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Khazaal HT, El-Sayed EK, Mansour YE, Ibrahim RR, Bishr M, El Dib RA, Soliman HSM. Neuroprotective activity of Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott leaves against monosodium glutamate-induced excitotoxicity in rats: phytochemical and molecular docking study. Nat Prod Res 2024:1-9. [PMID: 38606753 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2024.2340061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott is a food crop with long history of use in treatment of various disorders including neurological diseases. The methanolic leaves extract (ME) and its n-butanol fraction (n-BF) demonstrated significant in vivo neuroprotective activity in monosodium glutamate induced excitotoxicity in rats. Sixteen and fifteen polyphenolic compounds were identified in n-BF and ME, respectively, using HPLC. Phytochemical investigation of n-BF followed by 1D (1H and 13C NMR) spectroscopic analyses led to isolation and identification of daucosterol (1), thermopsoside (2) and chrysoeriol 7-O-β-D-neohesperidoside (3) for the first time from genus Colocasia, in addition to orientin (4). LC/MS/MRM analysis of fraction V obtained from n-BF revealed identification of 13 polyphenolic compounds. Molecular docking of isolated compounds confirmed binding of all compounds at the target pocket with higher energy than crystallised ligand. The current study evaluated and confirmed the mechanistic aspects of neuroprotective activity of C. esculenta leaves for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba T Khazaal
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Ain-Helwan, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Elsayed K El-Sayed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Ain-Helwan, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Yara E Mansour
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Ain-Helwan, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Reham R Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Ain-Helwan, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mokhtar Bishr
- Plant General Manager and Technical Director of the Arab Company for Pharmaceuticals and Medicinal, Plants, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rabab A El Dib
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Ain-Helwan, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hesham S M Soliman
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Ain-Helwan, Cairo, Egypt
- PharmD program, Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology (E-JUST), New Borg El-Arab City, Alexandria, Egypt
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Chuang SC, Dobhal S, Alvarez AM, Arif M. Three new species, Xanthomonas hawaiiensis sp. nov., Stenotrophomonas aracearum sp. nov., and Stenotrophomonas oahuensis sp. nov., isolated from the Araceae family. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1356025. [PMID: 38655077 PMCID: PMC11035887 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1356025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Xanthomonas and Stenotrophomonas are closely related genera in the family Lysobacteraceae. In our previous study of aroid-associated bacterial strains, most strains isolated from anthurium and other aroids were reclassified as X. phaseoli and other Xanthomonas species. However, two strains isolated from Spathiphyllum and Colocasia were phylogenetically distant from other strains in the Xanthomonas clade and two strains isolated from Anthurium clustered within the Stenotrophomonas clade. Phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA and nine housekeeping genes placed the former strains with the type strain of X. sacchari from sugarcane and the latter strains with the type strain of S. bentonitica from bentonite. In pairwise comparisons with type strains, the overall genomic relatedness indices required delineation of new species; digital DNA-DNA hybridization and average nucleotide identity values were lower than 70 and 95%, respectively. Hence, three new species are proposed: S. aracearum sp. nov. and S. oahuensis sp. nov. for two strains from anthurium and X. hawaiiensis sp. nov. for the strains from spathiphyllum and colocasia, respectively. The genome size of X. hawaiiensis sp. nov. is ~4.88 Mbp and higher than S. aracearum sp. nov. (4.33 Mbp) and S. oahuensis sp. nov. (4.68 Mbp). Gene content analysis revealed 425 and 576 core genes present in 40 xanthomonads and 25 stenotrophomonads, respectively. The average number of unique genes in Stenotrophomonas spp. was higher than in Xanthomonas spp., implying higher genetic diversity in Stenotrophomonas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mohammad Arif
- Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, United States
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Deng W, Shen L, Zeng J, Gao J, Luo J, Xu J, Wang Y, He X. Antiproliferative piperidine alkaloids from the leaves of Alocasia macrorrhiza. Phytochemistry 2024; 222:114069. [PMID: 38548035 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2024.114069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
Seventeen piperidine alkaloids, including 15 previously undescribed 2-substituted-6-(9-phenylnonyl)-piperidine-3,4-diol alkaloids and a previously undescribed 2-substituted-6-(9-phenylnonyl)-piperidine-3-ol alkaloid, were isolated from the leaves of Alocasia macrorrhiza (L.) Schott. Their planar structures and configurations were elucidated based on HR-ESI-MS, 1D and 2D NMR, Snatzke's method, modified Mosher method, single-crystal X-ray crystallography, as well as quantum chemical calculation. It was found that ΔδH5b-H5a can be used to elucidate the relative configuration of 2,3,4,6-tetrasubstituted piperidine, by analyzing the NMR data of 2-substituted-6-(9-phenylnonyl)-piperidine-3,4-diol. Antiproliferative activity was evaluated for all of the alkaloids, and compounds 6-8 showed considerable inhibitory activity against K562 cell line, with the IC50 values of 17.24 ± 1.62, 19.31 ± 0.9 and 18.77 ± 1.09μM, respectively. Furthermore, compounds 6 and 7 exerted an antiproliferative effect by inducing apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Deng
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Liyuan Shen
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jia Zeng
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jianxin Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jiachun Luo
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jingwen Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Lead Compounds & Drug Discovery, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yihai Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Lead Compounds & Drug Discovery, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Xiangjiu He
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Lead Compounds & Drug Discovery, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Assour HR, Ashman TL, Turcotte MM. Neopolyploidy-induced changes in giant duckweed (Spirodela polyrhiza) alter herbivore preference and performance and plant population performance. Am J Bot 2024:e16301. [PMID: 38468124 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
PREMISE Polyploidy is a widespread mutational process in angiosperms that may alter population performance of not only plants but also their interacting species. Yet, knowledge of whether polyploidy affects plant-herbivore dynamics is scarce. Here, we tested whether aphid herbivores exhibit preference for diploid or neopolyploid plants, whether polyploidy impacts plant and herbivore performance, and whether these interactions depend on the plant genetic background. METHODS Using independently synthesized neotetraploid strains paired with their diploid progenitors of greater duckweed (Spirodela polyrhiza), we evaluated the effect of neopolyploidy on duckweed's interaction with the water-lily aphid (Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae). Using paired-choice experiments, we evaluated feeding preference of the herbivore. We then evaluated the consequences of polyploidy on aphid and plant performance by measuring population growth over multiple generations. RESULTS Aphids preferred neopolyploids when plants were provided at equal abundances but not at equal surface areas, suggesting the role of plant population surface area in driving this preference. Additionally, neopolyploidy increased aphid population performance, but this result was dependent on the plant's genetic lineage. Lastly, the impact of herbivory on neopolyploid vs. diploid duckweed varied greatly with genetic lineage, where neopolyploids appeared to be variably tolerant compared to diploids, sometimes mirroring the effect on herbivore performance. CONCLUSIONS By experimentally testing the impacts of polyploidy on trophic species interactions, we showed that polyploidization can impact the preference and performance of herbivores on their plant hosts. These results have significant implications for the establishment and persistence of plants and herbivores in the face of plant polyploidy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah R Assour
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences, Pittsburgh, 15260, PA, USA
| | - Tia-Lynn Ashman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences, Pittsburgh, 15260, PA, USA
| | - Martin M Turcotte
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences, Pittsburgh, 15260, PA, USA
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Luu HT, Nguyen-Phi N, Nguyen QD, Nguyen HC, Van HT, Nguyen-Le XB. A new species of Typhonium ( Araceae) from Vietnam. PhytoKeys 2024; 238:119-126. [PMID: 38406663 PMCID: PMC10892196 DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.238.112973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Typhoniumobtusum is described as a new species endemic to Vietnam. It is unique in the genus in having an oblong-elliptic spathe limb with an obtuse apex and yellowish-greenish filiform staminodes with a down-curved acumen. The ecology, distribution and assessment of the conservation status of the new taxon, as well as a key to all known Typhonium species in Vietnam, are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Truong Luu
- Southern Institute of Ecology, Institute of Applied Materials Science, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, No. 1D, TL 29 Street, Thanh Loc Ward, District 12, Ho Chi Minh City, VietnamVietnam Academy of Science and TechnologyHo Chi Minh CityVietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, No. 18, Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Cau Giay District, Ho Chi Minh City, VietnamGraduate University of Science and TechnologyHo Chi Minh CityVietnam
| | - Nga Nguyen-Phi
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Science, Vietnam National University HCMC, 227 Nguyen Van Cu Street, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, VietnamUniversity of ScienceHo Chi Minh CityVietnam
- Vietnam National University – HCMC, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc City, Ho Chi Minh City, VietnamVietnam National UniversityHo Chi Minh CityVietnam
| | - Quoc Dat Nguyen
- Southern Institute of Ecology, Institute of Applied Materials Science, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, No. 1D, TL 29 Street, Thanh Loc Ward, District 12, Ho Chi Minh City, VietnamVietnam Academy of Science and TechnologyHo Chi Minh CityVietnam
| | - Hieu Cuong Nguyen
- Southern Institute of Ecology, Institute of Applied Materials Science, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, No. 1D, TL 29 Street, Thanh Loc Ward, District 12, Ho Chi Minh City, VietnamVietnam Academy of Science and TechnologyHo Chi Minh CityVietnam
| | - Hong Thien Van
- Institute of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City, No. 12 Nguyen Van Bao Street, Go Vap District, Ho Chi Minh City, VietnamIndustrial University of Ho Chi Minh CityHo Chi Minh CityVietnam
| | - Xuan Bach Nguyen-Le
- Southern Institute of Ecology, Institute of Applied Materials Science, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, No. 1D, TL 29 Street, Thanh Loc Ward, District 12, Ho Chi Minh City, VietnamVietnam Academy of Science and TechnologyHo Chi Minh CityVietnam
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Nah G, Jeong JR, Lee JH, Soh SY, Nam SY. The complete chloroplast genome of Philodendron hederaceum (Jacq.) Schott 1829 (Alismatales: Araceae). Mitochondrial DNA B Resour 2024; 9:262-266. [PMID: 38348093 PMCID: PMC10860476 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2024.2311748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Philodendron hederaceum (Jacq.) Schott 1829, a species of the Araceae family, is a foliage plant of ornamental value. The complete chloroplast genome sequence of Philodendron hederaceum was obtained by the de novo assembly of NovaSeq 6000 (Illumina Co., San Diego, CA) paired-end short reads and Oxford Nanopore long reads. The complete chloroplast genome of P. hederaceum was 168,609 bp in length, with a large single-copy (LSC) region of 94,393 bp, a small single-copy (SSC) region of 25,774 bp, and a pair of identical inverted repeat regions (IRs) of 24,221 bp. The genome contained a total of 129 genes, including 85 protein-coding genes, 36 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, and eight ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes. The phylogenetic analysis of P. hederaceum with 19 related species and two outgroup species revealed the closest taxonomical relationship with Philodendron lanceolatum in the Araceae family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyoungju Nah
- Genome Analysis Center at National Instrumentation Center for Environmental Management, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji Ran Jeong
- Genome Analysis Center at National Instrumentation Center for Environmental Management, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae Hwan Lee
- Department of Environmental Horticulture, Sahmyook University, Seoul, South Korea
- Natural Science Research Institute, Sahmyook University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Soon Yil Soh
- Natural Science Research Institute, Sahmyook University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang Yong Nam
- Department of Environmental Horticulture, Sahmyook University, Seoul, South Korea
- Natural Science Research Institute, Sahmyook University, Seoul, South Korea
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Li L, Qi Y, Gao P, Yang S, Zhao Y, Guo J, Liu J, Huang F, Yu L. The complete chloroplast genome sequence of Amorphophallus konjac ( Araceae) from Yunnan, China and its phylogenetic analysis in the family Araceae. Mitochondrial DNA B Resour 2024; 9:41-45. [PMID: 38197049 PMCID: PMC10776074 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2023.2300471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
This work determined and analyzed the complete chloroplast genome sequence of Amorphophallus konjac K. Koch ex N.E.Br 1858 from Yunnan, China. The genome size was 167,470 bp, of which contains a large single-copy region (LSC 93,443 bp), a small single-copy region (SSC 21,575 bp), and a pair of inverted repeat regions (IR 26,226 bp). The chloroplast genome has 131 genes, including 86 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNAs, and eight rRNAs. A previous study reported deletion of accD, psbE, and trnG-GCC genes in the A. konjac chloroplast genome. Our study supports the conservative structure of A. konjac and does not support the gene deletion mentioned above. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that A. konjac shares a close relationship with another A. konjac (collected from Guizhou) and A. titanium by forming a clade in the genus Amorphophallus. Our results provide some useful information to the evolution of the family Araceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifang Li
- Yunnan Urban Agricultural Engineering and Technological Research Center, College of Agronomy, Kunming University, Kunming, China
| | - Ying Qi
- Yunnan Urban Agricultural Engineering and Technological Research Center, College of Agronomy, Kunming University, Kunming, China
| | - Penghua Gao
- Yunnan Urban Agricultural Engineering and Technological Research Center, College of Agronomy, Kunming University, Kunming, China
| | - Shaowu Yang
- Yunnan Urban Agricultural Engineering and Technological Research Center, College of Agronomy, Kunming University, Kunming, China
| | - Yongteng Zhao
- Yunnan Urban Agricultural Engineering and Technological Research Center, College of Agronomy, Kunming University, Kunming, China
| | - Jianwei Guo
- Yunnan Urban Agricultural Engineering and Technological Research Center, College of Agronomy, Kunming University, Kunming, China
| | - Jiani Liu
- Yunnan Urban Agricultural Engineering and Technological Research Center, College of Agronomy, Kunming University, Kunming, China
| | - Feiyan Huang
- Yunnan Urban Agricultural Engineering and Technological Research Center, College of Agronomy, Kunming University, Kunming, China
| | - Lei Yu
- Yunnan Urban Agricultural Engineering and Technological Research Center, College of Agronomy, Kunming University, Kunming, China
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Nguyen LTK, Hoang HNT, Tran TVA, Nguyen HT, Ho DV. Homalolides C-D, two new sesquiterpenoids from the rhizomes of Homalomena pendula. Nat Prod Res 2024; 38:60-67. [PMID: 35867000 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2022.2103557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Two new sesquiterpenoids, homalolides C - D (1‒2), were co-isolated from the rhizomes of Homalomena pendula (Blume) Bakh.f collected in Vietnam with five known ones, aromadendrane-4α,10α-diol (3), bullatantriol (4), 1β,4β,6α-trihydroxy-eudesmane (5), 1β,4β,6β-trihydroxyeudesmane (6), and 1β,4β,7α-trihydroxy-eudesmane (7). The structures and relative configuration of new compounds were elucidated by 1 D-/2D-NMR, IR, UV and HRESIMS analyses, and by comparisons to the reported data in the literature. Homalolide C presented an unprecedented skeleton with the 4/8 bicyclic system. All isolates did not exhibit appreciable inhibitory effects on LPS-induced NO production in the RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line and on the growth of human lung cancer cell line (SK-LU-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Linh Thuy Khanh Nguyen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue City, Vietnam
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
| | - Hanh Nhu Thi Hoang
- Faculty of Engineering and Food Technology, Hue University of Agriculture and Forestry, Hue University, Hue City, Vietnam
| | - Thi Van Anh Tran
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
| | - Hoai Thi Nguyen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue City, Vietnam
| | - Duc Viet Ho
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue City, Vietnam
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Qin YP, Yang WQ, Liu KD, Xu Y, Dong YY, Fu J, Qu J, Yu SS. A new cytotoxic disaccharide glycoside from the tubers of Arisaema franchetianum. J Asian Nat Prod Res 2024; 26:130-138. [PMID: 38217315 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2023.2293080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
A new disaccharide glycoside, franchoside A (1), and 17 known compounds were isolated from the tubers of Arisaema franchetianum Engler. The chemical structure of the previously undescribed compound 1 was elucidated on the basis of detailed spectroscopic analyses. Compounds 1, 2, 6, 10, 14 and 18 showed significant cytotoxic activities at varying IC50 values in the range of 4.0-10.6 μM against five cancer cell lines. Compounds 8, 10, 13 and 17 (10 μM) exhibited moderate anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway and the release of NO from RAW264.7 macrophages induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), while compounds 1, 9, 14, 15 and 16 showed weak anti-inflammatory activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Peng Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Wan-Qi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Kai-Dong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Ying-Ying Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jiang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jing Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Shi-Shan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
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Yin S, Gao Y. Characterization of the complete chloroplast genome assembly of Amorphophallus yunnanensis Engler, Pflanzenr ( Araceae) from southwestern China. Mitochondrial DNA B Resour 2023; 8:1445-1449. [PMID: 38173919 PMCID: PMC10763844 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2023.2294896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Southwestern China is a biodiversity hotspot due to its diverse topography and environment. Amorphophallus yunnanensis is a species of perennial herb that is mainly distributed throughout southwestern China. The genetic diversity and divergence in this species have not been assessed largely due to a lack of genomic resources. To help with the phylogeographic study, we sequenced and assembled the first complete chloroplast genome sequence of A. yunnanensis. The length of the chloroplast genome was 164,417 bp, with an average GC content of 36% (GenBank accession no. OR400247). The genome possessed a typical quadripartite structure, and the lengths of the large single-copy (LSC), small single-copy (SSC), and two inverted repeat (IR) regions were 92,149 bp, 15,182 bp, 28,543bp, and 28,543bp, respectively. A total of 128 genes were annotated across the genome, including 82 protein-coding genes, 8 rRNAs, and 38 tRNAs. The maximum likelihood (ML) phylogeny confirmed the phylogenetic position of Amorphophallus within Araceae, with the Amorphophallus species forming a single monophyletic clade with a high bootstrap value. The ML tree also indicated that A. yunnanensis was most closely related to A. coaetaneus. This newly sequenced chloroplast genome assembly will aid in future studies of genetic diversity, historical population dynamics, and geographic differentiation patterns of A. yunnanensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Yin
- College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, Yunnan, China
| | - Yong Gao
- College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, Yunnan, China
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Yin S, Gao Y. The complete chloroplast genome assembly of Amorphophallus krausei Engler, Pflanzenr 1911 ( Araceae) from southwestern China. Mitochondrial DNA B Resour 2023; 8:1339-1342. [PMID: 38196792 PMCID: PMC10776054 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2023.2288889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Plants in the genus Amorphophallus, many of which possess high konjac glucomannan content, are considered important cash crops in many Asian countries. Wild relatives of cultivated Amorphophallus species are valuable resources for the genetic improvement of these crops. To aid in future genetic research of wild germplasm resources of Amorphophallus, a single individual of Amorphophallus krausei Engler, Pflanzenr 1911 was collected from southwestern China, and its chloroplast genome was sequenced using next-generation sequencing technologies. The assembled chloroplast genome was 172,418 bp in length with a GC content of 35.23% (GenBank accession no. OR416863). A typical quadripartite structure was found in the genome, which was comprised of one large single-copy (LSC), one small single-copy (SSC), and two inverted repeats (IRs), with lengths of 91,983 bp, 15,591 bp, 32,422 bp, and 32,422 bp, respectively. A total of 132 genes were annotated in the genome, including 86 protein-coding genes, 38 tRNAs, and 8 rRNAs. A maximum likelihood (ML) tree of A. krausei and 17 other species in the family Araceae suggested that all Amorphophallus species formed a single monophyletic clade. A close relationship among A. konjac, A. albus, and A. krausei was also revealed by the phylogenetic tree. The newly sequenced chloroplast genome of A. krausei will support future genetic studies, particularly the assessment of genetic diversity, resource conservation, and phylogeographic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Yin
- College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, Yunnan, China
| | - Yong Gao
- College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, Yunnan, China
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Anneberg TJ, Turcotte MM, Ashman TL. Plant neopolyploidy and genetic background differentiate the microbiome of duckweed across a variety of natural freshwater sources. Mol Ecol 2023; 32:5849-5863. [PMID: 37750335 DOI: 10.1111/mec.17142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Whole-genome duplication has long been appreciated for its role in driving phenotypic novelty in plants, often altering the way organisms interface with the abiotic environment. Only recently, however, have we begun to investigate how polyploidy influences interactions of plants with other species, despite the biotic niche being predicted as one of the main determinants of polyploid establishment. Nevertheless, we lack information about how polyploidy affects the diversity and composition of the microbial taxa that colonize plants, and whether this is genotype-dependent and repeatable across natural environments. This information is a first step towards understanding whether the microbiome contributes to polyploid establishment. We, thus, tested the immediate effect of polyploidy on the diversity and composition of the bacterial microbiome of the aquatic plant Spirodela polyrhiza using four pairs of diploids and synthetic autotetraploids. Under controlled conditions, axenic plants were inoculated with pond waters collected from 10 field sites across a broad environmental gradient. Autotetraploids hosted 4%-11% greater bacterial taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity than their diploid progenitors. Polyploidy, along with its interactions with the inoculum source and genetic lineage, collectively explained 7% of the total variation in microbiome composition. Furthermore, polyploidy broadened the core microbiome, with autotetraploids having 15 unique bacterial taxa in addition to the 55 they shared with diploids. Our results show that whole-genome duplication directly leads to novelty in the plant microbiome and importantly that the effect is dependent on the genetic ancestry of the polyploid and generalizable over many environmental contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Anneberg
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Martin M Turcotte
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Tia-Lynn Ashman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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13
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Yin C, Tang D, Liu X, Li Z, Xiang Y, Gao K, Li H, Yuan L, Huang B, Li J. Transcriptome analysis reveals important regulatory genes and pathways for tuber color variation in Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Breit. Protoplasma 2023; 260:1313-1325. [PMID: 36918417 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-023-01845-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
During the growth of Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Breit. (P. ternata), the violet-red skin was occasionally produced spontaneously under natural cultivation. However, the specific mechanism leading to the color change is still unclear. This study performed transcriptomes in violet-red and pale-yellow skin and their peeled tubers of P. ternata, and the total flavonoids and anthocyanin contents were also determined. The results showed that the majority of genes involved in anthocyanin production were considerably increased in the violet-red skin of P. ternata tuber compared to the pale-yellow skin. Especially, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and chalcone synthase (CHS) showed a remarkable increase in gene expression levels. Notably, shikimate O-hydroxycinnamoyltransferase (HCT), naringenin 3-dioxygenase (F3H), flavanone 4-reductase (DFR), and anthocyanidin synthase (ANS) were explicitly expressed in violet-red skin of P. ternata tuber, while undetectable in pale-yellow skin. The upregulation of these genes may explain the accumulation of anthocyanins, which forms the violet-red skin of P. ternata tuber. The transcription factors, including C2H2, bZIP, ERF, GATA, bHLH, C3H, NAC, MYB-related, and MYB families, might trigger the skin color change in P. ternata. The entire anthocyanin content in the violet-red skin of P. ternata tuber was 71.10 μg/g, and pale-yellow skin was 7.74 μg/g. According to phenotypic and transcriptome results, the elevated expression levels of genes linked to the synthesis of anthocyanins considerably contributed to the violet-red skin alterations in P. ternata tuber. This study provides a new understanding of the formation of the violet-red skin, lays a theoretical foundation for the cultivation of unique varieties of P. ternata, and provides transcriptome data for further study of the differences between different colors of P. ternata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Yin
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resource and Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Huang-Jia-Hu West Road 16#, Hongshan District, Wuhan, Hubei, 430065, China
| | - Ding Tang
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resource and Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Huang-Jia-Hu West Road 16#, Hongshan District, Wuhan, Hubei, 430065, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resource and Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Huang-Jia-Hu West Road 16#, Hongshan District, Wuhan, Hubei, 430065, China
| | - Zihan Li
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resource and Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Huang-Jia-Hu West Road 16#, Hongshan District, Wuhan, Hubei, 430065, China
| | - Yulin Xiang
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resource and Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Huang-Jia-Hu West Road 16#, Hongshan District, Wuhan, Hubei, 430065, China
| | - Kaiming Gao
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resource and Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Huang-Jia-Hu West Road 16#, Hongshan District, Wuhan, Hubei, 430065, China
| | - Heyu Li
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resource and Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Huang-Jia-Hu West Road 16#, Hongshan District, Wuhan, Hubei, 430065, China
- Tianjin Ubasio Technology Group Co., Ltd., Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Lin Yuan
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Occurrence and Intervention of Rheumatic Diseases, Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, Hubei, 445000, China
| | - Bisheng Huang
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resource and Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Huang-Jia-Hu West Road 16#, Hongshan District, Wuhan, Hubei, 430065, China
| | - Juan Li
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resource and Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Huang-Jia-Hu West Road 16#, Hongshan District, Wuhan, Hubei, 430065, China.
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14
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Gao Y, Dong K, Xiao P, Wu W, Yin S. Complete assembly of the chloroplast genome of Amorphophallus coaetaneus S. Y. Liu & S. J. Wei 1986 ( Araceae) from southwestern China. Mitochondrial DNA B Resour 2023; 8:766-770. [PMID: 37753189 PMCID: PMC10519266 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2023.2238939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Amorphophallus coaetaneus S. Y. Liu & S. J. Wei 1986 is a perennial herb belonging to the Araceae family in southwestern China (Guangxi and Yunnan provinces). Although this species have not been list in the red list of International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), the populations are declining due to human over exploitation. To help to genetic diversity studies, we sequenced and assembled the complete chloroplast (cp) genome of A. coaetaneus (GenBank accession number of national center for biotechnology information (NCBI): OQ404947). The assembled genome revealed 175,465 bp in length with a GC content of 34.90%, including a large single-copy (LSC) region (98,561 bp), a small single-copy (SSC) region (16,504 bp) and two inverted repeat regions (IRs) (30,200 bp each). A total of 133 genes were annotated, of which 85 are protein-coding genes, 40 are tRNA genes and 8 are rRNA genes. As an output of this study, a maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic inference of 16 Araceae species clustered all four Amorphophallus species in one clade, and showed a relatively close relationship between the tribes Pythonieae and Colocasieae. The cp genome will serve as a basis in a more extensive molecular works covering all possible extant population of Amorphophallus, as well as conservation, breeding, and other ethnobotanical utilization of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Gao
- College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, China
| | - Kun Dong
- Yunnan Province Academy of Agricultural Sciences Institute of konjac, Qujing, China
| | - Penghui Xiao
- College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, China
| | - Weijia Wu
- College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, China
| | - Si Yin
- College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, China
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15
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Riordan EC, Vargas Ramirez O, Rundel PW. Functional trait diversity of Cyclanthaceae and its convergent evolution with Araceae in Neotropical forests. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15557. [PMID: 37483965 PMCID: PMC10361079 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The Cyclanthaceae comprise a relatively small family of about 230 species and 12 genera in the Pandanales that is widespread in wet Neotropical forests. The great majority of species can be divided into three growth forms (understory herbs, epiphytes, and root-climbing hemiepiphytes) that share functional traits with similar growth forms present in the Araceae, a member of the Alismatales and not closely related. Our objectives were first to characterize the diversity, functional growth forms, and ecological traits of Cyclanthaceae at the La Selva Biological Station. Specific functional leaf and canopy traits of terrestrial herbs and epiphytes are very similar and associated with ecological success in both families. We further examined the functional traits of root-climbing hemiepiphytes, a specialized growth form that links the two families but rare in other families and argue that their specialized functional traits allow them to be considered as a distinct functional growth form. A key trait in distinguishing hemiepiphytes which are rare outside of the Cyclanthaceae and Araceae is the severance of the main stem hydraulic connection to the soil early in plant development. We used field data to examine the possible evolutionary pathways of developmental and ecological transition from terrestrial to hemiepiphyte growth forms. The broader ecological success of hemiepiphytic Araceae compared to Cyclanthaceae is hypothesized to result from the presence of heteroblasty in developing stems and leaves which allows more efficient utilization of complex canopy light environments of wet tropical forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin C. Riordan
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | | | - Philip W. Rundel
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
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16
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Promprom W, Chatan W, Pasorn P, Prasertsri N, Angkahad T. A new species of Amorphophallus ( Araceae) from northeastern Thailand. PhytoKeys 2023; 229:131-138. [PMID: 37485010 PMCID: PMC10359917 DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.229.106466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Amorphophallussakonnakhonensis Chatan & Promprom, a new species from northeastern Thailand, is described and illustrated. The new species is most similar to A.harmandii Engl. & Gehrm. and A.linearis Gagnep., but it is distinguished by the combination of characters as follows: clear differences with A.harmandii are shorter style; disc-like, slightly smooth surface, concave centre, ca. 0.2 × 0.1 mm stigma; slightly cylindrical, slightly narrower upper part of staminate flower zone; slightly cylindrical to elongate-fusiform, erect or slightly erect, creamy white appendix. The clearly distinct morphology with A.linearis are disc-like, slightly smooth surface, concave centre, ca. 0.2 × 0.1 mm stigma; elliptic or obovate leaflet; 1-3 cm long, creamy white appendix. The preliminary conservation status was assessed, and the distinct characteristics of similar species were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilawan Promprom
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Kantharawichai District, Mahasarakham Province, 44150, ThailandMahasarakham UniversityMaha SarakhamThailand
| | - Wannachai Chatan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Kantharawichai District, Mahasarakham Province, 44150, ThailandMahasarakham UniversityMaha SarakhamThailand
| | - Pattana Pasorn
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Kantharawichai District, Mahasarakham Province, 44150, ThailandMahasarakham UniversityMaha SarakhamThailand
| | - Narueset Prasertsri
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Kantharawichai District, Mahasarakham Province, 44150, ThailandMahasarakham UniversityMaha SarakhamThailand
| | - Thinnakon Angkahad
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Kantharawichai District, Mahasarakham Province, 44150, ThailandMahasarakham UniversityMaha SarakhamThailand
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Anneberg TJ, O'Neill EM, Ashman TL, Turcotte MM. Polyploidy impacts population growth and competition with diploids: multigenerational experiments reveal key life-history trade-offs. New Phytol 2023; 238:1294-1304. [PMID: 36740596 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Ecological theory predicts that early generation polyploids ('neopolyploids') should quickly go extinct owing to the disadvantages of rarity and competition with their diploid progenitors. However, polyploids persist in natural habitats globally. This paradox has been addressed theoretically by recognizing that reproductive assurance of neopolyploids and niche differentiation can promote establishment. Despite this, the direct effects of polyploidy at the population level remain largely untested despite establishment being an intrinsically population-level process. We conducted population-level experiments where life-history investment in current and future growth was tracked in four lineage pairs of diploids and synthetic autotetraploids of the aquatic plant Spirodela polyrhiza. Population growth was evaluated with and without competition between diploids and neopolyploids across a range of nutrient treatments. Although neopolyploid populations produce more biomass, they reach lower population sizes and have reduced carrying capacities when growing alone or in competition across all nutrient treatments. Thus, contrary to individual-level studies, our population-level data suggest that neopolyploids are competitively inferior to diploids. Conversely, neopolyploid populations have greater investment in dormant propagule production than diploids. Our results show that neopolyploid populations should not persist based on current growth dynamics, but high potential future growth may allow polyploids to establish in subsequent seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Anneberg
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Elizabeth M O'Neill
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Tia-Lynn Ashman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Martin M Turcotte
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
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18
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Zhao L, Yang YY, Qu XJ, Ma H, Hu Y, Li HT, Yi TS, Li DZ. Phylotranscriptomic analyses reveal multiple whole-genome duplication events, the history of diversification and adaptations in the Araceae. Ann Bot 2023; 131:199-214. [PMID: 35671385 PMCID: PMC9904356 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcac062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The Araceae are one of the most diverse monocot families with numerous morphological and ecological novelties. Plastid and mitochondrial genes have been used to investigate the phylogeny and to interpret shifts in the pollination biology and biogeography of the Araceae. In contrast, the role of whole-genome duplication (WGD) in the evolution of eight subfamilies remains unclear. METHODS New transcriptomes or low-depth whole-genome sequences of 65 species were generated through Illumina sequencing. We reconstructed the phylogenetic relationships of Araceae using concatenated and species tree methods, and then estimated the age of major clades using TreePL. We inferred the WGD events by Ks and gene tree methods. We investigated the diversification patterns applying time-dependent and trait-dependent models. The expansions of gene families and functional enrichments were analysed using CAFE and InterProScan. KEY RESULTS Gymnostachydoideae was the earliest diverging lineage followed successively by Orontioideae, Lemnoideae and Lasioideae. In turn, they were followed by the clade of 'bisexual climbers' comprised of Pothoideae and Monsteroideae, which was resolved as the sister to the unisexual flowers clade of Zamioculcadoideae and Aroideae. A special WGD event ψ (psi) shared by the True-Araceae clade occurred in the Early Cretaceous. Net diversification rates first declined and then increased through time in the Araceae. The best diversification rate shift along the stem lineage of the True-Araceae clade was detected, and net diversification rates were enhanced following the ψ-WGD. Functional enrichment analyses revealed that some genes, such as those encoding heat shock proteins, glycosyl hydrolase and cytochrome P450, expanded within the True-Araceae clade. CONCLUSIONS Our results improve our understanding of aroid phylogeny using the large number of single-/low-copy nuclear genes. In contrast to the Proto-Araceae group and the lemnoid clade adaption to aquatic environments, our analyses of WGD, diversification and functional enrichment indicated that WGD may play a more important role in the evolution of adaptations to tropical, terrestrial environments in the True-Araceae clade. These insights provide us with new resources to interpret the evolution of the Araceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhao
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
- Kunming College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Ying-Ying Yang
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
- Kunming College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Xiao-Jian Qu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Ji’nan, Shandong 250014, China
| | - Hong Ma
- Department of Biology, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Yi Hu
- Department of Biology, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Hong-Tao Li
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
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Devi MP, Dasgupta M, Mohanty S, Sharma SK, Hegde V, Roy SS, Renadevan R, Kumar KB, Patel HK, Sahoo MR. DNA Barcoding and ITS2 Secondary Structure Predictions in Taro ( Colocasia esculenta L. Schott) from the North Eastern Hill Region of India. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13122294. [PMID: 36553561 PMCID: PMC9778394 DOI: 10.3390/genes13122294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Taro (Colocasia esculenta L. Schott, Araceae), an ancient root and tuber crop, is highly polygenic, polyphyletic, and polygeographic in nature, which leads to its rapid genetic erosion. To prevent the perceived loss of taro diversity, species discrimination and genetic conservation of promising taro genotypes need special attention. Reports on genetic discrimination of taro at its center of origin are still untapped. We performed DNA barcoding of twenty promising genotypes of taro indigenous to the northeastern hill region of India, deploying two chloroplast-plastid genes, matK and rbcL, and the ribosomal nuclear gene ITS2. The secondary structure of ITS2 was determined and molecular phylogeny was performed to assess genetic discrimination among the taro genotypes. The matK and rbcL genes were highly efficient (>90%) in amplification and sequencing. However, the ITS2 barcode region achieved significant discrimination among the tested taro genotypes. All the taro genotypes displayed most similar sequences at the conserved matK and rbcL loci. However, distinct sequence lengths were observed in the ITS2 barcode region, revealing accurate discriminations among the genotypes. Multiple barcode markers are unrelated to one another and change independently, providing different estimations of heritable traits and genetic lineages; thus, they are advantageous over a single locus in genetic discrimination studies. A dynamic programming algorithm that used base-pairing interactions within a single nucleic acid polymer or between two polymers transformed the secondary structures into the symbol code data to predict seven different minimum free energy secondary structures. Our analysis strengthens the potential of the ITS2 gene as a potent DNA barcode candidate in the prediction of a valuable secondary structure that would help in genetic discrimination between the genotypes while augmenting future breeding strategies in taro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayengbam Premi Devi
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) Research Complex for North Eastern Hill Region, Imphal 795004, India
- College of Agriculture, Central Agricultural University (CAU-Imphal), Kyrdemkulai 793105, India
| | - Madhumita Dasgupta
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) Research Complex for North Eastern Hill Region, Imphal 795004, India
| | - Sansuta Mohanty
- Central Horticultural Experiment Station, ICAR–Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bhubaneswar 751019, India
| | - Susheel Kumar Sharma
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) Research Complex for North Eastern Hill Region, Imphal 795004, India
- ICAR—Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa Campus, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Vivek Hegde
- ICAR—Central Tuber Crops Research Institute, Thiruvananthapuram 695017, India
- ICAR—Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bengaluru 560089, India
| | - Subhra Saikat Roy
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) Research Complex for North Eastern Hill Region, Imphal 795004, India
| | - Rennya Renadevan
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad 570007, India
| | | | - Hitendra Kumar Patel
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad 570007, India
- Correspondence: (H.K.P.); (M.R.S.); Tel.: +91-674-247-1867 (M.R.S.); Fax: +91-674-247-1712 (M.R.S.)
| | - Manas Ranjan Sahoo
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) Research Complex for North Eastern Hill Region, Imphal 795004, India
- Central Horticultural Experiment Station, ICAR–Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bhubaneswar 751019, India
- Correspondence: (H.K.P.); (M.R.S.); Tel.: +91-674-247-1867 (M.R.S.); Fax: +91-674-247-1712 (M.R.S.)
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20
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Vera-Palacios AL, Sacoto-Torres JD, Hernández-Altamirano JA, Moreno A, Peñuela-Mora MC, Salazar-Valenzuela D, Mogollón NGS, Almeida JR. A First Look at the Inhibitory Potential of Urospatha sagittifolia ( Araceae) Ethanolic Extract for Bothrops atrox Snakebite Envenomation. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14070496. [PMID: 35878234 PMCID: PMC9315696 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14070496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Bothrops atrox snakebites are a relevant problem in the Amazon basin. In this biodiverse region, the ethnomedicinal approach plays an important role as an alternative to antivenom therapy. Urospatha sagittifolia (Araceae) is a plant used for this purpose; however, its neutralizing properties have not been scientifically accessed. To fill this gap, we investigated the ability of U. sagittifolia to modulate the catalytic activity of Bothrops atrox venom, and their toxic consequences, such as local damage and lethality. The venom profile of B. atrox was assessed by chromatography and electrophoresis. Inhibition of the three main enzymatic and medically important toxins from the venom was evaluated using synthetic substrates and quantified by chromogenic activity assays. Additionally, the neutralization of lethality, hemorrhage and edema were investigated by in vivo assays. The possible interactions between venom proteins and plant molecules were visualized by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Finally, the phytochemical constituents present in the ethanolic extract were determined by qualitative and quantitative analyses. The ethanolic extract reduced the activity of the three main enzymes of venom target, achieving ranges from 19% to 81% of inhibition. Our in vivo venom neuralizations assays showed a significant inhibition of edema (38.72%) and hemorrhage (42.90%). Additionally, lethality was remarkably counteracted. The highest extract ratio evaluated had a 75% survival rate. Our data support the biomedical value of U. sagittifolia as a source of natural enzyme inhibitors able to neutralize catalytically active B. atrox venom toxins and their toxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio L. Vera-Palacios
- Biomolecules Discovery Group, Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam, Km 8 Via Muyuna, Tena 150101, Ecuador; (A.L.V.-P.); (J.D.S.-T.); (J.A.H.-A.); (N.G.S.M.)
| | - Juan D. Sacoto-Torres
- Biomolecules Discovery Group, Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam, Km 8 Via Muyuna, Tena 150101, Ecuador; (A.L.V.-P.); (J.D.S.-T.); (J.A.H.-A.); (N.G.S.M.)
| | - Josselin A. Hernández-Altamirano
- Biomolecules Discovery Group, Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam, Km 8 Via Muyuna, Tena 150101, Ecuador; (A.L.V.-P.); (J.D.S.-T.); (J.A.H.-A.); (N.G.S.M.)
| | - Andres Moreno
- Facultad de Ingeniería en Sistemas, Electrónica e Industrial, Universidad Técnica de Ambato, Ambato 180207, Ecuador;
| | - Maria C. Peñuela-Mora
- Grupo de Ecosistemas Tropicales y Cambio Global, Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam, Km 8 Via Muyuna, Tena 150101, Ecuador;
| | - David Salazar-Valenzuela
- Centro de Investigación de la Biodiversidad y Cambio Climático (BioCamb) e Ingeniería en Biodiversidad y Recursos Genéticos, Facultad de Ciencias de Medio Ambiente, Universidad Tecnológica Indoamérica, Quito 180103, Ecuador;
| | - Noroska G. S. Mogollón
- Biomolecules Discovery Group, Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam, Km 8 Via Muyuna, Tena 150101, Ecuador; (A.L.V.-P.); (J.D.S.-T.); (J.A.H.-A.); (N.G.S.M.)
| | - José R. Almeida
- Biomolecules Discovery Group, Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam, Km 8 Via Muyuna, Tena 150101, Ecuador; (A.L.V.-P.); (J.D.S.-T.); (J.A.H.-A.); (N.G.S.M.)
- Correspondence:
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Talkah NSM, Wongso S, Othman AS. Complete chloroplast genome data for Cryptocoryne elliptica ( Araceae) from Peninsular Malaysia. Data Brief 2022; 42:108075. [PMID: 35392620 PMCID: PMC8980536 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2022.108075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The aquatic plant genus Cryptocoryne, a popular plant genus in the aquarium industry, is made up of more than 50 described species and some 15 naturally occurring named and unnamed interspecific hybrids. Cryptocoryne elliptica has a restricted distribution in the north part of Peninsular Malaysia. Destruction of its natural habitats for various human activities has led to a decline in numbers. Here, we report the complete chloroplast genome of C. elliptica and establish a molecular dataset for a maternally inherited genome. Here, we utilized an Illumina NovaSeq 6000 protocol to sequence the partial genome of C. elliptica and used bioinformatic tools to reconstruct the chloroplast genome in de novo mode. The assembled chloroplast genome is a circular DNA molecule 159,968 bp in length. The chloroplast genome has a quadripartite structure composed of a large single-copy region of 96,273 bp and a small single-copy (SSC) region of 15,205 bp, separated by a pair of inverted repeats (IRa and IRb), each of which is 24,245 bp. The chloroplast genome of C. elliptica encodes a total of 108 genes, comprising 74 protein-coding genes, 30 tRNA genes and 4 rRNA genes. In total, 204 SSR loci were identified, most of which were located within intergenic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Suwidji Wongso
- Yayasan Konservasi Biota Lahan Basah, Raya Sawo III/3, Surabaya 60218, Indonesia
| | - Ahmad Sofiman Othman
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Pulau Pinang 11800, Malaysia.,Centre of Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bayan Lepas, Penang 11900, Malaysia
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22
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Nguyen LTK, Hoang HNT, Do TT, Tran TVA, Nguyen HT, Ho DV. Sesquiterpenoids from the rhizomes of Homalomena pendula and their anti-inflammatory activities. Nat Prod Res 2022:1-9. [PMID: 35337228 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2022.2056182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Sixteen sesquiterpenoids including two new ones, homalolides A - B (1‒2), were firstly isolated from the methanolic extract of the rhizomes of Homalomena pendula collected in Vietnam. The structures and relative stereochemistry of new compounds were elucidated by 1D-/2D-NMR, IR, UV and HRESIMS analyses. The GCMS experiment demonstrated that homalolide A (1) is an artifact due to the methylation during methanolic extraction process. All isolates (1‒16) were tested for their inhibitory activities against lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide production in the RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line. Compounds 1, 3, 6‒8, 10‒12 displayed moderate inhibitory effect on NO production with IC50 values ranging from 35.41 to 64.06 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linh Thuy Khanh Nguyen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue City, Vietnam.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
| | - Hanh Nhu Thi Hoang
- Faculty of Engineering and Food Technology, Hue University of Agriculture and Forestry, Hue University, Hue City, Vietnam
| | - Thao Thi Do
- Institute of Biotechnology, The Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thi Van Anh Tran
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
| | - Hoai Thi Nguyen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue City, Vietnam
| | - Duc Viet Ho
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue City, Vietnam
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23
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Wilf P, Zou X, Donovan MP, Kocsis L, Briguglio A, Shaw D, Slik JWF, Lambiase JJ. First fossil-leaf floras from Brunei Darussalam show dipterocarp dominance in Borneo by the Pliocene. PeerJ 2022; 10:e12949. [PMID: 35356469 PMCID: PMC8958975 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The Malay Archipelago is one of the most biodiverse regions on Earth, but it suffers high extinction risks due to severe anthropogenic pressures. Paleobotanical knowledge provides baselines for the conservation of living analogs and improved understanding of vegetation, biogeography, and paleoenvironments through time. The Malesian bioregion is well studied palynologically, but there have been very few investigations of Cenozoic paleobotany (plant macrofossils) in a century or more. We report the first paleobotanical survey of Brunei Darussalam, a sultanate on the north coast of Borneo that still preserves the majority of its extraordinarily diverse, old-growth tropical rainforests. We discovered abundant compression floras dominated by angiosperm leaves at two sites of probable Pliocene age: Berakas Beach, in the Liang Formation, and Kampong Lugu, in an undescribed stratigraphic unit. Both sites also yielded rich palynofloral assemblages from the macrofossil-bearing beds, indicating lowland fern-dominated swamp (Berakas Beach) and mangrove swamp (Kampong Lugu) depositional environments. Fern spores from at least nine families dominate both palynological assemblages, along with abundant fungal and freshwater algal remains, rare marine microplankton, at least four mangrove genera, and a diverse rainforest tree and liana contribution (at least 19 families) with scarce pollen of Dipterocarpaceae, today's dominant regional life form. Compressed leaves and rare reproductive material represent influx to the depocenters from the adjacent coastal rainforests. Although only about 40% of specimens preserve informative details, we can distinguish 23 leaf and two reproductive morphotypes among the two sites. Dipterocarps are by far the most abundant group in both compression assemblages, providing rare, localized evidence for dipterocarp-dominated lowland rainforests in the Malay Archipelago before the Pleistocene. The dipterocarp fossils include winged Shorea fruits, at least two species of plicate Dipterocarpus leaves, and very common Dryobalanops leaves. We attribute additional leaf taxa to Rhamnaceae (Ziziphus), Melastomataceae, and Araceae (Rhaphidophora), all rare or new fossil records for the region. The dipterocarp leaf dominance contrasts sharply with the family's <1% representation in the palynofloras from the same strata. This result directly demonstrates that dipterocarp pollen is prone to strong taphonomic filtering and underscores the importance of macrofossils for quantifying the timing of the dipterocarps' rise to dominance in the region. Our work shows that complex coastal rainforests dominated by dipterocarps, adjacent to swamps and mangroves and otherwise similar to modern ecosystems, have existed in Borneo for at least 4-5 million years. Our findings add historical impetus for the conservation of these gravely imperiled and extremely biodiverse ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Wilf
- Department of Geosciences and Earth & Environmental Systems Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Xiaoyu Zou
- Department of Geosciences and Earth & Environmental Systems Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Michael P. Donovan
- Department of Geosciences and Earth & Environmental Systems Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States,Department of Paleobotany and Paleoecology, Cleveland Museum of Natural History, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - László Kocsis
- Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam,Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics, Faculty of Geosciences and Environment, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Antonino Briguglio
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, dell’Ambiente e della Vita, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - David Shaw
- Biostratigraphic Associates (UK) Ltd., Stoke-on-Trent, UK
| | - JW Ferry Slik
- Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam
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24
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Maekawa H, Otsubo M, Sato MP, Takahashi T, Mizoguchi K, Koyamatsu D, Inaba T, Ito-Inaba Y. Establishing an efficient protoplast transient expression system for investigation of floral thermogenesis in aroids. Plant Cell Rep 2022; 41:263-275. [PMID: 34704119 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-021-02806-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Floral thermogenesis is an important reproductive strategy for attracting pollinators. We developed essential biological tools for studying floral thermogenesis using two species of thermogenic aroids, Symplocarpus renifolius and Alocasia odora. Aroids contain many species with intense heat-producing abilities in their inflorescences. Several genes have been proposed to be involved in thermogenesis of these species, but biological tools for gene functional analyses are lacking. In this study, we aimed to develop a protoplast-based transient expression (PTE) system for the study of thermogenic aroids. Initially, we focused on skunk cabbage (Symplocarpus renifolius) because of its ability to produce intense as well as durable heat. In this plant, leaf protoplasts were isolated from potted and shoot tip-cultured plants with high efficiency (ca. 1.0 × 105/g fresh weight), and more than half of these protoplasts were successfully transfected. Using this PTE system, we determined the protein localization of three mitochondrial energy-dissipating proteins, SrAOX, SrUCPA, and SrNDA1, fused to green fluorescent protein (GFP). These three GFP-fused proteins were localized in MitoTracker-stained mitochondria in leaf protoplasts, although the green fluorescent particles in protoplasts expressing SrUCPA-GFP were significantly enlarged. Finally, to assess whether the PTE system established in the leaves of S. renifolius is applicable for floral tissues of thermogenic aroids, inflorescences of S. renifolius and another thermogenic aroid (Alocasia odora) were used. Although protoplasts were successfully isolated from several tissues of the inflorescences, PTE systems worked well only for the protoplasts isolated from the female parts (slightly thermogenic or nonthermogenic) of A. odora inflorescences. Our developed system has a potential to be widely used in inflorescences as well as leaves in thermogenic aroids and therefore may be a useful biological tool for investigating floral thermogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruhiko Maekawa
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Miyabi Otsubo
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiko P Sato
- Department of Frontier Research and Development, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, 2-6-7 Kazusakamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba, 292-0818, Japan
| | - Tomoko Takahashi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Shimo-Okubo 255, Sakura-ku, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Koichiro Mizoguchi
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Daiki Koyamatsu
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Takehito Inaba
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Yasuko Ito-Inaba
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan.
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8577, Japan.
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25
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Yi S, Xu T, Song X, Wang W, Wang G, Yu W, Han B. The complete chloroplast genome of Arisaema bockii Engler and its phylogenetic analysis in the family Araceae. Mitochondrial DNA B Resour 2021; 6:3283-3285. [PMID: 34712813 PMCID: PMC8547865 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2021.1993107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Arisaema bockii Engler is a perennial herbaceous medicinal plant, which is widely distributed in many provinces in China such as Anhui, Jiangsu, and Zhejiang. In this study, the complete chloroplast genome sequence of A. bockii was assembled and characterized based on high-throughput sequencing data. The total length of chloroplast genome was 175,537 bp, including large single-copy (LSC) and small single-copy (SSC) regions of 98,870 bp and 23,345 bp, respectively, which were separated by a pair of 27,161 bp inverted repeat (IR) regions. The genome contained 129 genes, including 84 protein-coding genes, 36 tRNA genes, 8 rRNA genes, and one pseudogene. The overall GC content of the genome was 33.6%. A phylogenetic tree reconstructed by 30 chloroplast genomes revealed that A. bockii was mostly related to the same genus species A. ringens, A. franchetianum and A. erubescens. The work reported the first complete chloroplast genome of A. bockii, which may provide some useful information to the evolution of the family Araceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanyong Yi
- Department of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu'an, P.R. China.,Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources, West Anhui University, Lu'an, P.R. China
| | - Tao Xu
- Department of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu'an, P.R. China.,Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources, West Anhui University, Lu'an, P.R. China
| | - Xiangwen Song
- Department of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu'an, P.R. China.,Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources, West Anhui University, Lu'an, P.R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu'an, P.R. China.,Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources, West Anhui University, Lu'an, P.R. China
| | - Guanglin Wang
- Department of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu'an, P.R. China.,Analytical and Testing Center, West Anhui University, Lu'an, P.R. China
| | - Wangyang Yu
- Anhui Qiansouyan Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Lu'an, P.R. China
| | - Bangxing Han
- Department of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu'an, P.R. China.,Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources, West Anhui University, Lu'an, P.R. China
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26
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Sayers TDJ, Johnson KL, Steinbauer MJ, Farnier K, Miller RE. Divergence in floral scent and morphology, but not thermogenic traits, associated with pollinator shift in two brood-site-mimicking Typhonium ( Araceae) species. Ann Bot 2021; 128:261-280. [PMID: 33758905 PMCID: PMC8389470 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcab044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flowers which imitate insect oviposition sites probably represent the most widespread form of floral mimicry, exhibit the most diverse floral signals and are visited by two of the most speciose and advanced taxa of insect - beetles and flies. Detailed comparative studies on brood-site mimics pollinated exclusively by each of these insect orders are lacking, limiting our understanding of floral trait adaptation to different pollinator groups in these deceptive systems. METHODS Two closely related and apparent brood-site mimics, Typhonium angustilobum and T. wilbertii (Araceae) observed to trap these distinct beetle and fly pollinator groups were used to investigate potential divergence in floral signals and traits most likely to occur under pollinator-mediated selection. Trapped pollinators were identified and their relative abundances enumerated, and thermogenic, visual and chemical signals and morphological traits were examined using thermocouples and quantitative reverse transcription-PCR, reflectance, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, floral measurements and microscopy. KEY RESULTS Typhonium angustilobum and T. wilbertii were functionally specialized to trap saprophagous Coleoptera and Diptera, respectively. Both species shared similar colour and thermogenic traits, and contained two highly homologous AOX genes (AOX1a and AOX1b) most expressed in the thermogenic tissue and stage (unlike pUCP). Scent during the pistillate stage differed markedly - T. angustilobum emitted a complex blend of sesquiterpenes, and T. wilbertii, a dung mimic, emitted high relative amounts of skatole, p-cresol and irregular terpenes. The species differed significantly in floral morphology related to trapping mechanisms. CONCLUSIONS Functional specialization and pollinator divergence were not associated with differences in anthesis rhythm and floral thermogenic or visual signals between species, but with significant differences in floral scent and morphological features, suggesting that these floral traits are critical for the attraction and filtering of beetle or fly pollinators in these two brood-site mimics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D J Sayers
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 500 Yarra Blvd, Richmond, VIC 3121, Australia
| | - Kim L Johnson
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Martin J Steinbauer
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Evolution, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Kevin Farnier
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Evolution, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
- Department of Jobs, Precincts and Regions, Agriculture Victoria, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Rebecca E Miller
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 500 Yarra Blvd, Richmond, VIC 3121, Australia
- Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria, South Yarra, VIC, 3141, Australia
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27
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Rands SA. A commentary on: 'Divergence in floral scent and morphology, but not thermogenic traits, associated with pollinator shift in two brood-site-mimicking Typhonium ( Araceae) species'. Ann Bot 2021; 128:i-ii. [PMID: 34180513 PMCID: PMC8389466 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcab066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This article comments on: Thomas D. J. Sayers, Kim L. Johnson, Martin J. Steinbauer, Kevin Farnier and Rebecca E. Miller and Divergence in floral scent and morphology, but not thermogenic traits, associated with pollinator shift in two brood-site-mimicking Typhonium (Araceae) species, Annals of Botany, Volume 128, Issue 3, 26 August 2021, Pages 261–260, https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcab044
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean A Rands
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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28
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Zotz G, Weigelt P, Kessler M, Kreft H, Taylor A. EpiList 1.0: a global checklist of vascular epiphytes. Ecology 2021; 102:e03326. [PMID: 33713353 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Epiphytes make up roughly 10% of all vascular plant species globally and play important functional roles, especially in tropical forests. However, to date, there is no comprehensive list of vascular epiphyte species. Here, we present EpiList 1.0, the first global list of vascular epiphytes based on standardized definitions and taxonomy. We include obligate epiphytes, facultative epiphytes, and hemiepiphytes, as the latter share the vulnerable epiphytic stage as juveniles. Based on 978 references, the checklist includes >31,000 species of 79 plant families. Species names were standardized against World Flora Online for seed plants and against the World Ferns database for lycophytes and ferns. In cases of species missing from these databases, we used other databases (mostly World Checklist of Selected Plant Families). For all species, author names and IDs for World Flora Online entries are provided to facilitate the alignment with other plant databases, and to avoid ambiguities. EpiList 1.0 will be a rich source for synthetic studies in ecology, biogeography, and evolutionary biology as it offers, for the first time, a species-level overview over all currently known vascular epiphytes. At the same time, the list represents work in progress: species descriptions of epiphytic taxa are ongoing and published life form information in floristic inventories and trait and distribution databases is often incomplete and sometimes even wrong. Since the epiphytic growth blends into soil-rooted growth and vice versa, the inclusion or exclusion of particular species in the current list will sometimes be contentious. Thus, initiating a well-founded discussion was one of the motivations for compiling this database; our list represents 31,311 hypotheses on the life form of plant species, and we welcome feedback on possible omission or erroneous inclusions. We release these data into the public domain under a Creative Commons Zero license waiver. When you use the data in your publication, we request that you cite this data paper. If EpiList 1.0 is a major part of the data analyzed in your study, you may consider inviting the EpiList 1.0 core team as collaborators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Zotz
- Functional Ecology of Plants, Institute of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University, Ammerländer Heerstr. 114-118, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apdo 2072, Balboa, Panama
| | - Patrick Weigelt
- Biodiversity, Macroecology & Biogeography, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 1, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michael Kessler
- Institute of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zürich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Holger Kreft
- Biodiversity, Macroecology & Biogeography, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 1, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.,Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use (CBL), University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 1, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Amanda Taylor
- Biodiversity, Macroecology & Biogeography, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 1, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
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29
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Matsumoto TK, Hirobe M, Sueyoshi M, Miyazaki Y. Selective pollination by fungus gnats potentially functions as an alternative reproductive isolation among five Arisaema species. Ann Bot 2021; 127:633-644. [PMID: 33263745 PMCID: PMC8052922 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Interspecific difference in pollinators (pollinator isolation) is important for reproductive isolation in flowering plants. Species-specific pollination by fungus gnats has been discovered in several plant taxa, suggesting that they can contribute to reproductive isolation. Nevertheless, their contribution has not been studied in detail, partly because they are too small for field observations during flower visitation. To quantify their flower visitation, we used the genus Arisaema (Araceae) because the pitcher-like spathe of Arisaema can trap all floral visitors. METHODS We evaluated floral visitor assemblage in an altitudinal gradient including five Arisaema species. We also examined interspecific differences in altitudinal distribution (geographic isolation) and flowering phenology (phenological isolation). To exclude the effect of interspecific differences in altitudinal distribution on floral visitor assemblage, we established ten experimental plots including the five Arisaema species in high- and low-altitude areas and collected floral visitors. We also collected floral visitors in three additional sites. Finally, we estimated the strength and contribution of these three reproductive barriers using a unified formula for reproductive isolation. KEY RESULTS Each Arisaema species selectively attracted different fungus gnats in the altitudinal gradient, experimental plots and additional sites. Altitudinal distribution and flowering phenology differed among the five Arisaema species, whereas the strength of geographic and phenological isolations were distinctly weaker than those in pollinator isolation. Nevertheless, the absolute contribution of pollinator isolation to total reproductive isolation was weaker than geographic and phenological isolations, because pollinator isolation functions after the two early-acting barriers in plant life history. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that selective pollination by fungus gnats potentially contributes to reproductive isolation. Since geographic and phenological isolations can be disrupted by habitat disturbance and interannual climate change, the strong and stable pollinator isolation might compensate for the weakened early-acting barriers as an alternative reproductive isolation among the five Arisaema species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya K Matsumoto
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan
- For correspondence. E-mail
| | - Muneto Hirobe
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masahiro Sueyoshi
- Center for Biodiversity, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yuko Miyazaki
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan
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30
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Liz Filartiga A, Mantuano D, Vieira RC, De Toni KLG, Vasques GM, Mantovani A. Root morphophysiology changes during the habitat transition from soil to canopy of the aroid vine Rhodospatha oblongata. Ann Bot 2021; 127:347-360. [PMID: 33038225 PMCID: PMC7872123 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The aroid vine Rhodospatha oblongata is characterized by a habitat change from terrestrial to canopy, relying on aerial roots at maturity to obtain water and nutrients from the forest soil. We hypothesize that morphophysiological acclimation occurs in roots as they grow under atmospheric conditions. These changes would guarantee the whole-plant survival of aroid vines in the new and potentially stressful habitat of the canopy. METHODS Terrestrial and aerial roots were compared on a morphophysiological basis. Root anatomy, water balance, water absorption capacity via fluorescent tracer, and photochemical activity via chlorophyll fluorescence were measured. KEY RESULTS While thin fasciculate roots occur on terrestrial crawling individuals, two clearly distinct aerial roots (anchor and feeder) are produced on canopy individuals, which both adhere to the host trunk. The colour of both aerial roots changes during development from red and brownish to striped and green at maturity. Colour changes are induced by the replacement of epidermis, exodermis and outer cortex by an inner layer of lignified cork on the root region exposed to the atmosphere. In the root region that is in contact with the host, covering substitutions do not occur and both exodermis and lignified cork, along with several epidermal hairs, appear. Water retention capacity was higher in green roots than in other root types. Rehydration capacity via water absorption by hairs of aerial roots was confirmed by fluorescence. Chlorophyll fluorescence data indicated low levels of photosynthetic capacity in aerial roots. CONCLUSIONS Plants should evolve strategies to survive stress situations. The transition from soil to canopy imposes abiotic changes and potentially stressful situations on R. oblongata. We conclude that the morphophysiological changes observed represent an important strategy that permits the maintenance of aroid roots and the survival of R. oblongata in the canopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arinawa Liz Filartiga
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Department of Functional Ecology, Institute of Botany CAS, Trebon, Czech Republic
| | - Dulce Mantuano
- Laboratório de Ecofisiologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Sala A1-118, Bloco A, CCS, Cidade Universitária, 21941-590, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Cardoso Vieira
- Laboratório de Morfologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Sala A1-108, Bloco A, CCS, Cidade Universitária, 21941-590, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Karen Lucia Gama De Toni
- Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Pacheco Leão 915, Jardim Botânico, 22460-030, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gustavo M Vasques
- Embrapa Solos, Rua Jardim Botânico, 1024, Jardim Botânico, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 22460-000, Brazil
| | - André Mantovani
- Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Pacheco Leão 915, Jardim Botânico, 22460-030, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Paiva ÉAS, Ballego-Campos I, Gibernau M. True nectar or stigmatic secretion? Structural evidence elucidates an old controversy regarding nectaries in Anthurium. Am J Bot 2021; 108:37-50. [PMID: 33449391 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Floral rewards are essential in understanding floral function and evolution of the relationships between flowers and pollinators. Whether sugars are present in stigmatic exudates in Anthurium and whether it has floral nectaries have remained controversial because of the scarcity of structural studies. To solve these questions, we investigated the floral anatomy of A. andraeanum to elucidate whether (1) tepals are secretory organs, (2) tepals possess a structurally recognizable nectary, and (3) tepalar secretion differs from stigmatic secretion. METHODS Floral structure was assessed through light and electron microscopy of samples of immature, pistillate, and staminate flowers. The dynamics of the starch reserve was investigated using histochemical tests, and the sugar content in the floral exudates was assessed using thin-layer chromatography. RESULTS Sugar analysis did not detect sucrose, glucose, or fructose in stigmatic secretions, but confirmed their presence in tepalar secretions. Stigmatic secretion was produced by secretory stigmatic papillae; tepalar exudates were produced by nonvascularized nectaries in the apex of tepals. These nectaries were characterized by modified stomata and cells with cytoplasm rich in organelles, and a high content of calcium oxalate crystals. CONCLUSIONS Our results showed for the first time nectaries on tepals and true nectar secretion for A. andraeanum. Stigmatic secretion appears to be a distinct substance, and its often-reported sugar content seems to be a result of sample contamination. Nectar and stigmatic secretions have been often mistaken in other Anthurium species and deserve a revision for this genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Élder Antônio Sousa Paiva
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Igor Ballego-Campos
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Marc Gibernau
- CNRS, University of Corsica Pascal Paoli, UMR 6134 SPE, Equipe Chimie et Biomasse, Route des Sanguinaires - Vignola, 20000, Ajaccio, France
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Abdullah, Henriquez CL, Mehmood F, Hayat A, Sammad A, Waseem S, Waheed MT, Matthews PJ, Croat TB, Poczai P, Ahmed I. Chloroplast genome evolution in the Dracunculus clade (Aroideae, Araceae). Genomics 2021; 113:183-92. [PMID: 33326831 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2020.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplast (cp) genomes are considered important for the study of lineage-specific molecular evolution, population genetics, and phylogenetics. Our aim here was to elucidate the molecular evolution in cp genomes of species in the Dracunculus clade (Aroideae, Araceae). We report de novo assembled cp genomes for eight species from eight genera and also retrieved cp genomes of four species from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). The cp genomes varied in size from 162,424 bp to 176,835 bp. Large Single Copy (LSC) region ranged in size from 87,141 bp to 95,475 bp; Small Single Copy (SSC) from 14,338 bp to 23,981 bp; and Inverted Repeats (IRa and IRb) from 25,131 bp to 32,708 bp. The expansion in inverted repeats led to duplication of ycf1 genes in four species. The genera showed high similarity in gene content and yielded 113 unique genes (79 protein-coding, 4 rRNA, and 30 tRNA genes). Codon usage, amino acid frequency, RNA editing sites, microsatellites repeats, transition and transversion substitutions, and synonymous and non-synonymous substitutions were also similar across the clade. A previous study reported deletion of ycf1, accD, psbE, trnL-CAA, and trnG-GCC genes in four Amorphophallus species. Our study supports conservative structure of cp genomes in the Dracunculus clade including Amorphophallus species and does not support gene deletion mentioned above. We also report suitable polymorphic loci based on comparative analyses of Dracunculus clade species, which could be useful for phylogenetic inference. Overall, the current study broad our knowledge about the molecular evolution of chloroplast genome in aroids.
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33
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Ahmed I, Lockhart PJ, Agoo EMG, Naing KW, Nguyen DV, Medhi DK, Matthews PJ. Evolutionary origins of taro ( Colocasia esculenta) in Southeast Asia. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:13530-13543. [PMID: 33304557 PMCID: PMC7713977 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
As an ancient clonal root and leaf crop, taro (Colocasia esculenta, Araceae) is highly polymorphic with uncertain genetic and geographic origins. We explored chloroplast DNA diversity in cultivated and wild taros, and closely related wild taxa, and found cultivated taro to be polyphyletic, with tropical and temperate clades that appear to originate in Southeast Asia sensu lato. A third clade was found exclusively in wild populations from Southeast Asia to Australia and Papua New Guinea. Our findings do not support the hypothesis of taro domestication in Papua New Guinea, despite archaeological evidence for early use or cultivation there, and the presence of apparently natural wild populations in the region (Australia and Papua New Guinea).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrar Ahmed
- Institute of Fundamental SciencesMassey UniversityPalmerston NorthNew Zealand
- Alpha Genomics Private LimitedIslamabadPakistan
| | - Peter J. Lockhart
- Institute of Fundamental SciencesMassey UniversityPalmerston NorthNew Zealand
| | | | - Kyaw W. Naing
- Vegetable and Fruit Research and Development CenterHleguMyanmar
| | - Dzu V. Nguyen
- Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources & Graduate University of Science and TechnologyVietnam Academy of Science and TechnologyHanoiVietnam
| | - Dilip K. Medhi
- Department of AnthropologyGauhati UniversityGuwahatiIndia
| | - Peter J. Matthews
- Department of Cross‐Field ResearchNational Museum of EthnologyOsakaJapan
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34
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Rundel PW, Cooley AM, Gerst KL, Riordan EC, Sharifi MR, Sun JW, Tower JA. Functional traits of broad-leaved monocot herbs in the understory and forest edges of a Costa Rican rainforest. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9958. [PMID: 33194368 PMCID: PMC7597634 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Broad-leaved monocot herbs are widespread and dominant components of the shaded understories of wet neotropical forests. These understory habitats are characterized by light limitation and a constant threat of falling branches. Many shaded understory herb species have close relatives that occupy forest edges and gaps, where light availability is higher and defoliation threat is lower, creating an opportunity for comparative analysis of functional traits in order to better understand the evolutionary adaptations associated with this habitat transition. We documented ecological, morphological and ecophysiological traits of multiple herb species in six monocot families from each of these two habitats in the wet tropical rainforest at the La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica. We found that a mixture of phylogenetic canalization and ecological selection for specific habitats helped explain patterns of functional traits. Understory herbs were significantly shorter and had smaller leaves than forest edge species. Although the mean number of leaves per plant and specific leaf area did not differ between the two groups, the larger leaf size of forest edge species gave them more than three times the mean plant leaf area. Measures of leaf water content and nitrogen content varied within both groups and mean values were not significantly different. Despite the high leaf nitrogen contents, the maximum photosynthetic rates of understory herbs were quite low. Measures of δ13C as an analog of water use efficiency found significantly lower (more negative) values in understory herbs compared to forest edge species. Clonality was strongly developed in several species but did not show strong phylogenetic patterns. This study highlights many functional traits that differ between broad-leaved monocot species characteristic of understory and forest edge habitats, as well as traits that vary primarily by phylogenetic relatedness. Overall, plant functional traits do not provide a simple explanation for the relative differences in abundance for individual understory and forest edge species with some occurring in great abundance while others are relatively rare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip W Rundel
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Arielle M Cooley
- Biology, Whitman College, Walla Walla, WA, United States of America
| | - Katharine L Gerst
- USA National Phenlogical Network, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
| | - Erin C Riordan
- Laboratory of Tree Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
| | - M Rasoul Sharifi
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Jennifer W Sun
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - J Alexandra Tower
- Biology, Santa Monica College, Santa Monica, CA, United States of America
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35
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Gomes VA, de Jesus Silva F, Baquião EM, Faria LV, Ferreira JCA, Pedroso MP, Broetto F, Wilcken SRS. Xanthosoma sagittifolium is resistant to Meloidogyne spp. and controls Meloidogyne enterolobii by soil biofumigation. J Nematol 2020; 52:e2020-107. [PMID: 33829186 PMCID: PMC8015332 DOI: 10.21307/jofnem-2020-107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Meloidogyne is a relevant plant-parasitic nematode that causes enormous damage. It is very challenging to control, and there are not many chemicals available on the market for that. As an alternative method of nematode control, biofumigation is increasingly gaining space. This research aimed to study the reaction of Xanthosoma sagittifolium to Meloidogyne enterolobii, M. incognita, and M. javanica and soil biofumigation with X. sagittifolium leaves for M. enterolobii control. The reaction test was performed in the populations 0 (control), 333, 999, 3,000, 9,000, 27,000 eggs and eventual juveniles. X. sagittifolium did not host the Meloidogyne species studied, even in a high population. X. sagittifolium leaves incorporated in soil at concentrations 0 (control), 0.45, 0.9, 1.8, 3.6 g were also studied to control M. enterolobii, and they were able to reduce galls and eggs. The number of galls and egg masses was reduced to a concentration of 1.8 g. In the maximum concentration, the number of galls was less than 15 galls, and the eggs were also reduced to less than 200 eggs. As these macerates emitted nematicidal volatile organic compounds (VOCs) against M. enterolobii, it reduced the infectivity and reproduction of nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Alves Gomes
- Department of Plant Protection, São Paulo State University (UNESP/FCA), 18610-034, Botucatu-SP, Brazil
| | - Fabíola de Jesus Silva
- Department of Plant Pathology, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), 37200-000, Lavras-MG, Brazil
| | - Eunice Maria Baquião
- Department of Plant Protection, São Paulo State University (UNESP/FCA), 18610-034, Botucatu-SP, Brazil
| | - Luana Viana Faria
- Department of Plant Protection, São Paulo State University (UNESP/FCA), 18610-034, Botucatu-SP, Brazil
| | | | - Marcio Pozzobon Pedroso
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), CP3037, 37200-000, Lavras-MG, Brazil
| | - Fernando Broetto
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, São Paulo State University - Biosciences Institute (UNESP/IBB), 18618-687, Botucatu-SP, Brazil
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Abstract
The Arum palaestinum plant is one of the 26 species of the Arum genus of the Araceae family. This plant species is found through the Mediterranean region, Western Asia, and Europe. The leaves and seeds of the plant contain needle-shaped oxalate crystals that can irritate the affected tissue (skin, oral cavity, or GI tract) upon exposure. Up to this date, there is no available literature supporting the epidemiology or the clinical manifestations of poisoning by this plant. We retrospectively reviewed all Arum palaestinum exposures to children younger than 18 years of age reported to the Israel National Poison Information Center during 2017 from the IPIC computerized data system. We extracted demographic data and clinical data from those digital files. We reviewed the files of 53 patients' files and found slight male predominance (58% vs. 42%), and the age of exposure ranged from 9 month to 15 years. The main site of exposure was at home in most cases (47%) followed by outdoor exposure in 40% of the cases. In 66% of the cases, minor clinical manifestations were reported, mainly erythema and mouth irritation, agitation, and drooling. Asymptomatic patients composed 34% of the cases. In 17% of the cases, patients were recommended to visit an ambulatory facility, and other 15% of the cases were referred to the emergency department. There were no cases of severe poisoning, upper airways compromise, or death.Conclusion: Poisoning by Arum palaestinum is one of the most common pediatric plant poisoning in Israel. Our study supports with clinical data for the first time that this poisoning is self-limited, confined to the affected mucosa, and most likely does not necessitate any intervention. What is Known • A. palaestinum poisoning is one of the most common pediatric plant poisoning in Israel. • The leaves and seeds of the plant contain needle-shaped oxalates crystals. What is New • Pediatric exposure to A. palaestinum usually causes only mild and self-limited poisoning. • Expectant observation is the preferred management of such exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aus Maree
- Department of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Hadassah Medical Center and Hebrew University, Mount Scopus Campus, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Saar Hashavya
- Department of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Hadassah Medical Center and Hebrew University, Ein-Kerem Campus, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Itai Gross
- Department of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Hadassah Medical Center and Hebrew University, Ein-Kerem Campus, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yaakov Asaf
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hadassah Medical Center and Hebrew University, Ein-Kerem Campus, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yedidia Bentur
- Israel Poison Information Center, Rambam Health Care Campus, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology|, Haifa, Israel
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37
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Abdullah, Henriquez CL, Mehmood F, Carlsen MM, Islam M, Waheed MT, Poczai P, Croat TB, Ahmed I. Complete Chloroplast Genomes of Anthurium huixtlense and Pothos scandens (Pothoideae, Araceae): Unique Inverted Repeat Expansion and Contraction Affect Rate of Evolution. J Mol Evol 2020; 88:562-574. [PMID: 32642873 PMCID: PMC7445159 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-020-09958-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The subfamily Pothoideae belongs to the ecologically important plant family Araceae. Here, we report the chloroplast genomes of two species of the subfamily Pothoideae: Anthurium huixtlense (size: 163,116 bp) and Pothos scandens (size: 164,719 bp). The chloroplast genome of P. scandens showed unique contraction and expansion of inverted repeats (IRs), thereby increasing the size of the large single-copy region (LSC: 102,956 bp) and decreasing the size of the small single-copy region (SSC: 6779 bp). This led to duplication of many single-copy genes due to transfer to IR regions from the small single-copy (SSC) region, whereas some duplicate genes became single copy due to transfer to large single-copy regions. The rate of evolution of protein-coding genes was affected by the contraction and expansion of IRs; we found higher mutation rates for genes that exist in single-copy regions as compared to those in IRs. We found a 2.3-fold increase of oligonucleotide repeats in P. scandens when compared with A. huixtlense, whereas amino acid frequency and codon usage revealed similarities. The ratio of transition to transversion mutations was 2.26 in P. scandens and 2.12 in A. huixtlense. Transversion mutations mostly translated in non-synonymous substitutions. The phylogenetic inference of the limited species showed the monophyly of the Araceae subfamilies. Our study provides insight into the molecular evolution of chloroplast genomes in the subfamily Pothoideae and family Araceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan.
| | - Claudia L Henriquez
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Furrukh Mehmood
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | | | - Madiha Islam
- Department of Genetics, Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Tahir Waheed
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Peter Poczai
- Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, PO Box 7, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
| | | | - Ibrar Ahmed
- Alpha Genomics Private Limited, Islamabad, 45710, Pakistan.
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38
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Abdullah, Henriquez CL, Mehmood F, Shahzadi I, Ali Z, Waheed MT, Croat TB, Poczai P, Ahmed I. Comparison of Chloroplast Genomes among Species of Unisexual and Bisexual Clades of the Monocot Family Araceae. Plants (Basel) 2020; 9:E737. [PMID: 32545339 PMCID: PMC7355861 DOI: 10.3390/plants9060737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The chloroplast genome provides insight into the evolution of plant species. We de novo assembled and annotated chloroplast genomes of four genera representing three subfamilies of Araceae: Lasia spinosa (Lasioideae), Stylochaeton bogneri, Zamioculcas zamiifolia (Zamioculcadoideae), and Orontium aquaticum (Orontioideae), and performed comparative genomics using these chloroplast genomes. The sizes of the chloroplast genomes ranged from 163,770 bp to 169,982 bp. These genomes comprise 113 unique genes, including 79 protein-coding, 4 rRNA, and 30 tRNA genes. Among these genes, 17-18 genes are duplicated in the inverted repeat (IR) regions, comprising 6-7 protein-coding (including trans-splicing gene rps12), 4 rRNA, and 7 tRNA genes. The total number of genes ranged between 130 and 131. The infA gene was found to be a pseudogene in all four genomes reported here. These genomes exhibited high similarities in codon usage, amino acid frequency, RNA editing sites, and microsatellites. The oligonucleotide repeats and junctions JSB (IRb/SSC) and JSA (SSC/IRa) were highly variable among the genomes. The patterns of IR contraction and expansion were shown to be homoplasious, and therefore unsuitable for phylogenetic analyses. Signatures of positive selection were seen in three genes in S. bogneri, including ycf2, clpP, and rpl36. This study is a valuable addition to the evolutionary history of chloroplast genome structure in Araceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan; (A.); (F.M.); (I.S.); (Z.A.); (M.T.W.)
| | - Claudia L. Henriquez
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
| | - Furrukh Mehmood
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan; (A.); (F.M.); (I.S.); (Z.A.); (M.T.W.)
- Botany Unit, Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 7, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Iram Shahzadi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan; (A.); (F.M.); (I.S.); (Z.A.); (M.T.W.)
| | - Zain Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan; (A.); (F.M.); (I.S.); (Z.A.); (M.T.W.)
- Alpha Genomics Private Limited, Islamabad 45710, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Tahir Waheed
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan; (A.); (F.M.); (I.S.); (Z.A.); (M.T.W.)
| | - Thomas B. Croat
- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA;
| | - Peter Poczai
- Botany Unit, Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 7, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ibrar Ahmed
- Alpha Genomics Private Limited, Islamabad 45710, Pakistan
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Henriquez CL, Ahmed I, Carlsen MM, Zuluaga A, Croat TB, McKain MR. Molecular evolution of chloroplast genomes in Monsteroideae ( Araceae). Planta 2020; 251:72. [PMID: 32112137 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03365-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
This study provides broad insight into the chloroplast genomes of the subfamily Monsteroideae. The identified polymorphic regions may be suitable for designing unique and robust molecular markers for phylogenetic inference. Monsteroideae is the third largest subfamily (comprises 369 species) and one of the early diverging lineages of the monocot plant family Araceae. The phylogeny of this important subfamily is not well resolved at the species level due to scarcity of genomic resources and suitable molecular markers. Here, we report annotated chloroplast genome sequences of four Monsteroideae species: Spathiphyllum patulinervum, Stenospermation multiovulatum, Monstera adansonii, and Rhaphidophora amplissima. The quadripartite chloroplast genomes (size range 163,335-164,751 bp) consist of a pair of inverted repeats (25,270-25,931 bp), separating a small single copy region (21,448-22,346 bp) from a large single copy region (89,714-91,841 bp). The genomes contain 114 unique genes, including four rRNA genes, 80 protein-coding genes, and 30 tRNA genes. Gene features, amino acid frequencies, codon usage, GC contents, oligonucleotide repeats, and inverted repeats dynamics exhibit similarities among the four genomes. Higher rate of synonymous substitutions was observed as compared to non-synonymous substitutions in 76 protein-coding genes. Positive selection was observed in seven protein-coding genes, including psbK, ndhK, ndhD, rbcL, accD, rps8, and ycf2. Our included species of Araceae showed the monophyly in Monsteroideae and other subfamilies. We report 30 suitable polymorphic regions. The polymorphic regions identified here might be suitable for designing unique and robust markers for inferring the phylogeny and phylogeography among closely related species within the genus Spathiphyllum and among distantly related species within the subfamily Monsteroideae. The chloroplast genomes presented here are a valuable contribution towards understanding the molecular evolutionary dynamics in the family Araceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia L Henriquez
- University of California, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Los Angeles, USA.
| | - Ibrar Ahmed
- Alpha Genomics Private Limited, Islamabad, 45710, Pakistan
| | | | - Alejandro Zuluaga
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad del Valle, Calle 13, 100-00, Cali, Colombia
| | | | - Michael R McKain
- The University of Alabama, Department of Biological Sciences, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
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40
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Henriquez CL, Abdullah, Ahmed I, Carlsen MM, Zuluaga A, Croat TB, McKain MR. Evolutionary dynamics of chloroplast genomes in subfamily Aroideae ( Araceae). Genomics 2020; 112:2349-2360. [PMID: 31945463 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2020.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Aroideae is the largest and most diverse subfamily of the plant family Araceae. Despite its agricultural and horticultural importance, the genomic resources are sparse for this subfamily. Here, we report de novo assembled and fully annotated chloroplast genomes of 13 Aroideae species. The quadripartite chloroplast genomes (size range of 158,177-170,037 bp) are comprised of a large single copy (LSC; 75,594-94,702 bp), a small single copy (SSC; 12,903-23,981 bp) and a pair of inverted repeats (IRs; 25,266-34,840 bp). Notable gene rearrangements and IRs contraction / expansions were found for Anchomanes hookeri and Zantedeschia aethiopica. Codon usage, amino acid frequencies, oligonucleotide repeats, GC contents, and gene features revealed similarities among the 13 species. The number of oligonucleotide repeats was uncorrelated with genome size or phylogenetic position of the species. Phylogenetic analyses corroborated the monophyly of Aroideae but were unable to resolve the positions of Calla and Schismatoglottis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia L Henriquez
- University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, United States of America.
| | - Abdullah
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Ibrar Ahmed
- Alpha Genomics Private Limited, Islamabad 45710, Pakistan
| | - Monica M Carlsen
- Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Alejandro Zuluaga
- Universidad del Valle, Departamento de Biología, Calle 13, #100-00 Cali, Colombia
| | - Thomas B Croat
- Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Michael R McKain
- The University of Alabama, Department of Biological Sciences, Tuscaloosa, AL, United States of America
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41
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Yu HL, Wang W, Wu H, Shen M, Zhang YB, Li SH. [Effect of processing on toxic components lectin from four kinds of Araceae toxic medicines]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2019; 44:5398-5404. [PMID: 32237386 DOI: 10.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm.20190916.302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The study aimed to investigate the effect of processing on lectin protein in four toxic Chinese medicines tubers of Pinellia ternata,P. pedatisecta,Arisema heterophyllum and Typhonium giganteum. Western blot was used to semi-quantitatively analyze the content of lectin in the four kinds of toxic Chinese medicines and their different processed products. Raw products and lectin were treated by heating or soaking in ginger juice or alum solution. The effects of different excipients and the heating methods on lectin proteins were investigated. The results showed that the content of lectin in raw products of P. pedatisecta,P. ternata,A. heterophyllum,and T. giganteum were 7. 3%,4. 9%,2. 7%,2. 3%,respectively. And the content of lectin in Pinelliae Rhizoma praeparatum cum alumine was 0. 027%. Lectin was not detected in the Pinelliae Rhizoma Praeparatum cum Zingibere et Alumine,Arisaematis Rhizma Praeparatum and Typhonii Rhizoma Praeparatum,which indicated that processing could significantly reduce the content of active lectin in raw products. The results also showed that with the prolongation of soaking and heating time,the content of lectin in raw products decreased gradually,while the content was almost unchanged when soaked in ginger juice alone. The effects of different excipients and heating on lectin were the same as those on raw products. Therefore,the method with alum soaking and heating can reduce the content of active lectin,which is the key to reduce the toxicity of toxic Chinese medicines. In this paper,Western blot was used to study the content of toxic protein in Araceae toxic Chinese medicines as an evaluation method of the processing degree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Li Yu
- Pharmacology College,Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing 210023,China Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Processing Nanjing 210023,China Engineering Center of State Ministry of Education for Standardization of Chinese Medicine Processing Nanjing 210023,China
| | - Wei Wang
- Pharmacology College,Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing 210023,China
| | - Hao Wu
- Pharmacology College,Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing 210023,China Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Processing Nanjing 210023,China Engineering Center of State Ministry of Education for Standardization of Chinese Medicine Processing Nanjing 210023,China
| | - Min Shen
- Suzhou Vocational Health College Suzhou 215009,China
| | - Yuan-Bin Zhang
- Pharmacology College,Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing 210023,China
| | - Shu-Hui Li
- Pharmacology College,Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing 210023,China
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Matsumoto TK, Miyazaki Y, Sueyoshi M, Senda Y, Yamada K, Hirobe M. Pre-pollination barriers between two sympatric Arisaema species in northern Shikoku Island, Japan. Am J Bot 2019; 106:1612-1621. [PMID: 31729010 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE The genus Arisaema (Araceae) has rapidly diversified in Japan, and multiple species often coexist in the field. Although Japanese Arisaema species hybridize from artificial crossing, hybrid individuals are rare in mixed populations; suggesting the presence of effective pre-pollination barriers. We examined the following reproductive barriers between A. sikokianum and A. tosaense: habitat, phenology, and pollinator isolations. METHODS Habitat isolation was examined by interspecific comparisons of microhabitat conditions at a mixed site and of altitude at the sampling site of herbarium specimens. Phenological isolation was evaluated by comparing seasonal transition in apparent spathe condition and frequency of insect visitation. Pollinator isolation was examined by comparing floral visitor assemblages between the two Arisaema species. To avoid overestimation of pollinator isolation due to seasonal changes in insect assemblages, we also compared visitor assemblages between natural and late-flowering A. sikokianum, where the latter was experimentally introduced and blooming with a natural A. tosaense population. RESULTS Microhabitat conditions and sampling elevations of herbarium specimens overlapped between the two Arisaema species. At the population level, A. sikokianum and A. tosaense flowered for 39 and 52 days, respectively, with 13 days overlap. Insect visitation in A. sikokianum decreased before the seasonal overlap. Floral visitor assemblages differed between the two Arisaema species, while the difference between natural and late-flowering A. sikokianum was less distinct. CONCLUSIONS Phenological and pollinator isolation contribute to reproductive isolation between the two Arisaema species and should enable the two species to coexist in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya K Matsumoto
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Tsushima-Naka 1-1-1, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Yuko Miyazaki
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Tsushima-Naka 1-1-1, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Masahiro Sueyoshi
- Center for Biodiversity, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 1 Matsunosato, Tsukuba, 305-8687, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Senda
- Hiwa Museum for Natural History, Hiwa 1119-1, Hiwa, Shôbara, 727-0301, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Yamada
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Tsushima-Naka 1-1-1, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Muneto Hirobe
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Tsushima-Naka 1-1-1, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
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Laird RA, Barks PM. Skimming the surface: duckweed as a model system in ecology and evolution. Am J Bot 2018; 105:1962-1966. [PMID: 30452782 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Laird
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Patrick M Barks
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230, Odense M, Denmark
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Marotz-Clausen G, Jürschik S, Fuchs R, Schäffler I, Sulzer P, Gibernau M, Dötterl S. Incomplete synchrony of inflorescence scent and temperature patterns in Arum maculatum L. ( Araceae). Phytochemistry 2018; 154:77-84. [PMID: 30006091 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In many Araceae both scent and heat production are known to temporally vary throughout anthesis, and in several species strong scents are released for pollinator attraction when thermogenesis is also strong. However, it is not known whether the temporal patterns of both scent emission and temperature are strictly synchronous and, for example, reach their maxima at the same time. We studied Arum maculatum, a brood-site deceptive species attracting its moth fly pollinators with strong fetid scents, to study temporal patterns in scent emission and temperature during anthesis. Inflorescence scents were collected and analysed by dynamic headspace and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) or by proton-transfer-reaction-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (PTR-TOFMS), and the temperature of the appendix, which is the heating osmophore during pollinator attraction, was recorded by a thermocouple. We overall found that scent emission and temperature patterns were strongly correlated. However, in none of the seven studied individuals was the highest amount of scent released at times with the maximum temperature difference. Thus, patterns of scent emission and temperature are somewhat asynchronous suggesting that high scent emission rates and temporal scent patterns in plants with thermogenesis cannot be solely explained by temperature patterns. This calls for more in-depth studies to better understand the interplay between scent emission and thermogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gertrud Marotz-Clausen
- Department of Biosciences, Plant Ecology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr. 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Simone Jürschik
- IONICON Analytik Gesellschaft m.b.H., Eduard-Bodem-Gasse 3, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Roman Fuchs
- Department of Biosciences, Plant Ecology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr. 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Irmgard Schäffler
- Department of Biosciences, Plant Ecology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr. 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Philipp Sulzer
- IONICON Analytik Gesellschaft m.b.H., Eduard-Bodem-Gasse 3, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Marc Gibernau
- CNRS - University of Corsica, Laboratory Sciences for the Environment (SPE - UMR 6134), Natural Resources Project, Vignola - Route des Sanguinaires, 20000 Ajaccio, France
| | - Stefan Dötterl
- Department of Biosciences, Plant Ecology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr. 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
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Takeda S, Onishi Y, Fukui Y, Ohsako T, Kubo N. Life Cycle and Genetic Diversity of Symplocarpus nipponicus ( Araceae), an Endangered Species in Japan. Plants (Basel) 2018; 7:E73. [PMID: 30208608 DOI: 10.3390/plants7030073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Symplocarpus nipponicus, a member of the Araceae family, is an endangered plant in several prefectures in Japan. For the conservation of this wild species, we investigated the morphology, life cycle, and genetic diversity of three wild populations. By fixed-point observation over several years, we found that it takes at least four years for the plant to set the inflorescences consisting of spadices and spathes, and another two years for it to set mature seeds. To examine the genetic diversity in the wild population, we developed 11 novel microsatellite markers and investigated the genetic variation in three populations in Kyoto Prefecture: Ayabe, Hanase, and Momoi. The Ayabe population carried less genetic variation than the other two areas, suggesting the isolation of the habitat and thus a higher risk of extinction. Our results provide basic knowledge of the ecological aspects of S. nipponicus, as well as molecular techniques for the assessment of its genetic diversity, and thus are useful for the conservation of this endangered species.
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Canal D, Köster N, Jones KE, Korotkova N, Croat TB, Borsch T. Phylogeny and diversification history of the large Neotropical genus Philodendron ( Araceae): Accelerated speciation in a lineage dominated by epiphytes. Am J Bot 2018; 105:1035-1052. [PMID: 29995336 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Philodendron is a large genus of ~560 species and among the most conspicuous epiphytic components of Neotropical forests, yet its phylogenetic relationships, timing of divergence, and diversification history have remained unclear. We present a comprehensive phylogenetic study for Philodendron and investigate its diversification, including divergence-time estimates and diversification rate shift analyses. METHODS We performed the largest phylogenetic reconstruction for Philodendron to date, including 125 taxa with a combined dataset of three plastid regions (petD, rpl16, and trnK/matK). We estimated divergence times using Bayesian evolutionary analysis sampling trees and inferred shifts in diversification rates using Bayesian analysis of macroevolutionary mixtures. KEY RESULTS We found that Philodendron, its three subgenera, and the closely related genus Adelonema are monophyletic. Within Philodendron subgenus Philodendron, 12 statistically well-supported clades are recognized. The genus Philodendron originated ~25 mya and a diversification rate upshift was detected at the origin of subgenus Philodendron ~12 mya. CONCLUSIONS Philodendron is a species-rich Neotropical lineage that diverged from Adelonema during the late Oligocene. Within Philodendron, the three subgenera currently accepted are recovered in two lineages: one contains the subgenera Meconostigma and Pteromischum and the other contains subgenus Philodendron. The lineage containing subgenera Meconostigma and Pteromischum underwent a consistent diversification rate. By contrast, a diversification rate upshift occurred within subgenus Philodendron ~12 mya. This diversification rate upshift is associated with the species radiation of the most speciose subgenus within Philodendron. The sections accepted within subgenus Philodendron are not congruent with the clades recovered. Instead, the clades are geographically defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dubán Canal
- Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 6-8, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nils Köster
- Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 6-8, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katy E Jones
- Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 6-8, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nadja Korotkova
- Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 6-8, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas B Croat
- Missouri Botanical Garden, Monsanto Research Building, P.O. Box 299, St. Louis, Missouri, 63166, USA
| | - Thomas Borsch
- Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 6-8, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
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Kim SH, Cho MS, Li P, Kim SC. Phylogeography and Ecological Niche Modeling Reveal Reduced Genetic Diversity and Colonization Patterns of Skunk Cabbage ( Symplocarpus foetidus; Araceae) From Glacial Refugia in Eastern North America. Front Plant Sci 2018; 9:648. [PMID: 29872442 PMCID: PMC5972301 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Alternating glacial and interglacial periods during the Quaternary have dramatically affected the distribution and population genetic structure of plant and animal species throughout the northern hemisphere. Surprisingly, little is known about the post-glacial recolonization history of wetland herbaceous perennials that are widely distributed in the understory of deciduous or mixed deciduous-evergreen forests in eastern North America. In this study, we investigated infraspecific variation among 32 populations of skunk cabbage, Symplocarpus foetidus, to test the hypothesis that the extant species diversity of skunk cabbage is the result of a post-glacial range expansion from southern refugia during the Quaternary Ice Age. A total of 4041 base pairs (bp) of the chloroplast intergenic spacer region (cpDNA) was sequenced from 485 individuals sampled from glaciated (18 populations, 275 individuals) and unglaciated (14 populations, 210 individuals) regions east and west of the Appalachian Mountains. Haplotype number, haplotype diversity, and nucleotide diversity were calculated, and genetic variation within and among populations was assessed by analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA). The geographic pattern of genetic differentiation was further investigated with a spatial analysis of molecular variance (SAMOVA). A total of eight haplotypes and three genetic groups (SAMOVA) were recovered and a much higher haplotype number (eight haplotypes) and haplotype diversity (0.7425) was observed in unglaciated compared to glaciated populations (five haplotypes, haplotype diversity = 0.6099). All haplotypes found in glaciated regions represented a subset of haplotypes found in unglaciated regions. Haplotypes of S. foetidus likely diverged during the Tertiary (mid-Miocene and late Pliocene), predating the last glacial maximum (LGM). Predictions based on ecological niche modeling (ENM) suggested that there was considerably less suitable habitat for skunk cabbage during the LGM, and the habitat range was further south compared to the current distribution. Reduced variation and a subset of haplotypes in glaciated regions suggest a founder effect associated with range expansion via long-distance seed dispersal. Our results do not support the "Driftless Area" scenario for the northern refugium, rather the data suggest a "Northeastern" refugium near the southernmost extent of the LGM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon-Hee Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Myong-Suk Cho
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Pan Li
- Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife of the Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany and Biodiversity, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Seung-Chul Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
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Ankutowicz EJ, Laird RA. Offspring of older parents are smaller-but no less bilaterally symmetrical-than offspring of younger parents in the aquatic plant Lemna turionifera. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:679-687. [PMID: 29321904 PMCID: PMC5756881 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Offspring quality decreases with parental age in many taxa, with offspring of older parents exhibiting reduced life span, reproductive capacity, and fitness, compared to offspring of younger parents. These "parental age effects," whose consequences arise in the next generation, can be considered as manifestations of parental senescence, in addition to the more familiar age-related declines in parent-generation survival and reproduction. Parental age effects are important because they may have feedback effects on the evolution of demographic trajectories and longevity. In addition to altering the timing of offspring life-history milestones, parental age effects can also have a negative impact on offspring size, with offspring of older parents being smaller than offspring of younger parents. Here, we consider the effects of advancing parental age on a different aspect of offspring morphology, body symmetry. In this study, we followed all 403 offspring of 30 parents of a bilaterally symmetrical, clonally reproducing aquatic plant species, Lemna turionifera, to test the hypothesis that successive offspring become less symmetrical as their parent ages, using the "Continuous Symmetry Measure" as an index. Although successive offspring of aging parents older than one week became smaller and smaller, we found scant evidence for any reduction in bilateral symmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Ankutowicz
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Lethbridge Lethbridge AB Canada
| | - Robert A Laird
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Lethbridge Lethbridge AB Canada
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Choi KS, Park KT, Park S. The Chloroplast Genome of Symplocarpus renifolius: A Comparison of Chloroplast Genome Structure in Araceae. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:E324. [PMID: 29144427 PMCID: PMC5704237 DOI: 10.3390/genes8110324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Symplocarpus renifolius is a member of Araceae family that is extraordinarily diverse in appearance. Previous studies on chloroplast genomes in Araceae were focused on duckweeds (Lemnoideae) and root crops (Colocasia, commonly known as taro). Here, we determined the chloroplast genome of Symplocarpus renifolius and compared the factors, such as genes and inverted repeat (IR) junctions and performed phylogenetic analysis using other Araceae species. The chloroplast genome of S. renifolius is 158,521 bp and includes 113 genes. A comparison among the Araceae chloroplast genomes showed that infA in Lemna, Spirodela, Wolffiella, Wolffia, Dieffenbachia and Colocasia has been lost or has become a pseudogene and has only been retained in Symplocarpus. In the Araceae chloroplast DNA (cpDNA), psbZ is retained. However, psbZ duplication occurred in Wolffia species and tandem repeats were noted around the duplication regions. A comparison of the IR junction in Araceae species revealed the presence of ycf1 and rps15 in the small single copy region, whereas duckweed species contained ycf1 and rps15 in the IR region. The phylogenetic analyses of the chloroplast genomes revealed that Symplocarpus are a basal group and are sister to the other Araceae species. Consequently, infA deletion or pseudogene events in Araceae occurred after the divergence of Symplocarpus and aquatic plants (duckweeds) in Araceae and duplication events of rps15 and ycf1 occurred in the IR region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Su Choi
- Department of Life Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea.
| | - Kyu Tae Park
- Department of Life Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea.
| | - SeonJoo Park
- Department of Life Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea.
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Huang W, Yi X, Feng J, Wang Y, He X. Piperidine alkaloids from Alocasia macrorrhiza. Phytochemistry 2017; 143:81-86. [PMID: 28780427 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2017.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Six previously undescribed piperidine alkaloids were isolated from the rhizomes of Alocasia macrorrhiza (L.) Schott. Their structures were elucidated based on 1D and 2D NMR, IR, HR-ESI-MS spectroscopic analysis and the application of a modified Mosher method. All isolated alkaloids were evaluated for cytotoxicity against five human cancer cell lines (CNE-1, Detroit 562, Fadu, MGC-803, and MCF-7) using the MTT method. Only one compound exhibited cytotoxic effects against Detroit 562, Fadu, and MCF-7 cell lines with IC50 values less than 10 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Lead Compounds & Drug Discovery, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiaomin Yi
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Lead Compounds & Drug Discovery, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jianying Feng
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Lead Compounds & Drug Discovery, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yihai Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Lead Compounds & Drug Discovery, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Xiangjiu He
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Lead Compounds & Drug Discovery, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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