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Roca Suarez AA, Plissonnier ML, Grand X, Michelet M, Giraud G, Saez-Palma M, Dubois A, Heintz S, Diederichs A, Van Renne N, Vanwolleghem T, Daffis S, Li L, Kolhatkar N, Hsu YC, Wallin JJ, Lau AH, Fletcher SP, Rivoire M, Levrero M, Testoni B, Zoulim F. TLR8 agonist selgantolimod regulates Kupffer cell differentiation status and impairs HBV entry into hepatocytes via an IL-6-dependent mechanism. Gut 2024:gutjnl-2023-331396. [PMID: 38697771 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2023-331396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Achieving HBV cure will require novel combination therapies of direct-acting antivirals and immunomodulatory agents. In this context, the toll-like receptor 8 (TLR8) agonist selgantolimod (SLGN) has been investigated in preclinical models and clinical trials for chronic hepatitis B (CHB). However, little is known regarding its action on immune effectors within the liver. Our aim was to characterise the transcriptomic changes and intercellular communication events induced by SLGN in the hepatic microenvironment. DESIGN We identified TLR8-expressing cell types in the human liver using publicly available single-cell RNA-seq data and established a method to isolate Kupffer cells (KCs). We characterised transcriptomic and cytokine KC profiles in response to SLGN. SLGN's indirect effect was evaluated by RNA-seq in hepatocytes treated with SLGN-conditioned media (CM) and quantification of HBV parameters following infection. Pathways mediating SLGN's effect were validated using transcriptomic data from HBV-infected patients. RESULTS Hepatic TLR8 expression takes place in the myeloid compartment. SLGN treatment of KCs upregulated monocyte markers (eg, S100A12) and downregulated genes associated with the KC identity (eg, SPIC). Treatment of hepatocytes with SLGN-CM downregulated NTCP and impaired HBV entry. Cotreatment with an interleukin 6-neutralising antibody reverted the HBV entry inhibition. CONCLUSION Our transcriptomic characterisation of SLGN sheds light into the programmes regulating KC activation. Furthermore, in addition to its previously described effect on established HBV infection and adaptive immunity, we show that SLGN impairs HBV entry. Altogether, SLGN may contribute through KCs to remodelling the intrahepatic immune microenvironment and may thus represent an important component of future combinations to cure HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando Andres Roca Suarez
- INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR-5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Lyon, France
- University of Lyon, Université Claude-Bernard (UCBL), Lyon, France
- The Lyon Hepatology Institute EVEREST, Lyon, France
| | - Marie-Laure Plissonnier
- INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR-5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Lyon, France
- University of Lyon, Université Claude-Bernard (UCBL), Lyon, France
- The Lyon Hepatology Institute EVEREST, Lyon, France
| | - Xavier Grand
- INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR-5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Lyon, France
- University of Lyon, Université Claude-Bernard (UCBL), Lyon, France
- The Lyon Hepatology Institute EVEREST, Lyon, France
| | - Maud Michelet
- INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR-5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Lyon, France
- University of Lyon, Université Claude-Bernard (UCBL), Lyon, France
- The Lyon Hepatology Institute EVEREST, Lyon, France
| | - Guillaume Giraud
- INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR-5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Lyon, France
- University of Lyon, Université Claude-Bernard (UCBL), Lyon, France
- The Lyon Hepatology Institute EVEREST, Lyon, France
| | - Maria Saez-Palma
- INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR-5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Lyon, France
- University of Lyon, Université Claude-Bernard (UCBL), Lyon, France
- The Lyon Hepatology Institute EVEREST, Lyon, France
| | - Anaëlle Dubois
- INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR-5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Lyon, France
- University of Lyon, Université Claude-Bernard (UCBL), Lyon, France
- The Lyon Hepatology Institute EVEREST, Lyon, France
| | - Sarah Heintz
- INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR-5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Lyon, France
- University of Lyon, Université Claude-Bernard (UCBL), Lyon, France
- The Lyon Hepatology Institute EVEREST, Lyon, France
| | - Audrey Diederichs
- INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR-5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Lyon, France
- University of Lyon, Université Claude-Bernard (UCBL), Lyon, France
- The Lyon Hepatology Institute EVEREST, Lyon, France
| | - Nicolaas Van Renne
- Viral Hepatitis Research Group, Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Antwerp University, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Thomas Vanwolleghem
- Viral Hepatitis Research Group, Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Antwerp University, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Li Li
- Gilead Sciences Inc, 324 Lakeside Dr, Foster City, CA, USA
| | | | - Yao-Chun Hsu
- Center for Liver Diseases, E-Da Hospital/I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | | | - Audrey H Lau
- Gilead Sciences Inc, 324 Lakeside Dr, Foster City, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Massimo Levrero
- INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR-5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Lyon, France
- University of Lyon, Université Claude-Bernard (UCBL), Lyon, France
- The Lyon Hepatology Institute EVEREST, Lyon, France
- Department of Hepatology, Croix Rousse hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Department of Internal Medicine - DMISM and the IIT Center for Life Nanoscience (CLNS), Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Testoni
- INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR-5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Lyon, France
- University of Lyon, Université Claude-Bernard (UCBL), Lyon, France
- The Lyon Hepatology Institute EVEREST, Lyon, France
| | - Fabien Zoulim
- INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR-5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Lyon, France
- University of Lyon, Université Claude-Bernard (UCBL), Lyon, France
- The Lyon Hepatology Institute EVEREST, Lyon, France
- Department of Hepatology, Croix Rousse hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
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2
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Schmidt S, Mengistu M, Daffis S, Ahmadi-Erber S, Deutschmann D, Grigoriev T, Chu R, Leung C, Tomkinson A, Uddin MN, Moshkani S, Robek MD, Perry J, Lauterbach H, Orlinger K, Fletcher SP, Balsitis S. Alternating Arenavirus Vector Immunization Generates Robust Polyfunctional Genotype Cross-Reactive Hepatitis B Virus-Specific CD8 T-Cell Responses and High Anti-Hepatitis B Surface Antigen Titers. J Infect Dis 2024; 229:1077-1087. [PMID: 37602681 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) is a major driver of infectious disease mortality. Curative therapies are needed and ideally should induce CD8 T cell-mediated clearance of infected hepatocytes plus anti-hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) antibodies (anti-HBs) to neutralize residual virus. We developed a novel therapeutic vaccine using non-replicating arenavirus vectors. Antigens were screened for genotype conservation and magnitude and genotype reactivity of T cell response, then cloned into Pichinde virus (PICV) vectors (recombinant PICV, GS-2829) and lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) vectors (replication-incompetent, GS-6779). Alternating immunizations with GS-2829 and GS-6779 induced high-magnitude HBV T cell responses, and high anti-HBs titers. Dose schedule optimization in macaques achieved strong polyfunctional CD8 T cell responses against core, HBsAg, and polymerase and high titer anti-HBs. In AAV-HBV mice, GS-2829 and GS-6779 were efficacious in animals with low pre-treatment serum HBsAg. Based on these results, GS-2829 and GS-6779 could become a central component of cure regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ruth Chu
- Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, USA
| | - Cleo Leung
- Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, USA
| | | | - Mohammad Nizam Uddin
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Safiehkhatoon Moshkani
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Michael D Robek
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Jason Perry
- Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, USA
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3
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Rossi M, Vecchi A, Tiezzi C, Barili V, Fisicaro P, Penna A, Montali I, Daffis S, Fletcher SP, Gaggar A, Medley J, Graupe M, Lad L, Loglio A, Soffredini R, Borghi M, Pollicino T, Musolino C, Alfieri A, Brillo F, Laccabue D, Massari M, Boarini C, Abbati G, Pedrazzi G, Missale G, Lampertico P, Ferrari C, Boni C. Phenotypic CD8 T cell profiling in chronic hepatitis B to predict HBV-specific CD8 T cell susceptibility to functional restoration in vitro. Gut 2023; 72:2123-2137. [PMID: 36717219 PMCID: PMC10579518 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2022-327202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Exhausted hepatitis B virus (HBV)-specific CD8 T cells in chronic HBV infection are broadly heterogeneous. Characterisation of their functional impairment may allow to distinguish patients with different capacity to control infection and reconstitute antiviral function. DESIGN HBV dextramer+CD8 T cells were analysed ex vivo for coexpression of checkpoint/differentiation markers, transcription factors and cytokines in 35 patients with HLA-A2+chronic hepatitis B (CHB) and in 29 control HBsAg negative CHB patients who seroconverted after NUC treatment or spontaneously. Cytokine production was also evaluated in HBV peptide-stimulated T cell cultures, in the presence or absence of antioxidant, polyphenolic, PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor and TLR-8 agonist compounds and the effect on HBV-specific responses was further validated on additional 24 HLA-A2 negative CHB patients. RESULTS Severely exhausted HBV-specific CD8 T cell subsets with high expression of inhibitory receptors, such as PD-1, TOX and CD39, were detected only in a subgroup of chronic viraemic patients. Conversely, a large predominance of functionally more efficient HBV-specific CD8 T cell subsets with lower expression of coinhibitory molecules and better response to in vitro immune modulation, typically detected after resolution of infection, was also observed in a proportion of chronic viraemic HBV patients. Importantly, the same subset of patients who responded more efficiently to in vitro immune modulation identified by HBV-specific CD8 T cell analysis were also identified by staining total CD8 T cells with PD-1, TOX, CD127 and Bcl-2. CONCLUSIONS The possibility to distinguish patient cohorts with different capacity to respond to immune modulatory compounds in vitro by a simple analysis of the phenotypic CD8 T cell exhaustion profile deserves evaluation of its clinical applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzia Rossi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Andrea Vecchi
- Unit of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Camilla Tiezzi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Valeria Barili
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Paola Fisicaro
- Unit of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Amalia Penna
- Unit of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Ilaria Montali
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | | | - Anuj Gaggar
- Gilead Sciences Inc, Foster City, California, USA
| | | | | | - Latesh Lad
- Gilead Sciences Inc, Foster City, California, USA
| | - Alessandro Loglio
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - Roberta Soffredini
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - Marta Borghi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - Teresa Pollicino
- Department of Human Pathology, University Hospital of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Cristina Musolino
- Department of Human Pathology, University Hospital of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Arianna Alfieri
- Unit of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Federica Brillo
- Unit of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Diletta Laccabue
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Marco Massari
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Chiara Boarini
- Division of Internal Medicine 2 and Center for Hemochromatosis, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Gianluca Abbati
- Division of Internal Medicine 2 and Center for Hemochromatosis, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pedrazzi
- Department of Neuroscience - Biophysics and Medical Physics Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Gabriele Missale
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Unit of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Pietro Lampertico
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, CRC "A. M. and A. Migliavacca" Center for Liver Disease, Milano, Italy
| | - Carlo Ferrari
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Unit of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Carolina Boni
- Unit of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy
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4
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Amin OE, Colbeck EJ, Daffis S, Khan S, Ramakrishnan D, Pattabiraman D, Chu R, Micolochick Steuer H, Lehar S, Peiser L, Palazzo A, Frey C, Davies J, Javanbakht H, Rosenberg WM, Fletcher SP, Maini MK, Pallett LJ. Therapeutic Potential of TLR8 Agonist GS-9688 (Selgantolimod) in Chronic Hepatitis B: Remodeling of Antiviral and Regulatory Mediators. Hepatology 2021; 74:55-71. [PMID: 33368377 PMCID: PMC8436741 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS GS-9688 (selgantolimod) is a toll-like receptor 8 agonist in clinical development for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B (CHB). Antiviral activity of GS-9688 has previously been evaluated in vitro in HBV-infected hepatocytes and in vivo in the woodchuck model of CHB. Here we evaluated the potential of GS-9688 to boost responses contributing to viral control and to modulate regulatory mediators. APPROACH AND RESULTS We characterized the effect of GS-9688 on immune cell subsets in vitro in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of healthy controls and patients with CHB. GS-9688 activated dendritic cells and mononuclear phagocytes to produce IL-12 and other immunomodulatory mediators, inducing a comparable cytokine profile in healthy controls and patients with CHB. GS-9688 increased the frequency of activated natural killer (NK) cells, mucosal-associated invariant T cells, CD4+ follicular helper T cells, and, in about 50% of patients, HBV-specific CD8+ T cells expressing interferon-γ. Moreover, in vitro stimulation with GS-9688 induced NK-cell expression of interferon-γ and TNF-α, and promoted hepatocyte lysis. We also assessed whether GS-9688 inhibited immunosuppressive cell subsets that might enhance antiviral efficacy. Stimulation with GS-9688 reduced the frequency of CD4+ regulatory T cells and monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). Residual MDSCs expressed higher levels of negative immune regulators, galectin-9 and programmed death-ligand 1. Conversely, GS-9688 induced an expansion of immunoregulatory TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand+ NK cells and degranulation of arginase-I+ polymorphonuclear MDSCs. CONCLUSIONS GS-9688 induces cytokines in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells that are able to activate antiviral effector function by multiple immune mediators (HBV-specific CD8+ T cells, CD4+ follicular helper T cells, NK cells, and mucosal-associated invariant T cells). Although reducing the frequency of some immunoregulatory subsets, it enhances the immunosuppressive potential of others, highlighting potential biomarkers and immunotherapeutic targets to optimize the antiviral efficacy of GS-9688.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver E. Amin
- Division of Infection & ImmunityInstitute of Immunity & TransplantationUniversity College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Emily J. Colbeck
- Division of Infection & ImmunityInstitute of Immunity & TransplantationUniversity College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | - Ruth Chu
- Gilead Sciences Inc.Foster CityCA
| | | | - Sophie Lehar
- Gilead Sciences Inc.Foster CityCA
- Present address:
Genentech Inc.South San FranciscoCA
| | - Leanne Peiser
- Gilead Sciences Inc.Foster CityCA
- Present address:
Bristol Myers SquibbSeattleWA
| | | | - Christian Frey
- Gilead Sciences Inc.Foster CityCA
- Present address:
Ideaya Biosciences Inc.South San FranciscoCA
| | - Jessica Davies
- Division of Infection & ImmunityInstitute of Immunity & TransplantationUniversity College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Hassan Javanbakht
- Gilead Sciences Inc.Foster CityCA
- Present address:
SQZ BiotechnologiesWatertownMA
| | | | | | - Mala K. Maini
- Division of Infection & ImmunityInstitute of Immunity & TransplantationUniversity College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Laura J. Pallett
- Division of Infection & ImmunityInstitute of Immunity & TransplantationUniversity College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
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5
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Daffis S, Balsitis S, Chamberlain J, Zheng J, Santos R, Rowe W, Ramakrishnan D, Pattabiraman D, Spurlock S, Chu R, Kang D, Mish M, Ramirez R, Li L, Li B, Ma S, Hung M, Voitenleitner C, Yon C, Suresh M, Menne S, Cote P, Delaney WE, Mackman R, Fletcher SP. Toll-Like Receptor 8 Agonist GS-9688 Induces Sustained Efficacy in the Woodchuck Model of Chronic Hepatitis B. Hepatology 2021; 73:53-67. [PMID: 32246499 PMCID: PMC7898792 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS GS-9688 (selgantolimod) is an oral selective small molecule agonist of toll-like receptor 8 in clinical development for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B. In this study, we evaluated the antiviral efficacy of GS-9688 in woodchucks chronically infected with woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV), a hepadnavirus closely related to hepatitis B virus. APPROACH AND RESULTS WHV-infected woodchucks received eight weekly oral doses of vehicle, 1 mg/kg GS-9688, or 3 mg/kg GS-9688. Vehicle and 1 mg/kg GS-9688 had no antiviral effect, whereas 3 mg/kg GS-9688 induced a >5 log10 reduction in serum viral load and reduced WHV surface antigen (WHsAg) levels to below the limit of detection in half of the treated woodchucks. In these animals, the antiviral response was maintained until the end of the study (>5 months after the end of treatment). GS-9688 treatment reduced intrahepatic WHV RNA and DNA levels by >95% in animals in which the antiviral response was sustained after treatment cessation, and these woodchucks also developed detectable anti-WHsAg antibodies. The antiviral efficacy of weekly oral dosing with 3 mg/kg GS-9688 was confirmed in a second woodchuck study. The antiviral response to GS-9688 did not correlate with systemic GS-9688 or cytokine levels but was associated with transient elevation of liver injury biomarkers and enhanced proliferative response of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to WHV peptides. Transcriptomic analysis of liver biopsies taken prior to treatment suggested that T follicular helper cells and various other immune cell subsets may play a role in the antiviral response to GS-9688. CONCLUSIONS Finite, short-duration treatment with a clinically relevant dose of GS-9688 is well tolerated and can induce a sustained antiviral response in WHV-infected woodchucks; the identification of a baseline intrahepatic transcriptional signature associated with response to GS-9688 treatment provides insights into the immune mechanisms that mediate this antiviral effect.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jason Chamberlain
- Gilead Sciences, Inc.Foster CityCA,Present address:
Horizon TherapeuticsSouth San FranciscoCA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sandra Spurlock
- Gilead Sciences, Inc.Foster CityCA,Present address:
Calithera BiosciencesSouth San FranciscoCA
| | - Ruth Chu
- Gilead Sciences, Inc.Foster CityCA
| | - Don Kang
- Gilead Sciences, Inc.Foster CityCA
| | | | | | - Li Li
- Gilead Sciences, Inc.Foster CityCA
| | - Bei Li
- Gilead Sciences, Inc.Foster CityCA
| | | | | | - Christian Voitenleitner
- Gilead Sciences, Inc.Foster CityCA,Present address:
Vaudaux‐Eppendorf AGSchönenbuchSwitzerland
| | | | | | | | - Paul Cote
- Georgetown University Medical CenterWashingtonDC
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6
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Mackman RL, Mish M, Chin G, Perry JK, Appleby T, Aktoudianakis V, Metobo S, Pyun P, Niu C, Daffis S, Yu H, Zheng J, Villasenor AG, Zablocki J, Chamberlain J, Jin H, Lee G, Suekawa-Pirrone K, Santos R, Delaney WE, Fletcher SP. Discovery of GS-9688 (Selgantolimod) as a Potent and Selective Oral Toll-Like Receptor 8 Agonist for the Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis B. J Med Chem 2020; 63:10188-10203. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard L. Mackman
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Michael Mish
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Gregory Chin
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Jason K. Perry
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Todd Appleby
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | | | - Sammy Metobo
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Peter Pyun
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Congrong Niu
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Stephane Daffis
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Helen Yu
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Jim Zheng
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Armando G. Villasenor
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Jeff Zablocki
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Jason Chamberlain
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Haolun Jin
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Gary Lee
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | | | - Rex Santos
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - William E. Delaney
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Simon P. Fletcher
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
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7
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Reyes M, Lutz JD, Lau AH, Gaggar A, Grant EP, Joshi A, Mackman RL, Ling J, Tan SK, Ayithan N, Daffis S, Woo J, Wu P, Lam T, Fletcher SP, Kottilil S, Poonia B, Gane EJ, Mathias A, German P. Safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of selgantolimod, an oral Toll-like receptor 8 agonist: a Phase Ia study in healthy subjects. Antivir Ther 2020; 25:171-180. [PMID: 32667286 DOI: 10.3851/imp3363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Selgantolimod is a novel oral, selective Toll-like receptor 8 (TLR8) agonist in development for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B (CHB). TLR8 is an endosomal innate immune receptor and a target for treatment of viral infections. This first-in-human study investigated the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of selgantolimod in healthy volunteers. METHODS Of 71 subjects enrolled, 59 received a single dose of selgantolimod (0.5, 1.5, 3 or 5 mg) or placebo, and 12 were evaluated for food effect. Safety, PK and PD activity by induction of cytokines, chemokines and acute phase proteins were assessed. PK/PD analyses were conducted. RESULTS Single doses of 0.5-5 mg were generally safe. No serious adverse events (AEs) or AEs leading to discontinuation were reported, and most were Grade 1 in severity. Selgantolimod displayed rapid absorption and dose-proportional PK and PD activity. Food had minimal effect on PK but resulted in diminished PD activity. In PK/PD analyses, near-saturation of induction for most evaluated biomarkers occurred at the 5-mg dose. CONCLUSIONS Single doses of up to 5 mg selgantolimod were safe and induced dose-dependent PD responses. These data support evaluation of selgantolimod in combination with other agents in future clinical studies of CHB. Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registration: ACTRN12616001646437.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maribel Reyes
- Clinical Pharmacology, Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA, USA
| | - Justin D Lutz
- Clinical Pharmacology, Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA, USA
| | - Audrey H Lau
- Clinical Research, Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA, USA
| | - Anuj Gaggar
- Clinical Research, Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA, USA
| | | | - Adarsh Joshi
- Biostatistics, Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA, USA
| | | | - John Ling
- Bioanalytical Chemistry, Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA, USA
| | - Susanna K Tan
- Clinical Research, Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA, USA
| | - Natarajan Ayithan
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Jacky Woo
- Biology, Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA, USA
| | - Peiwen Wu
- Biostatistics, Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA, USA
| | - Tina Lam
- Clinical Operations, Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Bhawna Poonia
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Anita Mathias
- Clinical Pharmacology, Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA, USA
| | - Polina German
- Clinical Pharmacology, Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA, USA
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8
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Niu C, Li L, Daffis S, Lucifora J, Bonnin M, Maadadi S, Salas E, Chu R, Ramos H, Livingston CM, Beran RK, Garg AV, Balsitis S, Durantel D, Zoulim F, Delaney WE, Fletcher SP. Toll-like receptor 7 agonist GS-9620 induces prolonged inhibition of HBV via a type I interferon-dependent mechanism. J Hepatol 2018; 68:922-931. [PMID: 29247725 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS GS-9620, an oral agonist of toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7), is in clinical development for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B (CHB). GS-9620 was previously shown to induce prolonged suppression of serum viral DNA and antigens in the woodchuck and chimpanzee models of CHB. Herein, we investigated the molecular mechanisms that contribute to the antiviral response to GS-9620 using in vitro models of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. METHODS Cryopreserved primary human hepatocytes (PHH) and differentiated HepaRG (dHepaRG) cells were infected with HBV and treated with GS-9620, conditioned media from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells treated with GS-9620 (GS-9620 conditioned media [GS-9620-CM]), or other innate immune stimuli. The antiviral and transcriptional response to these agents was determined. RESULTS GS-9620 had no antiviral activity in HBV-infected PHH, consistent with low level TLR7 mRNA expression in human hepatocytes. In contrast, GS-9620-CM induced prolonged reduction of HBV DNA, RNA, and antigen levels in PHH and dHepaRG cells via a type I interferon (IFN)-dependent mechanism. GS-9620-CM did not reduce covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) levels in either cell type. Transcriptional profiling demonstrated that GS-9620-CM strongly induced various HBV restriction factors - although not APOBEC3A or the Smc5/6 complex - and indicated that established HBV infection does not modulate innate immune sensing or signaling in cryopreserved PHH. GS-9620-CM also induced expression of immunoproteasome subunits and enhanced presentation of an immunodominant viral peptide in HBV-infected PHH. CONCLUSIONS Type I IFN induced by GS-9620 durably suppressed HBV in human hepatocytes without reducing cccDNA levels. Moreover, HBV antigen presentation was enhanced, suggesting additional components of the TLR7-induced immune response played a role in the antiviral response to GS-9620 in animal models of CHB. LAY SUMMARY GS-9620 is a drug currently being tested in clinical trials for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. GS-9620 has previously been shown to suppress HBV in various animal models, but the underlying antiviral mechanisms were not completely understood. In this study, we determined that GS-9620 does not directly activate antiviral pathways in human liver cells, but can induce prolonged suppression of HBV via induction of an antiviral cytokine called interferon. However, interferon did not destroy the HBV genome, suggesting that other parts of the immune response (e.g. activation of immune cells that kill infected cells) also play an important role in the antiviral response to GS-9620.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Li Li
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA, USA
| | | | - Julie Lucifora
- INSERM 1052, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon 69003, France
| | - Marc Bonnin
- INSERM 1052, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon 69003, France
| | - Sarah Maadadi
- INSERM 1052, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon 69003, France
| | | | - Ruth Chu
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - David Durantel
- INSERM 1052, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon 69003, France
| | - Fabien Zoulim
- INSERM 1052, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon 69003, France; Hospices Civils de Lyon (HCl), 69002 Lyon, France; Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), 75005 Paris, France
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9
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Li L, Barry V, Daffis S, Niu C, Huntzicker E, French DM, Mikaelian I, Lanford RE, Delaney WE, Fletcher SP. Anti-HBV response to toll-like receptor 7 agonist GS-9620 is associated with intrahepatic aggregates of T cells and B cells. J Hepatol 2018; 68:912-921. [PMID: 29247724 PMCID: PMC9940657 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2017.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS GS-9620, an oral agonist of toll-like receptor 7, is in clinical development for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B (CHB). GS-9620 was previously shown to induce prolonged suppression of serum viral DNA and antigens in the chimpanzee and woodchuck models of CHB. Herein, we investigated the immunomodulatory mechanisms underlying these antiviral effects. METHODS Archived liver biopsies and paired peripheral blood mononuclear cell samples from a previous chimpanzee study were analyzed by RNA sequencing, quantitative reverse transcription PCR, immunohistochemistry (IHC) and in situ hybridization (ISH). RESULTS GS-9620 treatment of CHB chimpanzees induced an intrahepatic transcriptional profile significantly enriched with genes associated with hepatitis B virus (HBV) clearance in acutely infected chimpanzees. Type I and II interferon, CD8+ T cell and B cell transcriptional signatures were associated with treatment response, together with evidence of hepatocyte death and liver regeneration. IHC and ISH confirmed an increase in intrahepatic CD8+ T cell and B cell numbers during treatment, and revealed that GS-9620 transiently induced aggregates predominantly comprised of CD8+ T cells and B cells in portal regions. There were no follicular dendritic cells or IgG-positive cells in these lymphoid aggregates and very few CD11b+ myeloid cells. There was no change in intrahepatic natural killer cell number during GS-9620 treatment. CONCLUSION The antiviral response to GS-9620 treatment in CHB chimpanzees was associated with an intrahepatic interferon response and formation of lymphoid aggregates in the liver. Our data indicate these intrahepatic structures are not fully differentiated follicles containing germinal center reactions. However, the temporal correlation between development of these T and B cell aggregates and the antiviral response to treatment suggests they play a role in promoting an effective immune response against HBV. LAY SUMMARY New therapies to treat chronic hepatitis B (CHB) are urgently needed. In this study we performed a retrospective analysis of liver and blood samples from a chimpanzee model of CHB to help understand how GS-9620, a drug in clinical trials, suppressed hepatitis B virus (HBV). We found that the antiviral response to GS-9620 was associated with accumulation of immune cells in the liver that can either kill cells infected with HBV or can produce antibodies that may prevent HBV from infecting new liver cells. These findings have important implications for how GS-9620 may be used in patients and may also help guide the development of new therapies to treat chronic HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Robert E. Lanford
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | | | - Simon P. Fletcher
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA, USA,Corresponding Author: Mailing address: Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA, Phone: (650) 372-7663. Fax: (650) 522-5890.
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10
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Niu C, Livingston CM, Li L, Beran RK, Daffis S, Ramakrishnan D, Burdette D, Peiser L, Salas E, Ramos H, Yu M, Cheng G, Strubin M, Delaney IV WE, Fletcher SP. The Smc5/6 Complex Restricts HBV when Localized to ND10 without Inducing an Innate Immune Response and Is Counteracted by the HBV X Protein Shortly after Infection. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169648. [PMID: 28095508 PMCID: PMC5240991 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The structural maintenance of chromosome 5/6 complex (Smc5/6) is a restriction factor that represses hepatitis B virus (HBV) transcription. HBV counters this restriction by expressing HBV X protein (HBx), which targets Smc5/6 for degradation. However, the mechanism by which Smc5/6 suppresses HBV transcription and how HBx is initially expressed is not known. In this study we characterized viral kinetics and the host response during HBV infection of primary human hepatocytes (PHH) to address these unresolved questions. We determined that Smc5/6 localizes with Nuclear Domain 10 (ND10) in PHH. Co-localization has functional implications since depletion of ND10 structural components alters the nuclear distribution of Smc6 and induces HBV gene expression in the absence of HBx. We also found that HBV infection and replication does not induce a prominent global host transcriptional response in PHH, either shortly after infection when Smc5/6 is present, or at later times post-infection when Smc5/6 has been degraded. Notably, HBV and an HBx-negative virus establish high level infection in PHH without inducing expression of interferon-stimulated genes or production of interferons or other cytokines. Our study also revealed that Smc5/6 is degraded in the majority of infected PHH by the time cccDNA transcription could be detected and that HBx RNA is present in cell culture-derived virus preparations as well as HBV patient plasma. Collectively, these data indicate that Smc5/6 is an intrinsic antiviral restriction factor that suppresses HBV transcription when localized to ND10 without inducing a detectable innate immune response. Our data also suggest that HBx protein may be initially expressed by delivery of extracellular HBx RNA into HBV-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congrong Niu
- Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, United States of America
| | | | - Li Li
- Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, United States of America
| | - Rudolf K. Beran
- Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, United States of America
| | - Stephane Daffis
- Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, United States of America
| | | | - Dara Burdette
- Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, United States of America
| | - Leanne Peiser
- Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, United States of America
| | - Eduardo Salas
- Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, United States of America
| | - Hilario Ramos
- Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, United States of America
| | - Mei Yu
- Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, United States of America
| | - Guofeng Cheng
- Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, United States of America
| | - Michel Strubin
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center (C.M.U.), Geneva, Switzerland
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11
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Menne S, Tumas DB, Liu KH, Thampi L, AlDeghaither D, Baldwin BH, Bellezza CA, Cote PJ, Zheng J, Halcomb R, Fosdick A, Fletcher SP, Daffis S, Li L, Yue P, Wolfgang GHI, Tennant BC. Sustained efficacy and seroconversion with the Toll-like receptor 7 agonist GS-9620 in the Woodchuck model of chronic hepatitis B. J Hepatol 2015; 62:1237-45. [PMID: 25559326 PMCID: PMC4439359 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS New therapies for chronic hepatitis B (CHB) are urgently needed since current treatments rarely lead to cure. We evaluated whether the oral small molecule toll-like receptor (TLR7) agonist GS-9620 could induce durable antiviral efficacy in woodchucks chronically infected with woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV), a hepadnavirus closely related to human hepatitis B virus (HBV). METHODS After evaluating the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and tolerability of oral GS-9620 in uninfected woodchucks, adult woodchucks chronically infected with WHV (n = 7 per group) were dosed with GS-9620 or placebo for 4 or 8 weeks with different treatment schedules. RESULTS GS-9620 treatment induced rapid, marked and sustained reduction in serum viral DNA (mean maximal 6.2log10 reduction), and hepatic WHV DNA replicative intermediates, WHV cccDNA and WHV RNA, as well as loss of detectable serum WHV surface antigen (WHsAg). GS-9620 treatment also induced a sustained antibody response against WHsAg in a subset of animals. Strikingly, treatment reduced the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) from 71% in the placebo group to 8% in GS-9620-treated woodchucks with sustained viral load reduction. GS-9620 treatment was associated with reversible increases in serum liver enzymes and thrombocytopenia, and induced intrahepatic CD8(+) T cell, NK cell, B cell and interferon response transcriptional signatures. CONCLUSIONS The data demonstrate that short duration, finite treatment with the oral TLR7 agonist GS-9620 can induce a sustained antiviral response in the woodchuck model of CHB, and support investigation of this compound as a therapeutic approach to attain a functional cure in CHB patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Menne
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, United States.
| | - Daniel B Tumas
- Department of Biology, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, United States
| | - Katherine H Liu
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Gastrointestinal Unit, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States
| | - Linta Thampi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, United States
| | - Dalal AlDeghaither
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, United States
| | - Betty H Baldwin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Gastrointestinal Unit, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States
| | - Christine A Bellezza
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Gastrointestinal Unit, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States
| | - Paul J Cote
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, United States
| | - Jim Zheng
- Department of Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, United States
| | - Randall Halcomb
- Department of Chemistry, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, United States
| | - Abigail Fosdick
- Department of Drug Safety Evaluation, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, United States
| | - Simon P Fletcher
- Department of Biology, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, United States
| | - Stephane Daffis
- Department of Biology, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, United States
| | - Li Li
- Department of Biomarkers, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, United States
| | - Peng Yue
- Department of Biomarkers, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, United States
| | - Grushenka H I Wolfgang
- Department of Drug Safety Evaluation, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, United States
| | - Bud C Tennant
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Gastrointestinal Unit, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States
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12
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Pinto A, Daffis S, Brien J, Sheehan K, Schreiber R, Diamond M. The impact of type I interferon on the development of the adaptive immune response (67.14). The Journal of Immunology 2012. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.188.supp.67.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Determining the impact of type I interferon on immune responses using mice missing the common IFN-α/β signaling receptor (IFNAR- /-) is limited to studying the functions of type I IFN at all stages of viral infection. To define the temporal functions of type I IFN signaling in the context of infection by West Nile virus (WNV), we treated mice with MAR1-5A3, a neutralizing, non cell-depleting anti-IFNAR antibody at later stages of infection. Inhibition of type I IFN signaling at or before day 2 after infection was associated with markedly enhanced viral burden, whereas treatment at day 4 altered WNV dissemination less dramatically. Blockade of type I IFN signaling starting at day 4 induced dysfunctional CD8+ T cells with depressed cytokine responses and expression of phenotypic markers suggesting exhaustion. The later maturation phase (days 4-8) of anti-WNV CD8+ T cell development requires type I IFN signaling. Collectively, our results suggest that cell non-autonomous type I IFN signaling shapes maturation of antiviral CD8+ T cell response at a stage distinct from the initial priming event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia Pinto
- 1Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO
| | - Stephane Daffis
- 1Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO
| | - James Brien
- 1Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO
| | - Kathleen Sheehan
- 2Pathology and Immunology, Washington University Sch. of Med., Saint Louis, CA
| | - Robert Schreiber
- 2Pathology and Immunology, Washington University Sch. of Med., Saint Louis, CA
| | - Michael Diamond
- 1Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO
- 2Pathology and Immunology, Washington University Sch. of Med., Saint Louis, CA
- 3Molecular Microbiology, Washington University Sch. of Med., Saint Louis, CA
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13
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Pinto AK, Daffis S, Brien JD, Gainey MD, Yokoyama WM, Sheehan KCF, Murphy KM, Schreiber RD, Diamond MS. A temporal role of type I interferon signaling in CD8+ T cell maturation during acute West Nile virus infection. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002407. [PMID: 22144897 PMCID: PMC3228803 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A genetic absence of the common IFN-α/β signaling receptor (IFNAR) in mice is associated with enhanced viral replication and altered adaptive immune responses. However, analysis of IFNAR(-/-) mice is limited for studying the functions of type I IFN at discrete stages of viral infection. To define the temporal functions of type I IFN signaling in the context of infection by West Nile virus (WNV), we treated mice with MAR1-5A3, a neutralizing, non cell-depleting anti-IFNAR antibody. Inhibition of type I IFN signaling at or before day 2 after infection was associated with markedly enhanced viral burden, whereas treatment at day 4 had substantially less effect on WNV dissemination. While antibody treatment prior to infection resulted in massive expansion of virus-specific CD8(+) T cells, blockade of type I IFN signaling starting at day 4 induced dysfunctional CD8(+) T cells with depressed cytokine responses and expression of phenotypic markers suggesting exhaustion. Thus, only the later maturation phase of anti-WNV CD8(+) T cell development requires type I IFN signaling. WNV infection experiments in BATF3(-/-) mice, which lack CD8-α dendritic cells and have impaired priming due to inefficient antigen cross-presentation, revealed a similar effect of blocking IFN signaling on CD8(+) T cell maturation. Collectively, our results suggest that cell non-autonomous type I IFN signaling shapes maturation of antiviral CD8(+) T cell response at a stage distinct from the initial priming event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia K. Pinto
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Stephane Daffis
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - James D. Brien
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Maria D. Gainey
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Wayne M. Yokoyama
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Kathleen C. F. Sheehan
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Kenneth M. Murphy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Robert D. Schreiber
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Michael S. Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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14
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Brien JD, Daffis S, Lazear HM, Cho H, Suthar MS, Gale M, Diamond MS. Interferon regulatory factor-1 (IRF-1) shapes both innate and CD8(+) T cell immune responses against West Nile virus infection. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002230. [PMID: 21909274 PMCID: PMC3164650 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor (IRF)-1 is an immunomodulatory transcription factor that functions downstream of pathogen recognition receptor signaling and has been implicated as a regulator of type I interferon (IFN)-αβ expression and the immune response to virus infections. However, this role for IRF-1 remains controversial because altered type I IFN responses have not been systemically observed in IRF-1-/- mice. To evaluate the relationship of IRF-1 and immune regulation, we assessed West Nile virus (WNV) infectivity and the host response in IRF-1-/- cells and mice. IRF-1-/- mice were highly vulnerable to WNV infection with enhanced viral replication in peripheral tissues and rapid dissemination into the central nervous system. Ex vivo analysis revealed a cell-type specific antiviral role as IRF-1-/- macrophages supported enhanced WNV replication but infection was unaltered in IRF-1-/- fibroblasts. IRF-1 also had an independent and paradoxical effect on CD8+ T cell expansion. Although markedly fewer CD8+ T cells were observed in naïve animals as described previously, remarkably, IRF-1-/- mice rapidly expanded their pool of WNV-specific cytolytic CD8+ T cells. Adoptive transfer and in vitro proliferation experiments established both cell-intrinsic and cell-extrinsic effects of IRF-1 on the expansion of CD8+ T cells. Thus, IRF-1 restricts WNV infection by modulating the expression of innate antiviral effector molecules while shaping the antigen-specific CD8+ T cell response. Interferon regulatory factor (IRF)-1 is a transcription factor that has been implicated in immune regulation and induction of type I IFN gene expression. To better understand the contribution of IRF-1 to antiviral immunity, we infected cells and mice lacking IRF-1 with West Nile virus (WNV), an encephalitic flavivirus. IRF-1-/- mice were uniformly vulnerable to WNV infection with enhanced viral replication and rapid dissemination into the brain and spinal cord. Studies in cell culture revealed a cell-type specific antiviral role as IRF-1-/- macrophages but not fibroblasts supported enhanced WNV replication. IRF-1 also had an independent effect on CD8+ T cell responses. Although fewer CD8+ T cells were observed in naïve animals, WNV-specific CD8+ T cells rapidly expanded in IRF-1-/- mice and retained the capacity to clear infection. Collectively, our studies define independent roles for IRF-1 in restricting WNV pathogenesis and modulating the protective CD8+ T cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D. Brien
- Departments of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Stephane Daffis
- Departments of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Helen M. Lazear
- Departments of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Hyelim Cho
- Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Mehul S. Suthar
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Michael Gale
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Michael S. Diamond
- Departments of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Midwest Regional Center of Excellence for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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15
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Suthar MS, Ma DY, Thomas S, Lund JM, Zhang N, Daffis S, Rudensky AY, Bevan MJ, Clark EA, Kaja MK, Diamond MS, Gale M. IPS-1 is essential for the control of West Nile virus infection and immunity. PLoS Pathog 2010; 6:e1000757. [PMID: 20140199 PMCID: PMC2816698 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2009] [Accepted: 01/07/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The innate immune response is essential for controlling West Nile virus (WNV) infection but how this response is propagated and regulates adaptive immunity in vivo are not defined. Herein, we show that IPS-1, the central adaptor protein to RIG-I-like receptor (RLR) signaling, is essential for triggering of innate immunity and for effective development and regulation of adaptive immunity against pathogenic WNV. IPS-1−/− mice exhibited increased susceptibility to WNV infection marked by enhanced viral replication and dissemination with early viral entry into the CNS. Infection of cultured bone-marrow (BM) derived dendritic cells (DCs), macrophages (Macs), and primary cortical neurons showed that the IPS-1-dependent RLR signaling was essential for triggering IFN defenses and controlling virus replication in these key target cells of infection. Intriguingly, infected IPS-1−/− mice displayed uncontrolled inflammation that included elevated systemic type I IFN, proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine responses, increased numbers of inflammatory DCs, enhanced humoral responses marked by complete loss of virus neutralization activity, and increased numbers of virus-specific CD8+ T cells and non-specific immune cell proliferation in the periphery and in the CNS. This uncontrolled inflammatory response was associated with a lack of regulatory T cell expansion that normally occurs during acute WNV infection. Thus, the enhanced inflammatory response in the absence of IPS-1 was coupled with a failure to protect against WNV infection. Our data define an innate/adaptive immune interface mediated through IPS-1-dependent RLR signaling that regulates the quantity, quality, and balance of the immune response to WNV infection. West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-transmitted RNA virus that has emerged in the Western hemisphere and is now the leading cause of arboviral encephalitis in the United States. However, the virus/host interface that controls WNV pathogenesis is not well understood. Previous studies have established that the innate immune response and interferon (IFN) defenses are essential for controlling virus replication and dissemination. In this study, we assessed the importance of the RIG-I like receptor (RLR) signaling pathway in WNV pathogenesis through analysis of mice lacking IPS-1, the central adaptor molecule of RLR signaling. Our studies revealed that IPS-1 is essential for protection against WNV infection and that it regulates processes that control virus replication and triggering of innate immune defenses. We found that IPS-1 plays an important role in establishing adaptive immunity through an innate/adaptive interface that elicits effective antibody responses and controls the expansion of regulatory T cells. Thus, RLRs are essential for pathogen recognition of WNV infection and their signaling programs help orchestrate immune response maturation, regulation of inflammation, and immune homeostasis that define the outcome of WNV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehul S. Suthar
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Daphne Y. Ma
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Sunil Thomas
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jennifer M. Lund
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Nu Zhang
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Stephane Daffis
- Departments of Medicine, Molecular Microbiology, and Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Alexander Y. Rudensky
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Bevan
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Edward A. Clark
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Murali-Krishna Kaja
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Michael S. Diamond
- Departments of Medicine, Molecular Microbiology, and Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Michael Gale
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Daffis S, Suthar MS, Szretter KJ, Gale, M, Diamond MS. Induction of IFN-beta and the innate antiviral response in myeloid cells occurs through an IPS-1-dependent signal that does not require IRF-3 and IRF-7. PLoS Pathog 2009; 5:e1000607. [PMID: 19798431 PMCID: PMC2747008 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2009] [Accepted: 09/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factors (IRF)-3 and IRF-7 are master transcriptional factors that regulate type I IFN gene (IFN-α/β) induction and innate immune defenses after virus infection. Prior studies in mice with single deletions of the IRF-3 or IRF-7 genes showed increased vulnerability to West Nile virus (WNV) infection. Whereas mice and cells lacking IRF-7 showed reduced IFN-α levels after WNV infection, those lacking IRF-3 or IRF-7 had relatively normal IFN-b production. Here, we generated IRF-3−/−× IRF-7−/− double knockout (DKO) mice, analyzed WNV pathogenesis, IFN responses, and signaling of innate defenses. Compared to wild type mice, the DKO mice exhibited a blunted but not abrogated systemic IFN response and sustained uncontrolled WNV replication leading to rapid mortality. Ex vivo analysis showed complete ablation of the IFN-α response in DKO fibroblasts, macrophages, dendritic cells, and cortical neurons and a substantial decrease of the IFN-β response in DKO fibroblasts and cortical neurons. In contrast, the IFN-β response was minimally diminished in DKO macrophages and dendritic cells. However, pharmacological inhibition of NF-κB and ATF-2/c-Jun, the two other known components of the IFN-β enhanceosome, strongly reduced IFN-β gene transcription in the DKO dendritic cells. Finally, a genetic deficiency of IPS-1, an adaptor involved in RIG-I- and MDA5-mediated antiviral signaling, completely abolished the IFN-β response after WNV infection. Overall, our experiments suggest that, unlike fibroblasts and cortical neurons, IFN-β gene regulation after WNV infection in myeloid cells is IPS-1-dependent but does not require full occupancy of the IFN-β enhanceosome by canonical constituent transcriptional factors. West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-transmitted virus that infects birds, horses, and humans and has become an emerging infectious disease threat in the Western Hemisphere. In humans, WNV can invade into the brain and spinal cord and destroy neurons, causing severe neurological disease, particularly in the immunocompromised and elderly. A better understanding of how the immune system controls WNV infection is critical for developing new treatments and vaccines. In this study, using a mouse model of WNV infection, we evaluate the combined role of two key transcription factors, interferon-regulatory factor-3 (IRF-3) and IRF-7, that orchestrate antiviral and interferon (IFN) responses after infection. Mice that lack both IRF-3 and IRF-7 were highly vulnerable to lethal infection and cells lacking IRF-3 and IRF-7 had a markedly attenuated IFN-α response. Surprisingly, macrophages and dendritic cells lacking IRF-3 and IRF-7 showed a relatively normal IFN-β response. Furthermore, a genetic deficiency of IPS-1, a protein that signals downstream of the RIG-I- and MDA5 cytoplasmic viral RNA sensors, completely abolished IFN-β production. Our experiments suggest that in specific cell types infected with WNV, IFN-β can be induced through an IPS-1-dependent transcriptional signal that does not require the master transcriptional regulators IRF-3 and IRF-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephane Daffis
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Mehul S. Suthar
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Kristy J. Szretter
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Michael Gale,
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Michael S. Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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17
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Daffis S, Suthar MS, Gale M, Diamond MS. Measure and countermeasure: type I IFN (IFN-alpha/beta) antiviral response against West Nile virus. J Innate Immun 2009; 1:435-45. [PMID: 20375601 DOI: 10.1159/000226248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2009] [Accepted: 04/28/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
As a first line of defense after viral infection, host cells develop an intrinsic immune response to control virus dissemination and protect against serious infection. Recent experiments have shown a dominant role of the IFN-alpha/beta response in protection against lethal West Nile virus (WNV) by limiting the cellular and tissue tropism of infection. This review will focus on advances in identifying the host sensors that detect WNV and the adaptor molecules and signaling pathways that regulate the induction of IFN-alpha/beta defenses that limit WNV replication, spread and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephane Daffis
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
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18
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Daffis S, Samuel MA, Suthar MS, Keller BK, Gale M, Diamond MS. The early protective innate immune response against West Nile virus. BMC Proc 2008. [DOI: 10.1186/1753-6561-2-s1-s8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Daffis S, Samuel MA, Keller BC, Gale M, Diamond MS. Cell-specific IRF-3 responses protect against West Nile virus infection by interferon-dependent and -independent mechanisms. PLoS Pathog 2007; 3:e106. [PMID: 17676997 PMCID: PMC1933455 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.0030106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2007] [Accepted: 06/07/2007] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor (IRF)-3 is a master transcription factor that activates host antiviral defense programs. Although cell culture studies suggest that IRF-3 promotes antiviral control by inducing interferon (IFN)-beta, near normal levels of IFN-alpha and IFN-beta were observed in IRF-3(-/-) mice after infection by several RNA and DNA viruses. Thus, the specific mechanisms by which IRF-3 modulates viral infection remain controversial. Some of this disparity could reflect direct IRF-3-dependent antiviral responses in specific cell types to control infection. To address this and determine how IRF-3 coordinates an antiviral response, we infected IRF-3(-/-) mice and two primary cells relevant for West Nile virus (WNV) pathogenesis, macrophages and cortical neurons. IRF-3(-/-) mice were uniformly vulnerable to infection and developed elevated WNV burdens in peripheral and central nervous system tissues, though peripheral IFN responses were largely normal. Whereas wild-type macrophages basally expressed key host defense molecules, including RIG-I, MDA5, ISG54, and ISG56, and restricted WNV infection, IRF-3(-/-) macrophages lacked basal expression of these host defense genes and supported increased WNV infection and IFN-alpha and IFN-beta production. In contrast, wild-type cortical neurons were highly permissive to WNV and did not basally express RIG-I, MDA5, ISG54, and ISG56. IRF-3(-/-) neurons lacked induction of host defense genes and had blunted IFN-alpha and IFN-beta production, yet exhibited only modestly increased viral titers. Collectively, our data suggest that cell-specific IRF-3 responses protect against WNV infection through both IFN-dependent and -independent programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephane Daffis
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis. Missouri, United States of America
| | - Melanie A Samuel
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis. Missouri, United States of America
| | - Brian C Keller
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Michael Gale
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis. Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis. Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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20
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Lecompte E, ter Meulen J, Emonet S, Daffis S, Charrel RN. Genetic identification of Kodoko virus, a novel arenavirus of the African pigmy mouse (Mus Nannomys minutoides) in West Africa. Virology 2007; 364:178-83. [PMID: 17382366 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2006] [Revised: 01/23/2007] [Accepted: 02/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Genetic evidence of a novel arenavirus species related to but distinct from lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) was obtained from a rodent belonging to an endemic African subgenus of Mus (Nannomys). The phylogenetic position among Old World arenaviruses of this new arenavirus, named Kodoko virus, was reconstructed based on L and NP genes sequences. The finding of an Old World arenavirus related to LCMV outside the known geographical range of LCMV in a novel rodent species reveals new insights about the evolutionary history of arenaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Lecompte
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University, Hans-Meerweinstrasse, 35 043 Marburg, Germany.
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21
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Strecker T, Maisa A, Daffis S, Eichler R, Lenz O, Garten W. The role of myristoylation in the membrane association of the Lassa virus matrix protein Z. Virol J 2006; 3:93. [PMID: 17083745 PMCID: PMC1647273 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-3-93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2006] [Accepted: 11/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The Z protein is the matrix protein of arenaviruses and has been identified as the main driving force for budding. Both LCMV and Lassa virus Z proteins bud from cells in the absence of other viral proteins as enveloped virus-like particles. Z accumulates near the inner surface of the plasma membrane where budding takes place. Furthermore, biochemical data have shown that Z is strongly membrane associated. The primary sequence of Z lacks a typical transmembrane domain and until now it is not understood by which mechanism Z is able to interact with cellular membranes. In this report, we analyzed the role of N-terminal myristoylation for the membrane binding of Lassa virus Z. We show that disruption of the N-terminal myristoylation signal by substituting the N-terminal glycine with alanine (Z-G2A mutant) resulted in a significant reduction of Z protein association with cellular membranes. Furthermore, removal of the myristoylation site resulted in a relocalization of Z from a punctuate distribution to a more diffuse cellular distribution pattern. Finally, treatment of Lassa virus-infected cells with various myristoylation inhibitors drastically reduced efficient Lassa virus replication. Our data indicate that myristoylation of Z is critical for its binding ability to lipid membranes and thus, for effective virus budding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Strecker
- Institut für Virologie der Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 3, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Anna Maisa
- Institut für Virologie der Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 3, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Stephane Daffis
- Institut für Virologie der Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 3, 35037 Marburg, Germany
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Box 8051, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St Louis MO 63110, USA
| | - Robert Eichler
- Institut für Virologie der Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 3, 35037 Marburg, Germany
- Abbott GmbH & Co KG, Max-Planck-Ring 2, 65205 Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Oliver Lenz
- Institut für Virologie der Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 3, 35037 Marburg, Germany
- Tibotec BVBA, Gen De Wittelaan L 11B 3, 2800 Mechelen, Belgium
| | - Wolfgang Garten
- Institut für Virologie der Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 3, 35037 Marburg, Germany
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Daffis S, Kontermann RE, Korimbocus J, Zeller H, Klenk HD, Ter Meulen J. Antibody responses against wild-type yellow fever virus and the 17D vaccine strain: characterization with human monoclonal antibody fragments and neutralization escape variants. Virology 2005; 337:262-72. [PMID: 15919103 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2005.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2005] [Revised: 03/11/2005] [Accepted: 04/25/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Human monoclonal antibody fragments neutralizing wild-type and vaccine strains of yellow fever (YF) virus (genotypes West Africa I + II, East/Central Africa, 17D-204-WHO) were generated by repertoire cloning from YF patients. Analysis of virus escape variants identified amino acid (aa) 71 in domain II of the envelope glycoprotein (E) as the most critical residue for neutralization, with aa 153-155 in domain I contributing to the epitope. These data confirm the previous mapping of YFV neutralizing epitopes using mouse monoclonal antibodies but suggest that a conformational epitope could be formed by amino acids from domains I and II opposing each other in the dimeric form of the E protein. While the sera of the YF patients showed up to 10-fold reduced neutralizing activity against the 17D escape variants, sera from 17D vaccinees retained their neutralizing titers. Mutations in this major neutralizing epitope of YFV thus do not seem to carry the risk of immune escape in persons immunized with the YFV-17D vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephane Daffis
- Institut für Virologie, Philipps-Universität, Robert-Koch-Strasse 17, 35037 Marburg, Germany.
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ter Meulen J, Sakho M, Koulemou K, Magassouba N, Bah A, Preiser W, Daffis S, Klewitz C, Bae HG, Niedrig M, Zeller H, Heinzel-Gutenbrunner M, Koivogui L, Kaufmann A. Activation of the cytokine network and unfavorable outcome in patients with yellow fever. J Infect Dis 2004; 190:1821-7. [PMID: 15499539 DOI: 10.1086/425016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2004] [Accepted: 05/27/2004] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
To study the contribution of inflammatory mediators to the pathogenesis of yellow fever (YF), the serum levels of several cytokines and chemokines were measured in 7 patients with fatal YF (f-YF), 11 patients with nonfatal hemorrhagic YF (nf/h-YF), and 18 patients with nonfatal nonhemorrhagic YF (nf/nh-YF). The levels of interleukin (IL)-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, interferon-inducible protein (IP)-10, tumor necrosis factor- alpha , and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) were all statistically significantly higher in the patients with f-YF than in those with nf/nh-YF. In patients with nf/h-YF, only levels of IP-10 and IL-1RA were significantly elevated. The high levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in serum from patients with f-YF are reminiscent of those seen in patients with bacterial sepsis. This finding has implications for the understanding of the pathophysiology of YF and the development of therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan ter Meulen
- Department of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
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