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Suzuki K, Hatzikotoulas K, Southam L, Taylor HJ, Yin X, Lorenz KM, Mandla R, Huerta-Chagoya A, Melloni GEM, Kanoni S, Rayner NW, Bocher O, Arruda AL, Sonehara K, Namba S, Lee SSK, Preuss MH, Petty LE, Schroeder P, Vanderwerff B, Kals M, Bragg F, Lin K, Guo X, Zhang W, Yao J, Kim YJ, Graff M, Takeuchi F, Nano J, Lamri A, Nakatochi M, Moon S, Scott RA, Cook JP, Lee JJ, Pan I, Taliun D, Parra EJ, Chai JF, Bielak LF, Tabara Y, Hai Y, Thorleifsson G, Grarup N, Sofer T, Wuttke M, Sarnowski C, Gieger C, Nousome D, Trompet S, Kwak SH, Long J, Sun M, Tong L, Chen WM, Nongmaithem SS, Noordam R, Lim VJY, Tam CHT, Joo YY, Chen CH, Raffield LM, Prins BP, Nicolas A, Yanek LR, Chen G, Brody JA, Kabagambe E, An P, Xiang AH, Choi HS, Cade BE, Tan J, Broadaway KA, Williamson A, Kamali Z, Cui J, Thangam M, Adair LS, Adeyemo A, Aguilar-Salinas CA, Ahluwalia TS, Anand SS, Bertoni A, Bork-Jensen J, Brandslund I, Buchanan TA, Burant CF, Butterworth AS, Canouil M, Chan JCN, Chang LC, Chee ML, Chen J, Chen SH, Chen YT, Chen Z, Chuang LM, Cushman M, Danesh J, Das SK, de Silva HJ, Dedoussis G, Dimitrov L, Doumatey AP, Du S, Duan Q, Eckardt KU, Emery LS, Evans DS, Evans MK, Fischer K, Floyd JS, Ford I, Franco OH, Frayling TM, Freedman BI, Genter P, Gerstein HC, Giedraitis V, González-Villalpando C, González-Villalpando ME, Gordon-Larsen P, Gross M, Guare LA, Hackinger S, Hakaste L, Han S, Hattersley AT, Herder C, Horikoshi M, Howard AG, Hsueh W, Huang M, Huang W, Hung YJ, Hwang MY, Hwu CM, Ichihara S, Ikram MA, Ingelsson M, Islam MT, Isono M, Jang HM, Jasmine F, Jiang G, Jonas JB, Jørgensen T, Kamanu FK, Kandeel FR, Kasturiratne A, Katsuya T, Kaur V, Kawaguchi T, Keaton JM, Kho AN, Khor CC, Kibriya MG, Kim DH, Kronenberg F, Kuusisto J, Läll K, Lange LA, Lee KM, Lee MS, Lee NR, Leong A, Li L, Li Y, Li-Gao R, Ligthart S, Lindgren CM, Linneberg A, Liu CT, Liu J, Locke AE, Louie T, Luan J, Luk AO, Luo X, Lv J, Lynch JA, Lyssenko V, Maeda S, Mamakou V, Mansuri SR, Matsuda K, Meitinger T, Melander O, Metspalu A, Mo H, Morris AD, Moura FA, Nadler JL, Nalls MA, Nayak U, Ntalla I, Okada Y, Orozco L, Patel SR, Patil S, Pei P, Pereira MA, Peters A, Pirie FJ, Polikowsky HG, Porneala B, Prasad G, Rasmussen-Torvik LJ, Reiner AP, Roden M, Rohde R, Roll K, Sabanayagam C, Sandow K, Sankareswaran A, Sattar N, Schönherr S, Shahriar M, Shen B, Shi J, Shin DM, Shojima N, Smith JA, So WY, Stančáková A, Steinthorsdottir V, Stilp AM, Strauch K, Taylor KD, Thorand B, Thorsteinsdottir U, Tomlinson B, Tran TC, Tsai FJ, Tuomilehto J, Tusie-Luna T, Udler MS, Valladares-Salgado A, van Dam RM, van Klinken JB, Varma R, Wacher-Rodarte N, Wheeler E, Wickremasinghe AR, van Dijk KW, Witte DR, Yajnik CS, Yamamoto K, Yamamoto K, Yoon K, Yu C, Yuan JM, Yusuf S, Zawistowski M, Zhang L, Zheng W, Raffel LJ, Igase M, Ipp E, Redline S, Cho YS, Lind L, Province MA, Fornage M, Hanis CL, Ingelsson E, Zonderman AB, Psaty BM, Wang YX, Rotimi CN, Becker DM, Matsuda F, Liu Y, Yokota M, Kardia SLR, Peyser PA, Pankow JS, Engert JC, Bonnefond A, Froguel P, Wilson JG, Sheu WHH, Wu JY, Hayes MG, Ma RCW, Wong TY, Mook-Kanamori DO, Tuomi T, Chandak GR, Collins FS, Bharadwaj D, Paré G, Sale MM, Ahsan H, Motala AA, Shu XO, Park KS, Jukema JW, Cruz M, Chen YDI, Rich SS, McKean-Cowdin R, Grallert H, Cheng CY, Ghanbari M, Tai ES, Dupuis J, Kato N, Laakso M, Köttgen A, Koh WP, Bowden DW, Palmer CNA, Kooner JS, Kooperberg C, Liu S, North KE, Saleheen D, Hansen T, Pedersen O, Wareham NJ, Lee J, Kim BJ, Millwood IY, Walters RG, Stefansson K, Ahlqvist E, Goodarzi MO, Mohlke KL, Langenberg C, Haiman CA, Loos RJF, Florez JC, Rader DJ, Ritchie MD, Zöllner S, Mägi R, Marston NA, Ruff CT, van Heel DA, Finer S, Denny JC, Yamauchi T, Kadowaki T, Chambers JC, Ng MCY, Sim X, Below JE, Tsao PS, Chang KM, McCarthy MI, Meigs JB, Mahajan A, Spracklen CN, Mercader JM, Boehnke M, Rotter JI, Vujkovic M, Voight BF, Morris AP, Zeggini E. Genetic drivers of heterogeneity in type 2 diabetes pathophysiology. Nature 2024; 627:347-357. [PMID: 38374256 PMCID: PMC10937372 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07019-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a heterogeneous disease that develops through diverse pathophysiological processes1,2 and molecular mechanisms that are often specific to cell type3,4. Here, to characterize the genetic contribution to these processes across ancestry groups, we aggregate genome-wide association study data from 2,535,601 individuals (39.7% not of European ancestry), including 428,452 cases of T2D. We identify 1,289 independent association signals at genome-wide significance (P < 5 × 10-8) that map to 611 loci, of which 145 loci are, to our knowledge, previously unreported. We define eight non-overlapping clusters of T2D signals that are characterized by distinct profiles of cardiometabolic trait associations. These clusters are differentially enriched for cell-type-specific regions of open chromatin, including pancreatic islets, adipocytes, endothelial cells and enteroendocrine cells. We build cluster-specific partitioned polygenic scores5 in a further 279,552 individuals of diverse ancestry, including 30,288 cases of T2D, and test their association with T2D-related vascular outcomes. Cluster-specific partitioned polygenic scores are associated with coronary artery disease, peripheral artery disease and end-stage diabetic nephropathy across ancestry groups, highlighting the importance of obesity-related processes in the development of vascular outcomes. Our findings show the value of integrating multi-ancestry genome-wide association study data with single-cell epigenomics to disentangle the aetiological heterogeneity that drives the development and progression of T2D. This might offer a route to optimize global access to genetically informed diabetes care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Suzuki
- Centre for Genetics and Genomics Versus Arthritis, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Konstantinos Hatzikotoulas
- Institute of Translational Genomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Lorraine Southam
- Institute of Translational Genomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Henry J Taylor
- Center for Precision Health Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Heart and Lung Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Xianyong Yin
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kim M Lorenz
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ravi Mandla
- Programs in Metabolism and Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Diabetes Unit and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alicia Huerta-Chagoya
- Programs in Metabolism and Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Giorgio E M Melloni
- TIMI Study Group, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stavroula Kanoni
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Nigel W Rayner
- Institute of Translational Genomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ozvan Bocher
- Institute of Translational Genomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ana Luiza Arruda
- Institute of Translational Genomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Graduate School of Experimental Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Munich School for Data Science, Helmholtz Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Kyuto Sonehara
- Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
- Department of Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Laboratory for Systems Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shinichi Namba
- Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Simon S K Lee
- Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael H Preuss
- Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lauren E Petty
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Philip Schroeder
- Programs in Metabolism and Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Diabetes Unit and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brett Vanderwerff
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Mart Kals
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Fiona Bragg
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kuang Lin
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Xiuqing Guo
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Weihua Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital, London NorthWest Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Jie Yao
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Young Jin Kim
- Division of Genome Science, Department of Precision Medicine, National Institute of Health, Cheongju-si, South Korea
| | - Mariaelisa Graff
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Fumihiko Takeuchi
- Department of Gene Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jana Nano
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Amel Lamri
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Masahiro Nakatochi
- Public Health Informatics Unit, Department of Integrated Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Sanghoon Moon
- Division of Genome Science, Department of Precision Medicine, National Institute of Health, Cheongju-si, South Korea
| | - Robert A Scott
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - James P Cook
- Department of Health Data Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jung-Jin Lee
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ian Pan
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Daniel Taliun
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Esteban J Parra
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto at Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jin-Fang Chai
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lawrence F Bielak
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yasuharu Tabara
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yang Hai
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | | | - Niels Grarup
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tamar Sofer
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthias Wuttke
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Data Driven Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Chloé Sarnowski
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Christian Gieger
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Darryl Nousome
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Stella Trompet
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Soo-Heon Kwak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jirong Long
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Institute for Medicine and Public Health, Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Meng Sun
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lin Tong
- Institute for Population and Precision Health (IPPH), Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Wei-Min Chen
- Department of Public Health Sciences and Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Suraj S Nongmaithem
- Genomic Research on Complex Diseases (GRC-Group), CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CSIR-CCMB), Hyderabad, India
| | - Raymond Noordam
- Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Victor J Y Lim
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Claudia H T Tam
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Chinese University of Hong Kong-Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Research Centre in Diabetes Genomics and Precision Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yoonjung Yoonie Joo
- Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan University, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Chien-Hsiun Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Laura M Raffield
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Bram Peter Prins
- Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Aude Nicolas
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lisa R Yanek
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Guanjie Chen
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jennifer A Brody
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Edmond Kabagambe
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Institute for Medicine and Public Health, Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Division of Academics, Ochsner Health, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Ping An
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Anny H Xiang
- Department of Research and Evaluation, Division of Biostatistics Research, Kaiser Permanente of Southern California, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Hyeok Sun Choi
- Department of Biomedical Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Brian E Cade
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jingyi Tan
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - K Alaine Broadaway
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Alice Williamson
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Zoha Kamali
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Bioinformatics, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Jinrui Cui
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Manonanthini Thangam
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Linda S Adair
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Adebowale Adeyemo
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Carlos A Aguilar-Salinas
- Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Metabólicas and Departamento de Endocrinología y Metabolismo, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Tarunveer S Ahluwalia
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
- Bioinformatics Center, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sonia S Anand
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alain Bertoni
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Jette Bork-Jensen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ivan Brandslund
- Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Vejle Hospital, Vejle, Denmark
| | - Thomas A Buchanan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Charles F Burant
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Adam S Butterworth
- British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Heart and Lung Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Clinical Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Health Data Research UK Cambridge, Wellcome Genome Campus, University of Cambridge, Hinxton, UK
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Blood and Transplant Unit (BTRU) in Donor Health and Behaviour, Heart and Lung Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mickaël Canouil
- Inserm U1283, CNRS UMR 8199, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
- University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Juliana C N Chan
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Chinese University of Hong Kong-Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Research Centre in Diabetes Genomics and Precision Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Li-Ching Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Miao-Li Chee
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ji Chen
- Exeter Centre of Excellence in Diabetes (ExCEeD), Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Shyh-Huei Chen
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Yuan-Tsong Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Zhengming Chen
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lee-Ming Chuang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mary Cushman
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Colchester, VT, USA
| | - John Danesh
- British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Heart and Lung Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Clinical Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Health Data Research UK Cambridge, Wellcome Genome Campus, University of Cambridge, Hinxton, UK
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Blood and Transplant Unit (BTRU) in Donor Health and Behaviour, Heart and Lung Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Swapan K Das
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - H Janaka de Silva
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Ragama, Sri Lanka
| | - George Dedoussis
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Latchezar Dimitrov
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Ayo P Doumatey
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shufa Du
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Qing Duan
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kai-Uwe Eckardt
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Leslie S Emery
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Daniel S Evans
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michele K Evans
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Krista Fischer
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Institute of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - James S Floyd
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ian Ford
- Robertson Centre for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Oscar H Franco
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy M Frayling
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Barry I Freedman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Pauline Genter
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Lundquist Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Hertzel C Gerstein
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vilmantas Giedraitis
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Clicerio González-Villalpando
- Centro de Estudios en Diabetes, Unidad de Investigacion en Diabetes y Riesgo Cardiovascular, Centro de Investigacion en Salud Poblacional, Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Maria Elena González-Villalpando
- Centro de Estudios en Diabetes, Unidad de Investigacion en Diabetes y Riesgo Cardiovascular, Centro de Investigacion en Salud Poblacional, Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Penny Gordon-Larsen
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Myron Gross
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Lindsay A Guare
- Genomics and Computational Biology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sophie Hackinger
- Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Liisa Hakaste
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhalsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sohee Han
- Division of Genome Science, Department of Precision Medicine, National Institute of Health, Cheongju-si, South Korea
| | | | - Christian Herder
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Momoko Horikoshi
- Laboratory for Genomics of Diabetes and Metabolism, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Annie-Green Howard
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Willa Hsueh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Center, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Mengna Huang
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA
- Center for Global Cardiometabolic Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Wei Huang
- Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Jen Hung
- Division of Endocrine and Metabolism, Tri-Service General Hospital Songshan Branch, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mi Yeong Hwang
- Division of Genome Science, Department of Precision Medicine, National Institute of Health, Cheongju-si, Korea
| | - Chii-Min Hwu
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sahoko Ichihara
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Mohammad Arfan Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Ingelsson
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Masato Isono
- Department of Gene Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hye-Mi Jang
- Division of Genome Science, Department of Precision Medicine, National Institute of Health, Cheongju-si, Korea
| | - Farzana Jasmine
- Institute for Population and Precision Health (IPPH), Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Guozhi Jiang
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Chinese University of Hong Kong-Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Research Centre in Diabetes Genomics and Precision Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jost B Jonas
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Torben Jørgensen
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Frederick K Kamanu
- TIMI Study Group, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fouad R Kandeel
- Department of Clinical Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | | | - Tomohiro Katsuya
- Department of Clinical Gene Therapy, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Varinderpal Kaur
- Diabetes Unit and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Takahisa Kawaguchi
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Jacob M Keaton
- Center for Precision Health Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Institute for Medicine and Public Health, Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Abel N Kho
- Division of General Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Center for Health Information Partnerships, Institute for Public Health and Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Chiea-Chuen Khor
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Muhammad G Kibriya
- Institute for Population and Precision Health (IPPH), Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Duk-Hwan Kim
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Florian Kronenberg
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Johanna Kuusisto
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kristi Läll
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Leslie A Lange
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Kyung Min Lee
- VA Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Myung-Shik Lee
- Soochunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science and Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Soochunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan, South Korea
- Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Nanette R Lee
- USC-Office of Population Studies Foundation, University of San Carlos, Cebu City, Philippines
| | - Aaron Leong
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Liming Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Peking University Center for Public Health and Epidemic Preparedness and Response, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Li
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ruifang Li-Gao
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Symen Ligthart
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cecilia M Lindgren
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Allan Linneberg
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ching-Ti Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Adam E Locke
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Regeneron Genetics Center, Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Tin Louie
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jian'an Luan
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrea O Luk
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Chinese University of Hong Kong-Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Research Centre in Diabetes Genomics and Precision Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xi Luo
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jun Lv
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Peking University Center for Public Health and Epidemic Preparedness and Response, Beijing, China
| | - Julie A Lynch
- VA Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Valeriya Lyssenko
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Science, Center for Diabetes Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Shiro Maeda
- Laboratory for Genomics of Diabetes and Metabolism, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
- Department of Advanced Genomic and Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Japan
- Division of Clinical Laboratory and Blood Transfusion, University of the Ryukyus Hospital, Nishihara, Japan
| | - Vasiliki Mamakou
- Dromokaiteio Psychiatric Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Sohail Rafik Mansuri
- Genomic Research on Complex Diseases (GRC-Group), CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CSIR-CCMB), Hyderabad, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Koichi Matsuda
- Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Thomas Meitinger
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Olle Melander
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Andres Metspalu
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Huan Mo
- Center for Precision Health Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Andrew D Morris
- Usher Institute to the Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Filipe A Moura
- TIMI Study Group, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jerry L Nadler
- Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Michael A Nalls
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Data Tecnica International, Glen Echo, MD, USA
- Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Uma Nayak
- Department of Public Health Sciences and Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Ioanna Ntalla
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Yukinori Okada
- Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
- Department of Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Laboratory for Systems Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
- Laboratory of Statistical Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (WPI-IFReC), Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Premium Research Institute for Human Metaverse Medicine (WPI-PRIMe), Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Lorena Orozco
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sanjay R Patel
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Snehal Patil
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Pei Pei
- Peking University Center for Public Health and Epidemic Preparedness and Response, Beijing, China
| | - Mark A Pereira
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Annette Peters
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
- Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry and Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Fraser J Pirie
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Hannah G Polikowsky
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Bianca Porneala
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gauri Prasad
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Human Resource Development Campus, Ghaziabad, India
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - Laura J Rasmussen-Torvik
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Michael Roden
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Rebecca Rohde
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Katheryn Roll
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Charumathi Sabanayagam
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program (Eye ACP), Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kevin Sandow
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Alagu Sankareswaran
- Genomic Research on Complex Diseases (GRC-Group), CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CSIR-CCMB), Hyderabad, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Naveed Sattar
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Sebastian Schönherr
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Mohammad Shahriar
- Institute for Population and Precision Health (IPPH), Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Botong Shen
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jinxiu Shi
- Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies, Shanghai, China
| | - Dong Mun Shin
- Division of Genome Science, Department of Precision Medicine, National Institute of Health, Cheongju-si, Korea
| | - Nobuhiro Shojima
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jennifer A Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Wing Yee So
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Alena Stančáková
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Adrienne M Stilp
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Konstantin Strauch
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (IMBEI), University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
- Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Medical Information Processing, Biometry, and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Kent D Taylor
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Barbara Thorand
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Unnur Thorsteinsdottir
- deCODE Genetics, Amgen, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Brian Tomlinson
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Tam C Tran
- Center for Precision Health Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Fuu-Jen Tsai
- Department of Medical Genetics and Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jaakko Tuomilehto
- Population Health Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- National School of Public Health, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Diabetes Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Teresa Tusie-Luna
- Unidad de Biología Molecular y Medicina Genómica, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxiología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Miriam S Udler
- Programs in Metabolism and Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Diabetes Unit and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Adan Valladares-Salgado
- Unidad de Investigacion Medica en Bioquimica, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Medico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rob M van Dam
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jan B van Klinken
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory of Genetic Metabolic Disease, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rohit Varma
- Southern California Eye Institute, CHA Hollywood Presbyterian Hospital, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Niels Wacher-Rodarte
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Epidemiologia Clinica, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Medico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Eleanor Wheeler
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Ko Willems van Dijk
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel R Witte
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense, Denmark
| | - Chittaranjan S Yajnik
- Diabetology Research Centre, King Edward Memorial Hospital and Research Centre, Pune, India
| | - Ken Yamamoto
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Kenichi Yamamoto
- Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
- Laboratory of Statistical Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (WPI-IFReC), Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Kyungheon Yoon
- Division of Genome Science, Department of Precision Medicine, National Institute of Health, Cheongju-si, Korea
| | - Canqing Yu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Peking University Center for Public Health and Epidemic Preparedness and Response, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Min Yuan
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Salim Yusuf
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matthew Zawistowski
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Liang Zhang
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wei Zheng
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Institute for Medicine and Public Health, Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Leslie J Raffel
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetic and Genomic Medicine, UCI Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Michiya Igase
- Department of Anti-Aging Medicine, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Touon, Japan
| | - Eli Ipp
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Lundquist Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Susan Redline
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yoon Shin Cho
- Department of Biomedical Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Michael A Province
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Myriam Fornage
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Craig L Hanis
- Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Erik Ingelsson
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alan B Zonderman
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bruce M Psaty
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ya-Xing Wang
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Charles N Rotimi
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Diane M Becker
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Fumihiko Matsuda
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yongmei Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Sharon L R Kardia
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Patricia A Peyser
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - James S Pankow
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - James C Engert
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Amélie Bonnefond
- Inserm U1283, CNRS UMR 8199, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
- University of Lille, Lille, France
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Philippe Froguel
- Inserm U1283, CNRS UMR 8199, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
- University of Lille, Lille, France
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - James G Wilson
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wayne H H Sheu
- School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jer-Yuarn Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - M Geoffrey Hayes
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Ronald C W Ma
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Chinese University of Hong Kong-Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Research Centre in Diabetes Genomics and Precision Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tien-Yin Wong
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program (Eye ACP), Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dennis O Mook-Kanamori
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tiinamaija Tuomi
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhalsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Endocrinology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Giriraj R Chandak
- Genomic Research on Complex Diseases (GRC-Group), CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CSIR-CCMB), Hyderabad, India
- Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB), Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India, New Delhi, India
| | - Francis S Collins
- Center for Precision Health Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Dwaipayan Bharadwaj
- Systems Genomics Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Guillaume Paré
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michèle M Sale
- Department of Public Health Sciences and Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Habibul Ahsan
- Institute for Population and Precision Health (IPPH), Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ayesha A Motala
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Xiao-Ou Shu
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Institute for Medicine and Public Health, Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kyong-Soo Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - J Wouter Jukema
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Miguel Cruz
- Unidad de Investigacion Medica en Bioquimica, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Medico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Yii-Der Ida Chen
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Stephen S Rich
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Roberta McKean-Cowdin
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Harald Grallert
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
| | - Ching-Yu Cheng
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program (Eye ACP), Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mohsen Ghanbari
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E-Shyong Tai
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Josee Dupuis
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Norihiro Kato
- Department of Gene Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Markku Laakso
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anna Köttgen
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Data Driven Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Woon-Puay Koh
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- Healthy Longevity Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Donald W Bowden
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Center for Diabetes Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Colin N A Palmer
- Pat Macpherson Centre for Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Jaspal S Kooner
- Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital, London NorthWest Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Imperial College London, London, UK
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Simin Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA
- Center for Global Cardiometabolic Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brown University Alpert School of Medicine, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Kari E North
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Danish Saleheen
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Cardiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Non-Communicable Diseases, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Torben Hansen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Oluf Pedersen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nicholas J Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Juyoung Lee
- Division of Genome Science, Department of Precision Medicine, National Institute of Health, Cheongju-si, Korea
| | - Bong-Jo Kim
- Division of Genome Science, Department of Precision Medicine, National Institute of Health, Cheongju-si, Korea
| | - Iona Y Millwood
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Robin G Walters
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kari Stefansson
- deCODE Genetics, Amgen, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Emma Ahlqvist
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Mark O Goodarzi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Karen L Mohlke
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
- Computational Medicine, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
- Precision Healthcare University Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Christopher A Haiman
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ruth J F Loos
- Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Ichan School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jose C Florez
- Programs in Metabolism and Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Diabetes Unit and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel J Rader
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marylyn D Ritchie
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Precision Medicine, University of Pennsylvania - Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute for Biomedical Informatics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sebastian Zöllner
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Reedik Mägi
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Nicholas A Marston
- TIMI Study Group, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christian T Ruff
- TIMI Study Group, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Sarah Finer
- Institute for Population Health Sciences, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Joshua C Denny
- Center for Precision Health Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- All of Us Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Toshimasa Yamauchi
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Kadowaki
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Toranomon Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - John C Chambers
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital, London NorthWest Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Maggie C Y Ng
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Xueling Sim
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jennifer E Below
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Philip S Tsao
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kyong-Mi Chang
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mark I McCarthy
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
- Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - James B Meigs
- Programs in Metabolism and Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anubha Mahajan
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Cassandra N Spracklen
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Josep M Mercader
- Programs in Metabolism and Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Diabetes Unit and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jerome I Rotter
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Marijana Vujkovic
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Benjamin F Voight
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Andrew P Morris
- Centre for Genetics and Genomics Versus Arthritis, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
- Institute of Translational Genomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Eleftheria Zeggini
- Institute of Translational Genomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.
- TUM School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich and Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany.
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13
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Zhou W, Kanai M, Wu KHH, Rasheed H, Tsuo K, Hirbo JB, Wang Y, Bhattacharya A, Zhao H, Namba S, Surakka I, Wolford BN, Lo Faro V, Lopera-Maya EA, Läll K, Favé MJ, Partanen JJ, Chapman SB, Karjalainen J, Kurki M, Maasha M, Brumpton BM, Chavan S, Chen TT, Daya M, Ding Y, Feng YCA, Guare LA, Gignoux CR, Graham SE, Hornsby WE, Ingold N, Ismail SI, Johnson R, Laisk T, Lin K, Lv J, Millwood IY, Moreno-Grau S, Nam K, Palta P, Pandit A, Preuss MH, Saad C, Setia-Verma S, Thorsteinsdottir U, Uzunovic J, Verma A, Zawistowski M, Zhong X, Afifi N, Al-Dabhani KM, Al Thani A, Bradford Y, Campbell A, Crooks K, de Bock GH, Damrauer SM, Douville NJ, Finer S, Fritsche LG, Fthenou E, Gonzalez-Arroyo G, Griffiths CJ, Guo Y, Hunt KA, Ioannidis A, Jansonius NM, Konuma T, Lee MTM, Lopez-Pineda A, Matsuda Y, Marioni RE, Moatamed B, Nava-Aguilar MA, Numakura K, Patil S, Rafaels N, Richmond A, Rojas-Muñoz A, Shortt JA, Straub P, Tao R, Vanderwerff B, Vernekar M, Veturi Y, Barnes KC, Boezen M, Chen Z, Chen CY, Cho J, Smith GD, Finucane HK, Franke L, Gamazon ER, Ganna A, Gaunt TR, Ge T, Huang H, Huffman J, Katsanis N, Koskela JT, Lajonchere C, Law MH, Li L, Lindgren CM, Loos RJ, MacGregor S, Matsuda K, Olsen CM, Porteous DJ, Shavit JA, Snieder H, Takano T, Trembath RC, Vonk JM, Whiteman DC, Wicks SJ, Wijmenga C, Wright J, Zheng J, Zhou X, Awadalla P, Boehnke M, Bustamante CD, Cox NJ, Fatumo S, Geschwind DH, Hayward C, Hveem K, Kenny EE, Lee S, Lin YF, Mbarek H, Mägi R, Martin HC, Medland SE, Okada Y, Palotie AV, Pasaniuc B, Rader DJ, Ritchie MD, Sanna S, Smoller JW, Stefansson K, van Heel DA, Walters RG, Zöllner S, Martin AR, Willer CJ, Daly MJ, Neale BM. Global Biobank Meta-analysis Initiative: Powering genetic discovery across human disease. Cell Genom 2022; 2:100192. [PMID: 36777996 PMCID: PMC9903716 DOI: 10.1016/j.xgen.2022.100192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Biobanks facilitate genome-wide association studies (GWASs), which have mapped genomic loci across a range of human diseases and traits. However, most biobanks are primarily composed of individuals of European ancestry. We introduce the Global Biobank Meta-analysis Initiative (GBMI)-a collaborative network of 23 biobanks from 4 continents representing more than 2.2 million consented individuals with genetic data linked to electronic health records. GBMI meta-analyzes summary statistics from GWASs generated using harmonized genotypes and phenotypes from member biobanks for 14 exemplar diseases and endpoints. This strategy validates that GWASs conducted in diverse biobanks can be integrated despite heterogeneity in case definitions, recruitment strategies, and baseline characteristics. This collaborative effort improves GWAS power for diseases, benefits understudied diseases, and improves risk prediction while also enabling the nomination of disease genes and drug candidates by incorporating gene and protein expression data and providing insight into the underlying biology of human diseases and traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhou
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Masahiro Kanai
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kuan-Han H. Wu
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Humaira Rasheed
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Division of Medicine and Laboratory Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Kristin Tsuo
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jibril B. Hirbo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ying Wang
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Arjun Bhattacharya
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Huiling Zhao
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Shinichi Namba
- Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ida Surakka
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Brooke N. Wolford
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Valeria Lo Faro
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Department of Ophthalmology, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Kristi Läll
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Juulia J. Partanen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sinéad B. Chapman
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Juha Karjalainen
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mitja Kurki
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mutaamba Maasha
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ben M. Brumpton
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway
- Clinic of Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Sameer Chavan
- University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Tzu-Ting Chen
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Michelle Daya
- University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Yi Ding
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yen-Chen A. Feng
- Division of Biostatistics, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lindsay A. Guare
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Sarah E. Graham
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Whitney E. Hornsby
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Nathan Ingold
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Said I. Ismail
- Qatar Genome Program, Qatar Foundation Research, Development and Innovation, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ruth Johnson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Triin Laisk
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kuang Lin
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jun Lv
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Iona Y. Millwood
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Kisung Nam
- Graduate School of Data Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Priit Palta
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anita Pandit
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Michael H. Preuss
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chadi Saad
- Qatar Genome Program, Qatar Foundation Research, Development and Innovation, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Shefali Setia-Verma
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Anurag Verma
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Corporal Michael Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Matthew Zawistowski
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Xue Zhong
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Nahla Afifi
- Qatar Biobank for Medical Research, Qatar Foundation for Education, Science, and Community, Doha, Qatar
| | - Kawthar M. Al-Dabhani
- Qatar Biobank for Medical Research, Qatar Foundation for Education, Science, and Community, Doha, Qatar
| | - Asma Al Thani
- Qatar Biobank for Medical Research, Qatar Foundation for Education, Science, and Community, Doha, Qatar
| | - Yuki Bradford
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Archie Campbell
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Kristy Crooks
- University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Geertruida H. de Bock
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Scott M. Damrauer
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Corporal Michael Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nicholas J. Douville
- Department of Anesthesiology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Institute of Healthcare Policy & Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sarah Finer
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Lars G. Fritsche
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Eleni Fthenou
- Qatar Biobank for Medical Research, Qatar Foundation for Education, Science, and Community, Doha, Qatar
| | | | | | - Yu Guo
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Karen A. Hunt
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Alexander Ioannidis
- Galatea Bio, Inc., Hialeah, FL, USA
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Nomdo M. Jansonius
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Department of Ophthalmology, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Takahiro Konuma
- Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco, Inc., Takatsuki 569-1125, Japan
| | | | - Arturo Lopez-Pineda
- Galatea Bio, Inc., Hialeah, FL, USA
- Amphora Health, Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico
| | | | - Riccardo E. Marioni
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | | | | | - Snehal Patil
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Nicholas Rafaels
- University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Anne Richmond
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | | | - Peter Straub
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ran Tao
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Brett Vanderwerff
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Yogasudha Veturi
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Marike Boezen
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Zhengming Chen
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Judy Cho
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - George Davey Smith
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, Bristol, UK
| | - Hilary K. Finucane
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lude Franke
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Department of Genetics, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Eric R. Gamazon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrea Ganna
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tom R. Gaunt
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, Bristol, UK
| | - Tian Ge
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Precision Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hailiang Huang
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer Huffman
- Centre for Population Genomics, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Jukka T. Koskela
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Clara Lajonchere
- Institute of Precision Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Matthew H. Law
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Liming Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Cecilia M. Lindgren
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ruth J.F. Loos
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stuart MacGregor
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Koichi Matsuda
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - David J. Porteous
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jordan A. Shavit
- University of Michigan, Department of Pediatrics, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Harold Snieder
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Richard C. Trembath
- School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Judith M. Vonk
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Stephen J. Wicks
- University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Cisca Wijmenga
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Department of Genetics, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - John Wright
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - Jie Zheng
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Xiang Zhou
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Philip Awadalla
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Carlos D. Bustamante
- Galatea Bio, Inc., Hialeah, FL, USA
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nancy J. Cox
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Segun Fatumo
- The African Computational Genomics (TACG) Research Group, MRC/UVRI and LSHTM, Entebbe, Uganda
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute/London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (MRC/UVRI/LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Daniel H. Geschwind
- Institute of Precision Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Caroline Hayward
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Kristian Hveem
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway
| | - Eimear E. Kenny
- Institute for Genomic Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Seunggeun Lee
- Graduate School of Data Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yen-Feng Lin
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
- Department of Public Health & Medical Humanities, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hamdi Mbarek
- Qatar Genome Program, Qatar Foundation Research, Development and Innovation, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Reedik Mägi
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Hilary C. Martin
- Human Genetics Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Sarah E. Medland
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Yukinori Okada
- Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Laboratory of Statistical Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (WPI-IFReC), Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Laboratory for Systems Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Aarno V. Palotie
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Bogdan Pasaniuc
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute of Precision Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Computational Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Daniel J. Rader
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marylyn D. Ritchie
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Serena Sanna
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Department of Genetics, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Institute for Genetics and Biomedical Research (IRGB), National Research Council (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Jordan W. Smoller
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Precision Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Robin G. Walters
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sebastian Zöllner
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Biobank of the Americas
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Division of Medicine and Laboratory Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Department of Ophthalmology, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Department of Genetics, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway
- Clinic of Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
- Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Biostatistics, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Qatar Genome Program, Qatar Foundation Research, Development and Innovation, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- MRC Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Galatea Bio, Inc., Hialeah, FL, USA
- Graduate School of Data Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Inc., 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Corporal Michael Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Qatar Biobank for Medical Research, Qatar Foundation for Education, Science, and Community, Doha, Qatar
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Institute of Healthcare Policy & Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Amphora Health, Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco, Inc., Takatsuki 569-1125, Japan
- Genomelink, Inc., Berkeley, CA, USA
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Biogen, Cambridge, MA, USA
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, Bristol, UK
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Precision Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Centre for Population Genomics, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- Institute of Precision Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- University of Michigan, Department of Pediatrics, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
- The African Computational Genomics (TACG) Research Group, MRC/UVRI and LSHTM, Entebbe, Uganda
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute/London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (MRC/UVRI/LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Public Health & Medical Humanities, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Human Genetics Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Department of Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Laboratory of Statistical Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (WPI-IFReC), Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Laboratory for Systems Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Computational Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Genetics and Biomedical Research (IRGB), National Research Council (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Biobank Japan Project
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Division of Medicine and Laboratory Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Department of Ophthalmology, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Department of Genetics, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway
- Clinic of Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
- Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Biostatistics, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Qatar Genome Program, Qatar Foundation Research, Development and Innovation, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- MRC Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Galatea Bio, Inc., Hialeah, FL, USA
- Graduate School of Data Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Inc., 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Corporal Michael Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Qatar Biobank for Medical Research, Qatar Foundation for Education, Science, and Community, Doha, Qatar
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Institute of Healthcare Policy & Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Amphora Health, Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco, Inc., Takatsuki 569-1125, Japan
- Genomelink, Inc., Berkeley, CA, USA
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Biogen, Cambridge, MA, USA
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, Bristol, UK
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Precision Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Centre for Population Genomics, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- Institute of Precision Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- University of Michigan, Department of Pediatrics, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
- The African Computational Genomics (TACG) Research Group, MRC/UVRI and LSHTM, Entebbe, Uganda
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute/London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (MRC/UVRI/LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Public Health & Medical Humanities, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Human Genetics Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Department of Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Laboratory of Statistical Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (WPI-IFReC), Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Laboratory for Systems Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Computational Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Genetics and Biomedical Research (IRGB), National Research Council (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - BioMe
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Division of Medicine and Laboratory Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Department of Ophthalmology, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Department of Genetics, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway
- Clinic of Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
- Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Biostatistics, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Qatar Genome Program, Qatar Foundation Research, Development and Innovation, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- MRC Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Galatea Bio, Inc., Hialeah, FL, USA
- Graduate School of Data Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Inc., 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Corporal Michael Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Qatar Biobank for Medical Research, Qatar Foundation for Education, Science, and Community, Doha, Qatar
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Institute of Healthcare Policy & Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Amphora Health, Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco, Inc., Takatsuki 569-1125, Japan
- Genomelink, Inc., Berkeley, CA, USA
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Biogen, Cambridge, MA, USA
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, Bristol, UK
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Precision Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Centre for Population Genomics, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- Institute of Precision Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- University of Michigan, Department of Pediatrics, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
- The African Computational Genomics (TACG) Research Group, MRC/UVRI and LSHTM, Entebbe, Uganda
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute/London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (MRC/UVRI/LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Public Health & Medical Humanities, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Human Genetics Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Department of Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Laboratory of Statistical Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (WPI-IFReC), Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Laboratory for Systems Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Computational Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Genetics and Biomedical Research (IRGB), National Research Council (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - BioVU
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Division of Medicine and Laboratory Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Department of Ophthalmology, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Department of Genetics, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway
- Clinic of Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
- Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Biostatistics, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Qatar Genome Program, Qatar Foundation Research, Development and Innovation, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- MRC Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Galatea Bio, Inc., Hialeah, FL, USA
- Graduate School of Data Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Inc., 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Corporal Michael Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Qatar Biobank for Medical Research, Qatar Foundation for Education, Science, and Community, Doha, Qatar
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Institute of Healthcare Policy & Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Amphora Health, Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco, Inc., Takatsuki 569-1125, Japan
- Genomelink, Inc., Berkeley, CA, USA
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Biogen, Cambridge, MA, USA
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, Bristol, UK
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Precision Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Centre for Population Genomics, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- Institute of Precision Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- University of Michigan, Department of Pediatrics, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
- The African Computational Genomics (TACG) Research Group, MRC/UVRI and LSHTM, Entebbe, Uganda
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute/London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (MRC/UVRI/LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Public Health & Medical Humanities, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Human Genetics Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Department of Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Laboratory of Statistical Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (WPI-IFReC), Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Laboratory for Systems Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Computational Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Genetics and Biomedical Research (IRGB), National Research Council (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - CanPath - Ontario Health Study
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Division of Medicine and Laboratory Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Department of Ophthalmology, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Department of Genetics, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway
- Clinic of Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
- Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Biostatistics, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Qatar Genome Program, Qatar Foundation Research, Development and Innovation, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- MRC Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Galatea Bio, Inc., Hialeah, FL, USA
- Graduate School of Data Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Inc., 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Corporal Michael Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Qatar Biobank for Medical Research, Qatar Foundation for Education, Science, and Community, Doha, Qatar
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Institute of Healthcare Policy & Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Amphora Health, Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco, Inc., Takatsuki 569-1125, Japan
- Genomelink, Inc., Berkeley, CA, USA
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Biogen, Cambridge, MA, USA
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, Bristol, UK
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Precision Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Centre for Population Genomics, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- Institute of Precision Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- University of Michigan, Department of Pediatrics, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
- The African Computational Genomics (TACG) Research Group, MRC/UVRI and LSHTM, Entebbe, Uganda
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute/London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (MRC/UVRI/LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Public Health & Medical Humanities, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Human Genetics Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Department of Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Laboratory of Statistical Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (WPI-IFReC), Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Laboratory for Systems Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Computational Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Genetics and Biomedical Research (IRGB), National Research Council (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - China Kadoorie Biobank Collaborative Group
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Division of Medicine and Laboratory Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Department of Ophthalmology, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Department of Genetics, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway
- Clinic of Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
- Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Biostatistics, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Qatar Genome Program, Qatar Foundation Research, Development and Innovation, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- MRC Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Galatea Bio, Inc., Hialeah, FL, USA
- Graduate School of Data Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Inc., 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Corporal Michael Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Qatar Biobank for Medical Research, Qatar Foundation for Education, Science, and Community, Doha, Qatar
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Institute of Healthcare Policy & Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Amphora Health, Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco, Inc., Takatsuki 569-1125, Japan
- Genomelink, Inc., Berkeley, CA, USA
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Biogen, Cambridge, MA, USA
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, Bristol, UK
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Precision Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Centre for Population Genomics, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- Institute of Precision Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- University of Michigan, Department of Pediatrics, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
- The African Computational Genomics (TACG) Research Group, MRC/UVRI and LSHTM, Entebbe, Uganda
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute/London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (MRC/UVRI/LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Public Health & Medical Humanities, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Human Genetics Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Department of Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Laboratory of Statistical Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (WPI-IFReC), Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Laboratory for Systems Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Computational Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Genetics and Biomedical Research (IRGB), National Research Council (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Colorado Center for Personalized Medicine
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Division of Medicine and Laboratory Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Department of Ophthalmology, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Department of Genetics, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway
- Clinic of Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
- Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Biostatistics, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Qatar Genome Program, Qatar Foundation Research, Development and Innovation, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- MRC Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Galatea Bio, Inc., Hialeah, FL, USA
- Graduate School of Data Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Inc., 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Corporal Michael Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Qatar Biobank for Medical Research, Qatar Foundation for Education, Science, and Community, Doha, Qatar
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Institute of Healthcare Policy & Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Amphora Health, Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco, Inc., Takatsuki 569-1125, Japan
- Genomelink, Inc., Berkeley, CA, USA
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Biogen, Cambridge, MA, USA
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, Bristol, UK
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Precision Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Centre for Population Genomics, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- Institute of Precision Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- University of Michigan, Department of Pediatrics, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
- The African Computational Genomics (TACG) Research Group, MRC/UVRI and LSHTM, Entebbe, Uganda
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute/London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (MRC/UVRI/LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Public Health & Medical Humanities, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Human Genetics Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Department of Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Laboratory of Statistical Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (WPI-IFReC), Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Laboratory for Systems Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Computational Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Genetics and Biomedical Research (IRGB), National Research Council (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - deCODE Genetics
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Division of Medicine and Laboratory Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Department of Ophthalmology, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Department of Genetics, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway
- Clinic of Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
- Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Biostatistics, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Qatar Genome Program, Qatar Foundation Research, Development and Innovation, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- MRC Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Galatea Bio, Inc., Hialeah, FL, USA
- Graduate School of Data Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Inc., 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Corporal Michael Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Qatar Biobank for Medical Research, Qatar Foundation for Education, Science, and Community, Doha, Qatar
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Institute of Healthcare Policy & Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Amphora Health, Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco, Inc., Takatsuki 569-1125, Japan
- Genomelink, Inc., Berkeley, CA, USA
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Biogen, Cambridge, MA, USA
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, Bristol, UK
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Precision Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Centre for Population Genomics, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- Institute of Precision Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- University of Michigan, Department of Pediatrics, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
- The African Computational Genomics (TACG) Research Group, MRC/UVRI and LSHTM, Entebbe, Uganda
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute/London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (MRC/UVRI/LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Public Health & Medical Humanities, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Human Genetics Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Department of Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Laboratory of Statistical Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (WPI-IFReC), Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Laboratory for Systems Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Computational Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Genetics and Biomedical Research (IRGB), National Research Council (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Estonian Biobank
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Division of Medicine and Laboratory Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Department of Ophthalmology, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Department of Genetics, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway
- Clinic of Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
- Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Biostatistics, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Qatar Genome Program, Qatar Foundation Research, Development and Innovation, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- MRC Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Galatea Bio, Inc., Hialeah, FL, USA
- Graduate School of Data Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Inc., 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Corporal Michael Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Qatar Biobank for Medical Research, Qatar Foundation for Education, Science, and Community, Doha, Qatar
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Institute of Healthcare Policy & Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Amphora Health, Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco, Inc., Takatsuki 569-1125, Japan
- Genomelink, Inc., Berkeley, CA, USA
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Biogen, Cambridge, MA, USA
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, Bristol, UK
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Precision Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Centre for Population Genomics, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- Institute of Precision Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- University of Michigan, Department of Pediatrics, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
- The African Computational Genomics (TACG) Research Group, MRC/UVRI and LSHTM, Entebbe, Uganda
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute/London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (MRC/UVRI/LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Public Health & Medical Humanities, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Human Genetics Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Department of Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Laboratory of Statistical Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (WPI-IFReC), Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Laboratory for Systems Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Computational Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Genetics and Biomedical Research (IRGB), National Research Council (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - FinnGen
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Division of Medicine and Laboratory Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Department of Ophthalmology, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Department of Genetics, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway
- Clinic of Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
- Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Biostatistics, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Qatar Genome Program, Qatar Foundation Research, Development and Innovation, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- MRC Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Galatea Bio, Inc., Hialeah, FL, USA
- Graduate School of Data Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Inc., 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Corporal Michael Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Qatar Biobank for Medical Research, Qatar Foundation for Education, Science, and Community, Doha, Qatar
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Institute of Healthcare Policy & Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Amphora Health, Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco, Inc., Takatsuki 569-1125, Japan
- Genomelink, Inc., Berkeley, CA, USA
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Biogen, Cambridge, MA, USA
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, Bristol, UK
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Precision Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Centre for Population Genomics, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- Institute of Precision Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- University of Michigan, Department of Pediatrics, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
- The African Computational Genomics (TACG) Research Group, MRC/UVRI and LSHTM, Entebbe, Uganda
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute/London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (MRC/UVRI/LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Public Health & Medical Humanities, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Human Genetics Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Department of Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Laboratory of Statistical Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (WPI-IFReC), Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Laboratory for Systems Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Computational Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Genetics and Biomedical Research (IRGB), National Research Council (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Generation Scotland
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Division of Medicine and Laboratory Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Department of Ophthalmology, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Department of Genetics, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway
- Clinic of Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
- Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Biostatistics, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Qatar Genome Program, Qatar Foundation Research, Development and Innovation, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- MRC Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Galatea Bio, Inc., Hialeah, FL, USA
- Graduate School of Data Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Inc., 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Corporal Michael Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Qatar Biobank for Medical Research, Qatar Foundation for Education, Science, and Community, Doha, Qatar
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Institute of Healthcare Policy & Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Amphora Health, Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco, Inc., Takatsuki 569-1125, Japan
- Genomelink, Inc., Berkeley, CA, USA
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Biogen, Cambridge, MA, USA
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, Bristol, UK
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Precision Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Centre for Population Genomics, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- Institute of Precision Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- University of Michigan, Department of Pediatrics, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
- The African Computational Genomics (TACG) Research Group, MRC/UVRI and LSHTM, Entebbe, Uganda
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute/London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (MRC/UVRI/LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Public Health & Medical Humanities, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Human Genetics Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Department of Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Laboratory of Statistical Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (WPI-IFReC), Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Laboratory for Systems Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Computational Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Genetics and Biomedical Research (IRGB), National Research Council (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Genes & Health Research Team
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Division of Medicine and Laboratory Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Department of Ophthalmology, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Department of Genetics, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway
- Clinic of Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
- Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Biostatistics, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Qatar Genome Program, Qatar Foundation Research, Development and Innovation, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- MRC Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Galatea Bio, Inc., Hialeah, FL, USA
- Graduate School of Data Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Inc., 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Corporal Michael Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Qatar Biobank for Medical Research, Qatar Foundation for Education, Science, and Community, Doha, Qatar
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Institute of Healthcare Policy & Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Amphora Health, Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco, Inc., Takatsuki 569-1125, Japan
- Genomelink, Inc., Berkeley, CA, USA
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Biogen, Cambridge, MA, USA
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, Bristol, UK
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Precision Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Centre for Population Genomics, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- Institute of Precision Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- University of Michigan, Department of Pediatrics, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
- The African Computational Genomics (TACG) Research Group, MRC/UVRI and LSHTM, Entebbe, Uganda
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute/London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (MRC/UVRI/LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Public Health & Medical Humanities, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Human Genetics Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Department of Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Laboratory of Statistical Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (WPI-IFReC), Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Laboratory for Systems Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Computational Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Genetics and Biomedical Research (IRGB), National Research Council (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - LifeLines
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Division of Medicine and Laboratory Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Department of Ophthalmology, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Department of Genetics, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway
- Clinic of Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
- Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Biostatistics, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Qatar Genome Program, Qatar Foundation Research, Development and Innovation, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- MRC Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Galatea Bio, Inc., Hialeah, FL, USA
- Graduate School of Data Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Inc., 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Corporal Michael Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Qatar Biobank for Medical Research, Qatar Foundation for Education, Science, and Community, Doha, Qatar
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Institute of Healthcare Policy & Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Amphora Health, Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco, Inc., Takatsuki 569-1125, Japan
- Genomelink, Inc., Berkeley, CA, USA
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Biogen, Cambridge, MA, USA
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, Bristol, UK
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Precision Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Centre for Population Genomics, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- Institute of Precision Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- University of Michigan, Department of Pediatrics, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
- The African Computational Genomics (TACG) Research Group, MRC/UVRI and LSHTM, Entebbe, Uganda
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute/London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (MRC/UVRI/LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Public Health & Medical Humanities, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Human Genetics Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Department of Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Laboratory of Statistical Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (WPI-IFReC), Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Laboratory for Systems Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Computational Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Genetics and Biomedical Research (IRGB), National Research Council (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Mass General Brigham Biobank
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Division of Medicine and Laboratory Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Department of Ophthalmology, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Department of Genetics, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway
- Clinic of Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
- Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Biostatistics, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Qatar Genome Program, Qatar Foundation Research, Development and Innovation, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- MRC Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Galatea Bio, Inc., Hialeah, FL, USA
- Graduate School of Data Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Inc., 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Corporal Michael Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Qatar Biobank for Medical Research, Qatar Foundation for Education, Science, and Community, Doha, Qatar
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Institute of Healthcare Policy & Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Amphora Health, Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco, Inc., Takatsuki 569-1125, Japan
- Genomelink, Inc., Berkeley, CA, USA
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Biogen, Cambridge, MA, USA
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, Bristol, UK
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Precision Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Centre for Population Genomics, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- Institute of Precision Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- University of Michigan, Department of Pediatrics, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
- The African Computational Genomics (TACG) Research Group, MRC/UVRI and LSHTM, Entebbe, Uganda
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute/London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (MRC/UVRI/LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Public Health & Medical Humanities, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Human Genetics Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Department of Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Laboratory of Statistical Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (WPI-IFReC), Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Laboratory for Systems Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Computational Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Genetics and Biomedical Research (IRGB), National Research Council (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Michigan Genomics Initiative
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Division of Medicine and Laboratory Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Department of Ophthalmology, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Department of Genetics, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway
- Clinic of Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
- Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Biostatistics, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Qatar Genome Program, Qatar Foundation Research, Development and Innovation, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- MRC Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Galatea Bio, Inc., Hialeah, FL, USA
- Graduate School of Data Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Inc., 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Corporal Michael Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Qatar Biobank for Medical Research, Qatar Foundation for Education, Science, and Community, Doha, Qatar
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Institute of Healthcare Policy & Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Amphora Health, Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco, Inc., Takatsuki 569-1125, Japan
- Genomelink, Inc., Berkeley, CA, USA
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Biogen, Cambridge, MA, USA
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, Bristol, UK
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Precision Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Centre for Population Genomics, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- Institute of Precision Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- University of Michigan, Department of Pediatrics, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
- The African Computational Genomics (TACG) Research Group, MRC/UVRI and LSHTM, Entebbe, Uganda
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute/London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (MRC/UVRI/LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Public Health & Medical Humanities, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Human Genetics Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Department of Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Laboratory of Statistical Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (WPI-IFReC), Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Laboratory for Systems Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Computational Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Genetics and Biomedical Research (IRGB), National Research Council (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - National Biobank of Korea
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Division of Medicine and Laboratory Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Department of Ophthalmology, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Department of Genetics, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway
- Clinic of Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
- Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Biostatistics, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Qatar Genome Program, Qatar Foundation Research, Development and Innovation, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- MRC Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Galatea Bio, Inc., Hialeah, FL, USA
- Graduate School of Data Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Inc., 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Corporal Michael Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Qatar Biobank for Medical Research, Qatar Foundation for Education, Science, and Community, Doha, Qatar
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Institute of Healthcare Policy & Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Amphora Health, Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco, Inc., Takatsuki 569-1125, Japan
- Genomelink, Inc., Berkeley, CA, USA
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Biogen, Cambridge, MA, USA
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, Bristol, UK
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Precision Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Centre for Population Genomics, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- Institute of Precision Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- University of Michigan, Department of Pediatrics, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
- The African Computational Genomics (TACG) Research Group, MRC/UVRI and LSHTM, Entebbe, Uganda
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute/London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (MRC/UVRI/LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Public Health & Medical Humanities, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Human Genetics Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Department of Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Laboratory of Statistical Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (WPI-IFReC), Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Laboratory for Systems Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Computational Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Genetics and Biomedical Research (IRGB), National Research Council (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Penn Medicine BioBank
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Division of Medicine and Laboratory Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Department of Ophthalmology, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Department of Genetics, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway
- Clinic of Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
- Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Biostatistics, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Qatar Genome Program, Qatar Foundation Research, Development and Innovation, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- MRC Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Galatea Bio, Inc., Hialeah, FL, USA
- Graduate School of Data Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Inc., 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Corporal Michael Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Qatar Biobank for Medical Research, Qatar Foundation for Education, Science, and Community, Doha, Qatar
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Institute of Healthcare Policy & Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Amphora Health, Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco, Inc., Takatsuki 569-1125, Japan
- Genomelink, Inc., Berkeley, CA, USA
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Biogen, Cambridge, MA, USA
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, Bristol, UK
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Precision Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Centre for Population Genomics, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- Institute of Precision Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- University of Michigan, Department of Pediatrics, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
- The African Computational Genomics (TACG) Research Group, MRC/UVRI and LSHTM, Entebbe, Uganda
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute/London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (MRC/UVRI/LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Public Health & Medical Humanities, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Human Genetics Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Department of Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Laboratory of Statistical Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (WPI-IFReC), Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Laboratory for Systems Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Computational Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Genetics and Biomedical Research (IRGB), National Research Council (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Qatar Biobank
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Division of Medicine and Laboratory Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Department of Ophthalmology, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Department of Genetics, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway
- Clinic of Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
- Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Biostatistics, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Qatar Genome Program, Qatar Foundation Research, Development and Innovation, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- MRC Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Galatea Bio, Inc., Hialeah, FL, USA
- Graduate School of Data Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Inc., 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Corporal Michael Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Qatar Biobank for Medical Research, Qatar Foundation for Education, Science, and Community, Doha, Qatar
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Institute of Healthcare Policy & Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Amphora Health, Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco, Inc., Takatsuki 569-1125, Japan
- Genomelink, Inc., Berkeley, CA, USA
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Biogen, Cambridge, MA, USA
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, Bristol, UK
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Precision Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Centre for Population Genomics, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- Institute of Precision Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- University of Michigan, Department of Pediatrics, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
- The African Computational Genomics (TACG) Research Group, MRC/UVRI and LSHTM, Entebbe, Uganda
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute/London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (MRC/UVRI/LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Public Health & Medical Humanities, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Human Genetics Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Department of Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Laboratory of Statistical Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (WPI-IFReC), Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Laboratory for Systems Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Computational Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Genetics and Biomedical Research (IRGB), National Research Council (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - The QSkin Sun and Health Study
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Division of Medicine and Laboratory Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Department of Ophthalmology, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Department of Genetics, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway
- Clinic of Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
- Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Biostatistics, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Qatar Genome Program, Qatar Foundation Research, Development and Innovation, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- MRC Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Galatea Bio, Inc., Hialeah, FL, USA
- Graduate School of Data Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Inc., 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Corporal Michael Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Qatar Biobank for Medical Research, Qatar Foundation for Education, Science, and Community, Doha, Qatar
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Institute of Healthcare Policy & Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Amphora Health, Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco, Inc., Takatsuki 569-1125, Japan
- Genomelink, Inc., Berkeley, CA, USA
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Biogen, Cambridge, MA, USA
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, Bristol, UK
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Precision Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Centre for Population Genomics, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- Institute of Precision Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- University of Michigan, Department of Pediatrics, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
- The African Computational Genomics (TACG) Research Group, MRC/UVRI and LSHTM, Entebbe, Uganda
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute/London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (MRC/UVRI/LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Public Health & Medical Humanities, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Human Genetics Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Department of Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Laboratory of Statistical Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (WPI-IFReC), Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Laboratory for Systems Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Computational Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Genetics and Biomedical Research (IRGB), National Research Council (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Taiwan Biobank
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Division of Medicine and Laboratory Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Department of Ophthalmology, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Department of Genetics, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway
- Clinic of Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
- Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Biostatistics, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Qatar Genome Program, Qatar Foundation Research, Development and Innovation, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- MRC Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Galatea Bio, Inc., Hialeah, FL, USA
- Graduate School of Data Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Inc., 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Corporal Michael Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Qatar Biobank for Medical Research, Qatar Foundation for Education, Science, and Community, Doha, Qatar
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Institute of Healthcare Policy & Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Amphora Health, Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco, Inc., Takatsuki 569-1125, Japan
- Genomelink, Inc., Berkeley, CA, USA
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Biogen, Cambridge, MA, USA
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, Bristol, UK
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Precision Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Centre for Population Genomics, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- Institute of Precision Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- University of Michigan, Department of Pediatrics, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
- The African Computational Genomics (TACG) Research Group, MRC/UVRI and LSHTM, Entebbe, Uganda
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute/London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (MRC/UVRI/LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Public Health & Medical Humanities, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Human Genetics Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Department of Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Laboratory of Statistical Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (WPI-IFReC), Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Laboratory for Systems Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Computational Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Genetics and Biomedical Research (IRGB), National Research Council (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - The HUNT Study
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Division of Medicine and Laboratory Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Department of Ophthalmology, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Department of Genetics, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway
- Clinic of Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
- Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Biostatistics, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Qatar Genome Program, Qatar Foundation Research, Development and Innovation, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- MRC Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Galatea Bio, Inc., Hialeah, FL, USA
- Graduate School of Data Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Inc., 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Corporal Michael Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Qatar Biobank for Medical Research, Qatar Foundation for Education, Science, and Community, Doha, Qatar
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Institute of Healthcare Policy & Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Amphora Health, Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco, Inc., Takatsuki 569-1125, Japan
- Genomelink, Inc., Berkeley, CA, USA
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Biogen, Cambridge, MA, USA
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, Bristol, UK
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Precision Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Centre for Population Genomics, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- Institute of Precision Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- University of Michigan, Department of Pediatrics, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
- The African Computational Genomics (TACG) Research Group, MRC/UVRI and LSHTM, Entebbe, Uganda
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute/London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (MRC/UVRI/LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Public Health & Medical Humanities, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Human Genetics Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Department of Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Laboratory of Statistical Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (WPI-IFReC), Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Laboratory for Systems Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Computational Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Genetics and Biomedical Research (IRGB), National Research Council (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - UCLA ATLAS Community Health Initiative
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Division of Medicine and Laboratory Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Department of Ophthalmology, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Department of Genetics, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway
- Clinic of Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
- Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Biostatistics, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Qatar Genome Program, Qatar Foundation Research, Development and Innovation, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- MRC Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Galatea Bio, Inc., Hialeah, FL, USA
- Graduate School of Data Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Inc., 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Corporal Michael Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Qatar Biobank for Medical Research, Qatar Foundation for Education, Science, and Community, Doha, Qatar
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Institute of Healthcare Policy & Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Amphora Health, Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco, Inc., Takatsuki 569-1125, Japan
- Genomelink, Inc., Berkeley, CA, USA
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Biogen, Cambridge, MA, USA
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, Bristol, UK
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Precision Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Centre for Population Genomics, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- Institute of Precision Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- University of Michigan, Department of Pediatrics, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
- The African Computational Genomics (TACG) Research Group, MRC/UVRI and LSHTM, Entebbe, Uganda
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute/London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (MRC/UVRI/LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Public Health & Medical Humanities, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Human Genetics Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Department of Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Laboratory of Statistical Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (WPI-IFReC), Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Laboratory for Systems Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Computational Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Genetics and Biomedical Research (IRGB), National Research Council (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Uganda Genome Resource
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Division of Medicine and Laboratory Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Department of Ophthalmology, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Department of Genetics, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway
- Clinic of Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
- Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Biostatistics, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Qatar Genome Program, Qatar Foundation Research, Development and Innovation, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- MRC Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Galatea Bio, Inc., Hialeah, FL, USA
- Graduate School of Data Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Inc., 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Corporal Michael Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Qatar Biobank for Medical Research, Qatar Foundation for Education, Science, and Community, Doha, Qatar
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Institute of Healthcare Policy & Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Amphora Health, Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco, Inc., Takatsuki 569-1125, Japan
- Genomelink, Inc., Berkeley, CA, USA
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Biogen, Cambridge, MA, USA
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, Bristol, UK
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Precision Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Centre for Population Genomics, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- Institute of Precision Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- University of Michigan, Department of Pediatrics, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
- The African Computational Genomics (TACG) Research Group, MRC/UVRI and LSHTM, Entebbe, Uganda
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute/London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (MRC/UVRI/LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Public Health & Medical Humanities, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Human Genetics Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Department of Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Laboratory of Statistical Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (WPI-IFReC), Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Laboratory for Systems Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Computational Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Genetics and Biomedical Research (IRGB), National Research Council (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - UK Biobank
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Division of Medicine and Laboratory Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Department of Ophthalmology, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Department of Genetics, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway
- Clinic of Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
- Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Biostatistics, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Qatar Genome Program, Qatar Foundation Research, Development and Innovation, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- MRC Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Galatea Bio, Inc., Hialeah, FL, USA
- Graduate School of Data Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Inc., 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Corporal Michael Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Qatar Biobank for Medical Research, Qatar Foundation for Education, Science, and Community, Doha, Qatar
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Institute of Healthcare Policy & Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Amphora Health, Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco, Inc., Takatsuki 569-1125, Japan
- Genomelink, Inc., Berkeley, CA, USA
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Biogen, Cambridge, MA, USA
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, Bristol, UK
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Precision Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Centre for Population Genomics, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- Institute of Precision Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- University of Michigan, Department of Pediatrics, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
- The African Computational Genomics (TACG) Research Group, MRC/UVRI and LSHTM, Entebbe, Uganda
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute/London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (MRC/UVRI/LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Public Health & Medical Humanities, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Human Genetics Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Department of Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Laboratory of Statistical Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (WPI-IFReC), Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Laboratory for Systems Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Computational Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Genetics and Biomedical Research (IRGB), National Research Council (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Alicia R. Martin
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Cristen J. Willer
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Mark J. Daly
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Benjamin M. Neale
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
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