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Habibi M, Azimi S, Khoobbakht D, Roghanian P, Asadi Karam MR. Immunization with recombinant protein Ag43::UpaH with alum and 1,25(OH)2D3 adjuvants significantly protects Balb/C mice against urinary tract infection caused by uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 96:107638. [PMID: 33848909 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The majority of urinary tract infections (UTIs) are caused by uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). Designing a vaccine will certainly reduce the occurrence of infection and antibiotic resistance of the isolates. Antigen 43 (Ag43) and autotransporter H (UpaH) have been associated with the virulence of UPEC. In the present study, the efficacy of different formulations of a hybrid protein composed of Ag43 and UpaH with and without alum and 1,25(OH)2D3 (Vitamin D3) adjuvants were evaluated in mice model. A significant increase in IgG and cellular responses was developed against Ag43::UpaH as compared to the control mice. The addition of alum or a mixture of alum and Vitamin D3 to the protein significantly enhanced the serum IgG responses and tended to remain in a steady state until 6 months. In addition, the mentioned formulations produced significant amounts of IgG1, IL-4, and IL-17 as compared to the fusion protein alone. In addition to the mentioned formulations, the combination of protein with Vitamin D3 also resulted in significantly higher serum IgA and IFN-γ levels as compared to the fusion protein alone. Mice immunized with fusion plus alum and formulation protein admixed with both alum and Vitamin D3 significantly reduced the bacterial load in the bladders and kidneys of mice as compared to the control. In this study, for the first time, the ability of a novel hybrid protein in combination with adjuvants alum and Vitamin D3 was evaluated against UPEC. Our results indicated that fusion Ag43::UpaH admixed with alum and Vitamin D3 could be a promising candidate against UTIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehri Habibi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Pasteur Ave, Tehran 13164, Iran
| | - Saba Azimi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Pasteur Ave, Tehran 13164, Iran
| | - Dorna Khoobbakht
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Pasteur Ave, Tehran 13164, Iran
| | - Pooneh Roghanian
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Pasteur Ave, Tehran 13164, Iran
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Buse HY, Morris BJ, Rice EW. Early detection of viable Francisella tularensis in environmental matrices by culture-based PCR. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:66. [PMID: 32213160 PMCID: PMC7093956 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-01748-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Francisella tularensis is a fastidious, Gram-negative coccobacillus and is the causative agent of tularemia. To assess viability yet overcome lengthy incubation periods, a culture-based PCR method was used to detect early growth of the lowest possible number of F. tularensis cells. This method utilized a previously developed enhanced F. tularensis growth medium and is based on the change in PCR cycle threshold at the start and end of each incubation. RESULTS To test method robustness, a virulent Type A1 (Schu4) and B (IN99) strain and the avirulent Live Vaccine Strain (LVS) were incubated with inactivated target cells, humic acid, drinking and well water, and test dust at targeted starting concentrations of 1, 10, and 100 CFU mL- 1 (low, mid, and high, respectively). After 48 h, LVS growth was detected at all targeted concentrations in the presence of 106 inactivated LVS cells; while Schu4 and IN99 growth was detected in the presence of 104 Schu4 or IN99 inactivated cells at the mid and high targets. Early detection of F. tularensis growth was strain and concentration dependent in the presence of fast-growing well water and test dust organisms. In contrast, growth was detected at each targeted concentration by 24 h in humic acid and drinking water for all strains. CONCLUSIONS Results indicated that the culture-based PCR assay is quick, sensitive, and specific while still utilizing growth as a measure of pathogen viability. This method can circumvent lengthy incubations required for Francisella identification, especially when swift answers are needed during epidemiological investigations, remediation efforts, and decontamination verification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Y Buse
- US EPA, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Solutions & Emergency Response, 26 W Martin Luther King Drive NG-16, Cincinnati, OH, 45268, USA.
| | - Brian J Morris
- Pegasus Technical Services, Inc c/o US EPA, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Eugene W Rice
- US EPA, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Solutions & Emergency Response, 26 W Martin Luther King Drive NG-16, Cincinnati, OH, 45268, USA
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Gallagher TB, Mellado-Sanchez G, Jorgensen AL, Moore S, Nataro JP, Pasetti MF, Baillie LW. Development of a multiple-antigen protein fusion vaccine candidate that confers protection against Bacillus anthracis and Yersinia pestis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007644. [PMID: 31430284 PMCID: PMC6716679 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus anthracis and Yersinia pestis are zoonotic bacteria capable of causing severe and sometimes fatal infections in animals and humans. Although considered as diseases of antiquity in industrialized countries due to animal and public health improvements, they remain endemic in vast regions of the world disproportionally affecting the poor. These pathogens also remain a serious threat if deployed in biological warfare. A single vaccine capable of stimulating rapid protection against both pathogens would be an extremely advantageous public health tool. We produced multiple-antigen fusion proteins (MaF1 and MaF2) containing protective regions from B. anthracis protective antigen (PA) and lethal factor (LF), and from Y. pestis V antigen (LcrV) and fraction 1 (F1) capsule. The MaF2 sequence was also expressed from a plasmid construct (pDNA-MaF2). Immunogenicity and protective efficacy were investigated in mice following homologous and heterologous prime-boost immunization. Antibody responses were determined by ELISA and anthrax toxin neutralization assay. Vaccine efficacy was determined against lethal challenge with either anthrax toxin or Y. pestis. Both constructs elicited LcrV and LF-specific serum IgG, and MaF2 elicited toxin-neutralizing antibodies. Immunizations with MaF2 conferred 100% and 88% protection against Y. pestis and anthrax toxin, respectively. In contrast, pDNA-MaF2 conferred only 63% protection against Y. pestis and no protection against anthrax toxin challenge. pDNA-MaF2-prime MaF2-boost induced 75% protection against Y. pestis and 25% protection against anthrax toxin. Protection was increased by the molecular adjuvant CARDif. In conclusion, MaF2 is a promising multi-antigen vaccine candidate against anthrax and plague that warrants further investigation. Anthrax and plague are ancient infectious diseases that continue to affect people living in poor, endemic regions and to threaten industrialized nations due to their potential use in biowarfare. Candidate vaccines need improvement to minimize non-desirable effects and increase their efficacy. The purpose of this work was to develop and evaluate a single subunit vaccine capable of conferring protection against Bacillus anthracis and Yersinia pestis. To this end, specific regions from their genome or key protective protein sequences from both microorganisms were combined to obtain either recombinant plasmids or recombinant proteins and tested as vaccine candidates in mice. The recombinant protein MaF2 induced specific antibody responses and afforded full and partial protection against Y. pestis and B. anthracis, respectively. Meanwhile, the DNA vaccine equivalent to MaF2 conferred only partial protection against Y. pestis, which increased when combined with an MaF2 protein boost. MaF2 emerged as a promising dual pathogen recombinant vaccine that warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa B. Gallagher
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Gabriela Mellado-Sanchez
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Ana L. Jorgensen
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Stephen Moore
- BIOMET, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - James P. Nataro
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Box, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
| | - Marcela F. Pasetti
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MFP); (LWB)
| | - Les W. Baillie
- The Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (MFP); (LWB)
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Nazir Z, Afridi SG, Shah M, Shams S, Khan A. Reverse vaccinology and subtractive genomics-based putative vaccine targets identification for Burkholderia pseudomallei Bp1651. Microb Pathog 2018; 125:219-229. [PMID: 30243554 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The Burkholderia pseudomallei is a unique bio-threat and causative agent of melioidosis. The B. pseudomallei Bp1651 strain has been isolated from a chronic cystic fibrosis patient. The genome-level DNA sequences information of this strain has recently been published. Unfortunately, there is no commercial vaccine available till date to combat B. pseudomallei infection. The genome-wide prioritization approaches are widely used for the identification of potential therapeutic candidates against pathogens. In the present study, we utilized the recently available annotated genomic information of B. pseudomallei Bp1651 through subtractive genomics and reverse-vaccinology strategies to identify its potential vaccine targets. The analyses identified more than 60 pathogen-specific, human host non-homologous proteins that may prioritize in future studies to investigate therapeutic targets for B. pseudomallei Bp1651. The potential B and T-cells antigenic determinant peptides from these pathogen-specific proteins were cataloged using antigenicity and epitope prediction tools. The analyses unveiled a promising antigenic peptide "FQWEFSLSV" from protein-export membrane protein (SecF) of Bp1651 strain, which was predicted to interact with multiple class I and class II MHC alleles with IC50 value < 100 nM. The molecular docking analysis verified favorable molecular interaction of this lead antigenic peptide with the ligand-binding pocket residues of HLA A*02:06 human host immune cell surface receptor. This peptide is predicted to be a suitable epitope capable to elicit the cell-mediated immune response against the B. pseudomallei pathogen. The putative epitopes and proteins identified in this study may be promising vaccine targets against Bp1651 as well as other pathogenic strains of B. pseudomallei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zarghoona Nazir
- Department of Biochemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, 23200, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Sahib Gul Afridi
- Department of Biochemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, 23200, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Mohibullah Shah
- Department of Biochemistry, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Sulaiman Shams
- Department of Biochemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, 23200, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Asifullah Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, 23200, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
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5
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Hossain MU, Omar TM, Alam I, Das KC, Mohiuddin AKM, Keya CA, Salimullah M. Pathway based therapeutic targets identification and development of an interactive database CampyNIBase of Campylobacter jejuni RM1221 through non-redundant protein dataset. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198170. [PMID: 29883471 PMCID: PMC5993290 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterial species Campylobacter jejuni RM1221 (CjR) is the primary cause of campylobacteriosis which poses a global threat for human health. Over the years the efficacy of antibiotic treatment is becoming more fruitless due to the development of multiple drug resistant strains. Therefore, identification of new drug targets is a valuable tool for the development of new treatments for affected patients and can be obtained by targeting essential protein(s) of CjR. We conducted this in silico study in order to identify therapeutic targets by subtractive CjR proteome analysis. The most important proteins of the CjR proteome, which includes chokepoint enzymes, plasmid, virulence and antibiotic resistant proteins were annotated and subjected to subtractive analyses to filter out the CjR essential proteins from duplicate or human homologous proteins. Through the subtractive and characterization analysis we have identified 38 eligible therapeutic targets including 1 potential vaccine target. Also, 12 potential targets were found in interactive network, 5 targets to be dealt with FDA approved drugs and one pathway as potential pathway based drug target. In addition, a comprehensive database 'CampyNIBase' has also been developed. Besides the results of this study, the database is enriched with other information such as 3D models of the identified targets, experimental structures and Expressed Sequence Tag (EST) sequences. This study, including the database might be exploited for future research and the identification of effective therapeutics against campylobacteriosis. URL: (http://nib.portal.gov.bd/site/page/4516e965-8935-4129-8c3f-df95e754c562#Banner).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Uzzal Hossain
- Bioinformatics Division, National Institute of Biotechnology, Ganakbari, Ashulia, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Taimur Md. Omar
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Life Science Faculty, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Santosh, Tangail, Bangladesh
| | - Iftekhar Alam
- Plant Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Biotechnology, Ganakbari, Ashulia, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Keshob Chandra Das
- Molecular Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Biotechnology, Ganakbari, Ashulia, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - A. K. M. Mohiuddin
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Life Science Faculty, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Santosh, Tangail, Bangladesh
| | - Chaman Ara Keya
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, North south University, Bashundhara, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Salimullah
- Molecular Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Biotechnology, Ganakbari, Ashulia, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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6
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Siqueira FM, Cibulski SP, Mayer FQ, Driemeier D, Pavarini SP, Vargas APCD. Genome sequencing of two Bacillus anthracis strains: a virulent strain and a vaccinal strain. Braz J Microbiol 2018; 49:18-19. [PMID: 28807610 PMCID: PMC5790590 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjm.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus anthracis strain SPV842_15 was isolated from bovine fetus, while B. anthracis strain Brazilian vaccinal was recovered from a commercial vaccine. We report here the genome sequences of both strains. The SPV842_15 genome is composed of a single circular chromosome with a length of 5,228,664 base pairs, and comprises 5911 coding sequences. In turn, the Brazilian vaccinal genome remains in 201 contigs with 5733 coding sequences. Both genomes have an overall C + G content of 35.4%, and 11 genes encoding the ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) 5S, 16S and 23S. Only the plasmid pX01 sequence, which carries genes for toxins synthesis, was detected and completely assembled for both strains. These plasmids have a length of 181,684 base pairs and a C + G content of 32.5%. These genomic data generate insights about vaccinal B. anthracis virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franciele Maboni Siqueira
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Faculdade de Veterinária, Departamento de Patologia Clínica Veterinária, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Samuel Paulo Cibulski
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Faculdade de Veterinária, Departamento de Patologia Clínica Veterinária, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Quoos Mayer
- Fundação Estadual de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, El dorado do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - David Driemeier
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Faculdade de Veterinária, Departamento de Patologia Clínica Veterinária, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Saulo Petinatti Pavarini
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Faculdade de Veterinária, Departamento de Patologia Clínica Veterinária, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Agueda Palmira Castagna de Vargas
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Centro de Ciências Rurais, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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7
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Hsieh CL, Ptak CP, Tseng A, Suguiura IMDS, McDonough SP, Sritrakul T, Li T, Lin YP, Gillilan RE, Oswald RE, Chang YF. Extended low-resolution structure of a Leptospira antigen offers high bactericidal antibody accessibility amenable to vaccine design. eLife 2017; 6:e30051. [PMID: 29210669 PMCID: PMC5749957 DOI: 10.7554/elife.30051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogens rely on proteins embedded on their surface to perform tasks essential for host infection. These obligatory structures exposed to the host immune system provide important targets for rational vaccine design. Here, we use a systematically designed series of multi-domain constructs in combination with small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) to determine the structure of the main immunoreactive region from a major antigen from Leptospira interrogans, LigB. An anti-LigB monoclonal antibody library exhibits cell binding and bactericidal activity with extensive domain coverage complementing the elongated architecture observed in the SAXS structure. Combining antigenic motifs in a single-domain chimeric immunoglobulin-like fold generated a vaccine that greatly enhances leptospiral protection over vaccination with single parent domains. Our study demonstrates how understanding an antigen's structure and antibody accessible surfaces can guide the design and engineering of improved recombinant antigen-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Lin Hsieh
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicineCornell UniversityIthacaUnited States
| | - Christopher P Ptak
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicineCornell UniversityIthacaUnited States
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary MedicineCornell UniversityIthacaUnited States
| | - Andrew Tseng
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicineCornell UniversityIthacaUnited States
| | | | - Sean P McDonough
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicineCornell UniversityIthacaUnited States
| | - Tepyuda Sritrakul
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicineCornell UniversityIthacaUnited States
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicineCornell UniversityIthacaUnited States
| | - Yi-Pin Lin
- Division of Infectious DiseaseWadsworth Center, New York State Department of HealthAlbanyUnited States
| | - Richard E Gillilan
- Macromolecular Diffraction Facility at CHESS (MacCHESS)Cornell UniversityIthacaUnited States
| | - Robert E Oswald
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary MedicineCornell UniversityIthacaUnited States
| | - Yung-Fu Chang
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicineCornell UniversityIthacaUnited States
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8
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Gu XX, Plotkin SA, Edwards KM, Sette A, Mills KHG, Levy O, Sant AJ, Mo A, Alexander W, Lu KT, Taylor CE. Waning Immunity and Microbial Vaccines-Workshop of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2017; 24:e00034-17. [PMID: 28490424 PMCID: PMC5498725 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00034-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Since the middle of the 20th century, vaccines have made a significant public health impact by controlling infectious diseases globally. Although long-term protection has been achieved with some vaccines, immunity wanes over time with others, resulting in outbreaks or epidemics of infectious diseases. Long-term protection against infectious agents that have a complex life cycle and antigenic variation remains a key challenge. Novel strategies to characterize the short- and long-term immune responses to vaccines and to induce immune responses that mimic natural infection have recently emerged. New technologies and approaches in vaccinology, such as adjuvants, delivery systems, and antigen formulations, have the potential to elicit more durable protection and fewer adverse reactions; together with in vitro systems, these technologies have the capacity to model and accelerate vaccine development. The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) held a workshop on 19 September 2016 that focused on waning immunity to selected vaccines (for Bordetella pertussis, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, Neisseria meningitidis, influenza, mumps, and malaria), with an emphasis on identifying knowledge gaps, future research needs, and how this information can inform development of more effective vaccines for infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Xing Gu
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | - Alessandro Sette
- La Jolla Institute of Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Kingston H G Mills
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ofer Levy
- Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrea J Sant
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Annie Mo
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - William Alexander
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kristina T Lu
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Christopher E Taylor
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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9
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Skurnik D, Cywes-Bentley C, Pier GB. The exceptionally broad-based potential of active and passive vaccination targeting the conserved microbial surface polysaccharide PNAG. Expert Rev Vaccines 2016; 15:1041-53. [PMID: 26918288 PMCID: PMC4985264 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2016.1159135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A challenging component of vaccine development is the large serologic diversity of protective antigens. Remarkably, there is a conserved surface/capsular polysaccharide, one of the most effective vaccine targets, expressed by a large number of bacterial, fungal and eukaryotic pathogens: poly-N-acetyl glucosamine (PNAG). Natural antibodies to PNAG are poorly effective at mediating in vitro microbial killing or in vivo protection. Removing most of the acetate substituents to produce a deacetylated glycoform, or using synthetic oligosaccharides of poly-β-1-6-linked glucosamine conjugated to carrier proteins, results in vaccines that elicit high levels of broad-based immunity. A fully human monoclonal antibody is highly active in laboratory and preclinical studies and has been successfully tested in a phase-I setting. Both the synthetic oligosaccharide conjugate vaccine and MAb will be further tested in humans starting in 2016; but, even if effective against only a fraction of the PNAG-producing pathogens, a major advance in vaccine-preventable diseases will occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Skurnik
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 181 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, Phone: 617-525-2269; FAX: 617-525-2510
| | - Colette Cywes-Bentley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 181 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, Phone: 617-525-2269; FAX: 617-525-2510
| | - Gerald B. Pier
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 181 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, Phone: 617-525-2269; FAX: 617-525-2510
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10
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Rustandi RR, Wang F, Lancaster C, Kristopeit A, Thiriot DS, Heinrichs JH. Ion-Exchange Chromatography to Analyze Components of a Clostridium difficile Vaccine. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1476:269-277. [PMID: 27507348 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6361-4_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ion-exchange (IEX) chromatography is one of many separation techniques that can be employed to analyze proteins. The separation mechanism is based on a reversible interaction between charged amino acids of a protein to the charged ligands attached to a column at a given pH. This interaction depends on both the pI and conformation of the protein being analyzed. The proteins are eluted by increasing the salt concentration or pH gradient. Here we describe the use of this technique to characterize the charge variant heterogeneities and to monitor stability of four protein antigen components of a Clostridium difficile vaccine. Furthermore, the IEX technique can be used to monitor reversion to toxicity for formaldehyde-treated Clostridium difficile toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard R Rustandi
- Vaccine Analytical Department, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, P.O. Box 4, WP42A-30, West Point, PA, 19486, USA.
| | - Feng Wang
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Catherine Lancaster
- Vaccine Analytical Department, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA
| | - Adam Kristopeit
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - David S Thiriot
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Jon H Heinrichs
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
- Sanofi Pasteur, Swiftwater, PA, USA
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11
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Abstract
High-performance size-exclusion chromatography (HPSEC or SEC) is a method that can be applied to measure size distribution of proteins, including aggregates, monomers, and fragments. In the biopharmaceutical industry the quantitation of aggregates contained in biotherapeutics and protein-based vaccines is critical given the potential impact on safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy. Hence, aggregation analysis of therapeutic proteins or protein-based vaccine products is almost always a requirement of regulatory agencies. SEC, also referred to as gel-filtration chromatography, separates molecules by size through a porous resin stationary phase. Under isocratic flow small molecules are retained on the column longer than large molecules. Here we describe the use of this SEC technique to characterize aggregation levels for four different protein antigens for a Clostridium difficile vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Lancaster
- Vaccine Analytical Department, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, P.O. Box 4, WP42A-30, West point, PA, 19486, USA.
| | - Richard R Rustandi
- Vaccine Analytical Department, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, P.O. Box 4, WP42A-30, West point, PA, 19486, USA
| | - Paola Pannizzo
- Merck & Co., Inc., West point, PA, USA
- Johnson & Johnson, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Sha Ha
- Vaccine Analytical Department, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, P.O. Box 4, WP42A-30, West point, PA, 19486, USA
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12
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Abstract
Clostridium difficile vaccines composed of surface polysaccharides (PSs) have the potential to simultaneously control infection and colonization levels in humans. Hot water-phenol treatment of C. difficile biomass can extricate water-soluble PS-I and PS-II; and water- and phenol-soluble PS-III. C. difficile vaccines based on PS-II have attracted the most attention due its facile purification and ubiquitous expression by C. difficile ribotypes. Anti PS-II antibodies recognize both C. difficile vegetative cell and sporulating preparations and confer protection against C. difficile infection in a mouse model. The design of such an efficacious C. difficile PS-II conjugate vaccine is described here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario A Monteiro
- University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1.
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13
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Shahid MA, Markham PF, Marenda MS, Agnew-Crumpton R, Noormohammadi AH. High-resolution melting-curve analysis of obg gene to differentiate the temperature-sensitive Mycoplasma synoviae vaccine strain MS-H from non-temperature-sensitive strains. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92215. [PMID: 24643035 PMCID: PMC3958494 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Temperature-sensitive (ts+) vaccine strain MS-H is the only live attenuated M. synoviae vaccine commercially available for use in poultry. With increasing use of this vaccine to control M. synoviae infections, differentiation of MS-H from field M. synoviae strains and from rarely occurring non-temperature-sensitive (ts–) MS-H revertants has become important, especially in countries where local strains are indistinguishable from MS-H by sequence analysis of variable lipoprotein haemagglutinin (vlhA) gene. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the obg of MS-H have been found to associate with ts phenotype. In this study, four PCRs followed by high-resolution melting (HRM)-curve analysis of the regions encompassing these SNPs were developed and evaluated for their potential to differentiate MS-H from 36 M. synoviae strains/isolates. The nested-obg PCR-HRM differentiated ts+ MS-H vaccine not only from field M. synoviae strains/isolates but also from ts– MS-H revertants. The mean genotype confidence percentages, 96.9±3.4 and 8.8±11.2 for ts+ and ts– strains, respectively, demonstrated high differentiating power of the nested-obg PCR-HRM. Using a combination of nested-obg and obg-F3R3 PCR-HRM, 97% of the isolates/strains were typed according to their ts phenotype with all MS-H isolates typed as MS-H. A set of respiratory swabs from MS-H vaccinated specific pathogen free chickens and M. synoviae infected commercial chicken flocks were tested using obg PCR-HRM system and results were consistent with those of vlhA genotyping. The PCR-HRM system developed in this study, proved to be a rapid and reliable tool using pure M. synoviae cultures as well as direct clinical specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad A. Shahid
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Philip F. Markham
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marc S. Marenda
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rebecca Agnew-Crumpton
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - Amir H. Noormohammadi
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
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14
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Clément G, Dierick JF, Lenfant C, Giffroy D. Development and validation of a molecular size distribution method for polysaccharide vaccines. Pharmeur Bio Sci Notes 2014; 2014:40-59. [PMID: 25655242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Determination of the molecular size distribution of vaccine products by high performance size exclusion chromatography coupled to refractive index detection is important during the manufacturing process. Partial elution of high molecular weight compounds in the void volume of the chromatographic column is responsible for variation in the results obtained with a reference method using a TSK G5000PWXL chromatographic column. GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines has developed an alternative method relying on the selection of a different chromatographic column with a wider separation range and the generation of a dextran calibration curve to determine the optimal molecular weight cut-off values for all tested products. Validation of this method was performed according to The International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH). The new method detected product degradation with the same sensitivity as that observed for the reference method. All validation parameters were within the pre-specified range. Precision (relative standard deviation (RSD) of mean values) was < 5 per cent (intra-assay) and < 10 per cent (inter-assay). Sample recovery was > 70 per cent for all polysaccharide conjugates and for the Haemophilus influenzae type B final container vaccine. All results obtained for robustness met the acceptance criteria defined in the validation protocol (≤ 2 times (RSD) or ≤ 2 per cent difference between the modified and the reference parameter value if RSD = 0 per cent). The new method was shown to be a suitable quality control method for the release and stability follow-up of polysaccharide-containing vaccines. The new method gave comparable results to the reference method, but with less intra- and inter-assay variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Clément
- external consultant for GlaxoSmithKline, CEI - Rue Louis de Geer 6, B-1348 Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
| | - J-F Dierick
- GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines, Parc de la Noire Epine, Avenue Flemming 20, B-1300 Wavre, Belgium
| | - C Lenfant
- GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines, Parc de la Noire Epine, Avenue Flemming 20, B-1300 Wavre, Belgium
| | - D Giffroy
- GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines, Parc de la Noire Epine, Avenue Flemming 20, B-1300 Wavre, Belgium,
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15
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van Els C, Mjaaland S, Næss L, Sarkadi J, Gonczol E, Smith Korsholm K, Hansen J, de Jonge J, Kersten G, Warner J, Semper A, Kruiswijk C, Oftung F. Fast vaccine design and development based on correlates of protection (COPs). Hum Vaccin Immunother 2014; 10:1935-48. [PMID: 25424803 PMCID: PMC4186026 DOI: 10.4161/hv.28639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
New and reemerging infectious diseases call for innovative and efficient control strategies of which fast vaccine design and development represent an important element. In emergency situations, when time is limited, identification and use of correlates of protection (COPs) may play a key role as a strategic tool for accelerated vaccine design, testing, and licensure. We propose that general rules for COP-based vaccine design can be extracted from the existing knowledge of protective immune responses against a large spectrum of relevant viral and bacterial pathogens. Herein, we focus on the applicability of this approach by reviewing the established and up-coming COPs for influenza in the context of traditional and a wide array of new vaccine concepts. The lessons learnt from this field may be applied more generally to COP-based accelerated vaccine design for emerging infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile van Els
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment; Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | | | - Lisbeth Næss
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health; Oslo, Norway
| | - Julia Sarkadi
- National Center for Epidemiology (NCE); Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eva Gonczol
- National Center for Epidemiology (NCE); Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Jon Hansen
- Statens Serum Institut; Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jørgen de Jonge
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment; Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Gideon Kersten
- Institute for Translational Vaccinology; Bilthoven, the Netherlands
- Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research; University of Leiden; The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Corine Kruiswijk
- Institute for Translational Vaccinology; Bilthoven, the Netherlands
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16
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Rees J. Conserved polymer holds potential for broad-spectrum vaccine. Expert Rev Vaccines 2013; 12:721. [PMID: 24046854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
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17
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Moise L, Moss SF, De Groot AS. Moving Helicobacter pylori vaccine development forward with bioinformatics and immunomics. Expert Rev Vaccines 2013; 11:1031-3. [PMID: 23151160 DOI: 10.1586/erv.12.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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18
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Mulongo M, Prysliak T, Perez-Casal J. Vaccination of feedlot cattle with extracts and membrane fractions from two Mycoplasma bovis isolates results in strong humoral immune responses but does not protect against an experimental challenge. Vaccine 2013; 31:1406-12. [PMID: 23340004 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.12.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Revised: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis is one of the most significant contributors to the bovine respiratory syndrome (BRD) that causes major losses in feedlot and dairy farms. Current experimental vaccines against M. bovis are ineffective and in some cases seem to enhance disease. Experimental infection with M. bovis induces a predominantly Th2 response and high levels of IgG1, which is an inferior opsonin and hence lacks protective capacity. In an attempt to induce a balanced (Th1/Th2) immune response, we have used CpG ODN 2007 as an adjuvant in a trial involving vaccination of cattle with M. bovis total extracts and/or membrane fractions and subsequent intranasal inoculation with an infective dose of M. bovis prepared from two different clinical isolates. Significant IgG1 serum responses were observed against both, extracts and fractions while IgG2 responses were significant against the extracts only. Proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) after incubation with M. bovis cells was only observed in post-challenge samples of cattle vaccinated with both extracts and fractions but not in samples of cattle immunized with the membrane fractions alone. All groups showed transient weight losses and increased temperatures however, there were no significant differences in clinical parameters and survival rates between the groups.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Animals
- Antibodies, Bacterial/blood
- Antigens, Bacterial/immunology
- Antigens, Bacterial/isolation & purification
- Bacterial Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Bacterial Vaccines/immunology
- Bacterial Vaccines/isolation & purification
- Cattle
- Cattle Diseases/prevention & control
- Cell Membrane/chemistry
- Cell Membrane/immunology
- Cell Proliferation
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Mycoplasma Infections/prevention & control
- Mycoplasma Infections/veterinary
- Mycoplasma bovis/chemistry
- Mycoplasma bovis/immunology
- Oligodeoxyribonucleotides/administration & dosage
- Pneumonia, Mycoplasma/prevention & control
- Pneumonia, Mycoplasma/veterinary
- Vaccination/methods
- Vaccines, Subunit/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Subunit/immunology
- Vaccines, Subunit/isolation & purification
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Affiliation(s)
- Musa Mulongo
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7N 5E3
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19
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Feng S, Kasten RW, Werner JA, Hodzic E, Barthold SW, Chomel BB. Immunogenicity of Bartonella henselae P26 in cats. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2009; 132:251-6. [PMID: 19500857 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2009.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2009] [Revised: 04/28/2009] [Accepted: 05/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cat scratch disease (CSD) has an estimated prevalence of approximately 200,000 persons in the USA, and approximately 22,000 new cases occur annually. Cats are the natural carriers of Bartonella henselae, the agent for CSD. Zoonotic transmission of B. henselae can result in CSD in immunocompetent humans and bacillary angiomatosis in immunosuppressed humans. Infection in cats often goes undetected. Development of a vaccine to prevent feline infection is warranted to reduce the prevalence of infection in the feline population and to decrease the potential for zoonotic transmission. One of the immunoreactive proteins identified from our previous study was P26. In this study, we demonstrated that B. henselae recombinant P26 (rP26) was immunogenic in cats. Four cats immunized with rP26 and four control cats were challenged with B. henselae type I and blood samples were collected for culture, PCR, and serology. Immunization with rP26 did not provide protection against B. henselae infection in cats at the doses used in this study. However, p26 PCR proved to be more sensitive for detection of infection in cats compared to gltA PCR. Furthermore, ELISA using rP26 as the substrate was more sensitive than ELISA using B. henselae type I outer membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunlian Feng
- Center for Comparative Medicine, Schools of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, United States.
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20
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Abstract
A new radiation biotechnology for the acquirement of a commercial vaccine, designed for prophylaxis of ruminant infectious pododermatitis (IP), produced by gram negative bacteria Fusobacterium necrophorum (F.n.), is presented. Two different processes for preparing F.n. vaccine are used: a) the inactivation of F.n. bacteria exotoxins by microwave (MW) or/and electron beams (EB) irradiation; b) the isolation of exotoxins from F.n. cultures irradiated with MW or/and EB and the inactivation of isolated F.n. exotoxins with formalin. The EB irradiation of F.n. cultures produced simultaneously with the cells viability decrease an increasing of exotoxin quantity released in the culture supranatant as compared with classical methods. The MW irradiation is able to reduce the cells viability to zero but without an increase of exotoxin quantity in cultures supranatant. Instead of this MW irradiation, for certain conditions, is able to induce an important stimulation degree of the F.n. proliferation in cultures, from two to three log10. Two vaccine types were prepared: A1 vaccine that contains whole cell culture irradiated with MW/EB and A2 vaccine that contains cell-free culture supernatant of an MW/EB irradiated F.n. strain producing exotoxins. Also, other two vaccines are prepared: B1 and B2 that contain the same materials as A1 and A2 respectively, but without using MW/EB exposure. The vaccine efficiency is tested in ruminant farms in which IP evolves. It is expected that this new vaccine to offer a better protection, more than 60%, which is the best presently obtained result in ruminant farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Craciun
- National Institute of Lasers, Plasma and Radiation Physics, Bucharest, Romania.
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21
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Du A, Diao Y, Zhang W, Zhang R, Zang D, Liu F. [Cloning and expression of hemolytic-toxin from Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae and the immunoprotection in mice]. Wei Sheng Wu Xue Bao 2008; 48:342-348. [PMID: 18479061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The ApxIIA, ApxIIIA, ApxIVA genes from Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 3 and the ApxIA gene from Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 5 were respectively cloned into the prokaryotic expression vector pGEX-5X-3. Then the recombinant expression plasmids were respectively transformed into E. coli BL 21 and fusion protein expression were induced by IPTG. The expression products were purified by precipitation with ammonium sulfate and chromatography on Sephadex G-200. SDS-PAGE indicated that the productsexpressed at a high level when the recombinant E. coli BL21 was induced 2h, joining IPTG to final concentration 1 mmol/L. Western blot analysis showed that the expression products had immunogenicity and specificity. Subunit vaccines were made by different purified expression products and Freund's adjuvant. Mice were immunized at 30 days and 45 days with the subunit vaccines. Then the mice were challenged with the APP of serotype 1, 3, 5, 7 or 10 at 60 days. The result of animal immunoprotection test showed that subunit vaccines (ApxIA + ApxIVA, ApxIA + ApxIIIA + ApxIVA, ApxIA + ApxIIA + ApxIIIA + ApxIVA) could offer 58.4%, 66.6%, 91.7% protection in mice against the challenge of serotype 1, 5 and 7 APP, respectively. These results suggested that the recombinant proteins had good immunogenicity and the subunit vaccine containing four kind of recombinant proteins could induce better immunoprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiqing Du
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.
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22
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Zhao YX, Qi JH, Zhang H, Duan GC, Xi YL. [Construction, expression and purification of UreB-Omp11 fusion protein of Helicobacter pylori and its immunocompetence]. Xi Bao Yu Fen Zi Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi 2007; 23:906-10. [PMID: 17908495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
AIM To construct H.pylori vaccine candidate strain expressing UreB-Omp11 recombinant fusion protein of H.pylori. To express and purify the fusion protein UreB-Omp11 and to determine its immunocompetence. METHODS The two genes were amplified by PCR, and the fusion gene ureB-omp11 was amplified by over lap extension PCR and then cloned into the fusion expression vector pET30a(+), pET28a(+) and pMAL-c2X. The appropriate expression system was selected, and the recombinant UreB-Omp11 fusion protein was expressed and indentfied by SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis. Then the fusion protein was purified by MBP affinity chromatography and the purity was indentfied by SDS-PAGE. Then the fusion protein was immunized to mice. The immunized mice sera were analyzed by Western blot with purified fusion protein. RESULTS The ureB-omp11 fusion gene was correctly insected into pET30a(+) and confirmed by Enzyme digestion and sequencing analysis; Results in SDS-PAGE and optical density scanning demonstrated that this fusion protein MBP-UreB-Omp11 was expressed in the recombinant strain of E.coli TB1(pMAL-ureB-omp11). The fusion protein UreB-Omp11 was recognized by the mice sera immunized by H.pylori, the human sera infected with H.pylori and The purity of fusion protein was 90% after purification. The fusion protein purified could be recognized by corresponding antibody of mice sera immunized by this fusion piotein, This fusion protein has strong immunoantigenicity and immunoreactivity. CONCLUSION The prokaryotic expression system TB1 (pMAL-c2X-ureB-omp11) was successfully constructed and selected. The results obtained lay the foundation for research on development of protein and DNA vaccine of Hp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Xia Zhao
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Henan Province Xinyang Vocational and Technical College, Xinyang, China.
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23
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Yang L, Ma Y, Zhang Y. Freeze-drying of live attenuated Vibrio anguillarum mutant for vaccine preparation. Biologicals 2007; 35:265-9. [PMID: 17513125 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2007.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2006] [Revised: 03/02/2007] [Accepted: 03/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio anguillarum MVAV6203 is a mutant strain as a candidate of live attenuated vaccine. In vaccine preparation, the freeze-drying conditions of the strain were investigated to improve the survival after freeze-drying, including the protectant, rehydration medium, freezing temperature, and initial cell concentration. Vibrio anguillarum MVAV6203 is sensitive to freeze-drying and the viability was only 0.03% in the absence of protectant. Of the tested protectants, 5% trehalose with 15% skimmed milk gave the highest viability of 34.2%. Higher cell survival was obtained by quick freezing at -80 degrees C than slow freezing at -20 degrees C. Initial cell concentration was another important factor, preferable for 1-3 x 10(10)CFU/ml. The supplementation of 10% skimmed milk in rehydration medium improved obviously freeze-drying viability. The combination of the optimal conditions achieved 51.4% cell viability after freeze-drying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
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24
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Yero D, Pajón R, Caballero E, González S, Cobas K, Fariñas M, Lopez Y, Acosta A. A novel method to screen genomic libraries that combines genomic immunization with the prime-boost strategy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 50:430-3. [PMID: 17537176 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2007.00265.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We employed a prime-boost regimen in combination with the expression library immunization protocol to improve the protective effectiveness of a genomic library used as immunogen. To demonstrate the feasibility of this novel strategy, we used as a prime a serogroup B Neisseria meningitidis random genomic library constructed in a eukaryotic expression vector. Mice immunized with different fractions of this library and boosted with a single dose of meningococcal outer membrane vesicles elicited higher bactericidal antibody titers compared with mice primed with the empty vector. After the boost, passive administration of sera from mice primed with two of these fractions significantly reduced the number of viable bacteria in the blood of infant rats challenged with live N. meningitidis. The method proposed could be applied to the identification of subimmunogenic antigens during vaccine candidate screening by employing expression library immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Yero
- Department of Molecular Biology, Division of Biotechnology, Finlay Institute, Havana, Cuba.
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25
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Yuan XP, Zhou QM, Bai Y, Yang J, Guo Y, Zhang WJ, Liu ZX. [Purification and functional analysis of Helicobacter pylori UreB protein fragment]. Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao 2007; 27:959-62. [PMID: 17666325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To establish an effective method for purification of Helicobacter pylori UreB fragment and conduct functional analysis of the purified protein. METHODS The protein fragment expression was induced by IPTG and the expressed protein was purified through affinity chromatography and ion-exchange chromatography. The purity of the fragment was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and the specific biological activity of the purified fragment was assayed by urease activity inhibition test. RESULTS The protein fragment was highly expressed in E. coli with a purity over 91%. The protein fragment showed highly specific biological activity and the specific antibody induced by this fragment in rabbits could inhibit the activity of urease in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSION The UreB fragment with high purity and biological activity can be applied for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-peng Yuan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China.
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26
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Marcelino I, Vachiéry N, Amaral AI, Roldão A, Lefrançois T, Carrondo MJT, Alves PM, Martinez D. Effect of the purification process and the storage conditions on the efficacy of an inactivated vaccine against heartwater. Vaccine 2007; 25:4903-13. [PMID: 17531356 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2007] [Revised: 04/05/2007] [Accepted: 04/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This work evaluates the effect of purification process and storage conditions (buffer formulation and temperature) on the efficacy of Ehrlichia ruminantium (ER) elementary bodies to be used as an inactivated vaccine candidate against heartwater. In vitro assays revealed that, to avoid major losses in ER integrity and corresponding antigenic properties, a buffer with pH between 5.6 and 8 and an osmolality above 100 mOsmol/kg H(2)O is recommended. Amongst the tested formulations, both PBS and NaCl have shown to stabilize ER antigens at -20 degrees C. To assess the protective properties of the different vaccine formulations, in vivo experiments were performed using a goat model. The results obtained showed that the preparation of ER antigens using a novel membrane-based purification strategy and a simple vaccine formulation (NaCl, -20 degrees C) induced equivalent protection to the conventional vaccine based on ER antigens prepared by a multistep centrifugation methodology and stored at -20 degrees C in PBS buffer.
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27
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Rullo A, Papp-Szabo E, Michael FS, Macinnes J, Monteiro MA. The structural basis for the serospecificity ofActinobacillus suisserogroup O:2. Biochem Cell Biol 2006; 84:184-90. [PMID: 16609699 DOI: 10.1139/o06-012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Actinobacillus suis is an important bacterial pathogen of healthly pigs. An O-antigen (lipopolysaccharide; LPS) serotyping system is being developed to study the prevalence and distribution of representative isolates from both healthy and diseased pigs. In a previous study, we reported that A. suis serogroup O:1 strains express LPS with a (1→6)-β-D-glucan O-antigen chain polysaccharide that is similar in structure to a key cell-wall component in yeasts, such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans. This study describes the O-antigen polysaccharide chemical structure of an O:2 serogroup strain, A. suis H91-0380, which possesses a tetrasaccharide repeating block with the structure: →3)-β-D-Galp-(1→4)-[α-D-Galp-(1→6)]-β-D-Glcp-(1→6)-β-D-GlcpNAc-(1→. Studies have shown that A. suis serogroup O:2 strains are associated with severely diseased animals; therefore, work on the synthesis of a glycoconjugate vaccine employing O:2 O-antigen polysaccharide to vaccinate pigs against A. suis serogroup O:2 strains is currently underway.Key words: Actinobacillus suis, lipopolysaccharide, serogroup O:2, vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Rullo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Guelph, Canada
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Schoepe H, Neubauer A, Schlapp T, Wieler LH, Baljer G. Immunization with an alphatoxin variant 121A/91-R212H protects mice against Clostridium perfringens alphatoxin. Anaerobe 2006; 12:44-8. [PMID: 16701610 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2005.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2004] [Revised: 05/09/2005] [Accepted: 06/03/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
As shown previously, a recombinant alphatoxin variant (rAT121A/91) constructed from the naturally occurring Clostridium perfringens mutant strain 121A/91, was devoid of enzymatic (PLC), hemolytic and lethal activity (18). In the present study, the recombinant variant was altered by an oligonucleotide-directed reversion of an arginine in position 212 for a histidine residue, corresponding to the sequence of the wild-type alphatoxin. The new variant rAT121A/91R212H proved to be negative in enzymatic, hemolytic and lethal activity as well. RAT121A/91 as well as rAT121A/91R212H was used for i.p. immunization of balb/c mice. The immune response was studied in ELISA as well as in the mouse neutralization test. Furthermore, immunized mice were challenged by i.p. application of active C. perfringens alphatoxin. In all immunized groups, mice developed high anti-alphatoxin titers (up to 1:128000). Antisera of both groups were able to reduce the hemolytic effect of native alphatoxin with predominance of anti-rAT121A/91R212H sera. During neutralization experiments, mice receiving a mixture of anti-rAT121A/91R212H and wild-type toxin were protected completely, whereas an anti-rAT121A/91/toxin mixture prolonged time until death but failed in protection. I.p immunization with rAT121A/91R212H yielded a significant protection rate (76%) when mice were challenged intraperitoneal with wild-type toxin. Our cumulative data indicates that the reversion of arginine in position 212 to histidine for rAT121A/91R212H was necessary to induce production of protective antibodies against wild-type alphatoxin of C. perfringens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Schoepe
- Institut für Hygiene und Infektionskrankheiten der Tiere, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, D-35392 Giessen, Germany.
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Bĕláková J, Krupka M, Sebestová M, Tuhácková J, Vrzal V, Raska M, Weigl E. Preparation and purification of recombinant outer surface protein A (rOspA) of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto and Borrelia afzelii. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2005; 149:257-9. [PMID: 16601765 DOI: 10.5507/bp.2005.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The recombinant Outer surface protein A (rOspA) from Borrelia burgdorferi is a possible immunogen for protection of infected humans and animals against development of Lyme borreliosis (Lyme disease), a chronic tick-borne disease characterised by diverse dermatologic, neurologic, rheumatic, and cardiac manifestations. For several years, research and development have been directed towards a vaccine for the prevention of this debilitating disease. Numerous animal studies demonstrate that pre-existing antibodies against the outer surface proteins of B. burgdorferi can prevent infection and disease caused by this organism. In this communication, using recombinant DNA technology, genes from B. burgdorferi sensu stricto and B. afzelii were inserted into E. coli-expression vectors and the rOspA were produced. Our aim was to obtain rOspA protein in a purity and quantity desirable for immunization of experimental animals. rOspA is currently the most developed, molecularly-defined vaccine candidate for the prevention of Lyme borreliosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Bĕláková
- Department of Immunology, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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Abstract
To maintain prolonged colonization of the human gastric mucosa, Helicobacter pylori must avoid both innate and adaptive immune responses. During its long coexistence with humans, it has evolved complex strategies to maintain a mild inflammation of the gastric epithelium while limiting the extent of immune effector activity. Severe disease, associated with bacterial colonization, might reflect loss of this control. Several mechanisms and the bacterial factors involved in immune subversion have, in recent years, been elucidated, thus opening the possibility of a better understanding of the pathogenicity of this microorganism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosima T Baldari
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Siena, Via A. Moro 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy.
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31
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Nuriddinova NR, Sheremet'ev NN, Ivanova LE, Garib FI, Iskhakova KI. [Experimentally determined safety and immunological activity of vaccine based on antigens isolated from Pseudomonas aeruginosa in medium K-4]. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 2005:57-60. [PMID: 16028515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The safety and immunological activity of P. aeruginosa vaccine were experimentally evaluated. The vaccine was prepared on the basis of the antigens of P. aeruginosa extracellular slime which was accumulated in medium K-4, obtained with the use of original technology. The immunization of animals with P. aeruginosa vaccine induced the synthesis of antibodies. The introduction of the vaccine in 2 or 3 injections resulted in a high level of antibody formation, differing with the use of various strains. Hyperimmune sera, obtained by the multiple immunization of rabbits with P. aeruginosa vaccine, ensured high protection of mice from P. aeruginosa infection. The vaccine proved to be safe when evaluated in experiments of acute and chronic toxicity, made on laboratory animals.
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Abstract
Serogroup B meningococcal disease remains a serious problem in many countries and no effective vaccine is currently available. Immunological and epidemiological evidence suggests that carriage of commensal Neisseria species is involved in the development of natural immunity against meningococcal disease. Neisseria lactamica has many surface structures in common with Neisseria meningitidis and may be the most important of these species. We have produced extensive pre-clinical data, which indicate that N. lactamica outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) may provide a vaccine effective against diverse disease-causing meningococcal strains. Immunisation with N. lactamica OMVs protected against lethal challenge with diverse meningococcal isolates in a mouse intraperitoneal challenge model of meningococcal disease and we are developing this vaccine for use in a phase I safety and immunogenicity study in adult volunteers. We have shown that OMVs produced from bacteria grown under iron-limited or iron-rich conditions provide equivalent protection in the mouse infection model and thus OMVs produced from iron-rich will be used. Sterile filtration of N. lactamica OMVs has proved difficult but this has been improved by resuspending the vesicles in a buffer, which increases their surface zeta potential. The vaccine is currently being manufactured and validated ELISA protocols have been developed for the analysis of serological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Gorringe
- Health Protection Agency, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK.
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33
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Holst J, Feiring B, Naess LM, Norheim G, Kristiansen P, Høiby EA, Bryn K, Oster P, Costantino P, Taha MK, Alonso JM, Caugant DA, Wedege E, Aaberge IS, Rappuoli R, Rosenqvist E. The concept of ?tailor-made?, protein-based, outer membrane vesicle vaccines against meningococcal disease. Vaccine 2005; 23:2202-5. [PMID: 15755595 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.01.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Protein-based, outer membrane vesicle (OMV) vaccines have previously proven to be efficacious against serogroup B meningococcal disease in Norway and Cuba. Currently, a public health intervention is going on in order to control a serogroup B epidemic in New Zealand. The scale-up and standardization of vaccine production required for controlling the New Zealand epidemic has allowed the establishment of large-scale GMP manufacturing for OMV vaccines. The outcome of this will be licensing of the vaccine in New Zealand and possibly other countries. The availability of licensed OMV vaccines raises the question of whether such vaccines may provide the opportunity to control other outbreaks and epidemics. For instance, such a vaccine could control a localised outbreak of group B meningococci in Normandy, France. "Tailor-made" vaccines, focusing on the sub-capsular antigens may also be considered for use in sub-Saharan Africa for the prevention of the recurrent outbreaks by serogroups A and W135 meningococci. This assumption is based on the epidemiological observation that meningococcal outbreaks in Africa are clonal and are strikingly stable regarding their phenotypic characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Holst
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
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34
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Abstract
AIMS To determine the localization of MtuA, an LraI lipoprotein within Streptococcus uberis and assess whether the protein was able to induce an antibody response capable of growth inhibition. METHODS AND RESULTS Immunoblots and ELISAs were performed on S. uberis cell fractions to localize the protein. The strongest reactivity was within the membrane-enriched fraction. Electron micrographs also showed labelling consistent with a location within the membrane. Specific antibodies from both rabbits and calves were unable to inhibit the growth of S. uberis in milk. In addition, MtuA was not detectable in a whole-cell ELISA and whole bacterial cells were unable to adsorb specific antibodies from antiserum raised against MtuA. CONCLUSIONS The MtuA protein appears to be located within the cell membrane and is not on the bacterial surface and thus not available for interaction with potentially growth-inhibiting antibodies. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Unlike PsaA of S. pneumoniae and MtsA of S. pyogenes, MtuA of S. uberis does not appear to be located at the cell surface. Therefore, in contrast to studies with other similar proteins, MtuA is unlikely to be a good vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Jones
- Institute for Animal Health, Compton Laboratory, Compton, Newbury, Berkshire, UK
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35
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Lew AE, Bock RE, Molloy JB, Minchin CM, Robinson SJ, Steer P. Sensitive and specific detection of proviral bovine leukemia virus by 5' Taq nuclease PCR using a 3' minor groove binder fluorogenic probe. J Virol Methods 2004; 115:167-75. [PMID: 14667532 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2003.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Sensitive assays are required to detect proviral bovine leukemia virus (BLV) in donor cattle used for the in vivo preparation of Australian tick fever vaccines. 5' Taq nuclease assays using 3' minor groove binder DNA probes (TaqManMGB) were developed and compared to conventional PCR assays for sensitive detection of Australian BLV. Seven beef and dairy herds were screened using DNA prepared by a variety of protocols to evaluate these tests. Comparative sensitivities of PCR tests were determined by testing log(10) dilutions of plasmids with inserted BLV sequences. Animals were also screened by the BLV standard agar-gel immunodiffusion test (AGID) and commercial enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) for antibodies, and an ELISA for detecting viral antigens expressed (VAE) in lymphocyte cultures. The TaqMan MGB assay based on the pol region was the most sensitive and specific for the detection of BLV. This is the first report of a sensitive BLV 5' Taq nuclease assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ala E Lew
- Agency for Food and Fibre Sciences, Queensland Department of Primary Industries, c/o Locked Mail Bag No. 4, 4105, QLD, Moorooka, Australia.
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36
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Abstract
Helicobacter pylori, one of the most commonly encountered human pathogens, has been recognized in more than half of adults and children with chronic nonspecific gastritis, and nearly all children with peptic ulcer disease demonstrate antral infection with H. pylori. A high prevalence and early colonization of H. pylori infection in childhood was described in developing countries in contrast to developed countries. The current diagnostic methods include histology, microbiological culture, urease activity detection, polymerase chain reaction, and stool antigen detection. The infection often presents with nausea, vomiting, and epigastric pain but may remain asymptomatic. The treatment modality options are multiple; however, the association of a proton-pump inhibitor and two antibiotics for 1 or 2 weeks gives the best eradication rates. Drug resistance is a growing problem in this microorganism and new therapeutic options are currently limited.
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37
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel Allison
- Health Protection Agency, Centre for Applied Microbiology and Research, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
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38
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Job CK. Nine-banded armadillo and leprosy research. INDIAN J PATHOL MICR 2003; 46:541-50. [PMID: 15025339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this presentation an attempt has been made to describe the nine-banded armadillo as an animal model, probably the only one in which lepromatous leprosy similar to that found in humans can be experimentally produced. Some unique features of the physiology of the animal are mentioned. The pathology and the microbiology of leprosy in the armadillo are described in detail. The discovery of lepromatous leprosy in the wild armadillos in the southern parts of United States, the transmission of disease among them through trauma and thorn pricks and the pathogenesis of the disease are presented. The impact of leprosy in the wild animals may have on human leprosy is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles K Job
- St.Thomas Hospital & Leprosy Centre, Chettupattu--606 801, Tamil Nadu, India
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39
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de Lorimier AJ, Byrd W, Hall ER, Vaughan WM, Tang D, Roberts ZJ, McQueen CE, Cassels FJ. Murine antibody response to intranasally administered enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli colonization factor CS6. Vaccine 2003; 21:2548-55. [PMID: 12744890 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(03)00101-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is the most common cause of bacterial diarrhea worldwide and is an important cause of infant morbidity and mortality in developing nations. ETEC colonization factors (CF) are virulence determinants that appear to be protective antigens in humans and are the major target of vaccine efforts. One of the most prevalent CF, CS6, is expressed by about 30% of ETEC worldwide. This study was designed to compare the immunogenicity between encapsulated CS6 (CS6-PLG) and unencapsulated CS6. Recombinant CS6 was purified and encapsulated in biodegradable poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLG) microspheres using current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP). CS6-PLG and CS6 were administered intranasally (IN) to BALB/c mice in three vaccinations 4 weeks apart. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure the anti-CS6 response in serum and mucosal secretions following each of the three inoculations. Mice vaccinated with two or three doses of CS6-PLG demonstrated a significantly greater rise in serum anti-CS6 IgG and mucosal IgA titer values than those immunized with two or three doses of CS6 alone. Three doses of CS6-PLG led to anti-CS6 serum IgG and mucosal IgA titer values 14-fold and 4.4-fold greater, respectively, than three doses of CS6 (P<0.02). IN administered CS6 to mice is safe and highly immunogenic either alone or when encapsulated in microspheres. PLG microsphere encapsulation of CS6 significantly augments the antibody response to that antigen when administered to a mucosal surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur J de Lorimier
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
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40
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Sakarya S, Oncü S. Bacterial adhesins and the role of sialic acid in bacterial adhesion. Med Sci Monit 2003; 9:RA76-82. [PMID: 12640357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Serhan Sakarya
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey.
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41
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Grifantini R, Bartolini E, Muzzi A, Draghi M, Frigimelica E, Berger J, Randazzo F, Grandi G. Gene expression profile in Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria lactamica upon host-cell contact: from basic research to vaccine development. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2002; 975:202-16. [PMID: 12538166 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb05953.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Differential gene regulation in the human pathogen Neisseria meningitidis group B (MenB) and in Neisseria lactamica, a human commensal species, was studied by whole genome microarray after bacterial interaction with epithelial cells. Host-cell contact induced changes in the expression of 347 and 285 genes in MenB and N. lactamica, respectively. Of these, only 167 were common to MenB and N. lactamica, suggesting that a different subset of genes is activated by pathogens and commensals. Change in gene expression was stable over time in N. lactamica, but short-lived in MenB. A large part (greater than 30%) of the regulated genes encoded proteins with unknown function. Among the known genes, those coding for pili, capsule, protein synthesis, nucleotide synthesis, cell wall metabolism, ATP synthesis, and protein folding were down-regulated in MenB. Transporters for iron, chloride and sulfate, some known virulence factors, GAPDH and the entire pathway of selenocysteine biosynthesis were upregulated. Gene expression profiling indicates that approximately 40% of the regulated genes encode putative surface-associated proteins, suggesting that upon cell contact Neisseria undergoes substantial surface remodeling. This was confirmed by FACS analysis of adhering bacteria using mouse sera against a subset of recombinant proteins. Finally, a few surface-located, adhesion-activated antigens were capable of inducing bactericidal antibodies, indicating that microarray technology can be exploited for the identification of new vaccine candidates.
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42
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Curtiss
- Department of Biology, Washington University, 1 Brookings Drive, Campus Box 1137, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4899, USA.
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43
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Meier PS, Troller R, Grivea IN, Syrogiannopoulos GA, Aebi C. The outer membrane proteins UspA1 and UspA2 of Moraxella catarrhalis are highly conserved in nasopharyngeal isolates from young children. Vaccine 2002; 20:1754-60. [PMID: 11906762 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(02)00030-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
UspA1 and UspA2 of Moraxella catarrhalis are vaccine candidates. The aims of this study were to determine: (1) the frequencies of occurrence and (2) the degrees of conservation of two surface-exposed epitopes of the uspA1 and uspA2 genes and their respective gene products in 108 nasopharyngeal isolates from young children. The uspA1 and uspA2 genes were detected in 107 (99%) and 108 (100%) isolates, respectively. Twenty-three of 108 uspA2 genes (21%) were identified as the variant gene uspA2H. One-hundred and five isolates (97%) expressed the mAb17C7-reactive epitope shared by UspA1 and UspA2, and 103 isolates (95%) reacted with the UspA1-specific mAb24B5. The only isolate which lacked a uspA1 gene demonstrated reduced adherence to HEp-2 cells and complement sensitivity. The data indicate that both uspA genes and the expression of at least two surface-exposed epitopes are virtually ubiquitous in isolates from a population at risk for otitis media. A vaccine capable of inducing a bactericidal immune response against the mAb17C7- and/or mAb24B5-reactive epitopes appears promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Stutzmann Meier
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Friedbuehlstrasse 51, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland
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44
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Schoepe H, Pache C, Neubauer A, Potschka H, Schlapp T, Wieler LH, Baljer G. Naturally occurring Clostridium perfringens nontoxic alpha-toxin variant as a potential vaccine candidate against alpha-toxin-associated diseases. Infect Immun 2001; 69:7194-6. [PMID: 11598102 PMCID: PMC100128 DOI: 10.1128/iai.69.11.7194-7196.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens mutant strain 121A/91 shows neither enzymatic (phospholipase C) nor hemolytic activity. Nevertheless, the cpa gene and the corresponding alpha-toxin variant are detectable. Vaccination with this genetically constructed alpha-toxin variant, rAT121/91, induces antibodies capable of significantly reducing activities induced by wild-type toxin. Thus, rAT121/91 could be a useful vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Schoepe
- Institut für Hygiene und Infektionskrankheiten der Tiere, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, D-35392 Giessen, Germany.
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45
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Hertle R, Mrsny R, Fitzgerald DJ. Dual-function vaccine for Pseudomonas aeruginosa: characterization of chimeric exotoxin A-pilin protein. Infect Immun 2001; 69:6962-9. [PMID: 11598071 PMCID: PMC100076 DOI: 10.1128/iai.69.11.6962-6969.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2001] [Accepted: 08/07/2001] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the major infectious agent of concern for cystic fibrosis patients. Strategies to prevent colonization by this bacterium and/or neutralize its virulence factors are clearly needed. Here we characterize a dual-function vaccine designed to generate antibodies to reduce bacterial adherence and to neutralize the cytotoxic activity of exotoxin A. To construct the vaccine, key sequences from type IV pilin were inserted into a vector encoding a nontoxic (active-site deletion) version of exotoxin A. The chimeric protein, termed PE64Delta553pil, was expressed in Escherichia coli, refolded to a near-native conformation, and then characterized by various biochemical and immunological assays. PE64Delta553pil bound specifically to asialo-GM1, and, when injected into rabbits, produced antibodies that reduced bacterial adherence and neutralized the cell-killing activity of exotoxin A. Results support further evaluation of this chimeric protein as a vaccine to prevent Pseudomonas colonization in susceptible individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Hertle
- Biotherapy Section, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CCR, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4255, USA
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46
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Branger C, Sonrier C, Chatrenet B, Klonjkowski B, Ruvoen-Clouet N, Aubert A, André-Fontaine G, Eloit M. Identification of the hemolysis-associated protein 1 as a cross-protective immunogen of Leptospira interrogans by adenovirus-mediated vaccination. Infect Immun 2001; 69:6831-8. [PMID: 11598056 PMCID: PMC100061 DOI: 10.1128/iai.69.11.6831-6838.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
New vaccine strategies are needed for the prevention of leptospirosis, a widespread human and animal disease caused by pathogenic leptospires. Our previous work determined that a protein leptospiral extract conferred cross-protection in a gerbil model of leptospirosis. The 31- to 34-kDa protein fraction of Leptospira interrogans serovar autumnalis was shown sufficient for this purpose. In the present study, N-terminal sequencing of a 32-kDa fraction and Southern blotting of genomic DNA with corresponding degenerated oligonucleotide probes identified two of its constituents: hemolysis-associated protein 1 (Hap1) and the outer membrane Leptospira protein 1 (OmpL1). Adenovirus-mediated Hap1 vaccination induces significant protection against a virulent heterologous Leptospira challenge in gerbils, whereas a similar OmpL1 construct failed to protect the animals. These data indicate that Hap1 could be a good candidate for developing a new generation of vaccines able to induce broad protection against leptospirosis disease.
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MESH Headings
- Adenoviridae
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Bacterial/immunology
- Antigens, Bacterial/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Bacterial/genetics
- Antigens, Bacterial/immunology
- Antigens, Bacterial/isolation & purification
- Bacterial Proteins/biosynthesis
- Bacterial Proteins/genetics
- Bacterial Proteins/immunology
- Bacterial Proteins/isolation & purification
- Bacterial Vaccines/biosynthesis
- Bacterial Vaccines/genetics
- Bacterial Vaccines/immunology
- Bacterial Vaccines/isolation & purification
- Base Sequence
- Chemical Fractionation
- Cross Reactions
- DNA, Bacterial
- Genetic Vectors
- Gerbillinae
- Hemolysin Proteins
- Hemolysis
- Leptospira interrogans/immunology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/biosynthesis
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/isolation & purification
- Vaccination
- Vaccines, Synthetic/biosynthesis
- Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/isolation & purification
- Weil Disease/prevention & control
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Affiliation(s)
- C Branger
- Unité de Bactériologie Médicale et Moléculaire des Leptospires, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Nantes, 44307 Nantes Cedex 03, France
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47
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Abstract
Immunopathology that is caused by re-infection with Chlamydia trachomatis is very common in humans despite regular responses to multiple, often conserved, antibody and T cell epitopes. Recurrent mutations that disrupt T cell epitopes in the major outer membrane protein in clinical isolates and the reduced transcription of HLA genes by infected cells may be evidence for pathogen evasion of protective immune responses. Subunit vaccines containing recently discovered clusters of T cell epitopes in the major outer membrane protein that are presented with diverse HLA allotypes may allow widespread protective immunization while avoiding the suppression of lasting immunity that occurs by unknown mechanisms associated with infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 299 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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48
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Abstract
Autovaccines are therapeutic vaccines manufactured from a disease causing micro-organism for individual treatment of patients, animals, or sometimes herds to treat chronic or recurrent infections. Despite the common use of autovaccines in veterinary medicine, their mechanism of action, i.e. the immunologic effector mechanism activated after administration, has never been investigated. Here we present data concerning the use of autovaccines to treat metritis infection in a group of dairy cows. Following autovaccination we observed a significant decrease in CD4+ cells paralleled by an increase in T-cells expressing the gammadelta-T-cell receptor (gammadelta-TCR) in the peripheral blood of the treated animals. Lymphocyte proliferation assays showed an initial increase in antigen-specific responsiveness followed by a decrease in this responsiveness during autovaccination treatment. We therefore conclude that administration of an autovaccine leads to the activation of immunologic effector mechanisms which contribute to recovery of the diseased animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Nolte
- Hygiene Institut, Abt. Hygiene & Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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49
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Abstract
This paper summarizes major technologies, with emphasis on applications to preventive vaccines for infectious diseases. A limited number of examples of each technology are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Ellis
- BioChem Pharma, Inc., Northborough, MA 01532, USA.
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50
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Abstract
This review discusses recent progress in the development of a vaccine against Helicobacter pylori. This progress includes demonstration that: effective immunisation is independent of antibodies but dependent upon CD4+ T helper cells, although their role remains unknown; the immunisation regime can be improved to increase efficacy; successful immunisation against H. pylori is possible using a live vector; a strain of H. pylori suitable for experimental infection of humans has been developed. Important issues that remain to be addressed include incomplete protection, non-availability of suitable mucosal adjuvants and post-immunisation gastritis. Significantly, commercial development of products for clinical trial is underway.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sutton
- School of Microbiology and Immunology, University of New South Wales, NSW 2052, Sydney, Australia
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