shattock
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Susanne Sattler
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Molly M Stevens
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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24
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Blakney AK, Deletic P, McKay PF, Bouton CR, Ashford M, Shattock RJ, Sabirsh A. Effect of complexing lipids on cellular uptake and expression of messenger RNA in human skin explants. J Control Release 2020; 330:1250-1261. [PMID: 33250305 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Messenger RNA (mRNA) represents a promising next-generation approach for both treatment and vaccination. Lipid based particles are one of the most investigated delivery systems for mRNA formulations. Here we explore how the complexing lipid affects uptake and translation of lipoplex-delivered RNA in resident cells in human skin explants and, we explore a more modular delivery system that utilizes mRNA added to pre-formed nanoparticles prior to dosing. We prepared formulations of lipoplexes with ionizable, cationic or zwitterionic lipids, externally complexed these with mRNA, and observed which cells internalized and/or expressed the mRNA over 72 h after intradermal injections into primary, human, skin explants. Using a flow cytometry panel to assess cellular phenotypes, mRNA uptake and mRNA expression, we found that, unlike other cell types, adipocytes expressed mRNA efficiently at 4 and 24 h after mRNA-lipoplex injection and contributed the greatest proportion of total RNA-encoded protein expression, despite being the lowest frequency cell type. Other cell types (epithelial cells, fibroblasts, T cells, B cells, dendritic cells, monocytes, NK cells, Langerhans cells, and leukocytes) had increasing mRNA expression over the course of 72 h, irrespective of lipoplex formulation. We observed that overall charge of the particle, but not the complexing lipid classification, was predictive for the pattern of mRNA uptake and expression among resident cell types in this model. This study provides insight into maximizing protein expression, using modular mRNA lipoplexes that are more compatible with product development, in a clinically relevant, human skin explant model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Blakney
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London W21PG, United Kingdom.
| | - Polina Deletic
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London W21PG, United Kingdom
| | - Paul F McKay
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London W21PG, United Kingdom
| | - Clément R Bouton
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London W21PG, United Kingdom
| | - Marianne Ashford
- Advanced Drug Delivery Pharmaceutical Sciences, R & D, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - Robin J Shattock
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London W21PG, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Sabirsh
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R & D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
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25
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Mann JFS, Pankrac J, Klein K, McKay PF, King DFL, Gibson R, Wijewardhana CN, Pawa R, Meyerowitz J, Gao Y, Canaday DH, Avino M, Poon AFY, Foster C, Fidler S, Shattock RJ, Arts EJ. A targeted reactivation of latent HIV-1 using an activator vector in patient samples from acute infection. EBioMedicine 2020; 59:102853. [PMID: 32654992 PMCID: PMC7502668 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During combined anti-retroviral treatment, a latent HIV reservoir persists within resting memory CD4 T cells that initiates viral recrudescence upon treatment interruption. Strategies for HIV-1 cure have largely focused on latency reversing agents (LRAs) capable of reactivating and eliminating this viral reservoir. Previously investigated LRAs have largely failed to achieve a robust latency reversal sufficient for reduction of latent HIV pool or the potential of virus-free remission in the absence of treatment. METHODS We utilize a polyvalent virus-like particle (VLP) formulation called Activator Vector (ACT-VEC) to 'shock' provirus into transcriptional activity. Ex vivo co-culture experiments were used to evaluate the efficacy of ACT-VEC in relation to other LRAs in individuals diagnosed and treated during the acute stage of infection. IFN-γ ELISpot, qRT-PCR and Illumina MiSeq were used to evaluate antigenicity, latency reversal, and diversity of induced virus respectively. FINDINGS Using samples from HIV+ patients diagnosed and treated at acute/early infection, we demonstrate that ACT-VEC can reverse latency in HIV infected CD4 T cells to a greater extent than other major recall antigens as stimuli or even mitogens such as PMA/Iono. Furthermore, ACT-VEC activates more latent HIV-1 than clinically tested HDAC inhibitors or protein kinase C agonists. INTERPRETATION Taken together, these results show that ACT-VEC can induce HIV reactivation from latently infected CD4 T cells collected from participants on first line combined antiretroviral therapy for at least two years after being diagnosed and treated at acute/early stage of infection. These findings could provide guidance to possible targeted cure strategies and treatments. FUNDING NIH and CIHR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie F S Mann
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States
| | - Joshua Pankrac
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Katja Klein
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States
| | - Paul F McKay
- Imperial College London, Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Medicine, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Deborah F L King
- Imperial College London, Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Medicine, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Richard Gibson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Chanuka N Wijewardhana
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Rahul Pawa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Jodi Meyerowitz
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK
| | - Yong Gao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States
| | - David H Canaday
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States
| | - Mariano Avino
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Art F Y Poon
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Caroline Foster
- The 900 Clinic, Jefferies Wing, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London W2 1NY, UK
| | - Sarah Fidler
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Robin J Shattock
- Imperial College London, Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Medicine, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Eric J Arts
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States.
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26
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Gurnani P, Blakney AK, Terracciano R, Petch JE, Blok AJ, Bouton CR, McKay PF, Shattock RJ, Alexander C. The In Vitro, Ex Vivo, and In Vivo Effect of Polymer Hydrophobicity on Charge-Reversible Vectors for Self-Amplifying RNA. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:3242-3253. [PMID: 32644777 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c00698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
RNA technology has the potential to revolutionize vaccination. However, the lack of clear structure-property relationships in relevant biological models mean there is no clear consensus on the chemical motifs necessary to improve RNA delivery. In this work, we describe the synthesis of a series of copolymers based on the self-hydrolyzing charge-reversible polycation poly(dimethylaminoethyl acrylate) (pDMAEA), varying the lipophilicity of the additional co-monomers. All copolymers formed stable polyplexes, showing efficient complexation with model nucleic acids from nitrogen/phosphate (N/P) ratios of N/P = 5, with more hydrophobic complexes exhibiting slower charge reversal and disassembly compared to hydrophilic analogues. The more hydrophobic copolymers outperformed hydrophilic versions, homopolymer controls and the reference standard polymer (polyethylenimine), in transfection assays on 2D cell monolayers, albeit with significantly higher toxicities. Similarly, hydrophobic derivatives displayed up to a 4-fold higher efficacy in terms of the numbers of cells expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP+) cells in ex vivo human skin (10%) compared to free RNA (2%), attributed to transfection enrichment in epithelial cells. In contrast, in a mouse model, we observed the reverse trend in terms of RNA transfection, with no observable protein production in more hydrophobic analogues, whereas hydrophilic copolymers induced the highest transfection in vivo. Overall, our results suggest an important relationship between the vector lipophilicity and RNA transfection in vaccine settings, with polymer biocompatibility potentially a key parameter in effective in vivo protein production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratik Gurnani
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics and Formulation, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kindom
| | - Anna K Blakney
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, School of Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, Praed Street, London W2 1NY, United Kindom
| | - Roberto Terracciano
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics and Formulation, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kindom.,Drug Delivery Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Joshua E Petch
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics and Formulation, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kindom
| | - Andrew J Blok
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics and Formulation, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kindom
| | - Clément R Bouton
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, School of Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, Praed Street, London W2 1NY, United Kindom
| | - Paul F McKay
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, School of Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, Praed Street, London W2 1NY, United Kindom
| | - Robin J Shattock
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, School of Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, Praed Street, London W2 1NY, United Kindom
| | - Cameron Alexander
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics and Formulation, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kindom
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27
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Blakney AK, Zhu Y, McKay PF, Bouton C, Yeow J, Tang J, Hu K, Samnuan K, Grigsby CL, Shattock RJ, Stevens MM. Big Is Beautiful: Enhanced saRNA Delivery and Immunogenicity by a Higher Molecular Weight, Bioreducible, Cationic Polymer. ACS Nano 2020; 14:5711-5727. [PMID: 32267667 PMCID: PMC7304921 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c00326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Self-amplifying RNA (saRNA) vaccines are highly advantageous, as they result in enhanced protein expression compared to mRNA (mRNA), thus minimizing the required dose. However, previous delivery strategies were optimized for siRNA or mRNA and do not necessarily deliver saRNA efficiently due to structural differences of these RNAs, thus motivating the development of saRNA delivery platforms. Here, we engineer a bioreducible, linear, cationic polymer called "pABOL" for saRNA delivery and show that increasing its molecular weight enhances delivery both in vitro and in vivo. We demonstrate that pABOL enhances protein expression and cellular uptake via both intramuscular and intradermal injection compared to commercially available polymers in vivo and that intramuscular injection confers complete protection against influenza challenge. Due to the scalability of polymer synthesis and ease of formulation preparation, we anticipate that this polymer is highly clinically translatable as a delivery vehicle for saRNA for both vaccines and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K. Blakney
- Department
of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College
London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, U.K.
| | - Yunqing Zhu
- Department
of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Biomedical
Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, U.K.
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji
University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Paul F. McKay
- Department
of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College
London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, U.K.
| | - Clément
R. Bouton
- Department
of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College
London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, U.K.
| | - Jonathan Yeow
- Department
of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Biomedical
Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Jiaqing Tang
- Department
of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Biomedical
Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Kai Hu
- Department
of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College
London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, U.K.
| | - Karnyart Samnuan
- Department
of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College
London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, U.K.
| | - Christopher L. Grigsby
- Department
of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 171 65, Sweden
| | - Robin J. Shattock
- Department
of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College
London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, U.K.
| | - Molly M. Stevens
- Department
of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Biomedical
Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, U.K.
- Department
of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 171 65, Sweden
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28
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Blakney AK, Abdouni Y, Yilmaz G, Liu R, McKay PF, Bouton CR, Shattock RJ, Becer CR. Mannosylated Poly(ethylene imine) Copolymers Enhance saRNA Uptake and Expression in Human Skin Explants. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:2482-2492. [PMID: 32250603 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c00445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a promising platform for both vaccines and therapeutics, and self-amplifying RNA (saRNA) is particularly advantageous, as it enables higher protein expression and dose minimization. Here, we present a delivery platform for targeted delivery of saRNA using mannosylated poly(ethylene imine) (PEI) enabled by the host-guest interaction between cyclodextrin and adamantane. We show that the host-guest complexation does not interfere with the electrostatic interaction with saRNA and observed that increasing the degree of mannosylation inhibited transfection efficiency in vitro, but enhanced the number of cells expressing GFP by 8-fold in human skin explants. Besides, increasing the ratio of glycopolymer to saRNA also enhanced the percentage of transfected cells ex vivo. We identified that these mannosylated PEIs specifically increased protein expression in the epithelial cells resident in human skin in a mannose-dependent manner. This platform is promising for further study of glycosylation of PEI and targeted saRNA delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Blakney
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London W21PG, United Kingdom
| | - Yamin Abdouni
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Gokhan Yilmaz
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Renjie Liu
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Paul F McKay
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London W21PG, United Kingdom
| | - Clément R Bouton
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London W21PG, United Kingdom
| | - Robin J Shattock
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London W21PG, United Kingdom
| | - C Remzi Becer
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, United Kingdom.,Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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29
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Aldon Y, Kratochvil S, Shattock RJ, McKay PF. Chemokine-Adjuvanted Plasmid DNA Induces Homing of Antigen-Specific and Non-Antigen-Specific B and T Cells to the Intestinal and Genital Mucosae. J Immunol 2020; 204:903-913. [PMID: 31915263 PMCID: PMC6994839 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Plasmid DNA is a promising vaccine platform that together with electroporation can elicit significant systemic Ab responses; however, immunity at mucosal sites remains low. In this study, we sought to program T and B cells to home to the gastrointestinal and vaginal mucosae using genetic chemokine adjuvants and assessed their impact on immune homeostasis in various distinct immune compartments. BALB/c mice were immunized i.m. with plasmid DNA encoding a model Ag HIV-1 Env gp140 and selected chemokines/cytokine and boosted intravaginally with gp140 recombinant protein. Isolated splenocytes, intestinal lymphocytes, and genital lymphocytes as well as serum and intestinal luminal contents were assessed for Ag-specific reactivity. In addition, flow cytometric analysis was performed to determine the impact on immune homeostasis at these sites. Different molecular chemokine/cytokine adjuvants effected significant alterations to the recruitment of B and T cells to the spleen, vaginal and intestinal mucosae, for example CCL25 enhanced splenic and vaginal Ag-specific T cell responses whereas CCL28 increased the levels of specific T cells only in the vaginal mucosa. The levels of Ab could be modulated in the systemic circulation, as well as the vaginal vault and intestinal lumen, with CCL20 playing a central role. Our data demonstrate that the CCL20, CCL25, and CCL28 genetic chemokine adjuvants enhance the vaccine Ag-specific humoral and cellular responses and induce homing to the intestinal and female genital mucosae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoann Aldon
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Sven Kratochvil
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Robin J Shattock
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Paul F McKay
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
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30
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Blakney AK, Liu R, Yilmaz G, Abdouni Y, McKay PF, Bouton CR, Shattock RJ, Becer CR. Precisely targeted gene delivery in human skin using supramolecular cationic glycopolymers. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py00449a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Gene delivery has become the focus of clinical treatments, thus motivating delivery strategies that are capable of targeting certain cell types in the context of both vaccines and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K. Blakney
- Department of Medicine
- Division of Infectious Diseases
- Section of Immunology of infection
- Imperial College London
- London W21PG
| | - Renjie Liu
- School of Engineering and Materials Science
- Queen Mary University of London
- London
- UK
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering
| | - Gokhan Yilmaz
- School of Pharmacy
- University of Nottingham
- Nottingham
- UK
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Yamin Abdouni
- School of Engineering and Materials Science
- Queen Mary University of London
- London
- UK
| | - Paul F. McKay
- Department of Medicine
- Division of Infectious Diseases
- Section of Immunology of infection
- Imperial College London
- London W21PG
| | - Clément R. Bouton
- Department of Medicine
- Division of Infectious Diseases
- Section of Immunology of infection
- Imperial College London
- London W21PG
| | - Robin J. Shattock
- Department of Medicine
- Division of Infectious Diseases
- Section of Immunology of infection
- Imperial College London
- London W21PG
| | - C. Remzi Becer
- School of Engineering and Materials Science
- Queen Mary University of London
- London
- UK
- Department of Chemistry
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31
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Aldon Y, McKay PF, Allen J, Ozorowski G, Felfödiné Lévai R, Tolazzi M, Rogers P, He L, de Val N, Fábián K, Scarlatti G, Zhu J, Ward AB, Crispin M, Shattock RJ. Rational Design of DNA-Expressed Stabilized Native-Like HIV-1 Envelope Trimers. Cell Rep 2019; 24:3324-3338.e5. [PMID: 30232012 PMCID: PMC6167709 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV-1-envelope glycoprotein (Env) is the main target of antigen design for antibody-based prophylactic vaccines. The generation of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAb) likely requires the appropriate presentation of stabilized trimers preventing exposure of non-neutralizing antibody (nNAb) epitopes. We designed a series of membrane-bound Envs with increased trimer stability through the introduction of key stabilization mutations. We derived a stabilized HIV-1 trimer, ConSOSL.UFO.750, which displays a dramatic reduction in nNAb binding while maintaining high quaternary and MPER-specific bNAb binding. Its soluble counterpart, ConSOSL.UFO.664, displays similar antigenicity, and its native-like Env structure is confirmed by negative stain-EM and glycosylation profiling of the soluble ConSOSL.UFO.664 trimer. A rabbit immunization study demonstrated that the ConSOSL.UFO.664 can induce autologous tier 2 neutralization. We have successfully designed a stabilized native-like Env trimer amenable to nucleic acid or viral vector-based vaccination strategies. DNA-expressed closed pre-fusion native-like Env with preserved MPER exposure Env antigenicity varies across cell types and assays Muscle cells present properly folded and glycosylated membrane-bound Envs Fully glycosylated ConSOSL.UFO.664 induces autologous tier 2 neutralization
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoann Aldon
- Imperial College London, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Section of Virology, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Paul F McKay
- Imperial College London, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Section of Virology, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Joel Allen
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Gabriel Ozorowski
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Réka Felfödiné Lévai
- Department of Immunology, National Food Chain Safety Office, Directorate of Veterinary Medicinal Products, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Monica Tolazzi
- Viral Evolution and Transmission Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Paul Rogers
- Imperial College London, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Section of Virology, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Linling He
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Natalia de Val
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Katalin Fábián
- Department of Immunology, National Food Chain Safety Office, Directorate of Veterinary Medicinal Products, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gabriella Scarlatti
- Viral Evolution and Transmission Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Jiang Zhu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Andrew B Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Max Crispin
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Robin J Shattock
- Imperial College London, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Section of Virology, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK.
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Blakney AK, McKay PF, Yus BI, Aldon Y, Shattock RJ. Inside out: optimization of lipid nanoparticle formulations for exterior complexation and in vivo delivery of saRNA. Gene Ther 2019; 26:363-372. [PMID: 31300730 PMCID: PMC6760535 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-019-0095-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Self-amplifying RNA (saRNA) is a promising biotherapeutic tool that has been used as a vaccine against both infectious diseases and cancer. saRNA has been shown to induce protein expression for up to 60 days and elicit immune responses with lower dosing than messenger RNA (mRNA). Because saRNA is a large (~9500 nt), negatively charged molecule, it requires a delivery vehicle for efficient cellular uptake and degradation protection. Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) have been widely used for RNA formulations, where the prevailing paradigm is to encapsulate RNA within the particle, including the first FDA-approved small-interfering siRNA therapy. Here, we compared LNP formulations with cationic and ionizable lipids with saRNA either on the interior or exterior of the particle. We show that LNPs formulated with cationic lipids protect saRNA from RNAse degradation, even when it is adsorbed to the surface. Furthermore, cationic LNPs deliver saRNA equivalently to particles formulated with saRNA encapsulated in an ionizable lipid particle, both in vitro and in vivo. Finally, we show that cationic and ionizable LNP formulations induce equivalent antibodies against HIV-1 Env gp140 as a model antigen. These studies establish formulating saRNA on the surface of cationic LNPs as an alternative to the paradigm of encapsulating RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Blakney
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Paul F McKay
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Yoann Aldon
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Blakney AK, McKay PF, Ibarzo Yus B, Hunter JE, Dex EA, Shattock RJ. The Skin You Are In: Design-of-Experiments Optimization of Lipid Nanoparticle Self-Amplifying RNA Formulations in Human Skin Explants. ACS Nano 2019; 13:5920-5930. [PMID: 31046232 PMCID: PMC7007275 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b01774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a promising tool for biotherapeutics, and self-amplifying mRNA (saRNA) is particularly advantageous, because it results in abundant protein expression and production is easily scalable. While mRNA therapeutics have been shown to be highly effective in small animals, the outcomes do not scale linearly when these formulations are translated to dose-escalation studies in humans. Here, we utilize a design of experiments (DoE) approach to optimize the formulation of saRNA lipid nanoparticles in human skin explants. We first observed that luciferase expression from saRNA peaked after 11 days in human skin. Using DoE inputs of complexing lipid identity, lipid nanoparticle dose, lipid concentration, particle concentration, and ratio of zwitterionic to cationic lipids, we optimized the saRNA-induced luciferase expression in skin explants. Lipid identity and lipid concentration were found to be significant parameters in the DoE model, and the optimized formulation resulted in ∼7-fold increase in luciferase expression, relative to initial 1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane (DOTAP) formulation. Using flow cytometry, we observed that optimized formulations delivered the saRNA to ∼2% of the resident cells in the human skin explants. Although immune cells comprise only 7% of the total population of cells in skin, immune cells were found to express ∼50% of the RNA. This study demonstrates the powerful combination of using a DoE approach paired with clinically relevant human skin explants to optimize nucleic acid formulations. We expect that this system will be useful for optimizing both formulation and molecular designs of clinically translational nucleic acid vaccines and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K. Blakney
- Department
of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W21PG, United Kingdom
| | - Paul F. McKay
- Department
of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W21PG, United Kingdom
| | - Bárbara Ibarzo Yus
- Department
of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W21PG, United Kingdom
| | - Judith E. Hunter
- Department
of Plastic Surgery, Imperial NHS Trust, London, W68RF, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth A. Dex
- Department
of Plastic Surgery, Imperial NHS Trust, London, W68RF, United Kingdom
| | - Robin J. Shattock
- Department
of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W21PG, United Kingdom
- E-mail:
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McKay PF, Cizmeci D, Aldon Y, Maertzdorf J, Weiner J, Kaufmann SH, Lewis DJ, van den Berg RA, Del Giudice G, Shattock RJ. Identification of potential biomarkers of vaccine inflammation in mice. eLife 2019; 8:46149. [PMID: 31084714 PMCID: PMC6555592 DOI: 10.7554/elife.46149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Systems vaccinology approaches have been used successfully to define early signatures of the vaccine-induced immune response. However, the possibility that transcriptomics can also identify a correlate or surrogate for vaccine inflammation has not been fully explored. We have compared four licensed vaccines with known safety profiles, as well as three agonists of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) with known inflammatory potential, to elucidate the transcriptomic profile of an acceptable response to vaccination versus that of an inflammatory reaction. In mice, we looked at the transcriptomic changes in muscle at the injection site, the lymph node that drained the muscle, and the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs)isolated from the circulating blood from 4 hr after injection and over the next week. A detailed examination and comparative analysis of these transcriptomes revealed a set of novel biomarkers that are reflective of inflammation after vaccination. These biomarkers are readily measurable in the peripheral blood, providing useful surrogates of inflammation, and provide a way to select candidates with acceptable safety profiles. Measles, whooping cough and other diseases can cause serious illness and death in humans, especially in young children and other vulnerable individuals. Giving people vaccines ‘trains’ their immune system to recognize and fight the microbes that cause the conditions. During an infection, the immune system triggers a set of responses that limit the spread of the infectious agent and eliminate it from the body. This can include swelling of tissues (known as inflammation), which in rare cases, can be life threatening. Inoculations work by sparking a mild immune response in the body. Before a new vaccine is licensed for use, it is thoroughly tested in mice and rodents, and then in human volunteers, to ensure it will cause little or no inflammation. Finding a way to predict early on whether a vaccine candidate will trigger dangerous levels of inflammation would improve this process. To explore this, McKay, Cizmeci et al. injected the muscle tissue of different groups of mice with one of four licensed vaccines which, by definition, cause little or no inflammation. Other groups of animals were given one of three drugs known to trigger inflammation. Over the following seven days the team repeatedly collected blood as well as cells from the muscle tissue and the lymph nodes. These samples were then analysed to find out which genes were switched on or off at any given time. The experiments show that the responses of genes in the blood and lymph cells of the mice are connected to those in the muscle cells. Therefore, blood samples may provide a quick and convenient way to assess how an animal is responding to a potential new vaccine. By comparing the genes switched on or off in response to the different vaccines and drugs, McKay, Cizemeci et al. were able to identify a set of genes (known as “biomarkers”) that are associated with inflammation in animals. These biomarkers can be used to spot early on whether a new treatment is triggering inflammation. The next step would then be to identify a similar or identical set of biomarkers in other animals used in vaccine research, and in humans. Ultimately, this approach could make the assessment of the safety of a new vaccine candidate easier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul F McKay
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Section of Virology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Deniz Cizmeci
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Section of Virology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yoann Aldon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Section of Virology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jeroen Maertzdorf
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - January Weiner
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan He Kaufmann
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - David Jm Lewis
- The NIHR Imperial Clinical Research Facility, Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Robin J Shattock
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Section of Virology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Blakney AK, McKay PF, Christensen D, Yus BI, Aldon Y, Follmann F, Shattock RJ. Effects of cationic adjuvant formulation particle type, fluidity and immunomodulators on delivery and immunogenicity of saRNA. J Control Release 2019; 304:65-74. [PMID: 31071377 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Self-amplifying RNA (saRNA) is well suited as a vaccine platform against chlamydia, as it is relatively affordable and scalable, has been shown to induce immunity against multivalent antigens, and can result in protein expression for up to 60 days. Cationic adjuvant formulations (CAFs) have been previously investigated as an adjuvant for protein subunit vaccines; here we optimize the CAFs for delivery of saRNA in vivo and observe the immunogenicity profile in the context of both cellular and humoral immunity against the major outer membrane protein (MOMP) of Chlamydia trachomatis. We tested both liposomal and emulsion based CAFs with solid and fluid phase lipids, with or without the TLR agonists R848 and 3M-052, for in vitro transfection efficiency and cytotoxicity. We then optimized the RNA/delivery system ratio for in vivo delivery using saRNA coding for firefly luciferase (fLuc) as a reporter protein in vivo. We observed that while the fluid phase liposome formulations showed the highest in vitro transfection efficiency, the fluid and solid phase liposomes had equivalent luciferase expression in vivo. Incorporation of R848 or 3M-052 into the formulation was not observed to affect the delivery efficiency of saRNA either in vitro or in vivo. MOMP-encoding saRNA complexed with CAFs resulted in both MOMP-specific cellular and humoral immunity, and while there was a slight enhancement of IFN-γ+ T-cell responses when R848 was incorporated into the formulation, the self-adjuvanting effects of RNA appeared to dominate the immune response. These studies establish that CAFs are efficient delivery vehicles for saRNA both for in vitro transfections and in vivo immunogenicity and generate cellular and humoral responses that are proportionate to protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Blakney
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Paul F McKay
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Dennis Christensen
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Yoann Aldon
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Frank Follmann
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Petrova VN, Muir L, McKay PF, Vassiliou GS, Smith KGC, Lyons PA, Russell CA, Anderson CA, Kellam P, Bashford-Rogers RJM. Combined Influence of B-Cell Receptor Rearrangement and Somatic Hypermutation on B-Cell Class-Switch Fate in Health and in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1784. [PMID: 30147686 PMCID: PMC6095981 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
A diverse B-cell receptor (BCR) repertoire is required to bind a wide range of antigens. BCRs are generated through genetic recombination and can be diversified through somatic hypermutation (SHM) or class-switch recombination (CSR). Patterns of repertoire diversity can vary substantially between different health conditions. We use isotype-resolved BCR sequencing to compare B-cell evolution and class-switch fate in healthy individuals and in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). We show that the patterns of SHM and CSR in B-cells from healthy individuals are distinct from CLL. We identify distinct properties of clonal expansion that lead to the generation of antibodies of different classes in healthy, malignant, and non-malignant CLL BCR repertoires. We further demonstrate that BCR diversity is affected by relationships between antibody variable and constant regions leading to isotype-specific signatures of variable gene usage. This study provides powerful insights into the mechanisms underlying the evolution of the adaptive immune responses in health and their aberration during disease.
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MESH Headings
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- B-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Class Switching/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Isotypes/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Joining Region/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/metabolism
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/pathology
- Multigene Family
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/genetics
- Somatic Hypermutation, Immunoglobulin
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luke Muir
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul F. McKay
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Paul A. Lyons
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Colin A. Russell
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Paul Kellam
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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37
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Blakney AK, McKay PF, Shattock RJ. Structural Components for Amplification of Positive and Negative Strand VEEV Splitzicons. Front Mol Biosci 2018; 5:71. [PMID: 30094239 PMCID: PMC6070733 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2018.00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA is a promising nucleic acid technology for both vaccines and therapeutics, and replicon RNA has gained traction as a next-generation RNA modality. Replicon RNA self-amplifies using a replicase complex derived from alphaviral non-structural proteins and yields higher protein expression than a similar dose of messenger RNA. Here, we debut RNA splitzicons; a split replicon system wherein the non-structural proteins (NSPs) and the gene of interest are encoded on separate RNA molecules, but still exhibit the self-amplification properties of replicon RNA. We designed both positive and negative strand splitzicons encoding firefly luciferase as a reporter protein to determine which structural components, including the 5' untranslated region (UTR), a 51-nucleotide conserved sequence element (CSE) from the first nonstructural protein, the subgenomic promoter (SGP) and corresponding untranslated region, and an internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) affect amplification. When paired with a NSP construct derived from the whole, wild type replicon, both the positive and negative strand splitzicons were amplified. The combination of the 51nt CSE, subgenomic promoter and untranslated region were imperative for the positive strand splitzicon, while the negative strand was amplified simply with inclusion of the subgenomic promoter. The splitzicons were amplified by NSPs in multiple cell types and show increasing protein expression with increasing doses of NSP. Furthermore, both the positive and negative strand splitzicons continued to amplify over the course of 72 h, up to >100,000-fold. This work demonstrates a system for screening the components required for amplification from the positive and negative strand intermediates of RNA replicons and presents a new approach to RNA replicon technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Blakney
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul F McKay
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robin J Shattock
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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38
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Blakney AK, Yilmaz G, McKay PF, Becer CR, Shattock RJ. One Size Does Not Fit All: The Effect of Chain Length and Charge Density of Poly(ethylene imine) Based Copolymers on Delivery of pDNA, mRNA, and RepRNA Polyplexes. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:2870-2879. [PMID: 29698602 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b00429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nucleic acid delivery systems are commonly translated between different modalities, such as DNA and RNA of varying length and structure, despite physical differences in these molecules that yield disparate delivery efficiency with the same system. Here, we synthesized a library of poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline)/poly(ethylene imine) copolymers with varying molar mass and charge densities in order to probe how pDNA, mRNA, and RepRNA polyplex characteristics affect transfection efficiency. The library was utilized in a full factorial design of experiment (DoE) screening, with outputs of luciferase expression, particle size, surface charge, and particle concentration. The optimal copolymer molar mass and charge density was found as 83 kDa/100%, 72 kDa/100%, and 45 kDa/80% for pDNA, RepRNA, and mRNA, respectively. While 10 of the synthesized copolymers enhanced the transfection efficiency of pDNA and mRNA, only 2 copolymers enhanced RepRNA transfection efficiency, indicating a narrow and more stringent design space for RepRNA. These findings suggest that there is not a "one size fits all" polymer for different nucleic acid species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Blakney
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Section of Virology , Imperial College London , Norfolk Place, London W21PG , U.K
| | - Gokhan Yilmaz
- Polymer Chemistry Laboratory, School of Engineering and Materials Science , Queen Mary University of London , London E1 4NS , U.K
| | - Paul F McKay
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Section of Virology , Imperial College London , Norfolk Place, London W21PG , U.K
| | - C Remzi Becer
- Polymer Chemistry Laboratory, School of Engineering and Materials Science , Queen Mary University of London , London E1 4NS , U.K
| | - Robin J Shattock
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Section of Virology , Imperial College London , Norfolk Place, London W21PG , U.K
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Abstract
An efficacious HIV-1 vaccine is regarded as the best way to halt the ongoing HIV-1 epidemic. However, despite significant efforts to develop a safe and effective vaccine, the modestly protective RV144 trial remains the only efficacy trial to provide some level of protection against HIV-1 acquisition. This review will outline the history of HIV vaccine development, novel technologies being applied to HIV vaccinology and immunogen design, as well as the studies that are ongoing to advance our understanding of vaccine-induced immune correlates of protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Gao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada.
| | - Paul F McKay
- Imperial College London, Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Medicine, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK.
| | - Jamie F S Mann
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada.
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40
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Kratochvil S, McKay PF, Chung AW, Kent SJ, Gilmour J, Shattock RJ. Corrigendum: Immunoglobulin G1 Allotype Influences Antibody Subclass Distribution in Response to HIV gp140 Vaccination. Front Immunol 2018; 9:342. [PMID: 29508861 PMCID: PMC5835318 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul F McKay
- Imperial College London, Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amy W Chung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephen J Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Health, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jill Gilmour
- IAVI Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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41
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Anderson J, Olafsdottir TA, Kratochvil S, McKay PF, Östensson M, Persson J, Shattock RJ, Harandi AM. Molecular Signatures of a TLR4 Agonist-Adjuvanted HIV-1 Vaccine Candidate in Humans. Front Immunol 2018. [PMID: 29535712 PMCID: PMC5834766 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Systems biology approaches have recently provided new insights into the mechanisms of action of human vaccines and adjuvants. Here, we investigated early transcriptional signatures induced in whole blood of healthy subjects following vaccination with a recombinant HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein subunit CN54gp140 adjuvanted with the TLR4 agonist glucopyranosyl lipid adjuvant-aqueous formulation (GLA-AF) and correlated signatures to CN54gp140-specific serum antibody responses. Fourteen healthy volunteers aged 18–45 years were immunized intramuscularly three times at 1-month intervals and whole blood samples were collected at baseline, 6 h, and 1, 3, and 7 days post first immunization. Subtle changes in the transcriptomic profiles were observed following immunization, ranging from over 300 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at day 1 to nearly 100 DEGs at day 7 following immunization. Functional pathway analysis revealed blood transcription modules (BTMs) related to general cell cycle activation, and innate immune cell activation at early time points, as well as BTMs related to T cells and B cell activation at the later time points post-immunization. Diverse CN54gp140-specific serum antibody responses of the subjects enabled their categorization into high or low responders, at early (<1 month) and late (up to 6 months) time points post vaccination. BTM analyses revealed repression of modules enriched in NK cells, and the mitochondrial electron chain, in individuals with high or sustained antigen-specific antibody responses. However, low responders showed an enhancement of BTMs associated with enrichment in myeloid cells and monocytes as well as integrin cell surface interactions. Flow cytometry analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from the subjects revealed an enhanced frequency of CD56dim NK cells in the majority of vaccines 14 days after vaccination as compared with the baseline. These results emphasize the utility of a systems biology approach to enhance our understanding on the mechanisms of action of TLR4 adjuvanted human vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna Anderson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Thorunn A Olafsdottir
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sven Kratochvil
- Department of Medicine, Mucosal Infection and Immunity Group, Section of Virology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul F McKay
- Department of Medicine, Mucosal Infection and Immunity Group, Section of Virology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Malin Östensson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Josefine Persson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Robin J Shattock
- Department of Medicine, Mucosal Infection and Immunity Group, Section of Virology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ali M Harandi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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42
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Pankrac J, Klein K, McKay PF, King DFL, Bain K, Knapp J, Biru T, Wijewardhana CN, Pawa R, Canaday DH, Gao Y, Fidler S, Shattock RJ, Arts EJ, Mann JFS. A heterogeneous human immunodeficiency virus-like particle (VLP) formulation produced by a novel vector system. NPJ Vaccines 2018; 3:2. [PMID: 29367885 PMCID: PMC5775397 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-017-0040-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
First identified as the etiological agent behind Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) in the early 1980s, HIV-1 has continued to spread into a global pandemic and major public health concern. Despite the success of antiretroviral therapy at reducing HIV-1 viremia and preventing the dramatic CD4+ T-cell collapse, infected individuals remain HIV positive for life. Unfortunately, it is increasingly clear that natural immunity is not, and may never be, protective against this pathogen. Therefore, efficacious vaccine interventions, which can either prevent infection or eradicate the latent viral reservoir and effect cure, are a major medical priority. Here we describe the development of a safe vaccine platform, currently being utilized in on-going prophylactic and therapeutic preclinical studies and consisting of highly heterogeneous virus-like particle formulations that represent the virus diversity within infected individuals. These VLPs contain no 5'LTR, no functional integrase, and have a severely mutated stem loop 1-thereby preventing any potential reverse transcription, integration, and RNA packaging. Furthermore, we demonstrate that these VLPs are morphologically identical to wild-type virus with polyvalent Env in a functional form. Finally, we show that the VLPs are antigenic and capable of generating strong immune recall responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Pankrac
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1 Canada
| | - Katja Klein
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1 Canada
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
| | - Paul F. McKay
- Division of Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG UK
| | - Deborah F. L. King
- Division of Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG UK
| | - Katie Bain
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1 Canada
| | - Jason Knapp
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1 Canada
| | - Tsigereda Biru
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
| | - Chanuka N. Wijewardhana
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1 Canada
| | - Rahul Pawa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1 Canada
| | - David H. Canaday
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
| | - Yong Gao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1 Canada
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
| | - Sarah Fidler
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Robin J. Shattock
- Division of Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG UK
| | - Eric J. Arts
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1 Canada
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
| | - Jamie F. S. Mann
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1 Canada
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
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Kratochvil S, McKay PF, Chung AW, Kent SJ, Gilmour J, Shattock RJ. Immunoglobulin G1 Allotype Influences Antibody Subclass Distribution in Response to HIV gp140 Vaccination. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1883. [PMID: 29326728 PMCID: PMC5742328 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody subclasses exhibit extensive polymorphisms (allotypes) that could potentially impact the quality of HIV-vaccine induced B cell responses. Allotypes of immunoglobulin (Ig) G1, the most abundant serum antibody, have been shown to display altered functional properties in regard to serum half-life, Fc-receptor binding and FcRn-mediated mucosal transcytosis. To investigate the potential link between allotypic IgG1-variants and vaccine-generated humoral responses in a cohort of 14 HIV vaccine recipients, we developed a novel protocol for rapid IgG1-allotyping. We combined PCR and ELISA assays in a dual approach to determine the IgG1 allotype identity (G1m3 and/or G1m1) of trial participants, using human plasma and RNA isolated from PBMC. The IgG1-allotype distribution of our participants mirrored previously reported results for caucasoid populations. We observed elevated levels of HIV gp140-specific IgG1 and decreased IgG2 levels associated with the G1m1-allele, in contrast to G1m3 carriers. These data suggest that vaccinees homozygous for G1m1 are predisposed to develop elevated Ag-specific IgG1:IgG2 ratios compared to G1m3-carriers. This elevated IgG1:IgG2 ratio was further associated with higher FcγR-dimer engagement, a surrogate for potential antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) function. Although preliminary, these results suggest that IgG1 allotype may have a significant impact on IgG subclass distribution in response to vaccination and associated Fc-mediated effector functions. These results have important implications for ongoing HIV vaccine efficacy studies predicated on engagement of FcγR-mediated cellular functions including ADCC and ADCP, and warrant further investigation. Our novel allotyping protocol provides new tools to determine the potential impact of IgG1 allotypes on vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul F McKay
- Imperial College London, Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amy W Chung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephen J Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Health, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jill Gilmour
- IAVI Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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44
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Aw R, McKay PF, Shattock RJ, Polizzi KM. Expressing anti-HIV VRC01 antibody using the murine IgG1 secretion signal in Pichia pastoris. AMB Express 2017; 7:70. [PMID: 28342171 PMCID: PMC5366992 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-017-0372-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of the recombinant expression platform Pichia pastoris to produce pharmaceutically important proteins has been investigated over the past 30 years. Compared to mammalian cultures, expression in P. pastoris is cheaper and faster, potentially leading to decreased costs and process development times. Product yields depend on a number of factors including the secretion signal chosen for expression, which can influence the host cell response to recombinant protein production. VRC01, a broadly neutralising anti-HIV antibody, was expressed in P. pastoris, using the methanol inducible AOX1 promoter for both the heavy and light chains. Titre reached up to 3.05 μg mL−1 in small scale expression. VRC01 was expressed using both the α-mating factor signal peptide from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the murine IgG1 signal peptide. Surprisingly, using the murine IgG1 signal peptide resulted in higher yield of antibody capable of binding gp140 antigen. Furthermore, we evaluated levels of secretory stress compared to the untransformed wild-type strain and show a reduced level of secretory stress in the murine IgG1 signal peptide strains versus those containing the α-MF signal peptide. As bottlenecks in the secretory pathway are often the limiting factor in protein secretion, reduced levels of secretory stress and the higher yield of functional antibody suggest the murine IgG1 signal peptide may lead to better protein folding and secretion. This work indicates the possibilities for utilising the murine IgG1 signal peptide for a range of antibodies, resulting in high yields and reduced cellular stress.
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45
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Pinder CL, Kratochvil S, Cizmeci D, Muir L, Guo Y, Shattock RJ, McKay PF. Isolation and Characterization of Antigen-Specific Plasmablasts Using a Novel Flow Cytometry-Based Ig Capture Assay. J Immunol 2017; 199:4180-4188. [PMID: 29118244 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We report the development of a novel flow cytometry-based Ig capture assay (ICA) for the identification and sorting of individual Ab-secreting cells based on their Ag reactivity. The ICA represents a fast and versatile tool for single-cell sorting of peripheral plasmablasts, streamlining subsequent Ab analysis, and cloning. We demonstrate the utility of the assay by isolating Ag-reactive plasmablasts from cryopreserved PBMC obtained from volunteers vaccinated with a recombinant HIV envelope protein. To show the specificity of the ICA, we produced Ag-specific Abs from these cells and subsequently verified their Ag reactivity via ELISA. Furthermore, we used the ICA to track Ag-specific plasmablast responses in HIV-vaccine recipients over a period of 42 d and performed a head-to-head comparison with a conventional B cell ELISpot. Results were highly comparable, highlighting that this assay is a viable alternative for monitoring Ag-specific plasmablast responses at early time points after infection or vaccination. The ICA provides important added benefits in that phenotypic information can be obtained from the identified Ag-specific cells that can then be captured for downstream applications such as B cell sequencing and/or Ab cloning. We envisage the ICA as being a useful tool in Ab repertoire analysis for future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L Pinder
- Division of Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom; and
| | - Sven Kratochvil
- Division of Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom; and
| | - Deniz Cizmeci
- Division of Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom; and
| | - Luke Muir
- Division of Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom; and
| | - Yanping Guo
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Robin J Shattock
- Division of Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom; and
| | - Paul F McKay
- Division of Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom; and
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46
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Muir L, McKay PF, Petrova VN, Klymenko OV, Kratochvil S, Pinder CL, Kellam P, Shattock RJ. Optimisation of ex vivo memory B cell expansion/differentiation for interrogation of rare peripheral memory B cell subset responses. Wellcome Open Res 2017; 2:97. [PMID: 29588920 PMCID: PMC5843844 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.11386.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Human memory B cells play a vital role in the long-term protection of the host from pathogenic re-challenge. In recent years the importance of a number of different memory B cell subsets that can be formed in response to vaccination or infection has started to become clear. To study memory B cell responses, cells can be cultured ex vivo, allowing for an increase in cell number and activation of these quiescent cells, providing sufficient quantities of each memory subset to enable full investigation of functionality. However, despite numerous papers being published demonstrating bulk memory B cell culture, we could find no literature on optimised conditions for the study of memory B cell subsets, such as IgM + memory B cells. Methods: Following a literature review, we carried out a large screen of memory B cell expansion conditions to identify the combination that induced the highest levels of memory B cell expansion. We subsequently used a novel Design of Experiments approach to finely tune the optimal memory B cell expansion and differentiation conditions for human memory B cell subsets. Finally, we characterised the resultant memory B cell subpopulations by IgH sequencing and flow cytometry. Results: The application of specific optimised conditions induce multiple rounds of memory B cell proliferation equally across Ig isotypes, differentiation of memory B cells to antibody secreting cells, and importantly do not alter the Ig genotype of the stimulated cells. Conclusions: Overall, our data identify a memory B cell culture system that offers a robust platform for investigating the functionality of rare memory B cell subsets to infection and/or vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Muir
- Department of Mucosal Infection and Immunity, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Paul F McKay
- Department of Mucosal Infection and Immunity, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | | | - Oleksiy V Klymenko
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Sven Kratochvil
- Department of Mucosal Infection and Immunity, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Christopher L Pinder
- Department of Mucosal Infection and Immunity, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Paul Kellam
- Department of Mucosal Infection and Immunity, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK.,The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK.,Kymab Ltd., Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Robin J Shattock
- Department of Mucosal Infection and Immunity, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
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47
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Muir L, McKay PF, Petrova VN, Klymenko OV, Kratochvil S, Pinder CL, Kellam P, Shattock RJ. Optimisation of ex vivo memory B cell expansion/differentiation for interrogation of rare peripheral memory B cell subset responses. Wellcome Open Res 2017. [DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.11386.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background:Human memory B cells play a vital role in the long-term protection of the host from pathogenic re-challenge. In recent years the importance of a number of different memory B cell subsets that can be formed in response to vaccination or infection has started to become clear. To study memory B cell responses, cells can be culturedex vivo,allowing for an increase in cell number and activation of these quiescent cells, providing sufficient quantities of each memory subset to enable full investigation of functionality. However, despite numerous papers being published demonstrating bulk memory B cell culture, we could find no literature on optimised conditions for the study of memory B cell subsets, such as IgM+memory B cells.Methods:Following a literature review, we carried out a large screen of memory B cell expansion conditions to identify the combination that induced the highest levels of memory B cell expansion. We subsequently used a novel Design of Experiments approach to finely tune the optimal memory B cell expansion and differentiation conditions for human memory B cell subsets. Finally, we characterised the resultant memory B cell subpopulations by IgH sequencing and flow cytometry.Results:The application of specific optimised conditions induce multiple rounds of memory B cell proliferation equally across Ig isotypes, differentiation of memory B cells to antibody secreting cells, and importantly do not alter the Ig genotype of the stimulated cells. Conclusions:Overall, our data identify a memory B cell culture system that offers a robust platform for investigating the functionality of rare memory B cell subsets to infection and/or vaccination.
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48
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Kratochvil S, McKay PF, Kopycinski JT, Bishop C, Hayes PJ, Muir L, Pinder CL, Cizmeci D, King D, Aldon Y, Wines BD, Hogarth PM, Chung AW, Kent SJ, Held K, Geldmacher C, Dally L, Santos NS, Cole T, Gilmour J, Fidler S, Shattock RJ. A Phase 1 Human Immunodeficiency Virus Vaccine Trial for Cross-Profiling the Kinetics of Serum and Mucosal Antibody Responses to CN54gp140 Modulated by Two Homologous Prime-Boost Vaccine Regimens. Front Immunol 2017; 8:595. [PMID: 28596770 PMCID: PMC5442169 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A key aspect to finding an efficacious human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccine is the optimization of vaccine schedules that can mediate the efficient maturation of protective immune responses. In the present study, we investigated the effect of alternate booster regimens on the immune responses to a candidate HIV-1 clade C CN54gp140 envelope protein, which was coadministered with the TLR4-agonist glucopyranosyl lipid A-aqueous formulation. Twelve study participants received a common three-dose intramuscular priming series followed by a final booster at either 6 or 12 months. The two homologous prime-boost regimens were well tolerated and induced CN54gp140-specific responses that were observed in both the systemic and mucosal compartments. Levels of vaccine-induced IgG-subclass antibodies correlated significantly with FcγR engagement, and both vaccine regimens were associated with strikingly similar patterns in antibody titer and FcγR-binding profiles. In both groups, identical changes in the antigen (Ag)-specific IgG-subclass fingerprint, leading to a decrease in IgG1 and an increase in IgG4 levels, were modulated by booster injections. Here, the dissection of immune profiles further supports the notion that prime-boost strategies are essential for the induction of diverse Ag-specific HIV-1 responses. The results reported here clearly demonstrate that identical responses were effectively and safely induced by both vaccine regimens, indicating that an accelerated 6-month regimen could be employed for the rapid induction of immune responses against CN54gp140 with no apparent impact on the overall quality of the induced immune response. (This study has been registered at http://ClinicalTrials.gov under registration no. NCT01966900.)
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Cynthia Bishop
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | | | - Luke Muir
- Imperial College London, Medicine, London, UK
| | | | | | | | - Yoann Aldon
- Imperial College London, Medicine, London, UK
| | | | | | - Amy W Chung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephen J Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Health, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kathrin Held
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of the University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Christof Geldmacher
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of the University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Len Dally
- Emmes Corporation, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Nelson S Santos
- NIHR/Wellcome Trust Imperial Clinical Research Facility Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Tom Cole
- NIHR/Wellcome Trust Imperial Clinical Research Facility Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, UK
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49
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Joseph S, Quinn K, Greenwood A, Cope AV, McKay PF, Hayes PJ, Kopycinski JT, Gilmour J, Miller AN, Geldmacher C, Nadai Y, Ahmed MIM, Montefiori DC, Dally L, Bouliotis G, Lewis DJM, Tatoud R, Wagner R, Esteban M, Shattock RJ, McCormack S, Weber J. A Comparative Phase I Study of Combination, Homologous Subtype-C DNA, MVA, and Env gp140 Protein/Adjuvant HIV Vaccines in Two Immunization Regimes. Front Immunol 2017; 8:149. [PMID: 28275375 PMCID: PMC5319954 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
There remains an urgent need for a prophylactic HIV vaccine. We compared combined MVA and adjuvanted gp140 to sequential MVA/gp140 after DNA priming. We expected Env-specific CD4+ T-cells after DNA and MVA priming, and Env-binding antibodies in 100% individuals after boosting with gp140 and that combined vaccines would not compromise safety and might augment immunogenicity. Forty volunteers were primed three times with DNA plasmids encoding (CN54) env and (ZM96) gag-pol-nef at 0, 4 and 8 weeks then boosted with MVA-C (CN54 env and gag-pol-nef) and glucopyranosyl lipid adjuvant—aqueous formulation (GLA-AF) adjuvanted CN54gp140. They were randomised to receive them in combination at the same visit at 16 and 20 weeks (accelerated) or sequentially with MVA-C at 16, 20, and GLA-AF/gp140 at 24 and 28 weeks (standard). All vaccinations were intramuscular. Primary outcomes included ≥grade 3 safety events and the titer of CN54gp140-specific binding IgG. Other outcomes included neutralization, binding antibody specificity and T-cell responses. Two participants experienced asymptomatic ≥grade 3 transaminitis leading to discontinuation of vaccinations, and three had grade 3 solicited local or systemic reactions. A total of 100% made anti-CN54gp140 IgG and combining vaccines did not significantly alter the response; geometric mean titer 6424 (accelerated) and 6578 (standard); neutralization of MW965.2 Tier 1 pseudovirus was superior in the standard group (82 versus 45% responders, p = 0.04). T-cell ELISpot responses were CD4+ and Env-dominant; 85 and 82% responding in the accelerated and standard groups, respectively. Vaccine-induced IgG responses targeted multiple regions within gp120 with the V3 region most immunodominant and no differences between groups detected. Combining MVA and gp140 vaccines did not result in increased adverse events and did not significantly impact upon the titer of Env-specific binding antibodies, which were seen in 100% individuals. The approach did however affect other immune responses; neutralizing antibody responses, seen only to Tier 1 pseudoviruses, were poorer when the vaccines were combined and while T-cell responses were seen in >80% individuals in both groups and similarly CD4 and Env dominant, their breadth/polyfunctionality tended to be lower when the vaccines were combined, suggesting attenuation of immunogenicity and cautioning against this accelerated regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Joseph
- MRC Clinical Trials Unit at UCL, Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology, University College London , London , UK
| | - Killian Quinn
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London , London , UK
| | | | - Alethea V Cope
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London , London , UK
| | - Paul F McKay
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London , London , UK
| | - Peter J Hayes
- IAVI Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College London , London , UK
| | | | - Jill Gilmour
- IAVI Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College London , London , UK
| | - Aleisha N Miller
- ICTU, Department of Public Health, Imperial College London , London , UK
| | - Christof Geldmacher
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Klinikum of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany
| | - Yuka Nadai
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Klinikum of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany
| | - Mohamed I M Ahmed
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Klinikum of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany
| | | | - Len Dally
- The EMMES Corporation , Rockville, MD , USA
| | - George Bouliotis
- ICTU, Department of Public Health, Imperial College London , London , UK
| | - David J M Lewis
- Clinical Research Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK; Clinical Research Facility, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Roger Tatoud
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London , London , UK
| | - Ralf Wagner
- University of Regensburg and University Hospital Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
| | | | | | - Sheena McCormack
- MRC Clinical Trials Unit at UCL, Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology, University College London , London , UK
| | - Jonathan Weber
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London , London , UK
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50
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McKay PF, Mann JFS, Pattani A, Kett V, Aldon Y, King D, Malcolm RK, Shattock RJ. Intravaginal immunisation using a novel antigen-releasing ring device elicits robust vaccine antigen-specific systemic and mucosal humoral immune responses. J Control Release 2017; 249:74-83. [PMID: 28115243 PMCID: PMC5333785 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The generation of effective levels of antigen-specific immunity at the mucosal sites of pathogen entry is a key goal for vaccinologists. We explored topical vaginal application as an approach to initiate local antigen-specific immunity, enhance previously existing systemic immunity or re-target responses to the mucosae. To deliver a protein vaccine formulation to the vaginal mucosal surface, we used a novel vaginal ring device comprising a silicone elastomer body into which three freeze-dried, rod-shaped, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose inserts were incorporated. Each rod contained recombinant HIV-1 CN54gp140 protein (167μg)±R848 (167μg) adjuvant. The inserts were loaded into cavities within each ring such that only the ends of the inserts were initially exposed. Sheep received a prime-boost vaccination regime comprising intramuscular injection of 100μg CN54gp140+200μg R848 followed by three successive ring applications of one week duration and separated by one month intervals. Other sheep received only the ring devices without intramuscular priming. Serum and vaginal mucosal fluids were sampled every two weeks and analysed by CN54gp140 ELISA and antigen-specific B cells were measured by flow cytometry at necropsy. Vaccine antigen-specific serum antibody responses were detected in both the intramuscularly-primed and vaginal mucosally-primed groups. Those animals that received only vaginal vaccinations had identical IgG but superior IgA responses. Analysis revealed that all animals exhibited mucosal antigen-specific IgG and IgA with the IgA responses 30-fold greater than systemic levels. Importantly, very high numbers of antigen-specific B cells were detected in local genital draining lymph nodes. We have elicited local genital antigen-specific immune responses after topical application of an adjuvanted antigen formulation within a novel vaginal ring vaccine release device. This regimen and delivery method elicited high levels of antigen-specific mucosal IgA and large numbers of local antigen-reactive B cells, both likely essential for effective mucosal protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul F McKay
- Imperial College London, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Section of Virology, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK.
| | - Jamie F S Mann
- Imperial College London, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Section of Virology, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Aditya Pattani
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Vicky Kett
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Yoann Aldon
- Imperial College London, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Section of Virology, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Deborah King
- Imperial College London, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Section of Virology, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - R Karl Malcolm
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Robin J Shattock
- Imperial College London, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Section of Virology, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
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