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Lee SH, Chong ST, Kim HC, Klein TA, Park K, Lee J, Kim JA, Kim WK, Song JW. Surveillance and Molecular Identification of Borrelia Species in Ticks Collected at U.S. Army Garrison Humphreys, Republic of Korea, 2018-2019. J Med Entomol 2022; 59:363-371. [PMID: 34642760 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjab170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Tick-borne pathogens are contributing factors for the increased incidence of vector-borne diseases throughout the world, including Lyme borreliosis, one of the most prevalent spirochetes belonging to the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato group. The present study focused on the detection of Borrelia species from hard ticks collected at U.S. Army Garrison Humphreys, Republic of Korea (ROK), using molecular and genotypic analyses. Tick-borne disease surveillance was conducted from January to December, 2018-2019. A total of 24,281 ticks (2 genera and 5 species) were collected from road-killed Korean Water deer (KWD) and by tick drag. Haemaphysalis longicornis (92.0%) was the most commonly collected species, followed by Haemaphysalis flava (4.9%), Ixodes nipponensis (3.1%), Haemaphysalis phasiana (0.07%), and Haemaphysalis japonica (<0.01%). The ospA gene sequences of Borrelia afzelii were detected in 12/529 pools of I. nipponensis. Three and one pools were positive for B. afzelii and Borrelia miyamotoi, respectively, using the 16s rRNA gene. None of the pools of Haemaphysalis ticks collected from KWD or by tick drag were positive for Borrelia species. I. nipponensis was collected throughout the year from KWD and from February to November by tick drag, suggesting that they were active throughout the year, and expanding the risk period for acquiring Lyme borreliosis and Borrelia relapsing fever in the ROK. This study assessed disease risk factors associated with the prevalence of Lyme disease in ticks collected from KWD and by tick drag using molecular analysis. These results provide an understanding and awareness into the prevalence and molecular characteristics of Borrelia species in the ROK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Ho Lee
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Tae Chong
- Force Health Protection and Preventive Medicine, Medical Department Activity-Korea/65th Medical Brigade, Unit 15281 (Pyeongtaek, Republic of Korea), APO, AP, USA
| | - Heung-Chul Kim
- Force Health Protection and Preventive Medicine, Medical Department Activity-Korea/65th Medical Brigade, Unit 15281 (Pyeongtaek, Republic of Korea), APO, AP, USA
| | - Terry A Klein
- Force Health Protection and Preventive Medicine, Medical Department Activity-Korea/65th Medical Brigade, Unit 15281 (Pyeongtaek, Republic of Korea), APO, AP, USA
| | - Kyungmin Park
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- BK21 Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jingyeong Lee
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Ah Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Division of High-risk Pathogens, Bureau of Infectious Diseases Diagnosis Control, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Keun Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Won Song
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- BK21 Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Stupica D, Bajrović FF, Blagus R, Cerar Kišek T, Collinet-Adler S, Ružić-Sabljić E, Velušček M. Association between statin use and clinical course, microbiologic characteristics, and long-term outcome of early Lyme borreliosis. A post hoc analysis of prospective clinical trials of adult patients with erythema migrans. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0261194. [PMID: 34914751 PMCID: PMC8675750 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Statins were shown to inhibit borrelial growth in vitro and promote clearance of spirochetes in a murine model of Lyme borreliosis (LB). We investigated the impact of statin use in patients with early LB. Methods In this post-hoc analysis, the association between statin use and clinical and microbiologic characteristics was investigated in 1520 adult patients with early LB manifesting as erythema migrans (EM), enrolled prospectively in several clinical trials between June 2006 and October 2019 at a single-center university hospital. Patients were assessed at enrollment and followed for 12 months. Results Statin users were older than patients not using statins, but statin use was not associated with Borrelia seropositivity rate, Borrelia skin culture positivity rate, or disease severity as assessed by erythema size or the presence of LB-associated symptoms. The time to resolution of EM was comparable in both groups. The odds for incomplete recovery decreased with time from enrollment, were higher in women, in patients with multiple EM, and in those reporting LB-associated symptoms at enrollment, but were unaffected by statin use. Conclusion Statin use was not associated with clinical and microbiologic characteristics or long-term outcome in early LB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daša Stupica
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- * E-mail:
| | - Fajko F. Bajrović
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Rok Blagus
- Institute for Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Sports, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tjaša Cerar Kišek
- Institute for Microbiology and Immunology Ljubljana, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Stefan Collinet-Adler
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Park Nicollet/Health Partners, Methodist Hospital, Saint Louis Park, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Eva Ružić-Sabljić
- Institute for Microbiology and Immunology Ljubljana, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maša Velušček
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Corre C, Coiffier G, Le Goff B, Ferreyra M, Guennic X, Patrat-Delon S, Degeilh B, Albert JD, Tattevin P. Lyme arthritis in Western Europe: a multicentre retrospective study. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 41:21-27. [PMID: 34417687 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-021-04334-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
To characterize Lyme arthritis, with a focus on management, and outcome. Observational retrospective multicentre study in Western France, of all consecutive cases of Lyme arthritis, documented by Borrelia burgdorferi IgG on ELISA serological testing, confirmed by Western blot, with or without positive Borrelia PCR in synovial fluid, with no alternative diagnosis. We enrolled 52 patients (29 males), with a mean age of 43 ± 19.4 years. Most patients had monoarthritis (n = 43, 82.7%), involving the knee (n = 51, 98.1%), with a median delay between symptoms onset and Lyme arthritis diagnosis of 5 months (interquartile range, 1.5-8). Synovial fluid analysis yielded median white cell count of 16,000/mm3 (9230-40,500), and positive PCR in 16 cases (39%), for B. burgdorferi sensu stricto (n = 5), B. garinii (n = 5), B. afzelii (n = 3), and undetermined (n = 3). All patients received antibiotics, for a median duration of 28 days (21-30), with doxycycline (n = 44, 84.6%), ceftriaxone (n = 6, 11.5%), or amoxicillin (n = 2). Twelve patients (23.1%) also received intra-articular injection of glucocorticoids as first-line treatment. Of 47 patients with follow-up, 35 (74.5%) had complete resolution of Lyme arthritis. Lyme arthritis in Western Europe may be due to B. burgdorferi ss, B. afzelii, or B. garinii. Clinical presentation is similar to Lyme arthritis in North America (i.e. chronic knee monoarthritis), with low sensitivity of synovial fluid PCR (39%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémence Corre
- Rheumatology Department, Bretagne-Atlantique Hospital Center, Hôpital CHUBERT, Vannes, France
| | - Guillaume Coiffier
- Reference Centre for Tick-Borne Diseases in Western France, Rennes, France
- Rheumatology Department, University Hospital, Rennes, France
- Rheumatology Department, GHT Rance-Emeraude, René Pléven Hospital, Dinan, France
| | - Benoit Le Goff
- Rheumatology Department, University Hospital, Nantes, France
| | - Marine Ferreyra
- Rheumatology Department, Bretagne-Atlantique Hospital Center, Hôpital CHUBERT, Vannes, France
| | - Xavier Guennic
- Rheumatology Department, Yves Le Foll Hospital, Saint-Brieuc, France
| | - Solène Patrat-Delon
- Reference Centre for Tick-Borne Diseases in Western France, Rennes, France
- Infectious Diseases Department, University Hospital, Rennes, France
| | - Brigitte Degeilh
- Reference Centre for Tick-Borne Diseases in Western France, Rennes, France
- Rheumatology Department, Yves Le Foll Hospital, Saint-Brieuc, France
| | - Jean-David Albert
- Reference Centre for Tick-Borne Diseases in Western France, Rennes, France
- Rheumatology Department, University Hospital, Rennes, France
| | - Pierre Tattevin
- Reference Centre for Tick-Borne Diseases in Western France, Rennes, France.
- Rheumatology Department, Yves Le Foll Hospital, Saint-Brieuc, France.
- Parasitology and Applied Zoology Laboratory, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes, France.
- Infectious Diseases and Intensive Care Unit, Pontchaillou University Hospital, 2, rue Henri Le Guilloux, 35033 Cedex 9, Rennes, France.
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Žákovská A, Schánilec P, Treml F, Dušková M, Agudelo RCF. Seroprevalence of Antibodies against Borrelia burgdorferi s. l. and Leptospira interrogans s. l. in Cats in district of Brno and its environs, the Czech Republic. Ann Agric Environ Med 2020; 27:356-360. [PMID: 32955214 DOI: 10.26444/aaem/122804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study is to evaluate the seroprevalence of antibodies of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (Bbsl) and Leptospira interrogans sensu lato (Lisl) and their possible concurrence in domestic cats living in variable conditions in South Moravia in the district of Brno and its environs. Additional objectives were to discover possible differences in seroprevalence between groups of cats living in different living conditions, and to determine the spectrum of Leptospira serogroups in cats in the same places. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 360 blood sera from domestic cats of 3 different sets were collected during the period 2013-2015. All samples were examined using ELISA for the detection of IgM and IgG antibodies against Bbsl, and the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) for the detection of antibodies against 8 serogroups of Lisl. RESULTS The ELISA method determined 15.8%, 4.8% and 10.3% IgM anti-Borrelia antibodies in the patient group, shelter cats and street cats, respectively. IgG anti-Borrelia antibodies were found in 6.2%, 9.5%, 5.2%, respectively. Antibodies specific for 5 Leptospira serogroups were detected by the use of MAT in 8.8%, 9.5% and 10.3% of cats from the investigated groups. The total positivity of all examined cats for anti-Borrelia antibodies was 18.0% and for anti-Leptospira - 9.2%. CONCLUSIONS Cats can be infected with both Bbsl and Lisl. The obtained results are exclusive to the city of Brno and its environs, and are comparable to the limited previous studies. There is a need for further studies of clinical signs of both infections and the possible transmission of Leptospira by ticks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Žákovská
- Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Schánilec
- University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - František Treml
- University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Monika Dušková
- Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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MacDonald AJ, Weinstein SB, O’Connor KE, Swei A. Circulation of Tick-Borne Spirochetes in Tick and Small Mammal Communities in Santa Barbara County, California, USA. J Med Entomol 2020; 57:1293-1300. [PMID: 31943036 PMCID: PMC7457333 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjz253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A diversity of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (Johnson, Schmid, Hyde, Steigerwalt & Brenner) (Spirochaetales: Spirochaetaceae) genomospecies, including the Lyme disease agent, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto (s.s.), have been identified in the western United States. However, enzootic transmission of B. burgdorferi s.l. in small mammals and ticks is poorly characterized throughout much of the region. Here we report prevalence of B. burgdorferi s.l. in small mammal and tick communities in the understudied region of southern California. We found B. burgdorferi s.l. in 1.5% of Ixodes species ticks and 3.6% of small mammals. Infection was uncommon (~0.3%) in Ixodes pacificus Cooley and Kohls (Acari: Ixodidae), the primary vector of the Lyme disease agent to humans in western North America, but a diversity of spirochetes-including Borrelia bissettiae, Borrelia californiensis, Borrelia americana, and B. burgdorferi s.s.-were identified circulating in Ixodes species ticks and their small mammal hosts. Infection with B. burgdorferi s.l. is more common in coastal habitats, where a greater diversity of Ixodes species ticks are found feeding on small mammal hosts (four species when compared with only I. pacificus in other sampled habitats). This provides some preliminary evidence that in southern California, wetter coastal areas might be more favorable for enzootic transmission than hotter and drier climates. Infection patterns confirm that human transmission risk of B. burgdorferi s.s. is low in this region. However, given evidence for local maintenance of B. burgdorferi s.l., more studies of enzootic transmission may be warranted, particularly in understudied regions where the tick vector of B. burgdorferi s.s. occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara B Weinstein
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Kerry E O’Connor
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA
| | - Andrea Swei
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA
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Lee S, Lee H, Park JW, Yoon SS, Seo HJ, Noh J, Yoo MS, Kim KH, Park Y, Cho YS, So BJ. Prevalence of antibodies against Anaplasma spp., Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, Babesia gibsoni, and Ehrlichia spp. in dogs in the Republic of Korea. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2020; 11:101412. [PMID: 32173299 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2020.101412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
There is a lack of comprehensive studies on the seroprevalence of tick-borne pathogens in the Republic of Korea. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the seroprevalences of Anaplasma spp. (A. phagocytophilum/A. platys), Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, Babesia gibsoni, Ehrlichia spp. (E. canis/E. ewingii), and Ehrlichia chaffeensis in dogs across the Republic of Korea in 2017 and 2018. A total of 2215 serum samples collected from 938 companion dogs, 969 shelter dogs, and 308 military working dogs were examined using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and indirect fluorescence immunoassay (IFA) kits. Data collected for each animal, including breed, sex, age, region, season, and dog type, were used for statistical analysis. The overall seroprevalence was highest for Anaplasma spp. (15.1 %), followed by Ehrlichia spp. (10.3 %), B. burgdorferi sensu lato (6.4 %), E. chaffeensis (2.3 %), and B. gibsoni (1.7 %). One hundred and sixty-one dogs had antibodies against two or three different pathogens. The most common combinations were Anaplasma spp. - Ehrlichia spp. (2.1 %), Anaplasma spp. - E. chaffeensis (1.4 %), and Anaplasma spp. - B. burgdorferi sensu lato (1.2 %). Season was significantly associated with the seroprevalences of B. burgdorferi sensu lato and Ehrlichia spp., with dogs presenting the highest percentage of positive results during summer. Anaplasma spp. and B. gibsoni were significantly more prevalent in the northern and southern regions, respectively. The seroprevalences of Anaplasma spp., B. burgdorferi sensu lato, and Ehrlichia spp. were significantly higher in military working dogs, while the seroprevalence of E. chaffeensis was higher in companion dogs. The current findings are important for future surveillance of canine tick-borne pathogens and designing appropriate approaches for the diagnosis and control of these pathogens in the Republic of Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunghee Lee
- Pathologic Diagnostic Laboratory, Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyunkyoung Lee
- Pathologic Diagnostic Laboratory, Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jung-Won Park
- Pathologic Diagnostic Laboratory, Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea.
| | - Soon-Seek Yoon
- Pathologic Diagnostic Laboratory, Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyun-Ji Seo
- Parasitic and Insect Disease Laboratory, Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jinhyeong Noh
- Parasitic and Insect Disease Laboratory, Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea.
| | - Mi-Sun Yoo
- Parasitic and Insect Disease Laboratory, Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea.
| | - Keun-Ho Kim
- Parasitic and Insect Disease Laboratory, Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yeojin Park
- Parasitic and Insect Disease Laboratory, Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yun Sang Cho
- Parasitic and Insect Disease Laboratory, Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea.
| | - Byung Jae So
- Pathologic Diagnostic Laboratory, Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea.
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Carvalho LA, Maya L, Armua-Fernandez MT, Félix ML, Bazzano V, Barbieri AM, González EM, Lado P, Colina R, Díaz P, Labruna MB, Nava S, Venzal JM. Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato infecting Ixodes auritulus ticks in Uruguay. Exp Appl Acarol 2020; 80:109-125. [PMID: 31807933 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-019-00435-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the southern cone of South America different haplotypes of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (Bbsl) have been detected in Ixodes spp. from Argentina, southern Brazil, Chile, and Uruguay. So far, Lyme borreliosis has not been diagnosed in Uruguay and the medical relevance of the genus Ixodes in South America is uncertain. However, the growing number of new genospecies of Bbsl in the southern cone region and the scarce information about its pathogenicity, reservoirs and vectors, highlights the importance of further studies about spirochetes present in Uruguay and the region. The aim of this study was to determine the presence of Bbsl in Ixodes auritulus ticks collected from birds and vegetation in two localities of southeastern Uruguay. In total 306 I. auritulus were collected from 392 passerine birds sampled and 1110 ticks were collected by flagging in vegetation. Nymphs and females were analyzed for Borrelia spp. by PCR targeting the flagellin (fla) gene and the rrfA-rrlB intergenic spacer region (IGS). The phylogenetic analysis of Borrelia spp. positive samples from passerine birds and vegetation revealed the presence of four fla haplotypes that form a clade within the Bbsl complex. They were closely related to isolates of Borrelia sp. detected in I. auritulus from Argentina and Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A Carvalho
- Laboratorio de Vectores y Enfermedades Transmitidas, Facultad de Veterinaria, CENUR Litoral Norte - Salto, Universidad de la República, Rivera 1350, CP 50000, Salto, Uruguay.
| | - Leticia Maya
- Laboratorio de Virología, CENUR Litoral Norte - Salto, Universidad de la República, Rivera 1350, CP 50000, Salto, Uruguay
| | - María T Armua-Fernandez
- Laboratorio de Vectores y Enfermedades Transmitidas, Facultad de Veterinaria, CENUR Litoral Norte - Salto, Universidad de la República, Rivera 1350, CP 50000, Salto, Uruguay
| | - María L Félix
- Laboratorio de Vectores y Enfermedades Transmitidas, Facultad de Veterinaria, CENUR Litoral Norte - Salto, Universidad de la República, Rivera 1350, CP 50000, Salto, Uruguay
| | - Valentin Bazzano
- Laboratorio de Vectores y Enfermedades Transmitidas, Facultad de Veterinaria, CENUR Litoral Norte - Salto, Universidad de la República, Rivera 1350, CP 50000, Salto, Uruguay
| | - Amalia M Barbieri
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Orlando M. de Paiva 87, São Paulo, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Enrique M González
- Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Casilla de Correos 399, 11.000, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Paula Lado
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43212, USA
| | - Rodney Colina
- Laboratorio de Virología, CENUR Litoral Norte - Salto, Universidad de la República, Rivera 1350, CP 50000, Salto, Uruguay
| | - Pablo Díaz
- Departamento de Patología Animal (Grupo INVESAGA), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Marcelo B Labruna
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Orlando M. de Paiva 87, São Paulo, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Santiago Nava
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CC 22, CP 2300, Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - José M Venzal
- Laboratorio de Vectores y Enfermedades Transmitidas, Facultad de Veterinaria, CENUR Litoral Norte - Salto, Universidad de la República, Rivera 1350, CP 50000, Salto, Uruguay
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Ćakić S, Veinović G, Cerar T, Mihaljica D, Sukara R, Ružić-Sabljić E, Tomanović S. Diversity of Lyme borreliosis spirochetes isolated from ticks in Serbia. Med Vet Entomol 2019; 33:512-520. [PMID: 31173386 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Spirochetes from the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.). (Spirochaetales: Spirochaetaceae) species complex, including the causative agents of Lyme borreliosis, have been isolated from ticks, vertebrate reservoirs and humans. Previous analyses based on direct molecular detection in ticks indicated a considerable diversity of B. burgdorferi s.l. complex in Serbia. The present study aimed (a) to isolate borrelia strains from Serbia; (b) to determine their genotypic characteristics; and (c) to establish a collection of viable B. burgdorferi s.l. strains for further biological, ecological and genetic studies. For the present study, 231 adult Ixodes ricinus (Ixodida: Ixodidae) ticks from 16 ecologically different localities in Serbia were individually processed to cultivate B. burgdorferi s.l. This led to the isolation of 36 strains. A hbb gene quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based on melting temperature determination and ospA gene sequencing were used to genotype the isolated spirochetes. The species identified based on the hbb gene real-time PCR were: Borrelia lusitaniae (44.4%), Borrelia afzelii (36.1%), Borrelia garinii (13.9%) and Borrelia valaisiana (5.6%), whereas the ospA sequence analysis revealed the occurrence of Borrelia bavariensis. This is the first report of the isolation of B. lusitaniae, B. garinii, B. bavariensis and B. valaisiana strains in Serbia.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ćakić
- Group for Medical Entomology, Centre of Excellence for Food and Vector Borne Zoonoses, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - G Veinović
- Group for Medical Entomology, Centre of Excellence for Food and Vector Borne Zoonoses, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - T Cerar
- Laboratory for Diagnostics of Borreliosis and Leptospirosis, Institute for Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - D Mihaljica
- Group for Medical Entomology, Centre of Excellence for Food and Vector Borne Zoonoses, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - R Sukara
- Group for Medical Entomology, Centre of Excellence for Food and Vector Borne Zoonoses, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - E Ružić-Sabljić
- Laboratory for Diagnostics of Borreliosis and Leptospirosis, Institute for Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - S Tomanović
- Group for Medical Entomology, Centre of Excellence for Food and Vector Borne Zoonoses, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Best SJ, Tschaepe MI, Wilson KM. Investigation of the performance of serological assays used for Lyme disease testing in Australia. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214402. [PMID: 31034492 PMCID: PMC6488061 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Spirochaetes of the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex, which includes those that cause Lyme disease, have not been identified in Australia. Nevertheless, Australian patients exist, some of whom have not left the country, who have symptoms consistent with so-called “chronic Lyme disease”. Blood specimens from these individuals may be tested in Australian laboratories and in specialist laboratories outside Australia and sometimes conflicting results are obtained. Such discrepancies cause the patients to question the results from the Australian laboratories and seek assistance from the Australian Government in clarifying why the discrepancies occur. The aim of this study was to determine the level of agreement in results between commonly used B. burgdorferi serology assays in specimens of known status, and between results reported by different laboratories when they use the same serology assay. Five immunoassays and five immunoblots used in Australia and elsewhere were examined for the detection of IgG antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato. Predominantly, archived specimens previously tested for Lyme disease were used for the study and included 639 contributed by seven clinical laboratories located either in Australia or in areas endemic for Lyme disease. Also included were 308 prospectively collected Australian blood donor specimens. All clinical specimens were tested in all 10 assays whereas blood donor specimens were tested in all immunoassays and a subset was tested on immunoblots. With the exception of one immunoblot, the results between the assays agreed with each other in a known positive specimen population ≥ 77% of the time and in a known negative population, 88% of the time or greater. The test results obtained during the study were different from the participating laboratory’s less than 2% of the time when the same assay was used. These findings suggest that discordance in results between laboratories is more likely due to variation in algorithms or in the use of assays with different sensitivities or specificities rather than conflicting results being reported from the same assay in different laboratories. In the known negative population, specificities of the immunoassays ranged between 87.7% and 99.7%. In Australia’s low prevalence population, this would translate to a positive predictive value of < 4%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan J. Best
- National Serology Reference Laboratory, Division of St Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Marlene I. Tschaepe
- National Serology Reference Laboratory, Division of St Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kim M. Wilson
- National Serology Reference Laboratory, Division of St Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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10
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Lambert JS, Cook MJ, Healy JE, Murtagh R, Avramovic G, Lee SH. Metagenomic 16S rRNA gene sequencing survey of Borrelia species in Irish samples of Ixodes ricinus ticks. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0209881. [PMID: 30986208 PMCID: PMC6464168 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The spirochetal bacterium Borrelia miyamotoi is a human pathogen and has been identified in many countries throughout the world. This study reports for the first time the presence of Borrelia miyamotoi in Ireland, and confirms prior work with the detection of B. garinii and B. valaisiana infected ticks. Questing Ixodes ricinus nymph samples were taken at six localities within Ireland. DNA extraction followed by Sanger sequencing was used to identify the species and strains present in each tick. The overall rate of borrelial infection in the Irish tick population was 5%, with a range from 2% to 12% depending on the locations of tick collection. The most prevalent species detected was B. garinii (70%) followed by B. valaisiana (20%) and B. miyamotoi (10%). Knowledge of Borrelia species prevalence is important and will guide appropriate selection of antigens for serology test kit manufacture, help define the risk of infection, and allow medical authorities to formulate appropriate strategies and guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of Borrelia diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S. Lambert
- University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | | | - Gordana Avramovic
- University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sin Hang Lee
- Milford Molecular Diagnostics, Connecticut, United States of America
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11
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Mendoza-Roldan JA, Colella V, Lia RP, Nguyen VL, Barros-Battesti DM, Iatta R, Dantas-Torres F, Otranto D. Borrelia burgdorferi (sensu lato) in ectoparasites and reptiles in southern Italy. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:35. [PMID: 30646928 PMCID: PMC6332633 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3286-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Borrelia burgdorferi (sensu lato) is a complex containing pathogenic bacteria of which some species, such as Borrelia lusitaniae, use birds, small mammals and reptiles as reservoirs. In Italy, the bacteria have been detected in reptilian and avian reservoirs in the northern and central regions. RESULTS Here, 211 reptiles from three orders [Squamata (Sauria with seven species in five families and Ophidia with 11 species in three families), Crocodylia (one family and two species), and Testudines (two families and two species)] were examined for ectoparasites and molecular detection of B. burgdorferi (s.l.) in three different sites of southern Italy, an area for which no information was previously available on the occurrence of borreliosis in animals and humans. Borrelia lusitaniae was molecularly detected in larvae and nymphs (11.6%) of Ixodes ricinus infesting lizards (i.e. Podarcis muralis, Podarcis siculus and Lacerta bilineata) and in 12.3% blood samples of P. siculus. Finally, B. lusitaniae and Borrelia garinii were detected in 5.1% (32/630) of questing I. ricinus. CONCLUSIONS These results show the circulation of B. lusitaniae in southern Italy and suggest that P. siculus could play a role as a reservoir, representing a potential medical threat to humans living in or visiting these localities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jairo Alfonso Mendoza-Roldan
- Deparment of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, 70010 Valenzano (BA), Italy
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-270 Brazil
- Butantan Institute, São Paulo, 05503-900 Brazil
| | - Vito Colella
- Deparment of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, 70010 Valenzano (BA), Italy
| | - Riccardo Paolo Lia
- Deparment of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, 70010 Valenzano (BA), Italy
| | - Viet Linh Nguyen
- Deparment of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, 70010 Valenzano (BA), Italy
| | - Darci Moraes Barros-Battesti
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-270 Brazil
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, 14884-900 Brazil
| | - Roberta Iatta
- Deparment of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, 70010 Valenzano (BA), Italy
| | - Filipe Dantas-Torres
- Deparment of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, 70010 Valenzano (BA), Italy
- Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Recife, Pernambuco 50670-420 Brazil
| | - Domenico Otranto
- Deparment of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, 70010 Valenzano (BA), Italy
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12
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Flores FS, Muñoz-Leal S, Diaz A, Labruna MB. Wild birds as host of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in northwestern Argentina. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2018; 9:1586-1589. [PMID: 30104124 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s. l.) spirochetes are associated with a wide range of vectors and hosts. Birds are important hosts in the ecology of some hard ticks (Ixodidae) in northwestern Argentina, where B. burgdorferi s.l. have been detected in Ixodes pararicinus. We evaluated Borrelia infection in ticks collected from wild birds by molecular analysis through the presence of Borrelia DNA (by nested-PCR targeting the fla gene). A total of 381 ticks (357 larvae and 24 nymphs) belonging to four species (I. pararicinus, Haemaphysalis juxtakochi, Haemaphysalis leporispalustris and Amblyomma sp.) were collected. Partial sequences of the fla gene of Borrelia (100% identical to Borrelia sp. haplotype I from Argentina) were detected in 9 of 70 tick pools (6 pools of larvae and 1 pool of nymphs of I. pararicinus, and in 2 pools of H. juxtakochi larvae) collected on Turdus rufiventris, Syndactila rufosuperciliata and Troglodytes aedon. The results of this study suggest that resident birds have reservoir capacity for Borrelia sp. haplotype I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando S Flores
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", CONICET, Facultad Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enfermera Gordillo Gomez s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Sebastián Muñoz-Leal
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-270, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Adrián Diaz
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", CONICET, Facultad Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enfermera Gordillo Gomez s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba, Argentina; Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas, CONICET- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Marcelo B Labruna
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-270, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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13
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Bremell D, Jacobsson G. [Not Available]. Lakartidningen 2018; 115:E46E. [PMID: 29634074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bremell
- Sahlgrenska universitetssjukhuset - Infektion Göteborg, Sweden Sahlgrenska universitetssjukhuset - Infektion Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Jacobsson
- Infektionskliniken - Skövde, Sweden Infektionskliniken - Skövde, Sweden
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14
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Margos G, Notter I, Fingerle V. Species Identification and Phylogenetic Analysis of Borrelia burgdorferi Sensu Lato Using Molecular Biological Methods. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1690:13-33. [PMID: 29032533 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7383-5_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial species identification is required in different disciplines and-depending on the purpose-levels of specificity or resolution of typing may vary. Nowadays, molecular methods are the mainstay for bacterial identification and sequence-based analyses are of ever-growing importance. For diagnostics, immediate results are needed and often real-time PCR of one or two loci is the method of choice while for epidemiological or evolutionary studies sequence data of several loci improve phylogenetic resolution to required levels. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and multilocus sequence analyses (MLSA) utilize sequences information of several housekeeping loci (eight for Borrelia) to distinguish between species. This method has been widely used for bacterial species and strain identification and will be described in this chapter.As more and more diversity is being detected in the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato species complex, the importance of accurate species and strain typing has come to the fore. This is particularly significant with a view of differentiating human pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains or species and understanding the epidemiology, ecology, population structure, and evolution of species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Margos
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, National Reference Center for Borrelia, Veterinärstr. 2, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany.
| | - Isabell Notter
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, National Reference Center for Borrelia, Veterinärstr. 2, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Volker Fingerle
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, National Reference Center for Borrelia, Veterinärstr. 2, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany
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15
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Díaz P, Arnal JL, Remesar S, Pérez-Creo A, Venzal JM, Vázquez-López ME, Prieto A, Fernández G, López CM, Panadero R, Benito A, Díez-Baños P, Morrondo P. Molecular identification of Borrelia spirochetes in questing Ixodes ricinus from northwestern Spain. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:615. [PMID: 29262835 PMCID: PMC5738910 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2574-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ixodes ricinus, the predominant tick species in Europe, can transmit the causative agents of important human diseases such as Lyme borreliosis (LB), caused by Borrelia spirochetes. In northern Spain, LB is considered endemic; recently, a significant increase of the annual incidence of LB was reported in the northwestern (NW) region. METHODS In order to provide information on the prevalence of Borrelia spp., pooled and individually free-living I. ricinus from NW Spain were molecularly analyzed. Positive samples were characterized at the fla and Glpq genes and the rrfA-rrlB intergenic spacer region to identify Borrelia species/genospecies. RESULTS Borrelia burgdorferi (sensu lato) (s.l.) individual prevalence and MIR were significantly higher in adult females (32.3 and 16%) than in nymphs (18.8 and 6.2%) and adult males (15.6 and 8.4%). Five Borrelia genospecies belonging to the B. burgdorferi (s.l.) group were identified: B. garinii was predominant, followed by B. valaisiana, B. lusitaniae, B. afzelii and B. burgdorferi (sensu stricto) (s.s.). One species belonging to the tick-borne relapsing fever group (B. miyamotoi) was also found, showing low individual prevalence (1%), positive pool (0.7%) and MIR (0.1%) values. To our knowledge, this is the first citation of B. miyamotoi in free-living ticks from Spain. CONCLUSIONS The significant prevalences of B. burgdorferi (s.l.) genospecies detected in questing ticks from NW Spain are similar to those detected in northern and central European countries and higher to those previously found in Spain. These results together with the high incidence of LB in humans and the high seroprevalence of B. burgdorferi (s.l.) in roe deer shown in other studies reveal that the northwest area is one of the most risky regions for acquiring LB in Spain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Díaz
- Departamento de Patología Animal (Grupo INVESAGA), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | | | - Susana Remesar
- Departamento de Patología Animal (Grupo INVESAGA), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Ana Pérez-Creo
- Departamento de Patología Animal (Grupo INVESAGA), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - José Manuel Venzal
- Laboratorio de Vectores y enfermedades transmitidas, Facultad de Veterinaria, CENUR Litoral Norte, Universidad de la República, Salto, Uruguay
| | | | - Alberto Prieto
- Departamento de Patología Animal (Grupo INVESAGA), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Fernández
- Departamento de Patología Animal (Grupo INVESAGA), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Ceferino Manuel López
- Departamento de Patología Animal (Grupo INVESAGA), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Rosario Panadero
- Departamento de Patología Animal (Grupo INVESAGA), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | | | - Pablo Díez-Baños
- Departamento de Patología Animal (Grupo INVESAGA), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Patrocinio Morrondo
- Departamento de Patología Animal (Grupo INVESAGA), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
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16
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Tomassone L, Ceballos LA, Ragagli C, Martello E, De Sousa R, Stella MC, Mannelli A. Importance of Common Wall Lizards in the Transmission Dynamics of Tick-Borne Pathogens in the Northern Apennine Mountains, Italy. Microb Ecol 2017; 74:961-968. [PMID: 28540487 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-017-0994-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
During the investigations on ticks and tick-borne pathogens (TBP) range expansion in the Northern Apennines, we captured 107 Podarcis muralis lizards. Sixty-eight animals were infested by immature Ixodes ricinus, Haemaphysalis sulcata and H. punctata. Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. was detected in 3.7% of I. ricinus larvae and 8.0% of nymphs. Together with the species-specific B. lusitaniae, we identified B. garinii, B. afzelii and B. valaisiana. Rickettsia spp. (18.1% larvae, 12.0% nymphs), namely R. monacensis, R. helvetica and R. hoogstraalii, were also found in I. ricinus. R. hoogstraalii was detected in H. sulcata nymphs as well, while the two H. punctata did not harbour any bacteria. One out of 16 lizard tail tissues was positive to R. helvetica. Our results support the hypothesis that lizards are involved in the epidemiological cycles of TBP. The heterogeneity of B. burgdorferi genospecies mirrors previous findings in questing ticks in the area, and their finding in attached I. ricinus larvae suggests that lizards may contribute to the maintenance of different genospecies. The rickettsiae are new findings in the study area, and R. helvetica infection in a tail tissue indicates a systemic infection. R. hoogstraalii is reported for the first time in I. ricinus ticks. Lizards seem to favour the bacterial exchange among different tick species, with possible public health consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Tomassone
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, Grugliasco Turin, Italy.
| | - L A Ceballos
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, Grugliasco Turin, Italy
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Turin, Italy
| | - C Ragagli
- UTCB Lucca- Comando Unità per la Tutela Forestale Ambientale e Agroalimentare Carabinieri, Lucca, Italy
| | - E Martello
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, Grugliasco Turin, Italy
| | - R De Sousa
- Centro de estudos de Vectores e Doenças Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Saude Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Águas de Moura, Portugal
| | - M C Stella
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, Grugliasco Turin, Italy
| | - A Mannelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, Grugliasco Turin, Italy
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17
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Johnson TL, Graham CB, Hojgaard A, Breuner NE, Maes SE, Boegler KA, Replogle AJ, Kingry LC, Petersen JM, Eisen L, Eisen RJ. Isolation of the Lyme Disease Spirochete Borrelia mayonii From Naturally Infected Rodents in Minnesota. J Med Entomol 2017; 54:1088-1092. [PMID: 28444198 PMCID: PMC5664935 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjx062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Borrelia mayonii is a newly described member of the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex that is vectored by the black-legged tick (Ixodes scapularis Say) and a cause of Lyme disease in Minnesota and Wisconsin. Vertebrate reservoir hosts involved in the enzootic maintenance of B. mayonii have not yet been identified. Here, we describe the first isolation of B. mayonii from naturally infected white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus Rafinesque) and an American red squirrel (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus Erxleben) from Minnesota, thus implicating these species as potential reservoir hosts for this newly described spirochete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tammi L. Johnson
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 3156 Rampart Rd., Fort Collins, CO 80521 (; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; )
- Corresponding author, e-mail:
| | - Christine B. Graham
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 3156 Rampart Rd., Fort Collins, CO 80521 (; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; )
| | - Andrias Hojgaard
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 3156 Rampart Rd., Fort Collins, CO 80521 (; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; )
| | - Nicole E. Breuner
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 3156 Rampart Rd., Fort Collins, CO 80521 (; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; )
| | - Sarah E. Maes
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 3156 Rampart Rd., Fort Collins, CO 80521 (; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; )
| | - Karen A. Boegler
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 3156 Rampart Rd., Fort Collins, CO 80521 (; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; )
| | - Adam J. Replogle
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 3156 Rampart Rd., Fort Collins, CO 80521 (; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; )
| | - Luke C. Kingry
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 3156 Rampart Rd., Fort Collins, CO 80521 (; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; )
| | - Jeannine M. Petersen
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 3156 Rampart Rd., Fort Collins, CO 80521 (; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; )
| | - Lars Eisen
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 3156 Rampart Rd., Fort Collins, CO 80521 (; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; )
| | - Rebecca J. Eisen
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 3156 Rampart Rd., Fort Collins, CO 80521 (; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; )
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18
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Quarsten H, Grankvist A, Høyvoll L, Myre IB, Skarpaas T, Kjelland V, Wenneras C, Noraas S. Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis and Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato detected in the blood of Norwegian patients with erythema migrans. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2017; 8:715-720. [PMID: 28539197 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The most common tick-borne human disease in Norway is Lyme borreliosis. Ticks in Norway also harbour less known disease-causing agents such as Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis, Borrelia miyamotoi and Rickettsia helvetica. However, human infections caused by these pathogens have never been described in Norway. The main aims of the study were to evaluate the contribution of several tick-borne bacterial agents, other than Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, to zoonotic diseases in Norway and to determine their clinical pictures. Blood samples from 70 symptomatic tick-bitten adults from the Agder counties in southern Norway were screened for seven tick-borne pathogens by using a commercial multiplex PCR-based method and by singleplex real-time PCR protocols. Most patients (65/70) presented with a rash clinically diagnosed as erythema migrans (EM). The most frequently detected pathogen DNA was from Ca. N. mikurensis and was found in the blood of 10% (7/70) of the patients. The Ca. N. mikurensis-infected patients presented with an EM-like rash as the only symptom. B. burgdorferi s.l. DNA was present in the blood of 4% (3/70) of the study participants. None had detectable Anaplasma phagocytophilum, B. miyamotoi, Rickettsia typhus group or spotted fever group, Francisella tularensis, Coxiella burnetii or Bartonella spp. DNA in the blood. The commercially available multiplex PCR bacteria flow chip system failed to identify half of the infected patients detected by corresponding real-time PCR protocols. The recovery of Ca. N. mikurensis DNA was higher in the pellet/plasma fraction of blood than from whole blood. To conclude, Ca. N. mikurensis appeared to be the etiological agent in patients with EM in a surprisingly large fraction of tick-bitten persons in the southern part of Norway.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Quarsten
- Sørlandet Hospital Health Enterprise, Department of Medical Microbiology, Egsveien 100, PO-Box 416, NO-4604, Kristiansand, Norway.
| | - A Grankvist
- University of Gothenburg, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guldhedsgatan 10, 413 46 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - L Høyvoll
- Sørlandet Hospital Health Enterprise, Medical Department, Egsveien 100, PO-Box 416, NO-4604 Kristiansand, Norway
| | - I B Myre
- University of Agder, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Department of Natural Sciences, Gimlemoen 25, PO-Box 422, NO-4604 Kristiansand, Norway
| | - T Skarpaas
- Sørlandet Hospital Health Enterprise, Department of Medical Microbiology, Egsveien 100, PO-Box 416, NO-4604, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - V Kjelland
- University of Agder, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Department of Natural Sciences, Gimlemoen 25, PO-Box 422, NO-4604 Kristiansand, Norway; Sørlandet Hospital Health Enterprise, Research Unit, Egsveien 100, PO-Box 416, NO-4604 Kristiansand, Norway
| | - C Wenneras
- University of Gothenburg, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guldhedsgatan 10, 413 46 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - S Noraas
- Sørlandet Hospital Health Enterprise, Department of Medical Microbiology, Egsveien 100, PO-Box 416, NO-4604, Kristiansand, Norway
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19
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Hamšíková Z, Coipan C, Mahríková L, Minichová L, Sprong H, Kazimírová M. Borrelia miyamotoi and Co-Infection with Borrelia afzelii in Ixodes ricinus Ticks and Rodents from Slovakia. Microb Ecol 2017; 73:1000-1008. [PMID: 27995301 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-016-0918-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Borrelia miyamotoi causes relapsing fever in humans. The occurrence of this spirochete has been reported in Ixodes ricinus and wildlife, but there are still gaps in the knowledge of its eco-epidemiology and public health impact. In the current study, questing I. ricinus (nymphs and adults) and skin biopsies from rodents captured in Slovakia were screened for the presence of B. miyamotoi and Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. DNA. The prevalence of B. miyamotoi and B. burgdorferi s.l. in questing ticks was 1.7 and 16.9%, respectively. B. miyamotoi was detected in Apodemus flavicollis (9.3%) and Myodes glareolus (4.4%). In contrast, B. burgdorferi s.l. was identified in 11.9% of rodents, with the highest prevalence in Microtus arvalis (68.4%) and a lower prevalence in Apodemus spp. (8.4%) and M. glareolus (12.4%). Borrelia afzelii was the prevailing genospecies infecting questing I. ricinus (37.9%) and rodents (72.2%). Co-infections of B. miyamotoi and B. burgdorferi s.l. were found in 24.1 and 9.3% of the questing ticks and rodents, respectively, whereas the proportion of ticks and rodents co-infected with B. miyamotoi and B. afzelii was 6.9 and 7.0%, respectively. The results suggest that B. miyamotoi and B. afzelii share amplifying hosts. The sequences of the B. miyamotoi glpQ gene fragment from our study showed a high degree of identity with sequences of the gene amplified from ticks and human patients in Europe. The results seem to suggest that humans in Slovakia are at risk of contracting tick-borne relapsing fever, and in some cases together with Lyme borreliosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Hamšíková
- Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Zoology, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84506, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Claudia Coipan
- Laboratory for Zoonoses and Environmental Microbiology, National Institute for Public Health and Environment, 9 Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan, P.O. Box 1, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Lenka Mahríková
- Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Zoology, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84506, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lenka Minichová
- Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Virology, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84505, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Hein Sprong
- Laboratory for Zoonoses and Environmental Microbiology, National Institute for Public Health and Environment, 9 Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan, P.O. Box 1, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Mária Kazimírová
- Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Zoology, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84506, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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20
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Beda IM, Karla EB, Almudena CCM, Flavio GG, Armando RPJ, Patricia VF. B-cell leukemia/lymphoma and neuroborreliosis: Diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. J Vector Borne Dis 2017; 54:106-109. [PMID: 28352054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Islas-Muñoz Beda
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico
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21
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Palomar AM, Portillo A, Santibáñez P, Mazuelas D, Roncero L, Gutiérrez Ó, Oteo JA. Presence of Borrelia turdi and Borrelia valaisiana (Spirochaetales: Spirochaetaceae) in Ticks Removed From Birds in the North of Spain, 2009-2011. J Med Entomol 2017; 54:243-246. [PMID: 28082654 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjw158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The genus Borrelia includes species responsible for severe human diseases such as Lyme disease. Birds are involved in their epidemiology as dispersers of infected ticks (Ixodida: Ixodidae) and as reservoirs or amplifiers of the bacterium. Herein, the presence of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) Johnson, Schmid, Hyde, Steigerwalt & Brenner in 336 ticks collected from birds in the north of Spain from 2009 to 2011 was investigated. Nucleic acid extracts from 174 Ixodes frontalis (Panzer), 108 Haemaphysalis punctata Canestrini & Fanzango, 34 Hyalomma marginatum Koch, 17 Ixodes ricinus (L.), and 3 Ixodes spp. were screened for the presence of B. burgdorferi s.l. by PCR. Borrelia turdi was detected in 22 I. frontalis, 2 H. punctata, and 2 I. ricinus Additionally, 1 I. frontalis and 1 H. punctata were found to be infected with the human pathogen Borrelia valaisiana Moreover, 3 I. frontalis showed coinfection with both Borrelia species. This study corroborates the presence of B. turdi and B. valaisiana in ticks from birds in the north of Spain. The presence of these bacteria in larval specimens could suggest the role of birds as their reservoirs, or the occurrence of the cofeeding phenomenon. In addition, the detection of B. turdi and B. valaisiana in H. punctata and I. frontalis ticks, respectively, is reported for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Palomar
- Center of Rickettsiosis and Arthropod-Borne Diseases, Hospital San Pedro-CIBIR, Logroño, La Rioja, Spain (; ; ; )
| | - Aránzazu Portillo
- Center of Rickettsiosis and Arthropod-Borne Diseases, Hospital San Pedro-CIBIR, Logroño, La Rioja, Spain (; ; ; )
| | - Paula Santibáñez
- Center of Rickettsiosis and Arthropod-Borne Diseases, Hospital San Pedro-CIBIR, Logroño, La Rioja, Spain (; ; ; )
| | - David Mazuelas
- Abies, Environment Resources Inc., Logroño, La Rioja, Spain (; )
| | - Lidia Roncero
- Abies, Environment Resources Inc., Logroño, La Rioja, Spain (; )
| | - Óscar Gutiérrez
- Aranzadi Society of Sciences, San Sebastián, Guipúzcoa, Spain
| | - José A Oteo
- Center of Rickettsiosis and Arthropod-Borne Diseases, Hospital San Pedro-CIBIR, Logroño, La Rioja, Spain (; ; ; )
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22
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Opalińska P, Wierzbicka A, Asman M. The PCR and nested PCR detection of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Babesia microti in Dermacentor reticulatus F. collected in a new location in Poland (Trzciel, Western Poland). Acta Parasitol 2016; 61:849-854. [PMID: 27787203 DOI: 10.1515/ap-2016-0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The study was performed in the Trzciel Forest Districts which is located in the west part of Poland. The Scots pine is the main tree species creating forest landscape there. Dermacentor reticulatus, usually found in wet, boggy and damp habitat, in this case was discovered in fresh mixed coniferous forest and fresh coniferous forest. In Central Europe the Dermacentor reticulatus is after Ixodes ricinus the second most important vector for tick-borne diseases in Europe. The ticks were collected by flagging from lower vegetation during the autumn peak of their activity. All Dermacentor reticulatus were checked for presence of tickborne pathogens using PCR and nested PCR. In total 125 Dermacentor reticulatus ticks were collected. Among the pathogens examined, only Babesia microti has been found in 4% of them whereas Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and Anaplasma phagocytophilum have not been found. In this research the presence of Babesia. microti in Dermacentor reticulatus has been proved. It should be stressed that it is a new focus for the Dermacentor reticulatus tick in Western Poland.
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Gryczyńska A, Welc-Falęciak R. Long-term study of the prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. infection in ticks (Ixodes ricinus) feeding on blackbirds (Turdus merula) in NE Poland. Exp Appl Acarol 2016; 70:381-394. [PMID: 27631764 PMCID: PMC5061843 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-016-0082-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Seeking evidence to confirm that blackbirds (Turdus merula) may be involved in environmental maintenance of Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. (the causative agent of Lyme borreliosis), we conducted a long-term study over three separate 2-year periods, together embracing a span of almost 20 years, all in the same area in northeastern Poland. We examined a total of 78 blackbirds and collected 623 Ixodes ricinus ticks feeding on them. The tick infestation prevalence was found to be very high (89.7 %). Among all ticks collected, 9.8 % individuals were infected with B. burgdorferi s.l. spirochetes. We found statistically significant growth in the prevalence of infected ticks as well as an increasing proportion of blackbirds hosting them in subsequent years of study. Ticks feeding on blackbirds were infected mainly with B. garinii (45.7 %), a genospecies commonly encountered in birds, and with B. afzelii (28.6 %), until recently considered rodent-associated. We also identified B. turdi (22.9 %), frequently found in recent years in ticks feeding on birds, and B. spielmanii (2.8 %), which had previously not been found in infected ticks feeding on blackbirds. We also found that ticks infected with genospecies associated with avian reservoir groups (B. garinii and B. turdi) were not randomly distributed on blackbirds, but instead focused on certain bird specimens. We therefore conjecture that this is a result of ticks becoming infected either from the host blackbird itself, or from other infected ticks feeding on the same host blackbird. We did not find any similar dependency for the rodent specialist B. afzelii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Gryczyńska
- Department of Ecology, Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, 101 Żwirki i Wigury St., 02-089, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Renata Welc-Falęciak
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 1 Miecznikowa St., 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
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24
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Pritt BS, Respicio-Kingry LB, Sloan LM, Schriefer ME, Replogle AJ, Bjork J, Liu G, Kingry LC, Mead PS, Neitzel DF, Schiffman E, Hoang Johnson DK, Davis JP, Paskewitz SM, Boxrud D, Deedon A, Lee X, Miller TK, Feist MA, Steward CR, Theel ES, Patel R, Irish CL, Petersen JM. Borrelia mayonii sp. nov., a member of the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex, detected in patients and ticks in the upper midwestern United States. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2016; 66:4878-4880. [PMID: 27558626 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.001445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lyme borreliosis (LB) is a multisystem disease caused by spirochetes in the Borrelia burgdorferisensu lato (Bbsl) genospecies complex. We previously described a novel Bbsl genospecies (type strain MN14-1420T) that causes LB among patients with exposures to ticks in the upper midwestern USA. Patients infected with the novel Bbsl genospecies demonstrated higher levels of spirochetemia and somewhat differing clinical symptoms as compared with those infected with other Bbsl genospecies. The organism was detected from human specimens using PCR, microscopy, serology and culture. The taxonomic status was determined using an eight-housekeeping-gene (uvrA, rplB, recG, pyrG, pepX, clpX, clpA and nifS) multi-locus sequence analysis (MLSA) and comparison of 16S rRNA gene, flaB, rrf-rrl, ospC and oppA2 nucleotide sequences. Using a system threshold of 98.3 % similarity for delineation of Bbsl genospecies by MLSA, we demonstrated that the novel species is a member of the Bbsl genospecies complex, most closely related to B. burgdorferisensu stricto (94.7-94.9 % similarity). This same species was identified in Ixodes scapularis ticks collected in Minnesota and Wisconsin. This novel species, Borrelia mayonii sp. nov, is formally described here. The type strain, MN14-1420, is available through the Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zelkulturen GmbH (DSM 102811) and the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC BAA-2743).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bobbi S Pritt
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Laurel B Respicio-Kingry
- Division of Vector Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Lynne M Sloan
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Martin E Schriefer
- Division of Vector Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Adam J Replogle
- Division of Vector Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Jenna Bjork
- Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Gongping Liu
- Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Luke C Kingry
- Division of Vector Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Paul S Mead
- Division of Vector Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - David Boxrud
- Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Alecia Deedon
- Wisconsin Department of Health Services, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Xia Lee
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | | | | | - Elitza S Theel
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Robin Patel
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Cole L Irish
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jeannine M Petersen
- Division of Vector Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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Abstract
A rare episode of early neurosyphilis occurred in a 34-year-old, otherwise healthy, woman. Based on an isolated positive Borrelia burgdorferi serology (later interpreted as a cross-reaction), early ceftriaxone was initiated, in the suspect of Lyme borreliosis. Even after the diagnosis was corrected into that of a neurosyphilis, ceftriaxone administration was continued, until it achieved complete clinical and microbiological success after 24 days of treatment in a day-hospital setting, and three-weekly penicillin administrations. When considering the differential diagnosis, a luetic aetiology should not be underestimated when facing young patients with signs-symptoms of a meningoencephalitis. Our case report was characterized by an extremely low patient's age, compared with the occurrence of tertiary neurosyphilis, more than three years after the last sexual contacts. The diagnosis was confirmed by highly positive treponemal and non-treponemal serum and cerebrospinal fluid serology, and several suggestive clinical manifestations: seizures, altered mentation, cognitive impairment, lip drop, and anisochoria. These concomitant findings, together with a neuroradiological report indicating a diffuse meningoencephalitis, allowed us to confirm the diagnosis of neurosyphilis, together with a demonstrated cross-reaction of B. burgdorferi serology. Although ceftriaxone benefits from its once-daily administration (and can be easily delivered on outpatient basis), it is not the firstline treatment of neurosyphilis. However, our experience demonstrated a favourable and rapid response to ceftriaxone, in the absence of toxicity and disease sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Sabbatani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Bologna Alma Mater Studiorum, S. Orsola Hospital, Via Massarenti II, 1-40138 Bologna, Italy
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26
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Veinović G, Ružić-Sabljić E, Strle F, Cerar T. Comparison of Growth of Borrelia afzelii, Borrelia garinii, and Borrelia burgdorferi Sensu Stricto at Five Different Temperatures. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157706. [PMID: 27310556 PMCID: PMC4911167 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lyme borreliosis is caused by the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, a fastidious bacterium that replicates slowly and requires special conditions to grow in the laboratory. Borrelia isolation from clinical material is a golden standard for microbiological diagnosis of borrelial infection. Important factors that affect in vitro borrelia growth are temperature of incubation and number of borrelia cells in the sample. The aim of the study was to assess the influence of temperature on borrelia growth and survival by evaluation and comparison of growth of 31 different borrelia strains at five different temperatures and to determine the influence of different inoculums on borrelia growth at different temperatures. Borreliae were cultured in the MKP medium; the initial and final number of spirochetes was determined by dark field microscopy using Neubauer counting chamber. The growth of borrelia was defined as final number of cells/mL after three days of incubation. For all three Borrelia species, the best growth was found at 33°C, followed by 37, 28, and 23°C, while no growth was detected at 4°C (P<0.05). The growth of B. afzelii species was weaker in comparison to the other two species at 23, 28, 33 and 37°C (P<0.05), respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between the growth of B. garinii and B. burgdorferi sensu stricto at 28, 33, and 37°C (P>0.05), respectively. Inoculum had statistically significant influence on growth of all three Borrelia species at all tested temperatures except at 4°C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gorana Veinović
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Eva Ružić-Sabljić
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Franc Strle
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tjaša Cerar
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- * E-mail:
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Ragagli C, Mannelli A, Ambrogi C, Bisanzio D, Ceballos LA, Grego E, Martello E, Selmi M, Tomassone L. Presence of host-seeking Ixodes ricinus and their infection with Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in the Northern Apennines, Italy. Exp Appl Acarol 2016; 69:167-78. [PMID: 26964552 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-016-0030-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Host-seeking ticks were collected in the Northern Apennines, Italy, by dragging at 35 sites, at altitudes ranging from 680 and 1670 m above sea level (asl), from April to November, in 2010 and 2011. Ixodes ricinus (4431 larvae, 597 nymphs and 12 adults) and Haemaphysalis punctata (11,209 larvae, 313 nymphs, and 25 adults) were the most abundant species, followed by Haemaphysalis sulcata (20 larvae, five nymphs, and 13 adults), Dermacentor marginatus (42 larvae and two adults) and Ixodes hexagonus (one nymph). Greatest numbers of ticks were collected at locations characterised by southern exposure and limestone substratum, at altitudes <1400 m asl; I. ricinus was most abundant in Turkey oak (Quercus cerris) wood, whereas H. punctata was mostly collected in hop hornbeam (Ostrya carpinifolia) wood and on exposed rocks. Ixodes ricinus was also found up to 1670 m asl, in high stand beech (Fagus sylvatica) wood. The overall prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (sl) in 294 host-seeking I. ricinus nymphs was 8.5 %. Borrelia garinii was the most frequently identified genospecies (64.0 % of positive nymphs), followed by B. valaisiana, B. burgdorferi sensu stricto, B. afzelii, and B. lusitaniae. Based upon the comparison with the results of previous studies at the same location, these research findings suggest the recent invasion of the study area by the tick vector and the agents of Lyme borreliosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Ragagli
- Ufficio Territoriale per la Biodiversità, Corpo Forestale dello Stato, Lucca, Italy
| | - Alessandro Mannelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo P. Braccini, 2, 10095, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy.
| | - Cecilia Ambrogi
- Ufficio Territoriale per la Biodiversità, Corpo Forestale dello Stato, Lucca, Italy
| | | | - Leonardo A Ceballos
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Val d'Aosta, Turin, Italy
| | - Elena Grego
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo P. Braccini, 2, 10095, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
| | - Elisa Martello
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo P. Braccini, 2, 10095, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
| | - Marco Selmi
- Osservatorio Permanente per Patologie a trasmissione Vettoriale, ASL2, Lucca, Italy
| | - Laura Tomassone
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo P. Braccini, 2, 10095, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
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28
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Briciu VT, Sebah D, Coroiu G, Lupşe M, Cârstina D, Ţăţulescu DF, Mihalca AD, Gherman CM, Leucuţa D, Meyer F, Hizo-Teufel C, Fingerle V, Huber I. Immunohistochemistry and real-time PCR as diagnostic tools for detection of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in ticks collected from humans. Exp Appl Acarol 2016; 69:49-60. [PMID: 26801157 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-016-0012-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate different methods used for detection of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) in ticks: immunohistochemistry followed by focus floating microscopy (FFM) and real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR) targeting the ospA and hbb genes. Additionally, an optimized ospA real-time PCR assay was developed with an integrated internal amplification control (IAC) for the detection of inhibition in the PCR assay and was validated as an improved screening tool for B. burgdorferi. One hundred and thirty-six ticks collected from humans in a hospital from Cluj-Napoca, Romania, were investigated regarding genus, stage of development and sex, and then tested by all three assays. A poor quality of agreement was found between FFM and each of the two real-time PCR assays, as assessed by concordance analysis (Cohen's kappa), whereas the agreement between the two real-time PCR assays was moderate. The present study argues for a low sensitivity of FFM and underlines that discordant results of different assays used for detection of B. burgdorferi in ticks are frequent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta T Briciu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Iuliu Haţieganu", Street Iuliu Moldovan 23, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Calea Mănăstur 3-5, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
- National Reference Center for Borrelia, Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Veterinaerstrasse 2, Oberschleißheim, Germany.
| | - Daniela Sebah
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Veterinaerstrasse 2, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Georgiana Coroiu
- Department of Pathology, Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Street Iuliu Moldovan 23, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Mihaela Lupşe
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Iuliu Haţieganu", Street Iuliu Moldovan 23, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Dumitru Cârstina
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Iuliu Haţieganu", Street Iuliu Moldovan 23, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Doina F Ţăţulescu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Iuliu Haţieganu", Street Iuliu Moldovan 23, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Andrei D Mihalca
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Calea Mănăstur 3-5, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Călin M Gherman
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Calea Mănăstur 3-5, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Daniel Leucuţa
- Department of Medical Informatics and Biostatistics, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Iuliu Haţieganu", Street Pasteur 6, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Fabian Meyer
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Veterinaerstrasse 2, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Cecilia Hizo-Teufel
- National Reference Center for Borrelia, Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Veterinaerstrasse 2, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Volker Fingerle
- National Reference Center for Borrelia, Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Veterinaerstrasse 2, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Ingrid Huber
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Veterinaerstrasse 2, Oberschleißheim, Germany
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Strzelczyk JK, Gaździcka J, Cuber P, Asman M, Trapp G, Gołąbek K, Zalewska-Ziob M, Nowak-Chmura M, Siuda K, Wiczkowski A, Solarz K. Prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in Ixodes ricinus ticks collected from southern Poland. Acta Parasitol 2015; 60:666-74. [PMID: 26408589 DOI: 10.1515/ap-2015-0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In 2008-2011 ticks were collected from southern Poland. Out of 6336 individuals collected and identified as Ixodes ricinus, 768 (2 larvae, 84 nymphs, 417 females, 265 males) were included in molecular study. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and types of genospecies of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in ticks. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was applied to detect the presence of pathogens in ticks. Subsequently the amplified DNA was digested with TasI enzyme. The infection rate was 15% (116) of examined ticks. PCR-RFLP analysis allowed distinguishing three genospecies of B. burgdorferi s.l.: B. burgdorferi sensu stricto, B. afzelii, and B. garinii. RFLP analyses of 116 positive samples revealed 96 (83%) monoinfections and 13 (11%) coinfections, whereas unidentified genospecies were present in 7 (6%) of positive samples. In the case of monoinfections, B. burgdorferi s.s. was the predominant species of pathogen in infected ticks - 61.4%. Other genospecies: B. garinii and B. afzelii were detected in 22.9% and 15.6% of the samples, respectively. To sum up, 15 % of ticks were infected by B. burgdorferi s.l which increases the risk of human infections in the recreational areas of southern Poland. Furthermore, there is a need to increase public awareness and implement more preventive measures concerning Lyme disease.
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May K, Jordan D, Fingerle V, Strube C. Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and co-infections with Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Rickettsia spp. in Ixodes ricinus in Hamburg, Germany. Med Vet Entomol 2015; 29:425-429. [PMID: 26096626 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
To obtain initial data on Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (Spirochaetales: Spirochaetaceae) in Ixodes ricinus (Ixodida: Ixodidae) ticks in Hamburg, Germany, 1400 questing ticks were collected by flagging at 10 different public recreation areas in 2011 and analysed using probe-based quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The overall rate of infection with B. burgdorferi s.l. was 34.1%; 30.0% of adults were infected (36.7% of females and 26.0% of males), as were 34.5% of nymphs. Significant differences in tick infection rates were observed between the spring and summer/autumn months, as well as among sampling locations. Borrelia genospecies identification by reverse line blotting was successful in 43.6% of positive tick samples. The most frequent genospecies was Borrelia garinii/Borrelia bavariensis, followed by Borrelia afzelii, Borrelia valaisiana, B. burgdorferi sensu stricto, Borrelia spielmanii, Borrelia bissettii and Borrelia lusitaniae. Based on previously published data, co-infection of Borrelia and Rickettsiales spp. was determined in 25.8% of ticks. Overall, 22.9% of ticks were co-infected with Rickettsia spp. (Rickettsiales: Rickettsiaceae), 1.7% with Anaplasma phagocytophilum (Rickettsiales: Anaplasmataceae), and 1.2% with both pathogens. Study results show a high prevalence of Borrelia-positive ticks in recreation areas in the northern German city of Hamburg and the potential health risk to humans in these areas should not be underestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- K May
- Institute for Parasitology, Centre for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - D Jordan
- Institute for Parasitology, Centre for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - V Fingerle
- German National Reference Centre for Borrelia, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - C Strube
- Institute for Parasitology, Centre for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
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Nelson C, Banks S, Jeffries CL, Walker T, Logan JG. Tick abundances in South London parks and the potential risk for Lyme borreliosis to the general public. Med Vet Entomol 2015; 29:448-452. [PMID: 26400641 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Tick abundances and prevalences of infection with Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, the causative agent of Lyme disease, were investigated in four South London parks. A total of 360 transects were sampled using three methods of collection (blanket, leggings and flags) simultaneously. No ticks were found on Wimbledon Common or at Hampton Court, but 1118 Ixodes ricinus (Ixodida: Ixodidae) ticks were collected at Richmond and Bushy Parks. At Richmond Park, lower canopy humidity [odds ratio (OR) 0.94; P = 0.005], increased mat depth (OR 1.15; P < 0.001) and increased soil moisture (OR 1.40; P = 0.001) predicted the presence of I. ricinus, and increased sward height [incidence rate ratio (IRR) 1.01; P = 0.006] and decreased ground temperature (IRR 0.90; P = 0.009) predicted increased abundance. At Bushy Park, thicker mat depth predicted tick presence (OR 1.17; P = 0.006) and increasing temperature correlated with tick absence (OR 0.57; P = 0.023). A total of 279 ticks were screened for the presence of B. burgdorferi using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Point prevalences of 0% for larvae (n = 78), 2.14% for nymphs (n = 174) and 0% for adult ticks (n = 7) related to an acarological risk of 0.22 infected ticks per 40 m transect in Richmond Park. The abundance of ticks and the acarological risk, particularly at Richmond Park, highlight the need for appropriate communication of the associated risk to the general public frequenting these recreational areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Nelson
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, U.K
| | - S Banks
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, U.K
| | - C L Jeffries
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, U.K
| | - T Walker
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, U.K
| | - J G Logan
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, U.K
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Sytykiewicz H, Karbowiak G, Chorostowska-Wynimko J, Szpechciński A, Supergan-Marwicz M, Horbowicz M, Szwed M, Czerniewicz P, Sprawka I. Coexistence of Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. genospecies within Ixodes ricinus ticks from central and eastern Poland. Acta Parasitol 2015; 60:654-61. [PMID: 26408587 DOI: 10.1515/ap-2015-0093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to assess the prevalence and coinfection rates of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato genotypes in Ixodes ricinus (L.) ticks sampled from diverse localities in central and eastern regions of Poland. In years 2009-2011, questing nymphs and adults of I. ricinus were collected using a flagging method at 18 localities representing distinct ecosystem types: urban green areas, suburban forests and rural woodlands. Molecular detection of B. burgdorferi s.l. genospecies was based on amplification of a fla gene using nested PCR technique, subsequent PCR-RFLP analysis and bidirectional sequencing. It was revealed that 45 samples (2.1%) harboured two different B. burgdorferi s.l. genospecies, whereas triple infections with various spirochetes was found in 11 (0.5%) individuals. Generally, the highest average coinfection rates were evidenced in arachnids gathered at rural woodlands, intermediate at suburban forests, while the lowest were recorded at urban green areas. Overall, single spirochete infections were noted in 16.3% (n = 352/2,153) ticks. Importantly, it is the first report evidencing the occurrence of Borrelia miyamotoi (0.3%, n = 7/2153) in I. ricinus populations within central Poland. Circumstantial variability of B. burgdorferi s.l. genospecies in the common tick individuals sampled at various habitat types in central and eastern Poland was displayed. The coexistence of two or three different spirochete genospecies in single adult ticks, as well as the presence of B. miyamotoi were demonstrated. Therefore, further studies uncovering the co-circulation of the tested bacteria and other human pathogens in I. ricinus ticks are required.
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Akın Belli A, Derviş E, Özbaş Gök S, Midilli K, Gargılı A. [Evaluation of 10 cases of Lyme disease presenting with erythema migrans in Istanbul, Turkey]. MIKROBIYOL BUL 2015; 49:525-531. [PMID: 26649410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Lyme disease (LD) is a tick-borne, multisystemic infection caused by Borrelia burgdorferi. Although variable rates of seropositivity for B.burgdorferi have been reported between 2% to 44% in Turkey, its actual prevalence is not well-understood. The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the characteristics of 10 cases of LD presenting as erythema migrans (EM) between 2009 and 2013 from Istanbul which is one of the metropolitan cities of Turkey. Of the patients, five were male and five were female, ages between 9-51 years (mean age: 34.5 years). Five of the patients were admitted in June, three in October, one in November and two in December and all have the history of tick bite in last 1-2 weeks. There were no clinical symptoms for systemic infection among the patients with normal level routine laboratory test (whole blood count and biochemical tests) results. Five of the cases had EM lesions in the trunk, three in the upper extremities, and two in the lower extremities. Four patients presented with annular, three with solitary macular, and three with target-like EM lesions. In all cases, the biopsy specimens were positive for B.burgdorferi sensu lato DNA with polymerase chain reaction and all were also positive in terms of B.burgdorferi IgM antibodies with ELISA. Nine patients were treated with oral doxycycline, 100 mg twice daily and one child patient was treated with oral amoxicillin 500 mg twice daily for 21 days. EM lesions disappeared within 2-4 weeks in all patients. There was no clinical evidence for systemic involvement in any of the patients like neurologic, cardiac, and joint involvement at the follow-ups on the third, sixth and 12(th) months. To our best knowledge, 10 patients in this study are the largest EM series reported from Turkey. The increase in the number of LD cases may be associated with increased tick bite and increased awareness due to the emergence of concurrent Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever epidemic in Turkey. As a result, when enlarged erythematous lesions on the skin were observed, LH must also be considered in differential diagnosis, history of tick bite should be questioned and etiological diagnostic test should be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aslı Akın Belli
- Mugla Sitki Kocman University Training and Research Hospital, Dermatology Clinic, Mugla, Turkey.
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Liu X, Zhang G, Liu R, Sun X, Zheng Z, Qiu E, Ma X. [Study on co-infection of tick-borne pathogens in Ixodes persulcatus in Charles Hilary, Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region]. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 2015; 36:1153-1157. [PMID: 26837364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the co-infection of tick-borne pathogens in Ixodes persulcatus collected in Charles Hilary, Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region (Xinjiang). METHODS Ticks were collected by flagging in grassy areas in Charles Hilary, Xinjiang from June 2012 to June 2013. The 5S-23S rRNA intergenic region from Borrelia (B.) burgdorferi, 16S rRNA gene from Anaplasma, ompA gene from spotted fever group Rickettsia, com1 gene from Coxiella (C.) burneti and Nss-rRNA gene from Babesia were amplified with nested polymerase chain reaction (nested PCR) , respectively. RESULTS Among 204 Ixodes persulcatus, 104 were positive for tick-borne pathogens with the positive rate of 50.98%, and among them the positive rates of B. burgdorferi, spotted fever group Rickettsia and Anaplasma phagocytophilum were 34.31% (n=70), 28.92% (n=59), 9.31% (n=19) , respectively. And no C. burnetii and Babesia were detected. The overall co-infection rate was 19.12% (39/204), the co-infection rate was 16.18% (33/204) for B. garinii and spotted fever group Rickettsia, 4.90% (10/204) for B. burgdorferi and Anaplasma phagocytophilum, 2.94% (6/204) for spotted fever group Rickettsia and Anaplasma phagocytophilum and 2.45% (5/204) for B. burgdorferi, Anaplasma phagocytophilum and spotted fever group Rickettsia. CONCLUSION The results indicated that the natural co-infections of B. garinii, B. afzelii, Anaplasma phagocytophilum and spotted fever group Rickettsia existed in Charles Hilary Ixodes persulcatus collected in Xinjiang.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Liu
- Xinjiang Military Command Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Guilin Zhang
- Xinjiang Military Command Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Urumqi 830011, China;
| | - Ran Liu
- Xinjiang Military Command Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Xiang Sun
- Xinjiang Military Command Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Zhong Zheng
- Xinjiang Military Command Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Erchen Qiu
- Xinjiang Military Command Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Urumqi 830011, China
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Abstract
The maintenance of tick-borne disease agents in the environment strictly depends on the relationship between tick vectors and their hosts, which act as reservoirs for these pathogens. A pilot study aimed to investigate wild rodents as reservoirs for zoonotic tick-borne pathogens (Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.), Coxiella burnetii, Francisella tularensis, and Anaplasma phagocytophilum) was carried out in an area of Gran Sasso e Monti della Laga National Park (Abruzzi Region, central Italy), a wide protected area where, despite sporadic reports of infection in humans and animals, eco-epidemiological data on these diseases are still not available. Rodents were trapped and released at the capture site after the collection of feeding ticks and blood samples. In all, 172 ticks were collected; the most frequent species was Ixodes acuminatus (53%). Out of 88 tick pools, 11 resulted positive for C. burnetii and 13 for B. burgdorferi s.l.; the Borrelia afzelii genospecies was identified in one Ixodes ricinus tick collected from one Apodemus sp. rodent. Out of 143 blood samples, seven Apodemus spp. and five Myodes glareolus were positive for B. burgdorferi s.l. and two Apodemus spp. were positive for C. burnetii. All samples (ticks and blood) were negative for F. tularensis and A. phagocytophilum. This is the first report of B. burgdorferi s.l. in the environment for Abruzzi Region. Data on the presence of B. burgdorferi s.l. are similar to that observed in other Mediterranean countries. The present work is also the first report of C. burnetii in wild rodents in Italy. C. burnetii infection has been largely investigated in Italy in ruminant farms by serology and molecular methods, but information on ecology and on the wild cycle are still lacking. Further studies including genotyping should be performed and species-specific differences between wild rodent reservoirs of Q fever and Lyme disease agents should be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Pascucci
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale" , Teramo, Italy
| | - Marco Di Domenico
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale" , Teramo, Italy
| | - Francesca Dall'Acqua
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale" , Teramo, Italy
| | - Giulia Sozio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale" , Teramo, Italy
| | - Cesare Cammà
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale" , Teramo, Italy
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Korenberg EI, Kovalevskii YV, Gorelova NB, Nefedova VV. Comparative analysis of the roles of Ixodes persulcatus and I. trianguliceps ticks in natural foci of ixodid tick-borne borrelioses in the Middle Urals, Russia. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2015; 6:316-21. [PMID: 25843812 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Long-term studies on natural foci of ixodid tick-borne borrelioses (ITBB) have been performed in Chusovskoi district of Perm region, the Middle Urals, where the vectors of these infections are represented by two ixodid tick species: the taiga tick Ixodes persulcatus and many times less abundant vole tick I. trianguliceps. Over 10 years, more than 6000 half-engorged ticks were collected from small forest mammals using the standard procedure, and 1027 I. persulcatus and 1142 I. trianguliceps ticks, individually or in pools, were used to inoculate BSK-2 medium. As a result, 199 Borrelia isolates were obtained. Among them, 177 isolates were identified, and the rrf(5S)-rrl(23S) intergenic spacer sequence was determined in 57 isolates. The prevalence of Borrelia infection in I. persulcatus larvae and nymphs averaged 31.0 and 53.3%, while that in I. trianguliceps larvae, nymphs, and adult ticks was five to ten times lower: 2.6, 10.2, and 8.1%, respectively. Each of the two tick species was found to carry both ITBB agents circulating in the Middle Ural foci (Borrelia garinii and B. afzelii), but the set of genogroups and genovariants of these spirochetes in I. trianguliceps proved to be far less diverse. According to the available data, this tick, compared to I. persulcatus, is generally less susceptible to Borrelia infection (especially by B. afzelii). Taking into account of its relatively low abundance, it appears that I. trianguliceps cannot seriously influence the course of epizootic process in ITBB foci of the study region, whereas highly abundant I. persulcatus with the high level of Borrelia infection is obviously a key component of these parasitic systems. A similar situation may well be typical for the entire geographic range shared by the two tick species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward I Korenberg
- Gamaleya Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow 123098, Russia.
| | - Yurii V Kovalevskii
- Gamaleya Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow 123098, Russia.
| | - Natalya B Gorelova
- Gamaleya Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow 123098, Russia.
| | - Valentina V Nefedova
- Gamaleya Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow 123098, Russia.
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Zhang LL, Hou XX, Geng Z, Lou YL, Wan KL, Hao Q. Combination of Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Assay and Nested PCR for Detection of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in Human Serum Samples. Biomed Environ Sci 2015; 28:312-315. [PMID: 25966759 DOI: 10.3967/bes2015.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A set of universal loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) primers targeting the fla gene was designed to detect Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (B. burgdorferi s.l.) in human samples. The sensitivity of LAMP was 20 copies/reaction, and the assay did not detect false positives among 11 other related bacteria. A positive LAMP result was obtained for 9 of the 24 confirmed cases and for 12 of 94 suspected cases. The positive rate of LAMP was the same as that of nested PCR. The LAMP is a useful diagnostic method that can be developed for rapid detection of B. burgdorferi s.l. in human sera. Combination of the LAMP and nested PCR was more sensitive for detecting B. burgdorferi s.l. in human serum samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China; School of Laboratory Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xue Xia Hou
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhen Geng
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | | | - Kang Lin Wan
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qin Hao
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, China
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Schüler W, Bunikis I, Weber-Lehman J, Comstedt P, Kutschan-Bunikis S, Stanek G, Huber J, Meinke A, Bergström S, Lundberg U. Complete genome sequence of Borrelia afzelii K78 and comparative genome analysis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120548. [PMID: 25798594 PMCID: PMC4370689 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The main Borrelia species causing Lyme borreliosis in Europe and Asia are Borrelia afzelii, B. garinii, B. burgdorferi and B. bavariensis. This is in contrast to the United States, where infections are exclusively caused by B. burgdorferi. Until to date the genome sequences of four B. afzelii strains, of which only two include the numerous plasmids, are available. In order to further assess the genetic diversity of B. afzelii, the most common species in Europe, responsible for the large variety of clinical manifestations of Lyme borreliosis, we have determined the full genome sequence of the B. afzelii strain K78, a clinical isolate from Austria. The K78 genome contains a linear chromosome (905,949 bp) and 13 plasmids (8 linear and 5 circular) together presenting 1,309 open reading frames of which 496 are located on plasmids. With the exception of lp28-8, all linear replicons in their full length including their telomeres have been sequenced. The comparison with the genomes of the four other B. afzelii strains, ACA-1, PKo, HLJ01 and Tom3107, as well as the one of B. burgdorferi strain B31, confirmed a high degree of conservation within the linear chromosome of B. afzelii, whereas plasmid encoded genes showed a much larger diversity. Since some plasmids present in B. burgdorferi are missing in the B. afzelii genomes, the corresponding virulence factors of B. burgdorferi are found in B. afzelii on other unrelated plasmids. In addition, we have identified a species specific region in the circular plasmid, cp26, which could be used for species determination. Different non-coding RNAs have been located on the B. afzelii K78 genome, which have not previously been annotated in any of the published Borrelia genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ignas Bunikis
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Gerold Stanek
- Medical University of Vienna, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Sven Bergström
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Aureli S, Galuppi R, Ostanello F, Foley JE, Bonoli C, Rejmanek D, Rocchi G, Orlandi E, Tampieri MP. Abundance of questing ticks and molecular evidence for pathogens in ticks in three parks of Emilia-Romagna region of Northern Italy. Ann Agric Environ Med 2015; 22:459-66. [PMID: 26403115 DOI: 10.5604/12321966.1167714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE Infectious and parasitic diseases transmitted by ticks, such as Lyme diseases, granulocytic anaplasmosis and piroplasmosis, have been frequently reported in Europe, with increasing attention to them as an emerging zoonotic problem. The presented study was performed to assess the distribution and the density of questing ticks in three regional parks of Emilia-Romagna region of Northern Italy, and to seek molecular evidence of potential human pathogens in tick populations. MATERIALS AND METHODS In the period April-October 2010, 8,139 questing ticks were collected: 6,734 larvae, 1,344 nymphs and only a few adults - 28 females and 33 males. The abundance of Ixodes ricinus questing ticks was compared among different sampling sites and related to microclimate parameters. 1,544 out of 8,139 ticks were examined for the presence of pathogens: PCR was used to detect piroplasms DNA and Real time Taqman PCR for Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. RESULTS The predominant species was I. ricinus (overall abundance 1,075.9/100 m(2) ); more rarely, Dermacentor marginatus (n = 37 - 0.45%), Scaphixodes frontalis (n = 13 - 0.16%), Hyalomma spp. (n = 6 - 0.07%) and Ixodes acuminatus (n = 3 - 0.04%) were also found. 28 out of 324 (8.6%) samples of ticks were PCR-positive for piroplasm DNA. 11 amplicons of 18S rRNA gene were identical to each other and had 100% identity with Babesia EU1 (Babesia venatorum) using BLAST analysis. Real time Taqman PCR gave positive results for A. phagocytophilum in 23 out of 292 samples (7.9%), and for B. burgdorferi s.l. in 78 out of 292 samples (26.7%). I. ricinus was the only species found positive for pathogens by molecular analysis; 16 tick samples were co-infected with at least 2 pathogens. DISCUSSION The peak of nymph presence was in May, and the higher prevalence of pathogens occurred in April-June, most often in nymphs; therefore, spring season could represent the higher risk period for the transmission of pathogens. These data could provide guidelines for the preventions of tick-trasmitted diseases in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roberta Galuppi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Fabio Ostanello
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Janet E Foley
- University of California Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Dept. of Medicine and Epidemiology
| | | | - Daniel Rejmanek
- University of California Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Dept. of Medicine and Epidemiology
| | | | | | - Maria Paola Tampieri
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Italy
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Bonczek O, Žákovská A, Vargová L, Šerý O. Identification of Borrelia burgdorferi genospecies isolated from Ixodes ricinus ticks in the South Moravian region of the Czech Republic. Ann Agric Environ Med 2015; 22:637-641. [PMID: 26706968 DOI: 10.5604/12321966.1185766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION During 2008-2012, a total of 466 ticks Ixodes ricinus removed from humans were collected and tested for the presence of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (Bbsl). Ticks were collected in all districts of the South Moravian region of the Czech Republic (CZ). OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the infestation of Bbsl in ticks Ixodes ricinus and the identification of genospecies of Bbsl group by DNA sequencing. MATERIAL AND METHODS DNA isolation from homogenates was performed by UltraClean BloodSpin DNA kit (MoBio) and by automated instrument Prepito (Perkin-Elmer). Detection of spirochetes was carried out by RealTime PCR kit EliGene Borrelia LC (Elisabeth Pharmacon). Finally, all the positive samples were sequenced on an ABI 3130 Genetic Analyzer (Life Technologies) and identified in the BLAST (NCBI) database. RESULTS A total positivity of the samples was 26%. For the first time in the Czech Republic, 5 of the isolated strains were genotyped as Borrelia spielmanii (7.1%). Other representatives of Bbsl were also observed: B. afzelii (70.0%), B. garinii (10.0%), B. valaisiana (8.6%), and B. burgdorferi s. s. (4.3%). CONCLUSION A general view of the spreading of Bbsl in the South Moravian region was demonstrated. The most interesting result of the study is the finding of B. spielmanii for the first time in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondřej Bonczek
- Laboratory of DNA diagnostics, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic Laboratory of Animal Embryology, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, The Academy of Sciences of The Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Žákovská
- Department of Comparative Animal Physiology and General Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lýdia Vargová
- Laboratory of DNA diagnostics, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Omar Šerý
- Laboratory of DNA diagnostics, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic Laboratory of Animal Embryology, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, The Academy of Sciences of The Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic
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Passamonti F, Veronesi F, Cappelli K, Capomaccio S, Reginato A, Miglio A, Vardi DM, Stefanetti V, Coletti M, Bazzica C, Pepe M. Polysynovitis in a horse due to Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato infection--Case study. Ann Agric Environ Med 2015; 22:247-250. [PMID: 26094517 DOI: 10.5604/12321966.1152074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Lyme borreliosis (LB) is a multi-systemic tick-borne disease affecting both humans and animals, including horses, and is caused by a group of interrelated spirochetes classified within the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) complex. Despite the high reported seroprevalence in the European equine population for B. burgdorferi s.l., to-date no documented clinical cases have been described. A 6-year-old Paint gelding was referred with a history of three weeks of fever, intermittent lameness and digital flexor tendon sheath effusion of the right hind limb. Based on a strict diagnostic protocol, which included serological tests for infectious diseases and molecular investigations, a final diagnosis was made of polysynovitis due to B. burgdorferi s.l. infection. An unreported aspect observed in this case was the absence of the pathogen DNA in two of the affected joints. To the authors' knowledge, the case described represents the first documented clinical case of equine LB in Italy. Moreover, the absence of pathogen DNA in two of the affected joints observed in this case revealed a possible similarity with the same condition described in humans, where an immunomediated pathogenesis for arthropathy due to B. burgdorferi s.l. infection is suspected. Since humans and horses share the same habitat, this report supports the role of the horse as potential sentinel for human biological risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Passamonti
- Centro di Studio del cavallo sportivo, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Italy
| | - Fabrizia Veronesi
- Centro di Studio del cavallo sportivo, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Italy
| | - Katia Cappelli
- Centro di Studio del cavallo sportivo, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Italy
| | - Stefano Capomaccio
- Centro di Studio del cavallo sportivo, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Italy
| | - Alice Reginato
- Centro di Studio del cavallo sportivo, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Italy
| | - Arianna Miglio
- Centro di Studio del cavallo sportivo, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Italy
| | - Doron M Vardi
- Centro di Studio del cavallo sportivo, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Italy
| | - Valentina Stefanetti
- Centro di Studio del cavallo sportivo, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Italy
| | - Mauro Coletti
- Centro di Studio del cavallo sportivo, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Italy
| | - Chiara Bazzica
- Centro di Studio del cavallo sportivo, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Italy
| | - Marco Pepe
- Centro di Studio del cavallo sportivo, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Italy
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Rodríguez I, Burri C, Noda AA, Douet V, Gern L. Multiplex PCR for molecular screening of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, Anaplasma spp. and Babesia spp. Ann Agric Environ Med 2015; 22:642-646. [PMID: 26706969 DOI: 10.5604/12321966.1185767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ticks transmit a great variety of pathogenic microorganisms to humans and animals. The detection of tick-borne pathogens (TBP) is mainly by molecular techniques based on polymerase chain reactions (PCR). OBJECTIVE To design and evaluate a multiplex PCR for the molecular screening of zoonotic TBP for exploratory studies. MATERIAL AND METHODS Control DNA from reference strains, DNA from experimentally-infected biological specimens, and from Rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks collected from domestic and homeless dogs were used. A multiplex PCR assay to detect the presence of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, Anaplasma spp. and Babesia spp. was designed and optimized using primers previously reported for B. burgdorferi sensu lato and Anaplasma spp., while for Babesia spp. they were designed in silico. The multiplex PCR was evaluated on the DNA from biological samples. RESULTS A new set of specific primers for Babesia spp. was designed. Adjustment of the master mix reactive concentrations and amplification conditions for the multiplex PCR allowed the successful amplification of the specific amplicons for each microbial group from the control DNA and experimentally-infected biological specimens. The efficiency of the multiplex PCR amplifying three DNA targets was confirmed. Individual and co-infection of Anaplasma spp. and Babesia spp. were detected in the R. sanguineus ticks from dogs. CONCLUSIONS A multiplex PCR assay for the screening of three TBP is available. By using it, B. burgdorferi sensu lato, Anaplasma spp. and Babesia spp. can be detected accurately in one PCR reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Islay Rodríguez
- 'Pedro Kourí', Institute of Tropical Medicine, National Reference Laboratory of Spirochetes, Havana, Cuba
| | - Caroline Burri
- Institute of Biology, Laboratory of Eco-Epidemiology of Parasites, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Angel A Noda
- 'Pedro Kourí', Institute of Tropical Medicine, National Reference Laboratory of Spirochetes, Havana, Cuba
| | - Véronique Douet
- Institute of Biology, Laboratory of Eco-Epidemiology of Parasites, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Lise Gern
- Institute of Biology, Laboratory of Eco-Epidemiology of Parasites, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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Chao LL, Liu LL, Ho TY, Shih CM. First detection and molecular identification of Borrelia garinii spirochete from Ixodes ovatus tick ectoparasitized on stray cat in Taiwan. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110599. [PMID: 25343260 PMCID: PMC4208787 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Borrelia garinii spirochete was detected for the first time in Ixodes ovatus tick ectoparasitized on stray cat in Taiwan. The genetic identity of this detected spirochete was determined by analyzing the gene sequence amplified by genospecies-specific polymerase chain reaction assays based on the 5S-23S intergenic spacer amplicon (rrf-rrl) and outer surface protein A (ospA) genes of B. burgdorferi sensu lato. Phylogenetic relationships were analyzed by comparing the sequences of rrf-rrl and ospA genes obtained from 27 strains of Borrelia spirochetes representing six genospecies of Borrelia. Seven major clades can be easily distinguished by neighbour-joining analysis and were congruent by maximum-parsimony method. Phylogenetic analysis based on rrf-rrl gene revealed that this detected spirochete (strain IO-TP-TW) was genetically affiliated to the same clade with a high homogeneous sequences (96.7 to 98.1% similarity) within the genospecies of B. garinii and can be discriminated from other genospecies of Borrelia spirochetes. Interspecies analysis based on the genetic distance values indicates a lower level (<0.022) of genetic divergence (GD) within the genospecies of B. garinii, and strain IO-TP-TW was genetically more distant ( >0.113) to the strains identified in I. ovatus collected from Japan and China. Intraspecies analysis also reveals a higher homogeneity (GD<0.005) between tick (strain IO-TP-TW) and human (strain Bg-PP-TW1) isolates of B. garinii in Taiwan. This study provides the first evidence of B. garinii isolated and identified in an I. ovatus tick in Asia, and the higher homogeneity of B. garinii between tick and human strain may imply the risk of human infection by I. ovatus bite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Lian Chao
- Graduate Institute of Pathology and Parasitology, Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.
| | - Li-Ling Liu
- Graduate Institute of Pathology and Parasitology, Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.
| | - Tsung-Yu Ho
- Graduate Institute of Pathology and Parasitology, Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.
| | - Chien-Ming Shih
- Graduate Institute of Pathology and Parasitology, Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, R.O.C.
- Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, R.O.C.
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Schramm F, Gauthier-Clerc M, Fournier JC, McCoy KD, Barthel C, Postic D, Handrich Y, Le Maho Y, Jaulhac B. First detection of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato DNA in king penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus halli). Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2014; 5:939-42. [PMID: 25150726 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2014.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The hard tick Ixodes uriae parasitises a wide range of seabird species in the circumpolar areas of both Northern and Southern hemispheres and has been shown to be infected with Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, the bacterial agents of Lyme borreliosis. Although it is assumed that seabirds represent viable reservoir hosts, direct demonstrations of infection are limited to a single study from the Northern hemisphere. Here, the blood of 50 tick-infested adult king penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus halli) breeding in the Crozet Archipelago (Southern Indian Ocean) was examined for B. burgdorferi sl exposure by serology and for spirochetemia by in vitro DNA amplification. Four birds were found positive by serology, whereas B. burgdorferi sl DNA was detected in two other birds. Our data therefore provide the first direct proof of Borrelia burgdorferi sl spirochetes in seabirds of the Southern hemisphere and indicate a possible reservoir role for king penguins in the natural maintenance of this bacterium. Although the bacterial genetic diversity present in these hosts and the infectious period for tick vectors remain to be elucidated, our results add to a growing body of knowledge on the contribution of seabirds to the complex epizootiology of Lyme disease and the global dissemination of B. burgdorferi sl spirochetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Schramm
- Université de Strasbourg, EA 7290, Faculté de Médecine, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Michel Gauthier-Clerc
- Centre de Recherche de la Tour du Valat, Le Sambuc, Arles, France; Université de Franche-Comté, Département Chrono-Environnement, UMR UFC/CNRS 6249 USC INRA, Besançon, France
| | - Jean-Charles Fournier
- Université de Strasbourg, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Strasbourg, France
| | - Karen D McCoy
- MIVEGEC (Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs: écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle), UMR 5290 CNRS/IRD, UR 244 IRD UM1 UM2, Montpellier, France
| | - Cathy Barthel
- Université de Strasbourg, EA 7290, Faculté de Médecine, Strasbourg, France
| | - Danièle Postic
- Institut Pasteur, Laboratoire des Spirochètes, Paris, France
| | - Yves Handrich
- Université de Strasbourg, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Strasbourg, France; CNRS, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Strasbourg, France
| | - Yvon Le Maho
- Université de Strasbourg, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Strasbourg, France; CNRS, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Strasbourg, France
| | - Benoît Jaulhac
- Université de Strasbourg, EA 7290, Faculté de Médecine, Strasbourg, France
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Matera G, Labate A, Quirino A, Lamberti AG, Borzà G, Barreca GS, Mumoli L, Peronace C, Giancotti A, Gambardella A, Focà A, Quattrone A. Chronic neuroborreliosis by B. garinii: an unusual case presenting with epilepsy and multifocal brain MRI lesions. New Microbiol 2014; 37:393-397. [PMID: 25180856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Late/chronic Lyme neuroborreliosis (LNB) represents a challenging entity whose diagnosis requires a combination of clinical and laboratory findings, surrounded by much controversy. Here we describe a patient who had a peculiar form of late LNB with CNS lesions shown by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and epileptic seizures, etiologically diagnosed by conventional and molecular methods. The current case provides evidence that patients presenting with epileptic seizures and MRI-detected multifocal lesions, particularly when a facial palsy has also occurred, should raise the suspicion of LNB, as this diagnosis has important implications for treatment and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Matera
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Health Sciences, "Magna Graecia" University, Catanzaro, Italy
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Dunaj J, Zajkowska JM, Kondrusik M, Gern L, Rais O, Moniuszko A, Pancewicz S, Świerzbińska R. Borrelia burgdorferi genospecies detection by RLB hybridization in Ixodes ricinus ticks from different sites of North-Eastern Poland. Ann Agric Environ Med 2014; 21:239-243. [PMID: 24959768 DOI: 10.5604/1232-1966.1108583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION RLB (Reverse Line Blot Hybridization) is a molecular biology technique that might be used for Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (sl) DNA detection with genospecies specification. Among B. burgdorferi sl genospecies at least 7 are regarded as pathogenic in Europe. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to evaluate the frequency of different Borrelia genospecies DNA detection in Ixodes ricinus ticks in the endemic area of North-Eastern Poland by using RLB. MATERIALS AND METHOD Ixodes ricinus ticks were collected in May - June, from 6 different sites in North-Eastern Poland (Jakubin, Kolno, Grajewo, Suwałki, Siemiatycze, Białowieża) by flagging. Extracted DNA was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the intergenic spacer 5S 23S of B. burgdorferi sl. PCR products were hybridised to 15 different oligonucleotide probes for 9 different Borrelia genospecies (B. burgdorferi sl, B. burgdorferi ss, B. garinii, B. afzelii, B. valaisiana, B. lusitaniae, B. spielmanii, B. bissettii and B. relapsing fever-like spirochetes (B. myamotoi)) by RLB. RESULTS Borrelia genospecies DNA was detected in 205 Ixodes ricinus ticks. Among 14 infected with Borrelia ticks, 4 were identified as B. garinii and 10 as B. afzelii. Higher numbers of infected ticks were noticed in the eastern part of the research area, where large forest complexes dominate. Nymphs appeared to be the most frequently infected tick stage, which has an epidemiological meaning in the incidence of Lyme borreliosis. CONCLUSIONS The study demonstrated that RLB might be easily used in Borrelia DNA detection with genospecies-identification, and indicated the domination of B. afzelii and B. garinii in ticks from North-Eastern Poland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Dunaj
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University, Białystok, Poland
| | - Joanna Maria Zajkowska
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University, Białystok, Poland
| | - Maciej Kondrusik
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University, Białystok, Poland
| | - Lise Gern
- nstitute of Biology, Laboratory of Eco-Epidemiology of Parasites, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Rais
- nstitute of Biology, Laboratory of Eco-Epidemiology of Parasites, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Anna Moniuszko
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University, Białystok, Poland
| | - Sławomir Pancewicz
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University, Białystok, Poland
| | - Renata Świerzbińska
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University, Białystok, Poland
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Stinco G, Trevisan G, Martina Patriarca M, Ruscio M, Di Meo N, Patrone P. Acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans of the face: a case report and a brief review of the literature. Acta Dermatovenerol Croat 2014; 22:205-208. [PMID: 25230062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans is a rare late manifestation of tick-borne Borrelia burgdorferi infection, manifesting as inflammatory and atrophic lesions on acral skin. We describe the case of a 73-year-old woman with skin changes progressed to marked atrophy on her left hand and an edematous inflammatory involvement of the face. The diagnosis of acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans was made on the basis of clinical appearance, serological and histopathological findings, and the lesional detection of B. burgdorferi-specific gene segments by polymerase chain reaction. This unusual case illustrates that acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans affects not only the extremities but also the face. The clinical and histological finding of the lesions occurring on acral skin showed a prominent atrophic appearance, while the ones occurring on the face showed a prominent inflammatory appearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Stinco
- Giuseppe Stinco, MD, Institute of Dermatology , University of Udine, Ospedale "San Michele" , Piazza Rodolone 1, 33013 Gemona del Friuli (Udine), Italy ;
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Ebani VV, Bertelloni F, Torracca B, Cerri D. Serological survey of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and Ehrlichia canis infections in rural and urban dogs in Central Italy. Ann Agric Environ Med 2014; 21:671-675. [PMID: 25528899 DOI: 10.5604/12321966.1129912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) and Anaplasma phagocytophilum are well known zoonotic pathogens, whereas Ehrlichia canis is usually considered to be of veterinary concern, although on the basis of recent reports it also seems to be able to infect humans. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to determine the seroprevalence of B. burgdorferi s.l., A. phagocytophilum and E. canis in an Italian canine population, and to verify if there are differences between dogs living in urban areas and those from a rural environment. MATERIALS AND METHOD Blood sera of 1,965 dogs, 1,235 from cities and 730 from rural areas, were tested by indirect immunofluorescent assay (IFAT). RESULTS The overall seroprevalence was highest for E. canis (7.07%), followed by A. phagocytophilum (4.68%), and B. burgdorferi s.l. (1.47%). Rural dogs showed the highest seroprevalence to B. burgdorferi s.l. and A. phagocytophilum. No significant differences were observed between rural and urban E. canis-positive dogs. A low percentage (1.32%) of dogs with dual seropositivity was detected, and no triple positive reactions were observed. No significant differences were detected in the seroprevalence of the three agents in relationship to the age and gender of the dogs. Seroprevalence in the five years considered were not statistically different, except for the lowest rate for E. canis observed in 2012. CONCLUSIONS The results confirm the presence of B. burgdorferi s.l., A. phagocytophilum and E. canis in Italian dogs in both urban and rural areas. Monitoring pet dogs, which share the same environment with their owners, is useful for identifying the presence of tick-borne disease agents of both veterinary and public health significance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Domenico Cerri
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Italy
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Kocbach PP, Kocbach BP. [Prevalence of Lyme disease among forestry workers]. Med Pr 2014; 65:335-341. [PMID: 25230562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the study is to assess the incidence of Lyme disease, established diagnosis based on medical history and clinical symptoms, serology, duration of exposure in the workplace and occupational disease certification among forestry workers in selected districts of the Warmia and Mazury region. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study consisted of annual screening of 332 employees in 6 forest districts under the supervision of the Health Center Medica in Ostróda. Serological tests were performed in all serum samples and IgG and IgM antibodies were determined by ELISA test. Positive results were confirmed by Western-blot test. Diagnosis was made based on medical history and clinical symptoms. Results were presented by the division of selected forest districts, gender, duration of exposure in the workplace and genospecies of spirochete Borrelia responsible for the disease development. RESULTS Lyme disease incidence was found in all selected forest districts. Positive results in Western-blot test were determined in 120 people (63.1% of all the surveyed). However, after taking a detailed medical history of the patients Lyme disease was diagnosed in 91 people which makes 27.4% of all the examined. Among patients with diagnosed disease, IgG antibodies were found in 76 people, IgM in 25 people, while both IgM and IgG in 10 people. There was also variation in the involvement of genospecies generating the disease; spirochete B. afzeli--46% for IgG antibodies, whereas spirochete B. burgdorferi--50% of all cases for IgM antibodies. At the same time the relationship between the extended duration of occupational exposure to tick bites and the increased incidence of Lyme disease was confirmed, indicating the group of workers employed for at least 25 years. CONCLUSIONS Forestry districts of the Warmia and Mazury region, creates extremely dangerous occupational conditions because of exposure to tick bites. At the same time the duration of employment significantly increases the risk of Lyme. The analysis of serological tests results indicated differences in the reactivity of IgG and IgM classes and confirmed the correlation between clinical symptoms of Lyme disease and the variation of genospecies inducing the disease.
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