Effectiveness of H-files and Pro-Taper universal systems in removing Gutta-percha during endodontic retreatment: A comparative study

Objective

This research was aimed at assessing the effectiveness of manual H-files versus a combination of a Pro-Taper universal rotary canal preparation system and retreatment system in removing gutta-percha (GP) during endodontic retreatment, by using a digital radiography technique.

Methods

This ex vivo study used a non-probability consecutive sampling technique. The study sample comprised 60 extracted anterior permanent teeth, each with one root with a straight root canal (RC). After preparation, RCs were obturated with GP and sealer. Subsequently, teeth were stored for 2 weeks in a humid environment at 37 °C. Thirty teeth each were randomly assigned to the control (group I), and experimental (group II) groups. GP removal was performed with H-files {group I) or a combination of a Pro-Taper universal rotary canal preparation system and retreatment system (group 2). Digital radiographs were acquired with Carestream digital radiovisiography software (Kodak; version-VER.6.10.8.3-A), and the presence of residual GP was analyzed. AutoCAD (2006) software was used to demarcate the RC and residual root filling. The residual GP in both groups was compared with independent sample t-tests.

Results

The remaining root filling did not significantly differ when GP was removed with conventional Hedstrom files versus a combination of Pro-Taper Universal preparation and retreatment file systems. The residual GP was confined to the apical third of the canals in both groups.

Conclusions

Pro-Taper Universal preparation and retreatment file systems have similar effectiveness to manual H-files in GP removal in straight canals.

Antihyperglycemic potential of the Lavandula stoechas aqueous extract via inhibition of digestive enzymes and reduction of intestinal glucose absorption

BACKGROUND

Diabetes mellitus is a widespread metabolic disorder affecting global populations. Lavandula stoechas from Moroccan traditional medicine is used for its potential anti-diabetic effects.

OBJECTIVE

This study aims to evaluate the antihyperglycemic impact of the aqueous extract of L. stoechas (AqLs) and explore its mechanisms.

METHODS

The study employed a glucose tolerance test (OGTT) on normal and diabetic Wistar rats, administering AqLs at 150 mg/kg. In vitro, AqLs was tested against α-glucosidase and α-amylase activities, confirmed in vivo using normal and Allx-diabetic rats. The extract's impact on intestinal d-glucose absorption was assessed using the jejunum segment perfusion technique at 250 mg/kg in situ. Albino mice were used to assess toxicity.

RESULTS

AqLs significantly reduced postprandial hyperglycemia (P < 0.001) due to glucose overload. It inhibited pancreatic α-amylase (IC50: 0.485 mg/mL) and intestinal α-glucosidase (IC50: 168 µg/mL) in vitro. Oral AqLs at 150 mg/kg reduced hyperglycemia induced by sucrose and starch in normal and diabetic rats. It also lowered (P < 0.001) intestinal glucose absorption in situ at 250 mg/kg. Oral acute toxicity tests on Albino mice indicated no adverse effects at different doses.

CONCLUSION

to summarize, L. stoechas has evident antihyperglycemic effects attributed to inhibiting intestinal glucose absorption and key monosaccharide digestion enzymes like α-amylase and α-glucosidase.

In Vitro Radiological Evaluation of Different Types of Chimney Stents Using a Silicon Flow Model with Adjustable Physiological Simulating Conditions

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate in vitro the performance of in vivo published covered or bare metal chimney stents (ChSs) in combination with the Endurant II abdominal endograft (Medtronic) as the only CE approved main graft (MG) in the treatment of juxtarenal abdominal aortic aneurysms with the chimney endovascular aneurysm repair (chEVAR) technique.

METHODS

Bench top experimental study. A silicon flow model with adjustable physiological simulating conditions and patient based anatomy was used to test nine different MG-ChS combinations: Advanta V12 (Getinge); BeGraft+ (Bentley); VBX (Gore & Associates Inc.); LifeStream (Bard Medical); Dynamic (Biotronik); Absolute Pro (Abbott); double Absolute Pro; Viabahn (Gore) lined with Dynamic; and Viabahn lined with EverFlex (Medtronic). Angiotomography was performed after each implantation. DICOM data were analysed blindly twice per observer by three independent experienced observers. Each blinded evaluation was performed at one month intervals. The main analysed parameters were the area of gutters, MG and ChS maximum compression, and the presence of infolding.

RESULTS

Bland-Altman analysis confirmed adequate results correlation (p < .05). Each employed ChS showed significantly different performance favouring the balloon expandable covered stent (BECS). The smallest gutter area was seen in the combination with Advanta V12 (0.26 cm2). MG infolding was observed in all tests. The lowest ChS compression was observed in the combination with BeGraft+ (compression 4.91%, D ratio 0.95). In our model, BECSs showed higher angulations than bare metal stents (BMSs) (p < .001).

CONCLUSION

This in vitro study shows the variability of performance with each theoretically possible ChS and explains the divergent ChS outcomes in the published literature. BECS in combination with the Endurant abdominal device confirms their superiority vs. BMS. The presence of MG infolding in each test underlines the need for prolonged kissing ballooning. Angulation evaluation and comparison with other in vitro and in vivo publications demands the need for further investigation in transversely or upwardly oriented target vessels.

Revisiting the therapeutic potential of homeopathic medicine Rhus Tox for herpes simplex virus and inflammatory conditions

BACKGROUND

Herpes simplex virus type-1 and type-2 cause a viral disease named Herpes. Genital herpes is mainly caused by HSV-2 with symptoms of painful and itchy blisters on the vagina, cervix, buttocks, anus, penis, or inner thighs with blisters that rupture and convert into sores. The homeopathic remedy Rhus Tox has been widely used to treat herpes and has shown invitro anti-inflammatory effects in previous studies.

PURPOSE

The presented review focuses on relapses and harmful effects caused by acyclovir in modern medicine and the probable antiherpetic activity of Rhus Tox on HSV infection based on its pathophysiology, preclinical findings, on primary cultured mouse chondrocytes, mouse cell line MC3T3e1 and a comparative study of Natrum Mur with Rhus Tox on HSV infection.

STUDY DESIGN

The design of the study focuses mainly on the descriptive data available in various literature articles.

METHOD

Databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Medline and ScienceDirect were used to search the articles. Articles are selected from 1994 to 2022 focusing solely on the competence of Rhus Tox against herpes. Keywords used for the study are antiviral, Herpes, Rhus Tox, in vitro and homeopathy.

RESULTS

The review includes fifteen articles, including 4 full-text articles on HSV, 6 in vitro studies of homeopathic compounds performed on the herpes virus, and 5 articles based on the pathophysiology and effects of Rhus tox. The review article proposes the anti-inflammatory and antiviral action of the homeopathic remedy Rhus Tox which can be used in crisis conditions when the physician doubts the simillimum, as it prevents further outbreaks of HSV infection.

CONCLUSION

The homeopathic medicine Rhus Tox has no cytotoxicity observed under in vitro conditions and can be used to treat herpes infection. Further studies are needed to confirm the results under in vitro and in vivo conditions as well as in clinical trials.

Effects of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) on the viability, apoptosis and steroidogenesis of yak (Bos grunniens) granulosa cells

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is crucial for follicle development through the regulation of granulosa cell (GC) function in some mammals, but its mechanism is unclear in yak (Bos grunniens). Therefore, the objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of VEGF on the viability, apoptosis and steroidogenesis of yak GCs. First, we investigated the localization of VEGF and its receptor (VEGFR2) in yak ovaries by immunohistochemistry analysis and evaluated the effect of culture medium containing different VEGF concentrations and culture times on the viability of yak GCs by Cell Counting Kit-8. Then, optimal treatment with 20 ng/mL VEGF for 24 h was selected to analyze the effects of this compound on intracellular reactive oxygen species levels by DCFH-DA kit, cell cycle and apoptosis by flow cytometry, steroidogenesis by ELISA kit and the expression of the related genes by RT‒qPCR. The results showed that VEGF and VEGFR2 were highly coexpressed in GCs and theca cells. GCs cultured in medium containing 20 ng/mL VEGF for 24 h significantly improved cell viability, decreased ROS production, promoted the transition from G1 phase to S phase (P < 0.05), increased the expression of the CCND1 (P < 0.05), CCNE1, CDK2, CDK4, and PCNA genes (P < 0.01) and decreased the expression of the P53 gene (P < 0.05). This treatment significantly reduced GC apoptosis (P < 0.05) by promoting the expression of BCL2 and GDF9 (P < 0.01) and inhibiting the expression of BAX and CASPASE3 (P < 0.05). VEGF promoted progesterone secretion (P < 0.05) accompanied by increased expression of HSD3B, StAR and CYP11A1 (P < 0.05). Taken together, our findings highlight the beneficial influence exerted by VEGF in improving GC viability and reducing ROS production and the apoptosis rate through the modulation of related gene expression.

Antidiabetes study of Spondias mombin (Linn) stem bark fractions in high-sucrose diet-induced diabetes in Drosophila melanogaster

Objective

The onset of insulin resistant diabetes has been associated with a high-sucrose diet in vertebrates and invertebrates. However, various parts of Spondias mombin reportedly possess antidiabetic potential. However, the antidiabetic efficacy of S. mombin stem bark in high-sucrose diet-induced Drosophila melanogaster model has not been explored. In this study, the antidiabetic and antioxidant effects of the solvent fractions of S. mombin stem bark were evaluated using in vitro, in vivo, and in silico methods.

Methods

Successive fractionation of S. mombin stem bark ethanol extract was performed; the resulting fractions were subjected to in vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic assays using standard protocols. The active compounds identified from the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) study of the n-butanol fraction were docked against the active site of Drosophila α-amylase using AutoDoc Vina. The n-butanol and ethyl acetate fractions of the plant were incorporated into the diet of diabetic and nondiabetic flies to study the in vivo antidiabetic and antioxidant properties.

Results

The results obtained revealed that n-butanol and ethyl acetate fractions had the highest in vitro anti-oxidant capacity by inhibiting 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power, and hydroxyl radical followed by significant inhibition of α-amylase. HPLC analysis revealed the identification of eight compounds with quercetin having the highest peak followed by rutin, rhamnetin, chlorogenic acid, zeinoxanthin, lutin, isoquercetin, and rutinose showing the lowest peak. The fractions restored the glucose and antioxidant imbalance in diabetic flies, which is comparable with the standard drug (metformin). The fractions were also able to upregulate the mRNA expression of insulin-like peptide 2, insulin receptor, and ecdysone-inducible gene 2 in diabetic flies. The in silico studies revealed the inhibitory potential of active compounds against α-amylase with isoquercetin, rhamnetin, rutin, quercetin, and chlorogenic acid having higher binding affinity than the standard drug (acarbose).

Conclusion

Overall, the butanol and ethyl acetate fractions of S. mombin stem bark ameliorate type 2 diabetes in Drosophila. However, further studies are needed in other animal models to confirm the antidiabetes effect of the plant.

The combination of ciprofloxacin and indomethacin suppresses the level of inflammatory cytokines secreted by macrophages in vitro

PURPOSE

The combined use of antibiotics and anti-inflammatory medicine to manage bacterial endotoxin-induced inflammation following injuries or diseases is increasing. The cytokine level produced by macrophages plays an important role in this treatment course. Ciprofloxacin and indomethacin, two typical representatives of antibiotics and anti-inflammatory medicine, are cost-effective and has been reported to show satisfactory effect. The current study aims to investigate the effect of ciprofloxacin along with indomethacin on the secretion of inflammatory cytokines by macrophages in vitro.

METHODS

Primary murine peritoneal macrophages and RAW 264.7 cells were administrated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 24 h. The related optimal dose and time point of ciprofloxacin or indomethacin in response to macrophage inflammatory response inflammation were determined via macrophage secretion induced by LPS. Then, the effects of ciprofloxacin and indomethacin on the secretory functions and viability of various macrophages were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and flow cytometry analysis, especially for the levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. The optimal dose and time course of ciprofloxacin affecting macrophage inflammatory response were determined by testing the maximum inhibitory effect of the drugs on pro-inflammatory factors at each concentration or time point.

RESULTS

According to the levels of cytokines secreted by various macrophages (1.2 × 10⁶ cells/well) after administration of 1 μg/mL LPS, the optimal dose and usage timing for ciprofloxacin alone were 80 μg/mL and 24 h, respectively, and the optimal dose for indomethacin alone was 10 μg/mL. Compared with the LPS-stimulated group, the combination of ciprofloxacin and indomethacin reduced the levels of IL-1β (p < 0.05), IL-6 (p < 0.05), IL-10 (p < 0.01)), and TNF-α (p < 0.01). Furthermore, there was greater stability in the reduction of inflammatory factor levels in the combination group compared with those in which only ciprofloxacin or indomethacin was used.

CONCLUSION

The combination of ciprofloxacin and indomethacin suppressed the levels of inflammatory cytokines secreted by macrophages in vitro. This study illustrates the regulatory mechanism of drug combinations on innate immune cells that cause inflammatory reactions. In addition, it provides a new potential antibacterial and anti-inflammatory treatment pattern to prevent and cure various complications in the future.

Mitochondrial DNA content and developmental competence of blastocysts derived from pre-pubertal heifer oocytes

In the cattle-breeding industry, there is an increasing demand for in vitro embryo production from pre-pubertal heifers. In this study, we evaluated the differences in mitochondrial DNA content, oxidative stress, and developmental competence in blastocysts derived from pre-pubertal and pubertal heifers. We found higher mitochondrial DNA copy numbers in blastocysts produced from pre-pubertal heifers than from pubertal heifers. In the group of pre-pubertal animals, there was a significantly lower number of blastocysts produced in vitro from the same number of collected oocytes, and these blastocysts did not differ from those obtained from pubertal oocytes in terms of their morphological quality. The morphologically appropriate blastocysts derived from pre-pubertal heifers had higher concentrations of reactive oxygen species and glutathione. In blastocysts derived from pre-pubertal heifers, we found alterations in the expression of gene markers for developmental competence, which correlated with higher mitochondrial DNA content, suggesting a lower quality of blastocysts derived from pre-pubertal animals than from pubertal animals. The inadequate redox balance in blastocysts obtained from pre-pubertal females, along with higher mitochondrial DNA copy number, as well as differential gene expression of markers of developmental competence, elucidate the low quality of blastocysts derived from pre-pubertal animals, despite their unaltered morphology.

Spatially resolved quantification of drug metabolism and efficacy in 3D paper-based tumor mimics

Paper-based cultures are an emerging platform for preparing three-dimensional (3D) tissue- and tumor-like structures. The ability to stack individual sheets of cell-containing paper affords a modular means of assembling structures with defined cellular compositions and microenvironments. These layered stacks are easily separated at the end of an experiment, providing spatially resolved populations of live cells for further analysis. Here we describe a workflow in which cell viability, drug penetration, and drug metabolism are quantified in a spatially resolved manner. Specifically, we mapped the distribution of the drug irinotecan and its bioactive metabolite SN38 in a colorectal cancer cell-containing stacked structure with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). This paper provides the first example of a 3D culture platform that quantifies viability and drug metabolism in a spatially resolved manner. Our data show that cells at the bottom of the stack are more drug-resistant than layers in contact with the culture medium, similar to cells in the nutrient-poor center of a proliferating tumor being more drug-resistant than the rapidly dividing cells at its periphery. The powerful combination of quantitative viability and drug metabolism measurements will enable future studies to determine the exact mechanism(s) of drug resistance in different regions of a tumor.

A systematic review of preclinical data regarding commercial silver-coated vascular grafts

OBJECTIVE

Vascular graft infection (VGI) is a serious complication with high mortality and morbidity rates. Several measures could be taken to decrease this risk, including the use of silver-containing vascular grafts. However, to date, no clinical advantages have been reported. This study reviews the outcome of preclinical studies focusing on the role of commercially available silver-coated grafts in the prevention of VGI.

METHODS

A systematic review was performed with a focus on the preclinical role of commercially available silver-coated vascular grafts in the prevention and treatment of VGI. A comprehensive search was conducted in Medline, Embase, and Web of Science.

RESULTS

Nine in vitro and five in vivo studies were included. Two commercial grafts were used (INTERGARD SILVER and Silver Graft). In vitro studies used both gram-positive and gram-negative strains. A positive antimicrobial effect was observed in seven of nine studies (77.8%). A delayed antifungal effect against Candida species was observed in vitro, but disappeared when adding serum proteins. In vivo studies witnessed a microbicidal effect in two out of five studies (40%), but only tested a single causative pathogen (ie, Staphylococcus aureus).

CONCLUSIONS

Both in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated conflicting and mixed results concerning the antimicrobial efficacy of commercially available silver-containing grafts in the prevention of VGI. In general, the study setup was heterogeneous in the different articles. Given the lack of convincing preclinical evidence and their poor performance in clinical studies, more data are needed at this time to guide the appropriate use of silver grafts.

In vitro activities and spectrum of lascufloxacin（KRP-AM1977）against anaerobes

The in vitro antibacterial spectra and activities of five antimicrobial agents, including lascufloxacin (LSFX) and two quinolones, were investigated against 69 species of anaerobes in 31 genera and 188 strains in 9 genera, respectively. In this study, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of lascufloxacin against the reference strains associated with respiratory and head and neck infections. LSFX inhibited the growth of 33 gram-positive and gram-negative reference strains at ≤0.015-2 μg/mL, except for Leptotrichia buccalis. MICs ranges of LSFX against the clinical isolates of 44 Porphyromonas spp., 45 Prevotella spp., 25 Fusobacterium spp., 7 Leptotrichia spp., 25 Parvimonas micra, 25 other gram-positive anaerobic cocci, and 17 Veillonella spp., were ≤0.015-4, 0.125-4, 0.06-0.5, 2, 0.25-16, ≤0.015-2, ≤0.015-16 μg/mL, respectively. LSFX demonstrated potent antibacterial efficacy against a wide range of species isolated from specimens involved in respiratory as well as head and neck infections.

Evaluating the cytotoxicity of a large pool of metal oxide nanoparticles to Escherichia coli: Mechanistic understanding through In Vitro and In Silico studies

The toxic effect of eight metal oxide nanoparticles (MONPs) on Escherichia coli was experimentally evaluated following standard bioassay protocols. The obtained cytotoxicity ranking of these studied MONPs is Er₂O₃, Gd₂O₃, CeO₂, Co₂O₃, Mn₂O₃, Co₃O₄, Fe₃O₄/WO₃ (in descending order). The computed EC₅₀ values from experimental data suggested that Er₂O₃ and Gd₂O₃ were the most acutely toxic MONPs to E. coli. To identify the mechanism of toxicity of these 8 MONPs along with 17 other MONPs from our previous study, we employed seven classifications and machine learning (ML) algorithms including linear discriminant analysis (LDA), naïve bayes (NB), multinomial logistic regression (MLogitR), sequential minimal optimization (SMO), AdaBoost, J48, and random forest (RF). We also employed 1^st and 2^nd generation periodic table descriptors developed by us (without any sophisticated computing facilities) along with experimentally analyzed Zeta-potential, to model the cytotoxicity of these MONPs. Based on qualitative validation metrics, the LDA model appeared to be the best among the 7 tested models. The core environment of metal defined by the ratio of the number of core electrons to the number of valence electrons and the electronegativity count of oxygen showed a positive impact on toxicity. The identified properties were important for understanding the mechanisms of nanotoxicity and for predicting the potential environmental risk associated with MONPs exposure. The developed models can be utilized for environmental risk assessment of any untested MONP to E. coli, thereby providing a scientific basis for the design and preparation of safe nanomaterials.

In vitro sensitivity of 30 anaerobic bacterial strains of the human intestinal core microbiota to antibiotics: Culture and LC-MS/MS approaches

We have a vast knowledge on human intestinal microbiota but it can still be regarded incomplete. One of the objectives of scientists using so-called "omics" techniques is to be interested in the consequences that drugs can have on the composition of the intestinal microbiota and inversely. To date, few publications have reported the effects of drugs on the growth of bacteria composing this microbiota using a "culturomics" approach. We focused on antibiotics commonly prescribed for which the only published are the susceptibility of the pathogenic strains and not that of the commensal strains. The aim of our study was to determine the sensitivity of 30 strains considered to represent the intestinal core microbiota to 8 antibiotics and to study the possible modification of these molecules by bacteria. The 30 bacterial strains were cultured under anaerobic conditions in order to determine their sensitivity to the antibiotics. After 48 h of culture, the supernatants were also analyzed via UHPLC-MS/MS in order to determine if the antibiotics have been chemically modified. Under the current experimental conditions, cefpodoxime, metronidazole, erythromycin, sulfamethozaxole, trimethoprim and the trimethoprim/sulfamethozaxole combination have little impact on the core microbiota strain growth. On the contrary, moxifloxacin and amoxicillin inhibit the growth of numerous strains of our panel. Using UHPLC-MS/MS analyses, we have shown that some antibiotics can be modifed by the bacteria composing the intestinal core microbiome. The bacteria that make up the intestinal microbiota core are impacted by the antibiotics most commonly prescribed in clinics today and inversely.

Low intensity repetitive magnetic stimulation reduces expression of genes related to inflammation and calcium signalling in cultured mouse cortical astrocytes

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a form of non-invasive brain stimulation frequently used to induce neuroplasticity in the brain. Even at low intensities, rTMS has been shown to modulate aspects of neuronal plasticity such as motor learning and structural reorganisation of neural tissue. However, the impact of low intensity rTMS on glial cells such as astrocytes remains largely unknown. This study investigated changes in RNA (qPCR array: 125 selected genes) and protein levels (immunofluorescence) in cultured mouse astrocytes following a single session of low intensity repetitive magnetic stimulation (LI-rMS - 18 mT). Purified neonatal cortical astrocyte cultures were stimulated with either 1Hz (600 pulses), 10Hz (600 or 6000 pulses) or sham (0 pulses) LI-rMS, followed by RNA extraction at 5 h post-stimulation, or fixation at either 5 or 24-h post-stimulation. LI-rMS resulted in a two-to-four-fold downregulation of mRNA transcripts related to calcium signalling (Stim1 and Orai3), inflammatory molecules (Icam1) and neural plasticity (Ncam1). 10Hz reduced expression of Stim1, Orai3, Kcnmb4, and Ncam1 mRNA, whereas 1Hz reduced expression of Icam1 mRNA and signalling-related genes. Protein levels followed a similar pattern for 10Hz rMS, with a significant reduction of STIM1, ORAI3, KCNMB4, and NCAM1 protein compared to sham, but 1Hz increased STIM1 and ORAI3 protein levels relative to sham. These findings demonstrate the ability of 1Hz and 10Hz LI-rMS to modulate specific aspects of astrocytic phenotype, potentially contributing to the known effects of low intensity rTMS on excitability and neuroplasticity.

Current state on the enzymatic synthesis of glycosaminoglycans

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are linear anionic polysaccharides, and most of them show a specific sulfation pattern. GAGs have been studied for decades, and still, new biological functions are discovered. Hyaluronic acid and heparin are sold for medical or cosmetic applications. With increased market and applications, the production of GAGs stays in the focus of research groups and the industry. Common industrial GAG production relies on the extraction of animal tissue. Contamination, high dispersity, and uncontrolled sulfation pattern are still obstacles to this process. Tailored production strategies for the chemoenzymatic synthesis have been developed to address these obstacles. In recent years, enzyme cascades, including uridine-5'-diphosphate sugar syntheses, were established to obtain defined polymer size and dispersity, as well as defined sulfation patterns. Nevertheless, the complex synthesis of GAGs is still a challenging research field.

Identification of a rate-limiting step in a metabolic pathway using the kinetic model and in vitro experiment

Identification of the rate-limiting step in a metabolic pathway is an important challenge in metabolic engineering for enhancing pathway flow. Although specific enzyme activities (V_max) provide valuable clues for the identification, it is time-consuming and difficult to measure multiple enzymes in the pathway because different assay protocols are required for each enzyme. In the present study, we propose a method to simultaneously determine the V_max values of multiple enzymes using a kinetic model with a time course of the intermediate concentrations through an in vitro experiment. To demonstrate this method, nine glycolysis reactions for converting glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) to pyruvate in Escherichia coli were considered. In a reaction mixture containing G6P and cofactors, glycolysis was initiated by adding a crude cell extract obtained from stationary phase cells. The V_max values were optimized to minimize the difference between the measured and simulated time-courses using a kinetic model. Metabolic control analysis using the kinetic model with the estimated V_max values revealed that fructose bisphosphate aldolase (FBA) was the rate-limiting step in the upper part of glycolysis. The addition of FBA in the reaction mixture successfully increased the glycolytic flux in vitro. Furthermore, in vivo, the specific glucose consumption rate of an FBA overexpression strain was 1.4 times higher than that of the control strain during the stationary phase. These results confirmed that FBA was the rate-limiting step in glycolysis under the stationary phase. This approach provides V_max values of multiple enzymes in a pathway for metabolic control analysis with a kinetic model.

Mechanically tuning actin filaments to modulate the action of actin-binding proteins

In cells, the actin cytoskeleton is regulated by an interplay between mechanics and biochemistry. A key mechanism, which has emerged based on converging indications from structural, cellular, and biophysical data, depicts the actin filament as a mechanically tunable substrate: mechanical stress applied to an actin filament induces conformational changes, which modify the binding and the regulatory action of actin-binding proteins. For a long time, however, direct evidence of this mechanotransductive mechanism was very scarce. This situation is changing rapidly, and recent in vitro single-filament studies using different techniques have revealed that several actin-binding proteins are able to sense tension, curvature, and/or torsion, applied to actin filaments. Here, we discuss these recent advances and their possible implications.

Effects of Sodium Caseinate and Varying Protein Sources on In Vitro Fermentation of Forages by Mixed Equine Cecal Microorganisms

To assess the impact of protein on fermentation by equine cecal microorganisms, cecal fluid from 4 cecally cannulated horses was used to inoculate fermentation bottles containing buffer, forage, and supplemental protein. In experiment 1, sodium caseinate (SC) provided 0, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, or 4% additional crude protein (CP) to bottles containing alfalfa or native warm-season prairie grass hay. Bottles were equipped with continuous gas pressure monitors and placed into a shaking incubator for 48 hours at 39°C. Cultures with alfalfa had greater (P < .0001) in vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD), neutral detergent fiber disappearance (NDFD), acid detergent fiber disappearance (ADFD), cumulative gas production, and total volatile fatty acid (VFA). Sodium caseinate increased gas production (P ≤ .05) and decreased pH (P < .003) in cultures with grass hay. Sodium caseinate at 1%, 2%, or 4% additional CP increased IVDMD, NDFD, and ADFD (P < .01), while 4% additional CP also increased total VFA (P < .01). For experiment 2, SC, fishmeal, soybean meal (SBM), whey, porcine blood plasma, and L-lysine hydrochloride were added to supply 2% additional CP to cultures with grass hay. All protein sources decreased pH and increased IVDMD, NDFD, and ADFD (P ≤ .01), with the largest effects elicited by SC, L-lysine, and whey (P ≤ .05). Total VFA (P ≤ .04) and gas (P ≤ .05) production increased with L-lysine, whey, SC, SBM, and fishmeal. While protein supplementation had minimal effects on cultures containing alfalfa, it altered fermentation of grass hay, more notably with more soluble protein sources.

Modulatory effect of chemokines on porcine endometrial stromal and endothelial cells

The endometrium undergoes cyclical changes during the estrous cycle and pregnancy. These alterations are controlled by various factors, including cytokines. The present study aimed to screen the effect of several chemokines (CCL2, CCL4, CCL5, CCL8, CXCL2, CXCL8, CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL12) on endometrial stromal and endothelial cells. Real-time PCR analysis revealed mRNA expression of all examined chemokines and their receptors in primary stromal cells and undetectable levels of CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCR3 in endothelial cells. Immunocytochemical staining showed variable distribution of chemokine receptors in stromal and endothelial cells. All examined chemokines enhanced stromal cell proliferation, and CCL2 and CXCL12 also increased the migratory potential of these cells. The evaluation of a possible indirect effect of chemokines on angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis demonstrated that CXCL12 may potentially negatively affect lymphatic vessel creation. Downregulation of VEGFC mRNA and protein expression was noticed after CXCL12 stimulation. Among all examined chemokines, CCL4 and CCL8 positively affected the proliferation and migration of endothelial cells. The number of capillary-like structures was significantly reduced after CXCL8, CXCL10, and CXCL12 stimulation. In conclusion, among all examined chemokines, CCL2 is thought to act as the modulator of stromal cell functions, whereas CCL4 and CCL8 are suggested to be potent factors directly stimulating blood vessel creation.

Current status and future directions of high-throughput ADME screening in drug discovery

During the last decade high-throughput in vitro absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (HT-ADME) screening has become an essential part of any drug discovery effort of synthetic molecules. The conduct of HT-ADME screening has been "industrialized" due to the extensive development of software and automation tools in cell culture, assay incubation, sample analysis and data analysis. The HT-ADME assay portfolio continues to expand in emerging areas such as drug-transporter interactions, early soft spot identification, and ADME screening of peptide drug candidates. Additionally, thanks to the very large and high-quality HT-ADME data sets available in many biopharma companies, in silico prediction of ADME properties using machine learning has also gained much momentum in recent years. In this review, we discuss the current state-of-the-art practices in HT-ADME screening including assay portfolio, assay automation, sample analysis, data processing, and prediction model building. In addition, we also offer perspectives in future development of this exciting field.

The construction of in vitro nasal cavity-mimic M-cell model, design of M cell-targeting nanoparticles and evaluation of mucosal vaccination by nasal administration

In order to better evaluate the transport effect of nanoparticles through the nasal mucosa, an in vitro nasal cavity-mimic model was designed based on M cells. The differentiation of M cells was induced by co-culture of Calu-3 and Raji cells in invert model. The ZO-1 protein staining and the transport of fluorescein sodium and dexamethasone showed that the inverted co-culture model formed a dense monolayer and possessed the transport ability. The differentiation of M cells was observed by up-regulated expression of Sialyl Lewis A antigen (SLAA) and integrin β1, and down-regulated activity of alkaline phosphatase. After targeting M cells with iRGD peptide (cRGDKGPDC), the transport of nanoparticles increased. In vivo, the co-administration of iRGD could result in the increase of nanoparticles transported to the brain through the nasal cavity after intranasal administration. In the evaluation of immune effect in vivo, the nasal administration of OVA-PLGA/iRGD led to more release of IgG, IFN-γ, IL-2 and secretory IgA (sIgA) compared with OVA@PLGA group. Collectively, the study constructed in vitro M cell model, and proved the enhanced effect of targeting towards M cell with iRGD on improving nasal immunity.

An acute exposure to perfluorooctanoic acid causes non-reversible plasma membrane injury in HeLa cells

Health and environmental risks regarding perfluorooctanoic acid, a well-known perfluorinated compound, are still a subject of great concern. Ubiquitous exposure and disparity of results make it difficult to determine the underlying mechanism of action, especially at the cellular level. This study proposes an experimental design to assess the reversibility of adverse effects after a one-time exposure to the compound, in comparison with other more conventional timings. Complementary endpoints including total protein content, neutral red uptake and MTT reduction tests along with division rates and microscopic observations were evaluated in HeLa cells. In addition, PFOA quantification inside the cells was performed. The cellular effects exerted after 24 h exposure to perfluorooctanoic acid are non-reversible after a 48 h recovery period. In addition, we describe for the first time the induction of plasma membrane blebbing and the activation of membrane repair mechanisms after recovery from non-cytotoxic treatments with the compound. This experimental design has provided relevant information regarding the toxicity of this perfluorinated compound, relating all the adverse effects detected to its interaction with the plasma membrane.

A NIR Turn-on Fluorescent Sensor For Detection of Chloride Ions in vitro and in vivo

As the most abundant and significant anions in biosystem, chloride ions (Cl^-) participate in many important physiological processes. Thus, designing and synthesizing of a simple, sensitive, selective and long wavelength turn-on sensor for the detection and imaging of Cl^- in vitro and in vivo is very necessary. Herein, we have developed a simple porphyrin turn-on sensor 5, 10, 15, 20-Tetrakis (4-hydroxyphenyl) porphyrin (THPP) with near infrared emission wavelength (657 nm) for sensing chloride ions with remarkable sensitivity and selectivity. The detection of chloride ions was according to metal displacement assay (MDA) under physiological condition with a detection limit of 7.5 μM, and was applied to image Cl^- in vitro and in vivo successfully.

Challenges in studying preimplantation embryo-maternal interaction in cattle

A comprehensive understanding of the complex embryo-maternal interactions during the preimplantation period requires the analysis of the very early stages of pregnancy encompassing early embryonic development, maternal recognition and the events leading to implantation. Despite the fact that embryo development until blastocyst stage is somewhat autonomous (i.e., does not require contact with the maternal reproductive tract and can be successfully recapitulated in vitro), many studies on ruminant embryo production have focused on the fundamental question of why: (i) only 30%-40% of immature oocytes develop to the blastocyst stage and (ii) the quality of such blastocysts continually lags behind that of blastocysts produced in vivo. Clear evidence indicates that in vitro culture conditions are far from optimal with deficiencies being manifested in short- and long-term effects on the embryo. Thus, enhanced knowledge of mechanisms controlling embryo-maternal interactions would allow the design of novel strategies to improve in vitro embryo conditions and reproductive outcomes in cattle.

A novel class of small molecule inhibitors with radioprotective properties

The goal of this study was to develop novel radioprotective agents targeting the intrinsic apoptotic pathway and thus decreasing the radiation-induced damage. For that purpose, we designed, synthesized and analyzed ten new compounds based on the 1-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)-3-phenoxypropan-2-ol leading structure. The cytotoxicity of the newly synthesized substances was tested in vitro on cell lines derived from different progenitor cells by WST-1 proliferation assay. MTT test was utilized to assess half-maximal inhibitory concentrations and maximum tolerated concentrations of novel compounds in A-549 cells. Screening for radioprotective properties was performed using flow-cytometry in MOLT-4 cells exposed to ⁶⁰Co ionizing gamma radiation. Selected candidates underwent in vivo testing in C57Bl/6 J mice having a positive impact on their immunological status. In summary, we report here promising compounds with radioprotective effect in vivo.

Assessing the toxicity in vitro of degradation products from deoxynivalenol photocatalytic degradation by using upconversion nanoparticles@TiO2 composite

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is one of the most globally prevalent mycotoxins mainly produced by Fusarium species. It can cause pollution to water environmental quality due to its water solubility. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a green and efficient detoxification technology for DON. More importantly, the toxicity of the degradation products should be assessed. Photocatalytic degradation technology has attracted increasing attention in the field of pollutants treatment, especially for wastewater treatment. Herein, the as-prepared NaYF₄:Yb,Tm@TiO₂ composite (UCNP@TiO₂) was employed as a novel photocatalyst for the NIR-enhanced photocatalytic degradation of DON. Three intermediate products were identified by using the ESI/MS analysis and secondary mass spectrogram, with the m/z values of 329.399, 311.243 and 280.913, respectively. Furthermore, the in vitro safety of the product mixtures with various degradation time (30 min, 60 min, 90 min and 120 min) were evaluated through the influences on cell viability, cell morphology, cell cycle, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, cell apoptosis and antioxidant capacity of HepG2 cells. There were no significant differences in these investigated indicators between the control (free of DON) and 120 min products treatment. Overall, the results indicated that the toxicity of degradation products after 120 min irradiation was much lower and even nontoxic than that of DON.

In vitro metabolic activation of triphenyl phosphate leading to the formation of glutathione conjugates by rat liver microsomes

The present study investigated the metabolism of the flame retardant and plasticizer chemical, triphenyl phosphate (TPHP), in a rat liver microsome-based in vitro assay with glutathione (GSH) in order to elucidate metabolic pathways leading to formation of conjugates. A highly sensitive and efficient method was developed for the detection and characterization of GSH reactive metabolites using LC-Q-TOF-MS/MS both in the negative and positive electrospray ionization modes. Seven GSH conjugates formed as a result of microsomal incubation, which were identified as S-conjugates based on MS/MS spectra, and confirmed by subsequent time-dependent incubation assays. With the exception of hydrolysis reactions leading to formation of a diester metabolite, diphenyl phosphate (DPHP), the results demonstrated that Phase I epoxidation on phenyl ring of TPHP leading to mono- and di-hydroxylated TPHP metabolites, which can further conjugate with GSH. Depending on hydroxylated TPHP formation, an o-hydroquinone intermediate formed in vitro via Phase I metabolism, and the o-benzoquinone form reacted with GSH and also formed GSH conjugates. The present study showed that via hydroxylated TPHP Phase I formation that GSH conjugates are important Phase II metabolites for TPHP metabolism in vitro. Some GSH conjugates may be valuable candidate biomarkers for monitoring TPHP exposure in biota.

Molecular docking and in vitro evaluation of a new hybrid molecule (JM-20) on cholinesterase activity from different sources

The main function of AChE is the hydrolysis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) at the neuromuscular and in cholinergic brain synapses. In some pathologies, loss of cholinergic neurons may be associated with a deficiency of ACh in specific brain areas. Consequently, the study of new safe drugs that inhibit AChE is important, because they can increase ACh levels in the synaptic cleft without adverse effects. Here, we evaluated the effects of JM-20 (a benzodiazepine-dihydropyridine hybrid molecule) on cholinesterase (ChE) activities from distinct sources (AChE from Electrophorus electricus (EeAChE), human erythrocyte membranes (HsAChE (ghost)), total erythrocyte (HsAChE (erythrocyte)) and BChE from plasma (HsBChE) and purified enzyme from the horse (EcBChE)). Kinetic parameters were determined in the presence of 0.05-1.6 mM of substrate concentration. The interactions ChEs with JM-20 were performed using molecular docking simulations. JM-20 inhibited all tested AChE but not BChE. The IC₅₀ values were 123 nM ± 0.2 (EeAChE), 158 nM ± 0.1 (ghost HsAChE), and 172 nM ± 0.2 (erythrocytic HsAChE). JM-20 caused a mixed type of inhibition (it altered K_m and V_max of AChE). The molecular docking indicated the binding poses and the most plausible active isomer of JM-20. Besides giving important data for future drug design, our results help us understand the mode of action of JM-20 as a specific inhibitor of AChE enzymes.

Expression, purification, and in vitro characterization of kinase domain of NtGCN2 from tobacco

General control nonderepressible 2 (GCN2) can phosphorylate the α subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor eIF2 (eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2) to down-regulateprotein synthesis in response to various biotic and abiotic stresses. However, the kinase activity of plant GCN2 has not been well-characterized in vitro. In this study, the kinase domain of Nicotiana tabacum GCN2 (NtGCN2) was inserted into the pET15b vector for prokaryotic expressionin Escherichia coli BL21-CodonPlus-(DE3)-RIPL after induction by 0.5 mmol L-1 IPTG for 13 h at 16 °C. The soluble protein was collected and purified by Ni2+-NTA agarose column, anion exchange, and molecular sieve, and the purified proteinwas used for kinase assays and the preparation of a polyclonal antibody. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay results showed that the titer of the antiserum was 1:520K. Western blot analysis showed that the prepared antibody reacted with GCN2 in tobacco. Additionally, the kinase activity of NtGCN2 was characterized by using recombinant NteIF2α protein as a substrate in vitro. The results showed that NtGCN2 phosphorylated NteIF2α in vitro, with the level of phosphorylation positively correlated with the NtGCN2 concentration and reaction time. Our study has prepared a specific antibody, and proves NtGCN2 can phosphorylate NteIF2α in vitro, which lays a foundation for further study of the function and interaction network of NtGCN2.

Transcriptomics data of a human in vitro model of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis exposed to elafibranor

The present dataset contains the transcriptomic characterization of a novel in vitro model of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) as well as its transcriptomics read-outs for the evaluation of elafibranor, a potential anti-NASH compound. We report whole genome microarray data (Affymetrix HG U133 plus 2.0) of human multipotent stem cell-derived hepatic cells (hSKP-HPC) exposed to mediators of NASH. These cells were exposed to lipogenic inducers (insulin, glucose, fatty acids) and pro-inflammatory factors (IL-1β, TNF-α, TGF-β) to trigger hepatocellular responses characteristic of NASH. In addition, to evaluate the anti-NASH features of elafibranor, a dual peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agonist that currently is under investigation as a potential anti-NASH therapeutic, was tested this in vitro set-up.

This paper provides a detailed description of the microarray data as well as an indication of their value for evaluating cell signaling pathways (e.g. NFκB network) during the in vitro evaluation of anti-NASH compounds. Raw microarray data of different testing conditions were deposited as.CEL files in the Gene Expression Omnibus of NCBI with GEO Series accession number GSE126484. Further interpretation and discussion of these data can be found in the corresponding research article (DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.04.016) Boeckmans et al., 2019.

Haemodynamics in Different Flow Lumen Configurations of Customised Aortic Repair for Infrarenal Aortic Aneurysms

OBJECTIVE

Customised aortic repair (CAR) is a new and minimally invasive technique for the endovascular treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs). The aneurysm is completely sealed with a non-contained, non-cross linked polymer, while a new flow lumen is created with balloons. For CAR, the haemodynamically most favourable balloon and flow lumen configuration has not been established before; therefore, four flow parameters were assessed in an in vitro model.

METHODS

Three in vitro balloon configurations were implanted in an in vitro AAA model; a configuration with crossing balloons (CC) and two parallel configurations (PC1 and PC2). These three models were consecutively placed in a flow system that mimics physiological flow conditions. Laser particle imaging velocimetry (PIV) was used to resolve spatial and temporal flow patterns during the cardiac cycle. In house built algorithms were used to analyse the PIV data for the computing of (i) flow velocity; (ii) vorticity; (iii) wall shear stress (WSS); and (iv) time averaged wall shear stress (TAWSS).

RESULTS

Suprarenal flow patterns were similar in all models. The CC showed a higher infrarenal velocity than PC1 and PC2 (38 cm/s vs. 23 cm/s vs. 23 cm/s), and a higher vorticity at the crossing of the lumens (CC: 337/s; PC1 127/s; PC2: 112/s). The lowest vorticity was observed in PC2, especially in the infrarenal neck (CC: 200/s; PC1 164/s; PC2: 98/s). Although WSS and TAWSS varied between configurations, values were in the within non-pathological range.

CONCLUSION

The flow lumens created by three balloon configurations used in an in vitro model of CAR have been studied, and resulted in different haemodynamics. The differences in velocity and lower vorticity, especially at the crossing section of the two balloons, showed that PC2 has favourable haemodynamics compared with the CC and PC1. Future research will be focused on the clinical applicability of CAR based on the PC2 design.

BPA, BADGE and analogues: A new multi-analyte LC-ESI-MS/MS method for their determination and their in vitro (anti)estrogenic and (anti)androgenic properties

Information on the occurrence and endocrine potencies of analogues of bisphenol A (BPA) and diglycidyl ester derivatives (BDGEs) of BPA and BPF is limited. Such information is, however, important as the current debate on BPA and the lowered BPA migration limit in Europe may provide an incentive for application of structural analogues. A new sensitive multi-analyte LC-ESI-MS/MS method was developed to measure 17 bisphenols (BPs) and 6 BDGEs in food, beverages and drinkware. Yeast based bioassays were used to determine the in vitro (anti)estrogenic and (anti)androgenic properties of these and 7 additional BPs and BDGEs. Drinkware of polycarbonate and other materials were analysed for BPs and BDGEs. Only BPA and BPS and both at trace levels were found in a few containers. A limited number of (canned) foods and beverages were also analysed. BPA was the most frequently detected BP (ranged from 0.03 ng mL^-1 in a beverage sample to 68 ng g^-1 in food). Other BPs detected were BPS, 2,2-BPF and 4,4-BPF. In addition BADGE, BADGE.HCl, BADGE.H₂O and BADGE.2H₂O were detected from 0.08 ng mL^-1 in a beverage sample to 3.3 ng g^-1 in food. In vitro testing showed that most BPs exhibited an equal or higher estrogenic potency than BPA and most of them also showed a higher anti-androgenic potency, i.e. BPB, BPCl, BPC, BPE, 4,4-BPF, BPP, BPAF, and BPTMC. Some BPs and BDGEs were not estrogenic, but showed an anti-estrogenic effect and were anti-androgenic too. BPS was only weakly estrogenic and BADGE.2H₂O and BFDGE.2H₂O showed no in vitro activity. The present data show that in addition to BPA, other BPs and BDGEs can be present in food and drinks, some displaying in vitro endocrine activities.

Effects of the supplementation of plant-based formulations on microbial fermentation and predicted metabolic function in vitro

This study aimed at testing the effects of three different formulations of feed supplements based on three different combinations of plant derived alkaloids, prebiotics, tannins, vitamins and minerals on rumen fermentation and the microbiome in vitro. A Rusitec experiment was conducted in 2 identical runs using a complete randomized design with 3 replicates per treatment resulting in total of 6 treatment combinations (n = 6). Each run lasted 12 d with sampling occurring in the last 5 d. Diets were a standard dairy ration (60:40; concentrate:forage) supplemented with one of 3 different plant-based combinations (PI, PII, and PIII) at a level of 100 mg/l and a non-supplemented control (basal diet, control). Microbial DNA samples were taken on the last day of each run and the 16S rRNA target gene sequenced using Illumina MiSeq technology. The supplementations had no effect on the pH, methane and carbon dioxide production. However, both total SCFA (P = 0.08) and molar concentrations of acetate (P = 0.06) tended to be increased in the treatment groups in comparison to control, with PII having the highest overall values (102.7 mmol/L and 43.3 mmol/L, respectively). Alpha diversity indices Shannon, Simpson and Chao1 showed no effect of supplementations or combinations. The addition of PII increased the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes compared to all other treatments (P = 0.05). Supplementation with plant-based combinations reduced the relative abundance of Pyramidobacter from the family Dethiosulfovibrionaceae in comparison with the control diet (P = 0.05). Evaluation of predicted gene function through PICRUSt analysis showed variation in predicted cellular function and metabolism between bacterial communities supplemented with plant-based combinations compared to the control diet. This shows that the addition of plant-based combinations can have the potential to modulate the metabolic function of rumen microbes, and likely the production of small-sized rumen metabolites, without disrupting the rumen microbial community structure and diversity.

Influence of drying technique on chemical composition and ruminal degradability of subtropical Cajanus cajan L

The experiment investigated the influence of forage drying methods on the dry-matter digestibility of foliage from Cajanus cajan varieties (ICEAP 00557, ICEAP 01514 and CIMMYT100/01). These leaves were harvested at week 20 of growth and either oven- or shade-dried and analysed for chemical components and rumen degradability. Three rumen fistulated lactating Holstein cows (430 ± 18 kg live weight) were used to evaluate ruminal degradation kinetics using in vitro and in sacco procedures. Samples were incubated for 0, 4, 8, 12, 24, 30 and 48 h in vitro (IV DaisyII) procedure. In the in sacco procedure, samples were incubated for 0, 4, 8, 12, 24, 30 and 48 h in the rumen of cows. Dry matter disappearance (DMD) data for both measures were fitted to the equation Y = a + b (1 - e -ct ), where b is the slowly degradable fraction and c is the degradation rate constant, to approximate rumen degradability characteristics of varieties. Shade dried leaves contained higher crude protein (CP) (P < 0.05) than oven dried leaves. Oven drying method increased (P < 0.05) neutral detergent insoluble nitrogen (NDIN) and acid detergent insoluble nitrogen (ADIN) content of varieties. However, shade drying method gave the higher concentration of NDIN and ADIN. Drying technique had no effect (P > 0.05) on ash, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and acid detergent lignin (ADL) of varieties. Drying method did not affect (P > 0.05) calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) concentration in the forage dry matter. Drying method had no effect (P > 0.05) on b and c of all varieties during in vitro procedure. However, shade-drying method increased (P < 0.05) b and c of all varieties during in sacco procedure. It was concluded that shade-drying, in contrast to oven-drying, would be the most suitable method as it improves the nutritive value of the forage for ruminants.

Wnt/β-catenin signalling plays diverse functions during the process of fibrotic remodelling in the exocrine pancreas

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

Wnt/β-catenin signalling plays vital roles in tissue homeostasis. Dysregulation of the pathway has been implicated in the pathogenesis of cancer and fibroses in numerous tissues, including the pancreas. We studied the effect of microenvironmental changes pertaining to fibrotic tissue remodelling on the expression of selected Wnt/β-catenin pathway proteins in the human exocrine pancreas. The role of acinar/stellate cross-talk on the expression of the proteins was elucidated in a long-term mouse co-culture system.

METHODS

Expression of β-catenin, Wnt2, Wnt5a and SFRP4 was analysed immunohistochemically in normal and moderately or highly fibrotic human pancreata (n = 8). The effect of humoral interactions on the expression of the proteins was studied by immunocytochemical means in parallel mono- and co-cultures of mouse acinar and stellate cells (PSCs).

RESULTS

In human pancreatic tissue, fibrotic microenvironment was associated with redistribution of the proteins in and between epithelial and stromal compartments, compared to acinar-rich tissue. In non-fibrotic and moderately fibrotic tissue the proteins appeared only in acinar cells whereas in highly fibrotic tissue stromal fibroblastoid/stellate cells and macrophages were their predominant locations. Subcellular changes in the expression of β-catenin and Wnt5a were detected. Our in vitro data suggest potential involvement of acinar cell/PSC cross-talk in mediating the changes observed in tissue specimens.

CONCLUSIONS

Wnt/β-catenin pathway-associated proteins are abundantly expressed in the exocrine pancreas with prominent changes in their cellular and subcellular expression patterns along with increasing levels of fibrosis. Diverse functions for Wnt/β-catenin signalling during the course of fibrotic remodelling in the exocrine pancreas are suggested.

Antiviral activity of ethanolic extract of Nilavembu Kudineer against dengue and chikungunya virus through in vitro evaluation

Background

Currently, no vaccines or modern drugs are available for dengue and chikungunya and only symptomatic relief is provided to the patients. Siddha medicine, a traditional form of indigenous medical system uses specific polyherbal formulations for the treatment of such infections with considerable success. One such polyherbal formulation for the treatment of chikungunya and dengue is Nilavembu kudineer (NVK). The mechanistic details of this drug as an antiviral for chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and dengue virus (DENV) is poorly understood.

Objectives

The current study was undertaken to study the efficacy of NVK as an antiviral formulation against CHIKV and DENV.

Materials and methods

Cytotoxicity assays (MTT) were performed to determine the role of NVK as an antiviral during chikungunya and dengue infections in the following conditions-i). post infection, ii). during active infections and iii) protective, not allowing virus infection.

Results

It was observed that NVK provides protection against CHIKV and DENV-2 during active infection as well can help to prevent virus infection in the cells and it mainly depends on the cellular availability of drugs for maximum protection against both the infections.

Conclusion

Our study establishes that extraction protocols are important to ensure maximum efficacy of NVK along with the time of addition of the drug during CHIKV and DENV infections in the cells. This study provides insights to the possible mode of action of NVK in in vitro condition during CHIKV and DENV infection.

•

Andrographis is a major component of Nilavembu kudineer.

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Andrographis is more cytotoxic when used singularly and hence is used as a polyherbal formulation.

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Ethanol Extract of Nilavembu Kudineer (NVK) exhibit antiviral properties.

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NVK has a prophylactic effect during chikungunya and dengue virus (CHIKV and DENV respectively) infection.

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NVK exhibits antiviral activity during active CHIKV and DENV infections.

The hypervirulent Coxiella burnetii Guiana strain compared in silico, in vitro and in vivo to the Nine Mile and the German strain

OBJECTIVE

Q fever epidemic outbreaks have been reported in French Guiana and in The Netherlands. To determine whether the C. burnetii strains involved in these epidemics had a peculiar virulence pattern, we compared the pathogenicity of the Guiana and the German strain (a clone of The Netherlands strain), in silico, in vitro, and in vivo versus the Nine Mile strain.

METHOD

The pan-genomes of the Guiana (Cb175), German (Z3055), and the referent Nine Mile (RSA 493) C. burnetii strains were compared. In vitro, the growth rate and the morphological presentation were compared. In vivo (SCID and Balb/c mice), weight loss, histological lesions, C. burnetii bacterial load in deep organs, and serological response were reported according to each C. burnetii strain studied.

RESULTS

The Guiana strain had 77 times more missing genes and 12 times more unique genes than the German strain. The Guiana strain presented as large cell variants (LCVs) and led to the most pronounced fatality rate in SCID mice (100% at 4 weeks). The German strain presented as small cell variants (SCVs), and had an intermediate fatality rate (75% at 4 weeks). Both the Guiana and the German strains led to a significant higher serological response at 2 and 4 weeks post infection (p <0.05).

CONCLUSION

The Guiana strain was the most virulent strain, followed by the German strain and the referent Nine Mile strain. Unique and missing genes could be implicated but further investigations are necessary to specify their role.

Enantioselectivity in biotransformation and bioaccumulation processes of typical chiral contaminants

Chirality is a critical topic in the medicinal and agrochemical fields. One quarter of all agrochemicals was chiral in 1996, and this proportion has increased remarkably with the introduction of new compounds over time. Despite scientists have made great efforts to probe the enantiomeric selectivity of chiral chemicals in the environment since early 1990s, the different behaviours of individual enantiomers in biologically mediated processes are still unclear. In the present review, we highlight state-of-the-knowledge on the stereoselective biotransformation and accumulation of chiral contaminants in organisms ranging from invertebrates to humans. Chiral insecticides, fungicides, and herbicides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), pharmaceuticals, flame retardants hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) are all included in the target compounds. Key findings included: a) Changes in the enantiomeric fractions in vitro and in vivo models revealed that enantioselectivity commonly occurs in biotransformation and bioaccumulation. b) Emerging contaminants have become more important in the field of enantioselectivity together with their metabolites in biological transformation process. c) Chiral signatures have also been regarded as powerful tools for tracking pollution sources when the contribution of precursor is unknown. Future studies are needed in order to understand not only preliminary enrichment results but also detailed molecular mechanisms in diverse models to comprehensively understand the behaviours of chiral compounds.

Effect of traditional Chinese medicine compounds on rumen fermentation, methanogenesis and microbial flora in vitro

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of traditional Chinese medicine compounds (TCMC) on rumen fermentation, methane emission and populations of ruminal microbes using an in vitro gas production technique. Cablin patchouli herb (CPH), Atractylodes rhizome (AR), Amur Cork-tree (AC) and Cypsum were mixed with the weight ratios of 1:1:1:0.5 and 1:1:1:1 to make up TCMC1 and TCMC2, respectively. Both TCMC were added at level of 25 g/kg of substrate dry matter. In vitro gas production was recorded and methane concentration was determined at 12 and 24 h of incubation. After 24 h, the incubation was terminated and the inoculants were measured for pH, ammonia nitrogen, volatile fatty acids (VFA). Total deoxyribonucleic acid of ruminal microbes was extracted from the inocula, and populations were determined by a real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Populations of total rumen methanogens, protozoa, total fungi, Ruminococcus albus, Fibrobacter succinogenes and Ruminococcus flavefaciens were expressed as a proportion of total rumen bacterial 16S ribosomal deoxyribonucleic acid. Compared with the control, the 2 TCMC decreased (P ≤ 0.05) total VFA concentration, acetate molar proportion, acetate to propionate ratio, gas and methane productions at 12 and 24 h, hydrogen (H) produced and consumed, and methanogens and total fungi populations, while the 2 TCMC increased (P ≤ 0.05) propionate molar proportion. Traditional Chinese medicine compound 1 also decreased (P ≤ 0.05) R. flavefaciens population. From the present study, it is inferred that there is an effect of the TCMC in suppressing methanogenesis, probably mediated via indirect mode by channeling H₂ utilized for methanogenesis to synthesis of propionate and direct action against the rumen microbes involved in methane formation. In addition, the relative methane reduction potential (RMRP) of TCMC2 was superior to that of TCMC1.

Phenotypic and functional differences between senescent and aged murine microglia

Microglia, the key innate immune cells in the brain, have been reported to drive brain aging and neurodegenerative disorders; however, few studies have analyzed microglial senescence and the impact of aging on the properties of microglia. In the present study, we characterized senescence- and aging-associated phenotypes of murine brain microglia using well-accepted markers, including telomere length, telomerase activity, expression of p16^INK4a, p21, p53, senescence-associated β-galactosidase, and a senescence-associated secretory phenotype. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis and a Telomeric Repeat Amplification Protocol assay indicated shortened telomeres and increased telomerase activity in senescent microglia, whereas telomeres remained unaltered and telomerase activity was reduced in aged microglia. Senescent microglia upregulated p16^INK4a, p21, and p53, whereas acutely isolated microglia from the aged brain only exhibited a modest upregulation of p16^INK4a. Senescent microglia showed decreased proliferation, while it was unchanged in aged microglia. Furthermore, microglia at late passages strongly upregulated expression of the senescent marker senescence-associated β-galactosidase. Senescent and aged microglia exhibited differential activation profiles and altered responses to stimulation. We conclude that microglia from the aged mouse brain do not show typical senescent changes because their phenotype and functional response strongly differ from those of senescent microglia in vitro.

The effect of pyriproxyfen on the motoric activity of rat intestine - In vitro study

The application of pyriproxyfen (PPF) to drinking water and constant exposure of the whole population to this insecticide is an unprecedented action on a world scale and presents a new and serious challenge for toxicology. The aim of the study was to evaluate the potential effect of PPF on the intestine muscle activity. The experiments were performed on isolated duodenum and jejunum strips of rat, in isometric conditions. Doses of PPF in the range of 0.032-100 μM were used in the experiments. The obtained results indicate that PPF affected significantly the spontaneous activity of duodenum and jejunum strips, PPF caused the muscle relaxation when used in the concentration of 0.8 μM and higher. The reaction to acetylcholine (ACh) when PPF preceded or followed ACh application was also reduced. It is demonstrated that the reduction of the contraction caused by ACh was stronger when duodenum strips were preincubated in the presence of PPF solution than in case of ACh-precontracted strips. The first significant reaction of duodenal strips appeared in the presence of PPF in a dose of 0.16 μM and 0.8 μM when the insecticide application preceded and followed ACh treatment, respectively. Besides, the duodenum turned out to be much more susceptible to the tested insecticide than jejunum. Taking into account PPF kinetic data obtained in animals, the observed disturbances were caused by the insecticide used in relatively high concentrations. However, the full risk estimation requires the kinetic data obtained in human, especially from monitoring studies on general population after long-term exposure to PPF.

Uptake, elimination and biotransformation of N-ethyl perfluorooctane sulfonamide (N-EtFOSA) by the earthworms (Eisenia fetida) after in vivo and in vitro exposure

N-ethyl perfluorooctane sulfonamide (N-EtFOSA) is commonly known as the active ingredient of sulfluramid. It can be degraded to perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) in biota and environment. Earthworms (Eisenia fetida) were exposed with N-EtFOSA to examine the bioaccumulation, elimination and metabolism of N-EtFOSA by the earthworms after in vivo and in vitro exposure. N-EtFOSA could be biodegraded in quartz sands to perfluorooctane sulfonamide (FOSA) and PFOS. In the in vivo tests, in addition to parent N-EtFOSA, three metabolites, including perfluorooctane sulfonamide acetate (FOSAA), FOSA and PFOS also accumulated in earthworms as a result of N-EtFOSA biotransformation, with FOSA as the predominant metabolite. The bioaccumulation factor (BAF) and uptake rate coefficient (k_u) of N-EtFOSA from sand were 20.4 and 2.41·d^-1, respectively. The elimination rate constants (k_e) decreased in the order FOSAA (0.130·d^-1) > N-EtFOSA (0.118·d^-1) > FOSA (0.073·d^-1) > PFOS (0.051·d^-1). The biotransformation of N-EtFOSA in earthworm was further confirmed by the in vitro test involving incubation of earthworm homogenates with N-EtFOSA. This work provides evidence on the accumulation and transformation of N-EtFOSA in terrestrial invertebrates and will be helpful to explore the indirect sources of FOSA and PFOS in environmental biota.

Synthesis and evaluation of novel arctigenin derivatives as potential anti-Toxoplasma gondii agents

Four new series of arctigenin derivatives were designed, synthesised, and evaluated for their anti-Toxoplasma gondii activity in vitro and in vivo. Among the synthesised compounds, 4-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-3-(4-((1-(2-fluorobenzyl)-1H- 1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methoxy)-3-methoxybenzyl)dihydrofuran-2(3H)-one (D4) exhibited the most potent anti-T. gondii activity and low cytotoxicity (IC₅₀ in T. gondii: 17.1 μM; IC₅₀ in HeLa cells: ≥ 600.0 μM; Selectivity: 35.09), demonstrating better results than the lead compound arctigenin (IC₅₀ in T. gondii: 586.4 μM; IC₅₀ in HeLa cells: 572.7 μM; Selectivity: 0.98) and the clinically applied positive-control drug spiramycin (IC₅₀ in T. gondi: 262.2 μM; IC₅₀ in HeLa cells: 189.0 μM; Selectivity: 0.72) in vitro. Furthermore, 2-(4-((4-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-2-oxotetrahydrofuran-3-yl)methyl)-2- methoxyphenoxy)N-phenylacetamide (E5) had better inhibitory effects on T. gondii in vivo than spiramycin did. Compound D4 and E5 not only significantly reduced the number of tachyzoites in the peritoneal cavity of mice, but also resulted in their partial malformation (P < 0.05) in vivo. The determination of liver and spleen index and biochemical parameters, such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA), were comprehensively evaluated for compound D4 and E5's anti-T. gondii activity and some damage to the liver. In addition, the results of a docking study of D4 into the T. gondii calcium-dependent protein kinase 1 (TgCDPK1) receptor protein-binding site revealed that its mode of action was possibly as a TgCDPK1 inhibitor. Overall, the results revealed that D4 and E5 are promising lead compounds for the further development and identification of arctigenin derivatives as anti-T. gondii agents.

Analysis of endocrine activity in drinking water, surface water and treated wastewater from six countries

The aquatic environment can contain numerous micropollutants and there are concerns about endocrine activity in environmental waters and the potential impacts on human and ecosystem health. In this study a complementary chemical analysis and in vitro bioassay approach was applied to evaluate endocrine activity in treated wastewater, surface water and drinking water samples from six countries (Germany, Australia, France, South Africa, the Netherlands and Spain). The bioassay test battery included assays indicative of seven endocrine pathways, while 58 different chemicals, including pesticides, pharmaceuticals and industrial compounds, were analysed by targeted chemical analysis. Endocrine activity was below the limit of quantification for most water samples, with only two of six treated wastewater samples and two of six surface water samples exhibiting estrogenic, glucocorticoid, progestagenic and/or anti-mineralocorticoid activity above the limit of quantification. Based on available effect-based trigger values (EBT) for estrogenic and glucocorticoid activity, some of the wastewater and surface water samples were found to exceed the EBT, suggesting these environmental waters may pose a potential risk to ecosystem health. In contrast, the lack of bioassay activity and low detected chemical concentrations in the drinking water samples do not suggest a risk to human endocrine health, with all samples below the relevant EBTs.

Different players generate positive responses in two in vitro cytokine assay formats with aqueous and immobilized TGN1412 analog

To detect potential risk of severe cytokine release syndrome, in vitro assay formats with human cells have been developed. The two major testing platforms are a combination of whole blood with aqueous-phase test articles (whole blood cytokine assay, WBCA) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells with solid-phase articles (PBMC assay). Significant induction of cytokines was seen in both assays after treatment with a widely used control agent, TGN1412 or its analog CD28SA, but the WBCA cytokine profile differed from what was expected from clinical experience. In the WBCA, potential risk of CD28SA was detected by elevation of IL-8 whereas IL-2, a key cytokine after stimulation of CD28, was not induced in approximately 40% of donor samples. Therefore, further mechanistic understanding of the different responses in the in vitro assay was needed. In this study of donor samples treated with CD28SA, we compared the induction of cytokines and identified the cytokine-producing cells in the two assays. IL-2 was markedly elevated in all the donors in the PBMC assay but only in 1 of 3 donors in the WBCA. IL-8, the most sensitive biomarker in the WBCA, was produced by monocytes and granulocytes. T cells, the most relevant player in the PBMC assay with CD28SA, did not contribute to the positive response seen in two donors in the WBCA, which suggests that different players caused the positive cytokine responses to CD28SA in the two assays.

Bioaccessible trace metals in lip cosmetics and their health risks to female consumers

Females can be exposed to toxic elements in lip cosmetics following ingestion. The bioaccessibility of Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Cd, Sb and Pb in lip cosmetics (n = 32) were assessed via the dilute HCl extraction method, In Vitro Gastrointestinal protocol (IVG) and the United States Pharmacopeia Methodology (USPM), and then health risks were characterized. The total concentrations of trace metals (TMs) in lip cosmetics were in the range of 15.55-111.97 mg/kg (Mean: 60.99 mg/kg). Cu, Pb and Cr were the three major TMs and accounting for >75% of the total concentrations. Except Sb and Pb in 4/32 and 4/32 samples were higher than the US FDA (Food and Drug Administration of the United States) limits, the other TMs were lower than that limits. Only bioaccessible Pb in all samples significantly exceeded the FDA limit 0.1 mg/kg in candy. Using IVG or USPM might be preferable for evaluating the TMs exposure over HCl since they better represent gastrointestinal physiology. The estimated average daily intake (ADI) of bioaccessible ∑TMs through lip cosmetics ingestion of career women and female college students were under safety level. The long-term exposure of bioaccessible TMs by lip cosmetics using would inevitably cause non-carcinogenic health risk. This is the first report on the in vitro tests used for evaluating bioaccessible TMs in lip cosmetics.

Assessment of lung cell toxicity of various gasoline engine exhausts using a versatile in vitro exposure system

Adverse effect studies of gasoline exhaust are scarce, even though gasoline direct injection (GDI) vehicles can emit a high number of particles. The aim of this study was to conduct an in vitro hazard assessment of different GDI exhausts using two different cell culture models mimicking the human airway. In addition to gasoline particle filters (GPF), the effects of two lubrication oils with low and high ash content were assessed, since it is known that oils are important contributors to exhaust emissions. Complete exhausts from two gasoline driven cars (GDI1 and GDI2) were applied for 6 h (acute exposure) to a multi-cellular human lung model (16HBE14o-cell line, macrophages, and dendritic cells) and a primary human airway model (MucilAir™). GDI1 vehicle was driven unfiltered and filtered with an uncoated and a coated GPF. GDI2 vehicle was driven under four settings with different fuels: normal unleaded gasoline, 2% high and low ash oil in gasoline, and 2% high ash oil in gasoline with a GPF. GDI1 unfiltered was also used for a repeated exposure (3 times 6 h) to assess possible adverse effects. After 6 h exposure, no genes or proteins for oxidative stress or pro-inflammation were upregulated compared to the filtered air control in both cell systems, neither in GDI1 with GPFs nor in GDI2 with the different fuels. However, the repeated exposure led to a significant increase in HMOX1 and TNFa gene expression in the multi-cellular model, showing the responsiveness of the system towards gasoline engine exhaust upon prolonged exposure. The reduction of particles by GPFs is significant and no adverse effects were observed in vitro during a short-term exposure. On the other hand, more data comparing different lubrication oils and their possible adverse effects are needed. Future experiments also should, as shown here, focus on repeated exposures.

Charting a path towards non-destructive biomarkers in threatened wildlife: A systematic quantitative literature review

Threatened species are susceptible to irreversible population decline caused by adverse sub-lethal effects of chemical contaminant exposure. It is therefore vital to develop the necessary tools to predict and detect these effects as early as possible. Biomarkers of contaminant exposure and effect are widely applied to this end, and a significant amount of research has focused on development and validation of sensitive and diagnostic biomarkers. However, progress in the use biomarkers that can be measured using non-destructive techniques has been relatively slow and there are still many difficulties to overcome in the development of sound methods. This paper systematically quantifies and reviews studies that have aimed to develop or validate non-destructive biomarkers in wildlife, and provides an analysis of the successes of these methods based on the invasiveness of the methods, the potential for universal application, cost, and the potential for new biomarker discovery. These data are then used to infer what methods and approaches appear the most effective for successful development of non-destructive biomarkers of contaminant exposure in wildlife. This review highlights that research on non-destructive biomarkers in wildlife is severely lacking, and suggests further exploration of in vitro methods in future studies.

Is intervertebral disc degeneration related to segmental instability? An evaluation with two different grading systems based on clinical imaging

Background Several in vitro studies investigated how degeneration affects spinal motion. However, no consensus has emerged from these studies. Purpose To investigate how degeneration grading systems influence the kinematic output of spinal specimens. Material and Methods Flexibility testing was performed with ten human T12-S1 specimens. Degeneration was graded using two different classifications, one based on X-ray and the other one on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Intersegmental rotation (expressed by range of motion [ROM] and neutral zone [NZ]) was determined in all principal motion directions. Further, shear translation was measured during flexion/extension motion. Results The X-ray grading system yielded systematically lesser degeneration. In flexion/extension, only small differences in ROM and NZ were found between moderately degenerated motion segments, with only NZ for the MRI grading reaching statistical significance. In axial rotation, a significant increase in NZ for moderately degenerated segments was found for both grading systems, whereas the difference in ROM was significant only for the MRI scheme. Generally, the relative increases were more pronounced for the MRI classification compared to the X-ray grading scheme. In lateral bending, only relatively small differences between the degeneration groups were found. When evaluating shear translations, a non-significant increase was found for moderately degenerated segments. Motion segment segments tended to regain stability as degeneration progressed without reaching the level of statistical significance. Conclusion We found a fair agreement between the grading schemes which, nonetheless, yielded similar degeneration-related effects on intersegmental kinematics. However, as the trends were more pronounced using the Pfirrmann classification, this grading scheme appears superior for degeneration assessment.

Magnesium degradation under physiological conditions - Best practice

This review focusses on the application of physiological conditions for the mechanistic understanding of magnesium degradation. Despite the undisputed relevance of simplified laboratory setups for alloy screening purposes, realistic and predictive in vitro setups are needed. Due to the complexity of these systems, the review gives an overview about technical measures, defines some caveats and can be used as a guideline for the establishment of harmonized laboratory approaches.

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Physiological conditions are mandatory for mechanistic understanding of magnesium degradation.

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Guidelines and caveats for experimental setups are reviewed.

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Media composition is essential for reliable experiments.